,*;.. -. , mm 7 ^S^^^V'rjjjL * E fei^cfe^ fc .*$", *.m . * fc. v ^ \ r^V^'^^x ffi > : the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-84OO UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN APR 2 2 1981 #}, /;^>: ! :\yii^\/ Pfe^ TKe Commons JANUARY, 1904 GRAHAM TAYLOR, Editor Edwin Ba.lmr Graharrx Romejrx Taylor Editors CONTENTS With the Editor 3-6 A Formative Ideal Interdependence with Independence A Clearing-house Constituency Efficient Philanthropy Educational Freedom The People's Control of Public Utilities Chicago Disaster Points the Moral Our Contributors this Month An English Opinion of Municipal Activity. 26 One Touch of Nature 27 CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES The Greek Play at Hull House 6 By Mrs. Isabel C. Barrows The Fight-hour Decision and the Home. . 10 By Ethelbert Stewart CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES Continued New Outlook for the Farmer's Wife and Child 12 By Mrs. Hehn Campbell The Philadelphia Textile Strike of 1903.. 14 By Rev. Kemper Bocock Training Center for Social Workers. ... 18 By Graham Taylor Henry Demarest Lloyd 20 By Jane Ad Jams Enforcement of the Child Labor Laws in New York 23 By Mary Kingsbury Simkhovltch The Prevention and Control of Tubercu- losis in New York City 24 By Paul Kennaday Why ? A Poem 27 By Katharine Lente Stevenson The Lace Industry at South End House. . 28 By nabel P. Doyen The Commons is a monthly magazine treating current events and promoting industrial justice, efficient philanthropy, educational freedom and the people's control of public utilities. Price. The subscription price is Fifty Cents a year, payable in advance. Five Cents a copy. Beginning with the April number the subscription price will be One Dollar a year and Ten Cents a copy. Receipt of subscription is shown by the magazine being mailed. Postage is Prepaid for all subscriptions in the United States, Hawaiian Islands, Philippine Is- lands, Porto Rico, Canada and Mexico. For all other countries in the Postal Union add Twenty-five Cents for postage. flow to Remit. Remittances should be sent by draft on Chicago, exp-ess-orderor money-order payable to the order of THE COMMONS. Stamps will be received for single subscriptions. Cash should be sent in registered letter. Changes of Address. When a change of address is ordered, both the new and old address must be given. The notice should be sent one week before the change is to take effect. Discontinuances. The magazine will be discontinued at the expiration of the time for which subscription has been made. Special Numbers of The Commons. Any number under twenty-five copies, five cents each , over twenty-five and under one hundred, four cents each ; over one hundred, three cents each (by express), Advertising Rates. Subject to change without notice. One page, $10.00 ; Half page, $5.50 ; quarter page, $3 ; eighth page, $2 for each insertion. Bills paid during current month less <>%. Letters should be addressed to TKe Commons, ISO Ground Avenue. CHICAGO. ILL. Copyrighted by THE COMMONS. Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as second-class matter. The Commons GRAHAM TAYLOR.. Editor. A monthly magazine for the promotion of industrial justice, efficient philanthropy, educational freedom and people's control of public utilities. With the Editor will include terse reportorial comments and criticisms on the social aspects of life and labor. Adjustments Between Labor and Capital. A monthly digest of the settlement of differences between employers and employes by trade agreement, conciliation, arbitration and court decisions will be reported and reviewed by specialists. The development of labor unions and employers' associa- tions, with efforts of both for 'the betterment of conditions, will be detailed. Education for Citizenship and Social Service in public schools and their neighborhood use, in schools, colleges and univer- sity sociological departments, and in extension centers for institutional workers and popular classes will be described and promoted. Administrative Efficiency. Frank and constructive treatment of philanthropic, institutional and public service will be given monthly by experts in the various lines of charitable, correctional and social effort, supplemented by descriptive articles and news of advance movements. The City for the People. Information will be gathered abroad and in this country of the ways of working local government in town and country to serve the people's needs. Careful estimates will be made of the management and results of the regulation, public ownership and operation of common utilities. Waymarks of Progress from social settlements, civic improve- ment movements, the consumers league, charity and cor- rectional agencies, work with boys and girls at home and in clubs, by probation officers of juvenile courts and in reforma- tories, and institutional and social methods of the churches. The Month in the Press. The notable books, magazine articles, the trend of the labor press and trades journals, the proceed- ings of economic, sociological, statistical and public bodies. Subscribe or Renew Before April i, for 50 cents, for one year. After April $1.00 per annum. The Commons, 180 Grand Ave., Chicago, 111. Commons Number I -Vol. IX Eighth Year Chicago. Ja.n\ia.ry. 1904 With The Editor "Where anything is growing," said Horace Mann, with the instinct of the great educator that he was, "one forma- tory is worth more than a thousand re- formatories." This is not truer of the growing child than it is of the grow- ing community. Here in America, where everything is growing, forma- tory agitation, education and action steadily brought to bear is worth incal- culably more than reformatory spasms. To help form the American spirit and public policy so that it will not need that kind of "reform" is the purpose and province of The Commons. A Formative Ideal Formation takes place around ideal. The oak gathers itself together about the design of it imbedded in the .acorn. In the community, no less than in an individual, the common life is frus- trated by not having an ideal to focus down upon and to level up to. Families, neighborhoods, business firms and labor unions, public schools and churches, ward politics and city administrations alike fail or succeed, live a lost or saved life just in proportion as they have an ideal worthy of them and worthily try to realize it. "There was no open vision in those days," is the epitaph written over an entire age of a whole nation. The greatest need of this crucial time of wholesale readjustment in America is an ideal vital enough to be formative, strong enough to be practical, simple enough to be popular. It should have grip enough to grasp at one and the same time the life of the home, the school, the shop and office, the club and social circle, the press and church, local and national governments, and gather them all into one progressive common- wealth, worthy of the origin and his- tory of the American people. Inde- Interdependence With pendence Independence has been that ideal for a century and a quarter since its im- mortal declaration was proclaimed to the world. It has rooted itself in the soil of the whole continent so firmly that the danger of losing it is very re- mote, if not impossible. But it can no longer be our single ideal. Another has been looming up larger and more insistent with every year's growth of the subdivision of labor in the factory system and the international comming- ling of population and public policies. Interdependence of craft, trade and commerce, of race, sect and nation, of individual and community is the order of our day. It is to be reckoned with, whether we will or not. We ought to want and help the realization of its greater ideal, but the problem is how to recognize and realize it without the loss or weakening of individual and national independence, which has made the American people. A Clearing House Constituency The province within which lies the demand for The Commons is outlined in its subsidiary title. No other journal known to us groups the four inter- related spheres of industrial, educa- tional, philanthropic and local govern- ment effort for the welding together of our diverse people and interests into one harmonious, progressive commonwealth. The large and growing constituencies, centering about each of these great movements for the social unification and advancement of our people, cannot fail to be interested and helped by the en- largement of the scope of The Com- mons to make it the medium for an exchange of values between them all. 199167 The Commons [JANUARY Industrial Justice The equitable adjustment of the seri- ous outstanding differences between capital and labor requires more light and less heat. The knowledge of the trade agreements, conciliations, arbitra- tions and court decisions which succeed or fail in settling these very real dif- ferences furnishes the basis of fact absolutely requisite to any fair and per- manent adjustment between employers and employes. It is the purpose of The Commons to supply both parties to the controversy with a condensed, au- thentic and expertly edited monthly digest of such adjustments. Efficient Philanthropy Economy in the administration of the personal and financial resources of our public and private, as well as personal philanthropy is as necessary to efficiency as in the business world. Co-operation here is as much the force of gravity as combination there. Intercommunica- tion not only between specific philan- thropic agencies, but also the wider economic, legislative and educational relationships involved, is the demand of the hour to make co-operation possible and effective. The Commons may hope to be at least such a point of contact and communication as has not yet been practically established. As such it will appeal to the great multitude engaged officially or as volunteers in manifold works of beneficence. Educational Freedom To utilize existing educational facili- ties, to furnish practical training for both children and adults in the high art of living and working together, greater freedom of spirit and flexibility of form must be secured in our public school system and in our privately controlled institutions. There is no higher or holier cause upon which the progress and perpetuity of free government and life so much depend as keeping our schools and universities close to the people and within their ultimate con- trol. We stand, therefore, for state control of state supported schools ; for their democratic management, which shall enlist the interest of each local community in its own school ; for the extension of school facilities and the use of school buildings to provide for adult education and furnish social cen- ters for neighborhood life. We hope to report also the teaching of civics and social ethics in school and college class rooms and the original and extension work of university sociological depart- ments. We are glad to begin at this point with the prospectus of the social science center just opened in Chicago by the joint action of those who are doing the social, charity and correc- tional work of the city and the exten- sion division of the University of Chi- cago. People's Control of Public Utilities The success of the time-tested and settled policy of European and espe- cially English towns and cities in the public control and management of their own public utilities demands at least consideration and frank discussion in every American community. We may prefer here and there, or everywhere, to leave these utilities in the ownership and control of public service corpora- tions. But our citizens should not be deterred from raising the question whether it is to their interest to do so in the light of old world experience. No alarm against "socialism" should throw any dust in our eyes that we cannot see through. For the canny Scotchmen of Glasgow, who lead the world in the people's control of their public utilities, are as far from being state socialists as they are closely akin to our most independent and thrifty Yankees. Manufacturing centers like York, Leeds and Manchester are not surrendering private initiative and property rights for the state ownership of the material and tools of production. But they have proved at least to their own satisfaction that it is to the advan- tage of private business to control mu- nicipal monopolies in the interest of all other lines of trade and commerce. The Liverpool city council and the London JANUARY] The Commons county council are the most representa- tive bodies that could be gathered out of these two great communities, yet their practically unchallenged policy is to provide for those common needs of life which can more surely and better be met by public than by private agencies workingmen's dwellings, decent lodg- ings for homeless men and women, pub- lic baths, neighborhood wash houses for family use, municipal street railways and lighting plants, and many other such facilities, which the people have the right to provide for themselves through their local government. How the people of these great Eng- lish municipalities are managing their public utilities and making them pro- mote the progress of urban life will be the subject of a series of articles by the editor, giving the results of his recent personal observation and investigation at each of these centers. Chicago Disaster Points The Moral Chicago fearfully points the moral of the demand for far stricter and more absolute public control of all property in public use by its overwhelming thea- ter fire disaster. Private gain at public loss seems again to have been the occa- sion of death and public calamity. In the typhoid fever epidemic of summer before last the most prolific sources of the pest were traced to the "stay-order book," which permitted personal influ- ence to protect private property from compliance with the ordinances of the health department, which would have removed the causes of the disease. Now, again, while 586 bodies are being borne to their graves and our homes and the wards of our hospitals arc crowded with nearly double that num- ber of sufferers, eighteen other theaters are closed by the police at the mayor's Border for noncompliance with the build- ing and fire ordinances. These viola- tions of the law were disclosed two months ago by official investigation, and yet action is reached only at the impera- tive mandate of death. Here, at least, private gain is swallowed up in the pub- lic loss, as, indeed, in the last analysis, it always is. When will we learn the unity of human interests? How many more must suffer to teach us the crimi- nal folly of a partial execution of com- mon law? What worse disaster can emphasize more terribly the wickedness of weak administration and official in- competence in city government? Our Contributors This Month Mrs. Isabel C. Barrows, who so graphically describes the Greek play at Hull House, is the well-known editor of the remarkable series of volumes re- porting the proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction. Ethelbert Stewart, in his position as special agent of the United States De- partment of Labor, has long proven himself to be one of the most competent statisticians and investigators of indus- trial conditions. His article on the eight-hour decision and the working- men's home shows qualities of heart as well as of head. Most widely known as the author of "Prisoners of Poverty," and other sketches of social conditions, Mrs. Helen Campbell is well qualified to write on the new hope for the farmer's family, by her connection with agricul- tural college work and the literature of domestic science. To the editor of the New York City Association of Neigh- borhood Workers we are indebted for the able review of the Philadelphia tex- tile strike by the secretary of the Chris- tian Social Union, Rev. Kemper Bocock. Miss Anna F. Davies, head worker of the Philadelphia settlement, adds a note on the strike in the College Settlements Association department. The New York City Neighborhood Association presents, in its department, the thor- ough-going article on the crusade against the great white plague in that city by Mr. Paul Kennaday, the efficient secretary of the Charity Organization Society committee on the prevention of tuberculosis. By Mrs. Elizabeth C. Barrows "It was only in Sophocles that the various elements of classical tragedy religious inspiration, simplicity of struc- ture and ideal beauty in form and subject were blended together into creations of consummate grace and har- mony." Haigh. A Greek play upon any stage in this country not so long ago was a rarity. Those of us who can recall the days of the giving of the CEdipus Tyrannus by Harvard students will remember stand- ing in line long, weary hours for the chance to buy entrance tickets at fabu- lous prices, as though that were to be the one and only chance of a lifetime to hear classic Greek upon the stage. Now one must live very remote from college centers not to have such a chance now and then. The names of the old Greek tragedians are coming to have a famil- iar look in the modern newspaper. Har- vard, Vassar, Beloit, the Universities of Toronto, Pennsylvania, California, I^e- land Stanford and others have given Greek plays, while several have pro- duced "The Return of Odysseus," a series of studies and pictures arranged from the Odyssey by Miss Barrows. The last mentioned has been twice given by the Greeks of Chicago, once at Hull House and once at the Stude- baker Theater, seven performances in all. As "The Return of Odysseus" af- fords an opportunity to show the do- mestic life of Homeric times the games, the dances, the religious pro- cessions it is extremely popular, es- pecially with those who were born under the fair skies of Greece and who love the atmosphere of that charmed land. VALUE OF SETTLEMENT INITIATIVE. It was because Miss Jane Addams, always clear-sighted and sympathetic, foresaw the interest which this would create, an interest that would not only forge a connecting link between Hull House and the Greek population of Chicago, but that would give Ameri- cans a truer knowledge of the intelli- gence and ability of the large Greek colony surging about the doors of Hull House, that she invited Miss Barrows to make the experiment four years ago, and as she had been so successful then she invited her to come again and try a similar experiment. During the time that has elapsed since the first Greek play was put on JANUARY] The Commons the Hull House stage, the helpful re- lations that were then stimulated have been continuous. The Greeks have learned to know and appreciate the ac- tivities and friendliness of Hull House and in a small measure to share in them, while the neighboring peoples, American as well as others, have learned to look with admiration on men willing to patiently submit to weeks and months of hard study, and on the brilliant success they achieved. When, therefore, Miss Addams suggested that the time had come again for the Greeks to appear upon the stage, they enthu- siastically responded. This in itself was a striking proof of the value of the sort of work accomplished by so- cial settlements, the creation of honor- able ambition, for it was for the honor of their nation, not for the love of gain since they were not to play for money that these young men were willing to give up seven nights a week for ten weeks to long and strict rehearsing of their parts. Each one felt in his soul that the legend on the Hull House cur- tain hanging between him and the audi- ence was addressed to him personally: "Act well your part, there all the honor lies." "THE AJAX OF SOPHOCLES." The pla*y selected was "The Ajax of Sophocles," which had never been put upon any English-speaking stage, save once in England, in 1882, by the stu- dents of Cambridge University. It is interesting to know that it is soon to be given in Athens by the university students. A noble drama, with unity of thought and action, rich in beautiful lines, simple in form, the great work of a great poet, there was reason enough for selecting it, and the glowing suc- cess of the English students augured equal success when it should be played by native Greeks, though they might be lacking in university training. What the actors lacked in this direction was more than matched by their familiarity with the language and by the patriotic fervor almost a religious zeal with which they threw themselves into the work. Indeed, a distinguished Greek scholar, who has lived for years in Greece, said, on seeing the Hull House presentation, that there was no other people in the world where compara- tively unlettered men could have played a Greek tragedy with so much fire and spirit. Though the classic original was used, the men, of course, pronounced the lines according to modern Greek rules. For some months the leading men in the Greek colony read and studied the Ajax before the serious work of rehearsals began. Unham- pered by modern tradition, which drops the curtain on the death of the hero, they were not troubled by the doubts of some critics as to whether the interest of the spectators could be maintained during the long discussion following the death of Ajax, as to his funeral rites. To them the proper disposition of the dead is of so much moment that they not only felt the unity of the tragedy, but made the audience feel it. THE STORY OF THE PLAY. Briefly, it is the madness and death of Ajax and the discussion as to whether his body may be dealt with according to sacred usage, or whether he shall be punished for traitorous de- signs and cruel purposes by leaving it to be the prey of carrion birds. The 8 The Commons [JANUARY action takes place at early dawn, fol- lowing, supposedly, the day after his bitter disappointment when the arms of Achilles were awarded to Odysseus in- stead of to himself. Mad with frus- trated ambition, Ajax plots to slay the Greek leaders, but his frenzy is turned, by Athena, against the cattle. Awak- ing to reason, he thinks to atone for his dastardly designs and bloody deeds by taking his own life, believing, evi- dently, that by thus yielding to the powers above he may show that he has seen the folly of his pride in defying them before. He seeks a lonely place by the seaside, where, unseen by human eye, he commends himself to the gods, CONCERNING THE UNITY OF THE DRAMA. Professor Jebb says : "The grounds on which the dramatic unity of the Ajax rests are, first, the veto upon the burial of Ajax as an inevitable conse- quence of his action, for which the spectator has been prepared, so that the latter part of the play is not an arbi- trary addition to the former, but a nat- ural and necessary development of it. Secondly, on this veto rests an issue still more momentous for Athenians than the question whether Ajax is to live or die namely, the issue whether he is or is not to attain the sanctity of a hero. Hence the true climax of the calls down woes on his enemies, in a play is not his death, but the decision manner worthy of the imprecatory that he shall be buried." By this burial Psalms, bids farewell to earth and fallsthe ambition of Ajax was to be grati- upon the point of his sword. Then comes the wordy contest, full of dra- matic power,, between Teucer and Agamemnon and Menelaus, and the solution of the difficulty through the interposition of Odysseus. As Ajax is sure to be played in other places it is to be hoped wherever there is a Greek colony there will as surely arise the question whether the interest is sustained throughout the play. One may with confidence say that it rises at every step, reaching its culmination only when the body of the dead hero is carried forth to burial, the little child leading the sad procession, his hands on the spears on which his father's form rests, while the sad notes of the dirge die away in the distance. fied; he was to be held forever as a. consecrated hero by a people ready to forget his weaknesses as they recalled his glorious deeds. DRAMATIS PERSONAE. The play selected, came the task of selecting the actors no easy task, though Chicago has a Greek population of 7,000 souls. Happily Miss Barrows could reap the fruits of her earlier la- bors in Hull House. Two of the men who had acted in "The Return of Odys- seus" consented to take speaking parts in "The Ajax," and with their help candidates were brought in, scores of them, and from this multitude of work- ingimen, clerks, bookkeepers, fruiterers, flower sellers (not a college graduate JANUARY] The Commons among them) was by degrees evolved the final cast. The loyalty of the young men, who had been unflagging in their sympathy with Hull House and who so greatly helped to bring "The Ajax" to a triumphant conclusion, atoned for a thousand trying experiences, inevi- table in handling so large a body of untrained men. The throwing up of parts for trivial reasons, the dropping out of members of the chorus after they had been trained to sing the diffi- cult music, the drilling of men to sing who knew nothing of musical notation and with no conception of time, these were some of the things that called for infinite tact and good temper. Added to this was the fact that, with few ex- ceptions, none of the twenty-five in the cast had command of English. The difficulties at times seemed insuperable. That they were conquered the generous appreciation of delighted audiences amply testified., There may have been better material in Chicago for some of the parts, but there was no better man for Ajax. The combination of splendid form and feature, of virile strength and native tenderness, would surely have been a delight to Sophocles himself. Mr. Me- talas was by turns the wrathful mad- man, the boastful warrior, the disgraced chieftain, the misanthrope, the affec- tionate husband, the tender father and the determined suicide. It was simply a marvel that this young man, after but two months of training, could in one moment stir the hearts of the on- lookers with excitement as he rushed from his tent cracking his bloody scourge, and a moment later dim their eyes with moisture at the pathos in his voice as he bids farewell to wife and child, to earth and sky, before falling upon the fatal sword, Hector's ill- omened gift.- "Rugged, imperious and resolute, but not hard of heart," Ajax has been described. Such was the Ajax of Hull House. "The part of Teucer," says Jebb, "has a singular pathos. He is alto- gether devoted to his brother, Ajax, and is strenuously loyal to the trust re- posed in him." Had the words been written of the personal character of the man who took the part of Teucer in the presentation in Chicago they could not have been truer. The universities of the land will look long among their students to find one whose depth of feeling and absolute self-forgetfulness will equal that of the Teucer of Hull House. Indeed, as a rule, so well chosen were the actors that one has but to quote the great English scholar to describe them. "In Odysseus we see the victory of prudence and magnanimity." "If Agamemnon is not gracious or gener- ous, he at least i s capable o f yielding to counsel." Tec- messa (the wife of Ajax) "loves with a submis- s i v e devotion and has won from him (Ajax) a con- stant affection. He stands to her in the place of country, par- ents and every- thing her only stay and hope bn earth." "Me- nelaus has those traits of harsh- ness and arro- gance which Athenian audi- ences would expect" in the king of Sparta. The chorus was made up of sailors and soldiers, comrades of Ajax, who looked and acted their parts well, as did the messenger. Of all it may be said that the Greek syllables fell fluently from their lips and the blood of their ancestors beat in their hearts and spurred them to win credit for themselves and their land. The names of the entire cast, as given below, are extremely interesting as suggestive of an unforgotten past. It is a great pity that many of them have fallen victims to the modern habit of exchanging these sonorous and dignified names for "Tim" and "Bill" and "Pete." IO The Commons [JANUARY CHARACTERS OF THE DRAMA. Athena Liverios Manussopoulos Odysseus Panagiotes Lambros Aias (Ajax) . . . . ) Georgios Metalas Tecmessa Michael Loris Eurysakes Demetrios Mazarakos Messenger Spiros Manussopoulos Teucer Demetrios Manussopoulos Menelaos Jason Korologos Agamemnon Konstantinos Boukydis Chorus of Salaminian Sailors, Comrades of Ajax. Paraskevas Eliopoulos, Leader. THE MUSIC AND SCENERY. The music for "The Ajax" was com- posed by Willys Peck Kent of New York. It is closely wedded to the words and so akin to the musical ideas of the Greeks that they learned it by rote without difficulty, all singing in unison, accompanied only by a clarinet, though the music is also arranged for the oboe, clarinet and flute. The sad and tender strains are like the poetry, full of sombre beauty. The scenery was painted especially for this play by Chicago scene painters, touched up and vastly improved by ar- tists among the Hull House residents. It made a beautiful picture the low- lying sea, blue in the distance, the ships from Salamis and the harmonious col- oring of the varied costumes of the stalwart men, some of whom had much of the traditional beauty of the Greek face. There were six performances of the play, each better than its predecessor, with larger and larger audiences and warmer enthusiasm on their part. The editor takes the liberty to add this word of simple justice: The dra- matic feeling, the sympathetic voice, the power to act, were all there, but it was only through diligent and patient training that they were evoked, a train- ing that developed sensitiveness to bet- ter things in many ways. The power to evoke the best in another is a great gift. It is the noble endowment of Miss Barrows. "There is no other enthusiasm of humanity than the one which has traveled the com- mon highway of reason the life of the good neighbor and honest citizen." From Thomas Hill Green, at the entrance of Mansfield House. The Eight Hour Decision and The Home ETHELBERT STEWART. The ground seems to be clearing for a discussion of the proposed eight-hour bill in Congress on its merits. The fight has heretofore been upon its constitu- tionality. The decision just handed down by Justice Harlan of the United States Supreme Court on the constitu- tionality of the Kansas law would seem to settle the larger question also. Kan- sas in 1891 passed a law that on all work done by or for the public, whether state, county or city, either by direct la- bor or contract, eight hours should constitute a day's work, and fixed a penalty for violation. The enforcement of the law was put in the hands of the state bureau of labor statistics. Innu- merable suits were commenced, as the contractors almost to a man refused to conform to the law. The state courts throughout sustained the law. Appeal was had to the Supreme Court of the United States under cover of that somewhat overworked fourteenth amendment. Justice Harlan's decision sustains the Kansas courts and the law, and although Chief Justice Fuller and Justices Brewer and Peckham dissent, a care- ful reading of the decision would seem to furnish ground for the belief that if Congress should pass a similar law as to contract work the court would sustain the law. True, a similar law in New York was declared unconstitu- tional by the court of that state. But since Justice Harlan's decision is made known a movement is on foot to get the New York law before the United States Supreme Court. Strange as it may appear, the principal organized op- position to the eight-hour bill has been the machinery manufacturers. One of the strongest' arguments against the eight-hour day is that it is not univer- sal in any industry and the ten-hour plant has an advantage over the other. JANUARY] The Commons ii A great many manufacturers have said they would approve of it if it could be made uniform. The trouble with a union trying to introduce and enforce a shorter work day is that it can only force the smaller concerns into line. The big ones it is unable to touch and this but increases the advantage of the big plant over the small one. The big establishments are run the longest day and fight for the longest day ; but it is the big concern that wants and gets government contracts, and if through these contracts it can be made an ad- vocate of the eight-hour day, i. e., if the weight and influence of the large concerns can be added to the many little concerns that have to yield to the unions, in favor of an eight-hour day for all, the few large concerns that are neither controlled by unions nor inter- ested in government contracts could probably be brought to make the adop- tion unanimous. Personally I believe, and in this many large manufacturers have agreed with me, that the passage of the eight-hour law which they now so strenuously fight, would in the long run be a good thing for them, and es- pecially for the thousands of small ma- chinery plants which cannot success- fully resist the union demands. All that the fair manufacturer wants is an equal chance, and the leverage of gov- ernment contracts would be a power- ful one to unify conditions in the en- tire industry. There is a side to this shorter work- day question that is not considered in any discussion of it that I have seen. That is the domestic side. The growth of cities, the increase in rentals throughout the more accessible parts of cities have driven the workingman farther and farther from the factory where he works. Even though he finds living rooms near his work, in a few months he is out of work there and finds another job only in a plant miles away. He cannot move from Bronx to Battery, from Stock Yards to Goose Island every year or two. With the uncertainty of street-car transportation in any city that I know, the man who is an hour's ride from his work must leave his home an hour and a half be- fore working hours to be even fairly sure of being at his post on time. If he must leave his house for work at 5 a. m. the wife must be up by 4 to get him his breakfast. If leaving the factory at 6 p. m. it is 7 130 when he gets home, she cannot have supper (the working- men still call it supper) before 8 or 8:30 o'clock, and she cannot "get her work done up" much before 10. A weary, endless day of toil for the wives of the working poor is what we see in every city. Perhaps ten hours is not, in some cases, too long for a man to work, but add an hour required to get to his work in the morning, and an hour for him to get home at night, then an hour before that for his wife to get his breakfast, and an hour after that for her to get through with her sup- per work, and you've got a day too long for any wife to work. Better look a little bit after the "working condi- tions" of poor men's wives if you really want to make better citizens out of her sons. Give her a chance ; she can do it better than you can. Make her patriotic; she will attend to the boy. She has the mother instinct backed by the mother's love for her allies, and these beat the "patriotism in the public schools" with text-book and flag-day adjuncts, worse than the bookmakers beat the bettors at the races. To listen to the sentiments of some of the wives of workingmen, mothers of boys, in the poorer districts of Chi- cago and New York, is to be con- vinced that no outside agency can make a lover of his flag out of that woman's son. She hates every hour she is awake. She hates the government, the church, the union, the non-union, the police, the teacher, every waking hour she lives to hate, and nearly all of her hours she is awake, and right there is the trouble. What she needs is sleep. Since she is such a hater while awake, let her sleep. There is a whole lot of good citizenship for boys in the shorter day for men in city factories and the consequent longer nights for women. New Outlook for the Farmer's Wife and Child By Helen Campbell How is it coming ? Through country settlements and the break in deadly monotony that they promise to bring about? Through village improvement societies, clubs of all orders, new and old, and thus a touch of color for lives that have small conception of what color in life stands for ? It is that color in city streets the life and stir of even the obscurest, dirtiest, most squalid of city streets that holds its poor con- tent; so content that the country terri- fies and the first day of the city "coun- try-week" child is a day of terror be- cause of the strange silence, above all the night silence, and the curious things that "holler" at them, as one child said. Not in any of these ways is the bet- ter day at hand, but in one which women themselves are bringing about. Again, it is proved that the only real help in life is that which we learn to give ourselves. Once learned, all out- ward aids fall into line, are double in worth, since to them is added the force to handle at will in larger fashion than any founder even dreamed. So it is proving in the agricultural colleges of that great West, even now almost an unknown land to the dweller in the East, who finds it difficult to think farther than Chicago, and incidentally of the health resorts beyond Denver, Los Angeles and a few representative cities. But what does the East as a whole know of the system of agricul- tural colleges now in almost every state, and meaning to each one of them the very order of education that think- ers along educational lines pronounce to be the only real one ? Boston listens to unceasing expoundings of the next new thing in religion, in ethics, in art, sci- ence, education among the rest, but it has no time to follow up the trail and discover for itself where some of these ideas are working out. But the great states in which all New England and more could be set down have been test- ing and proving, methods new and old, and are reaching a point where a sys- tem, flexible, comprehensive, born out of the needs of the people and of the new country, has each year found firmer and firmer base, till it stands to-day as the type of much that has been hoped for, yet deemed an impossibility. The agricultural college in the begin- ning admitted no women, but co-edu- cation is so absolutely natural an out- growth of western liberality in thought, that they soon had their place. They took it with a certain timidity. Domes- tic science, and of a very limited order, was one of the first sops to this element, but it speedily showed itself the many- sided, kaleidoscopic thing we now know it to be, all arts, all sciences a necessary part of the equipment the trained house- mother must have at command. Now and then a boy, who knew his destina- tion to be some lonely ranch, where if he ate he must also cook, begged for lessons in cookery and had them. The time came when the girl took her turn in begging, for cookery meant chemis- try and botany and physics, and all that she had not expected to "take," and presently she was side by side with her brothers in everything but blacksmith- ing and some rougher arts. The writer, for some time professor in the Kansas State Agricultural Col- lege, watched the gradual evolution, certain that its real meaning was hardly suspected. But it is quite clear that others were watching and working to the same end that of awakening in the entire student body a new thought as to the possibilities of farm life. In the Kansas college a young pair had gone side by side through the four years' course, the woman taking the farming as well as domestic science course, mar- rying on the graduation day and setting up at once a small experiment station, as it were a farm, small. when con- trasted with the Kansas notion of farms 12 JANUARY] The Commons where they practised intensive farm- ing, proving, as time went on, that four acres could sometimes do the work of forty. Not alone there, but at many another point, there is a new thought and a new interest in the possibilities of farm life, this meaning the farm itself, the farm- house and farm society. Together these boys and girls learn how to plan farm buildings, to lay out their grounds artistically, to furnish their houses in the same fashion, and to take to them literature, music and a social culture, the need of which has been one of the sorest in the farmer's life. Minnesota is the present headquarters of one of the most advanced efforts in this direc- tion, a brilliant corps of instructors in the agricultural college at Minneapolis, directly connected with the State Uni- versity, and the dean of the woman's special department, Mrs. Meredith, one of the most enthusiastic expounders of the new thought. It happens thus that over fifty young women were enrolled last year as stu- dents of scientific farming, boys and girls working together through two- thirds of the course, but the girls add- ing more detailed work in home econ- omy, domestic hygiene and household art. They believe, as does new Clair- vaux, that a new face can be put upon the dreary facts that have seemed to be the sum of the farming life. They believe that the exodus of boys and young men from the farm can end at least in part and that "Back to the soil" will mean in the end all that the few have believed lay in those words. When trained and educated women deliberately choose to take up farming and believe that so the best life can be lived, who shall say what influ- ence it wilfhave on this problem of the congestion of labor in the cities on the life of the city itself ? Not alone educa- tors, theoretical and practical, but soci- ologists, general reformers, uncertain where to begin, all orders who know things are wrong and are to be made better, yet hesitate as to where first to lend a hand, are likely to agree that these fifty young women have answered some of their questions and will prob- ably answer more. In the meantime we can wait peacefully, assured that no wiser step has been taken in many a long day, and certain that this can dem- onstrate the real emancipation of women in a fashion that will include also the emancipation of man from a good many beliefs and prejudices that have ham- pered one no less than the other. This is the new education, its defini- tion in words from one who stands for both the phases given words that Clairvaux has already defined : "To educate is to build up, to strengthen and develop the inner man, and so far to polish and perfect the outer one that the most casual inter- course with him reveals his rank. In- struction is a matter of business detail, where we each take what we require for a given need. The old sense re- mains clear in the Italian, where in- struzione means special knowledge, ed- ucazione signifies good manners. In the Japanese ideal, education is all, in- struction as immaterial as wealth or poverty." Field and Work-shop Society This new Chicago organization is trying to obtain 'tracts of suitable lancl and place upon them the best suited families selected from the congested dis- tricts of the large cities. Hardy im- migrants are also to be given a chance to locate on farms. Seeds, stock and agricultural implements the society will endeavor to arrange for, and assistance will be rendered to . the settlers in establishing schools, workshops and studios. "This union of the landless man with the manless land is the only solution for the slum problem," says an article descriptive of the society's aim. "Nor is this union difficult. Men do not choose the industrial sweatshop and the city slums, but are driven to both through their ignorance,, the design of industrial exploitation and our terrible indifference. Divert the worker to rural district of the West and you have cut the tap root of the sweatshop an-1 the slum." The Philadelphia Textile Strike of 1903 By Rev. Kemper Bocock General Secretary of the Christian Social Union The greatest textile strike in the history of the greatest textile manu- facturing city of America Philadel- phia was on from June to November of the past year. Despite the long struggle work was resumed under the old conditions. Some 636 mills were shut down, in- volving about 142,000 workers. Of these about 60,000 were avowedly on strike to have their working time re- duced from 60 hours a week to '55 hours, without a corresponding in- crease of the price of an hour's work; that is to say, they were virtually on strike for a shortening of their work- day, even at their own expense so far as wages were concerned. It was esti- mated at the time that these included 20,000 broadcloth weavers, 20,000 narrow cloth weavers, 3,500 damask cloth weavers, 3,000 fancy novelty weavers, 2,000 each of the upholstery weavers, plush weavers, blanket weav- ers, and tapestry and brussels carpet weavers, 1,000 each of the terry cloth, rug and curtain, and haircloth weavers, 750 each of the weft weavers, and the beamers and twisters, 300 jacquard loom fixers, 250 narrow loom fixers, and 200 broad loom fixers. These are the figures of the former chairman of the executive board of the strikers, Mr. Thomas Fleming, an upholsterer; the only criticism on his figures heard by the writer is that he overestimated the number of loom fixers at the beginning of the strike. In addition to these, the members of the following unions were on strike for fifty-five hours' time with sixty hours' pay : The entire ingrain carpet trade, with winders and spoolers, weavers, warpers and loom fixers, woolen and carpet yarn spinners, and dyers. Of the 4,354 power looms used in the in- grain carpet trade of the United States, according to the census of 1900, 3,467 were in Pennsylvania, and nearly all of those are in Philadelphia to this day. There were 253 in Massachusetts in 1900, 287 in New York, 31 in New Jersey, and 316 in all other states. These figures will be worth referring to when the reader comes to the Phila- delphia manufacturers' argument about dangerous outside competition. The textile workers in Philadelphia are Americans, English or Scotch peo- ple of high intelligence. Among them, for instance, is a former member of an English town council, the successful candidate of the independent labor party, and a number of effective lay preachers and temperance orators. The Philadelphia textile day begins at 6.45 a. m. and continues till noon, when there are 45 minutes for dinner. The afternoon extends from 12.45 to 6.15 p. m. five days in the week, making a total of fifty-three hours and forty- five minutes from Monday morning to Friday evening. On Saturday the mills run from 6.45 a. m. to I p. m., or six hours and fifteen minutes, bringing the week's total up to sixty hours. The state factory inspector's report on the textile industries of Philadelphia shows that 9 per cent of the employes are boys or girls between the ages of thir- teen and sixteen years. The age mini- mum under Pennsylvania law is thir- teen, and there are special requirements in behalf of children under sixteen. It was estimated last summer that fully 50,000 of the strikers were women and children. Another estimate of the number ask- ing merely for a reduction of hours was made a few weeks after that of Mr. Fleming, and stated the total as 90,000 people, engaged in thirty-six trades. Mr. Fleming, with the other members of the executive committee, signed this statement, which is interesting as show- ing that after his first statement the JANUARY] The Commons total on strike merely for shorter work- ing time increased from 60,000 to 90,- ooo. The committee announced that the request for shorter hours was made primarily for the sake of the women and children, and for these reasons : "To improve health; to increase the oppor- tunity for education; to gain time for enjoying some of life's pleasures; to get some of the benefits from the use of machinery; to enable the breadwin- ners to spend more time with their families ; to give the workers more than a bare half hour in which to eat their noon meals." (The other fifteen minutes are naturally required for go- ing and coming, and waiting for orders to be served in the numerous little 15- cent restaurants that dot the textile district, where those of the people who do not have a home table to go to or have not time to go home can get their dinners.) The strike was the result of efforts to organize the workers into unions, and agitation for the purpose of mak- ing the unions something more service- able than the harmless "coffin clubs," with death-benefit features and high- sounding titles for lodge officer's, which is the sort of organization the average employer refers to when he says he is in favor of unions. The Knights of Labor were strong in Philadelphia twenty-five years ago, but almost perished as the result of the arrogance of their leaders. In 1900, however, a few veterans formed the Central Textile Workers' Union, a delegate body, which eventually included forty-five unions. Of these, roughly speaking, thirty-nine wanted a reduction of hours only, and the other six asked for a corresponding advance in the hourly pay sufficient to make the new wage per week equal to the old. The writer was informed, however, by a member of the strikers' committee on an arbi- tration conference proposition, ' that the Central Textile Workers' Union as a whole would recommend the employes of any mill to return to work if offered the reduction of hours pure and simple. The workers issued their appeal for shorter hours on April n, and the manufacturers considered it till May 12, when they decided to refuse the request that the hours be shortened after June I. The manufacturers thus had virtually fifty days' notice before the strike actually began on the first of June. Wages of course vary in these in- dustries according to many different determining factors. The demand of the dyers was that their wages be ad- vanced to $13.00 a week, but they rank as almost unskilled; any man of ordi- nary intelligence can learn the trade in three or four weeks. But the atmos- phere in which they work is hot and damp, and creates a thirst which leads many to drink stimulants to excess. More skilled labor (men) brings $15.00, $18.00, $20.00 and even $25.00 a week, with increasing rarity as the figure rises. But it is claimed that 90,000 of the workers are receiving smaller pay than in 1892, and the cost of living is officially estimated as at least 15 per cent higher. Women and girls receive so much less than men that the execu- tive board of the strikers, speaking in behalf of all, said in one of their mani- festoes: "Our zvages average less than $1.00 a day." The arbitration conference proposi- tion referred to above emanated from the Christian Social Union, an Epis- copal organization which has done much in Great Britain to ameliorate popular conditions, and which in the United States is a section of the Church As- sociation for the Advancement of the Interests of Labor. The headquarters of this section are in Philadelphia ; the headquarters of C. A. I. L. are in New York, whence a suggestion was sent to Philadelphia early in July, looking to an attempt to mediate. This suggestion was immediately taken up by the strik- ers, who consented to appoint some textile workers to sit with representa- tives of the manufacturers, and with Bishop-Coadjutor Mackay- Smith, the Rev. Dr. Floyd W. Tomkins, Alexander Reid, formerly business agent of the United Garment Workers in Philadel- phia, and the Hon. Clinton R. Wood- ruff. The only stipulation of the i6 The Commons [JANUARY strikers was that they should have as many arbitrators to represent them as the manufacturers of textile fabrics had. The proposition was made first to a leading manufacturer, who replied : "While your well-intentioned proposal is fully appreciated, acceptance is not possible upon this occasion. The labor cost of textile products in Philadelphia is already so much above like costs in other manufacturing districts that the manufacturers of this city are at a great disadvantage in the selling of their prod- ucts in competition with those made elsewhere at lower cost. Fabrics that were formerly made here with profit can no longer be made, since the cost of their production in Philadelphia ex- ceeds the selling price; a further in- crease in the labor cost will cause either a discontinuance of business or a re- moval of establishments to other lo- calities." A few days later the offer of arbi- tration was. renewed through another representative manufacturer, who re- plied asking three questions : "(i) Will the arbitrators designated by your union and those selected by the employes' organization agree to recommend an equalization in the rates of wages and hours of labor with those prevailing in other important textile districts whose products compete with those of a Philadelphia manufacturer? "(2) If the award of the arbitration involves a reduction in the rate of wages at present prevailing in Phila- delphia, will the employes' organization agree to accept such award? "(3) Is your organization prepared to give satisfactory assurances that the employes will return to their employ- ment at rates of pay prevailing else- where, if the arbitrators find that the present established rates in Philadelphia are higher than elsewhere?" The executive committee of the strik- ers replied as follows: "The issue of the present struggle is not a question of wages, but rather one of working hours. Therefore, and be- cause it is impracticable, it is useless to agree to the proposition that the arbi- trators recommend an equalization of wages in Philadelphia and elsewhere. "We think that the question of wages is made entirely too prominent in the proposition, and is calculated to confuse the issue and divert the attention from the main question, which is that we should get fifty-five hours a week. We are ready and willing at any time to submit the matter to arbitration." Here then was the issue sharply de- fined ; the strikers practically made it a question of shorter hours only; the manufacturers tried to bring in wages, because they believed that this conten- tion made their case stronger. One of them showed by an elaborate table the wages paid by his mill and those of his competitors in Massachu- setts, Rhode Island and Connecti- cut, and his were generally the highest wages in terms of dollars and cents. But political economists recognize a difference between nominal wages and real wages, the latter term denoting what the worker can buy with his wages ; and in this respect Philadel- phia wages are as low as, if not lower than the wages in the competitive towns of New England. In the suburbs of many of those towns one can rent for $3.00 to $5.00 a month as good a house as can be had in Philadelphia for $10.00 to $15.00, with quite a little bit of land attached on which the tenant can raise vegetables and keep a cow or pig; and board for the single operative is also lower. All this militates against the Philadelphia manufacturer to some extent; but their Philadelphia mills have a large market close at hand, and many of them do only a part of the producing process, while the New England mills oftener do the whole thing. Very few of the Philadelphia mills make their own yarns. Philadel- phia is a hot-bed of small manufac- turers, and notwithstanding the talk of New England competition there are ten new mills on one large uptown street built in the last five years. There is a slack season and a busy season in Philadelphia, while work is steadier in New England. If the ques- tion, "how many hours per week do JANUARY] The Commons your employes average all the year round?" were put to a Philadelphia manufacturer, the textile workers say the answer would be a point in favor of shortening the regular time to fifty- five hours a week and making it cover a larger number of weeks. They also say that there would be less waste by mistakes ; there is considerable waste in a sixty-hour week because the workers, and young people in particular, 'grow tired. The manufacturers, however, are opposed to changes in general and to granting any concession to unions in particular ; they point to their high city taxes, insurance and water rent, to de- preciation of plant, and to office force, on which they would not save anything by shortening the hours, even if they saved on raw material the product of another kind of mill and on labor. As to the educational benefits of shorter hours, they say they are not philanthropists, nor are they in business for their health. Even the argument that shorter hours cultivate more ex- pensive tastes and enlarge the demands of the consuming public does not in- terest them ; it is too social, instead of being distinctly addressed to them and their interests. Meanwhile, a man who is brought into daily contact with many families of Philadelphia mill workers tells the writer that even the ten-dollar house that most of them rent does not afford enough rooms for a proper separation of the sexes; brothers and sisters oc- cupy the same bedrooms till 13, 14 and even 15 years of age. It is a standing wonder that the mill girls of this boasted "city of homes" are as pure as they are. These" little "two-story bricks" of six rooms are built by the thousand, and the conservative Phila- delphian is wont to point to them with pride, as largely owned through the building associations for which the city is famous, and which are highly cher- ished by the local capitalists as tending to promote steadiness of habit and an unwillingness to listen to wicked strike agitators. The manufacturers proved too strong and the strike failed. Many mills prom- ised to grant the reduction if all would, but when it leaked out that the ingrain carpet manufacturers had bound them- selves individually by a forfeit of $25 a loom not to surrender unless all did, the strikers began to break. By the first of November practically all the mills were running, with the old em- ployes at the looms, except a few who had found work elsewhere, and a few prominent union men, who are not wanted. We recognize that this is an era of federa- tion and combination in which great capi- talistic corporations and labor unions have become factors of tremendous importance in all industrial centers. Hearty recognition is given the far-reaching, beneficent work which has been accomplished through both corporations and unions, and the line as be- tween different corporations, as between dif- ferent unions, is drawn as it is between different individuals; that is, it is drawn on conduct, the effort being to treat both or- ganized capital and organized labor alike, asking nothing save that the interest of each shall be brought into harmony with the in- terest of the general public, and that the conduct of each shall conform to the funda- mental rules of obedience to law, of in- dividual freedom and of justice and fair dealing toward all. President Roosevelt. I've been in so many strikes that I often feel that people think that my chief occupa- tion is creating strikes. I want to say here and now that if I have one consuming ambi- tion in this world, it is to see laborers and capitalists honorably and peacefully recon- ciled. I do not want any reconciliation which comes from surrender by either side. I want both sides to recognize that each of them has certain rights. ' I believe that there is a common ground upon which they may meet, a basis of agreement upon which they can unite. I realize that we do not own the mills and the factories, and I also realize that those who do own them do not own the people who work in them. Black- lists, boycotts, injunctions and the like, I firmly believe, have been due to misunder- standings. John Mitchell. No man is above the law and no man is below it; nor do we ask any man's permis- sion when we require him to obey. Presi- dent Roosevelt. "We must not use force until justice is defied." "Every law not based on wisdom is a menace to the state." Inscriptions on portals of New York Su- preme Court building. Training Center for Social Workers By Graham Taylor Those of us who have been longest and most directly at work among the people have all along felt the force of two facts. One is the lack of trained helpers and heads of departments in every line of social service. The other is the unfailing supply of people capable of training and, when trained, of high efficiency. The money, time and talent thus wasted are too costly longer to pass un- challenged. The invaluable time of the experts at the head of these public and private institutions, which is all needed for their management, is wastefully diverted to breaking in their sub- ordinates. Less money in efficient hands produces better results than larger funds con- ditioned by untrained help. Economy in ad- ministration and the social value of the work would be more effectively promoted by the supply of trained workers than by anything else. While a certain amount of attention to a personal adjustment is inevitable, much preliminary fitting and training can precede or accompany every worker's entrance upon such work. Even without such help from others, some of .our Chicago workers have picked up training enough to qualify them for positions of trust and honor. So widely has the practicability of more systematic training been felt that courses of study and observation are being conducted by some charitable societies and industrial corporations, as well as by colleges. At the greater centers training schools are being established to meet the more varied demand. In taking this great step forward for the advancement of every effort to improve our social and civic conditions, Chicago has been anticipated only by London, New York and Boston. NEW UNIVERSITY EXTENSION ENTERPRISE. At the initiative of a settlement worker, heartily supported by the representatives of practically all the private and public charity and correctional institutions of the city, the University of Chicago will furnish the great facilities of its extension department for the establishment and development of training centers and correspondence courses. The following official prospectus is about to be issued : SOCIAL SCIENCE CENTER. For practical training in philanthropic and social work under the direction of Graham 18 Taylor. Announcement preliminary to the opening of the institute January 12, 1904. Fine Arts Building, 203 Michigan Avenue, Room 429. PROVISIONAL COURSE OF LECTURE STUDIES. I. Introduction to the study of philan- thropic and social work. Five lectures by Prof. Graham Taylor (Tuesday evening, 8 to 9 o'clock, from January 12 to February 9). 1. Relation of the social sciences to philan- thropic work. 2. Reciprocal obligations of the individual and the community. 3. Function of institutions in personal and public life. 4. Economic principles applied to philan- thropy. 5. The ethics of personal and institutional service. II. Personal, institutional and public effort for dependents twenty- four lectures by Prof. Charles R. Henderson, University of Chi- cago ; Hastings H. Hart, Children's Home and Aid Society ; Ernest P. Bicknell. Chicago Bureau of Associated Charities ; Miss Julia C. Lathrop of Hull House ; Miss Harriet Fulmer, Visiting Nurses' Association ; John J. Sloan, superintendent of the House of Cor- rection, and Alexander Johnson, Indiana State School for the Feeble-Minded (Tues- days and Fridays, from February 16 to May 6, 8 to 9 p. m.) This course will include studies of the sources of information, the registration of cases and the causes of dependency ; efforts for needy families in their homes ; destitute, neglected, delinquent, defective and crippled children ; institutional care of destitute adults ; provision for the sick poor in their homes through visiting nurses, by dispensaries and in hospitals ; help for convicted, paroled and discharged prisoners ; principles and methods of charity organization ; public charities, their province, institutions, administration, meth- ods, legislative basis and their relation to private philanthropies. III. Preoccupying and preventive policy, agencies and method. Eight lectures by Prof. Graham Taylor, Miss Jane Addams of Hull House, Raymond Robins of the City Homes Association, Miss Mary McDowell of the University of Chicago Settlement. George W. Perkins of the Cigarmakers International Union, and Prof. Charles Zueblin of the University of Chicago (Tuesdays and Fri- days, 8 to 9 p. m., from May 10 to June 3). ^ 1. Summary of legislation on housing, sani- tation, employment, school attendance, sale of liquor to minors, etc. 2. Improved dwellings, open spaces, public playgrounds and parks. 3. Extension of the public schools and educational agencies to meet social needs, by vacation schools, neighborhood centers, etc. JANUARY] The Commons 4. Cooperative associations. 5. Province of the public support and man- agement of social utilities. 6. Insurance benefits of trades unions, fra- ternal orders, etc. 7. Function of social settlements. 8. Ethical and religious resources. FIELD WORK AND OBSERVATION. These courses will be supplemented by carefully supervised visits to public institu- tions and private philanthropic agencies and by opportunities for discussion with instruct- ors and fellow students. Certificates will be granted for satisfactory completion of the lecture course and field work. Registration fee, for the entire session, $8. Half rates offered to workers in pub- lic institutions, philanthropic organizations, church agencies and social settlements. Payable in advance at the office of the Uni- versity, 410 Fine Arts Building, 203 Michi- gan Ave., and at the university extension division of Chicago University. A limited number of students may apply for temporary residence at the social settle- ments in Chicago. Inquiries and applications for registration may be made to Mr. Walter A. Payne. Ex- tension Division, University of Chicago. Prof. Graham Taylor may be consulted Tuesday ' evenine, 7 :3O-8 p. m., Room 410 Fine Arts Building. SUCCESS IN LONDON AND NEW YORK. The practical value of this lecture study and field work has been demonstrated both at home and abroad. In London, it is inter- esting to note, the initiative was given to such educational effort by the Women's Uni- versity Settlement, of which Miss Helen Gladstone, daughter of the great prime min- ister, is the resident warden. From the .year's course of study and practice fur- nished there well-trained women have gone forth to occupy paid or honorary positions at many centers of influence and usefulness. Those engaged in this effort have joined forces with Charles S. Loch of the London Charity Organization Society and others in organizing a school of sociology and social economics. The demand for its instruction was proved at the first session by a large at- tendance and wide public approval. It is still more successful this second year. The summer school in philanthropic work con- ducted by the New York City Charity Or- ganization Society has drawn so manv stu- dents from far and wide, not a few of them from the West, that it begins a full two-year course this season. NECESSITY FOR TRAINING. The announcement of our Chicago social science center, outlined above, is only pro- visional and preparatorv to a full course covering two years, which will be opened npxt autumn. In addition to this, the senate of the university has also adopted an aca- cloivic curriculum for a college of religion 1 ? and social service, which will be coordinate with the college of arts and literature and of commerce and administration. This course will be more exacting in its requirements for admission, will cover four years, and will lead to a university degree. It will afford students of the center opportunities to carry their studies further, while the students of the college will share the value of the prac- tical observation and field work furnished by the center. It is confidently expected that the offer to supply training will develop a constantly growing demand for it among those in institutional work, social movements, church agencies, shop secretaryships and the civil service, as well as by many who should bear a larger share of citizenship. Canon Barnett on the Joy of Life To mark the opening of the winter season at Toynbee Hall, the warden and Mrs. Bar- nett received a large number of guests at a conversazione. In the course of the evening Canon Bar- nett gave a short address on the joy of life. Their work at Toynbee Hall, he said, was intended to give means for joy in life. There was joy in observation, and the natural his- tory class provided means for observation. There, too, was joy in the use of imagina- tion. It was the inward eye that made soli- tude happy, and imagination provided a great part of joy in life. Their history and litera- ture classes were aimed to increase imagina- tion, to bring the past into the present, enabling people to transport themselves into a glorious past. One other thing he would mention. With- out sympathy, without love and care for otners, there could be no real joy. Then, again, their efforts at Toynbee Hall tended to give many opportunities for developing this sympathy, for enabling the happy to help the unhappy. Without the teaching of the humanities which they gave at Toynbee Hall, all technical and scientific teaching w"ould fail. The only problem was how to get people to study those subjects, and he asked those present to persuade those whom they knew to attend the classes. "To the Memory of "WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, A true philosopher and poet who, by the social gift and calling of Almighty God, whether he discoursed on man or nature, filled not to life up the heart to holy things, tired not of maintaining the cause of the poor and simple, and so, in perilous times, wns raised up to be the chief minister not o'->1v of noblest poesv but of high and sacred truth, this memorial is placed here by his friends and neighbors in testimony of their r srect, affection and gratitude." On me- irorial tablet in Grasmere Parish Church. Henry Demarest Lloyd His Passion for the Better Social Order By Jane Addams ~^_^^_x/-^C6- ? X.