THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. University of Illinois Library i^iagisilil'^'^''- ' IlthofW«ecLrar5on9&Co.AI'>.-oiv,N'T 0RID,LEYJ.F. BETANT^AP.CHlTEaT. BostorL,Mass,. FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE BOARD or STATE COMIISSIOIERS OF PUBLIC CHAEITIES OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. PRESENTED TO THE GOVERNOR, DECEMBER, 1870. SPRINGFIELD : ILLINOIS JOURNAL PRINTING OFFICE. 1871. -T J? (^2 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART FIRST. THE BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES: page. Origin 1 Organization , . . .< 2 Clerk 3 Changes 8 Powers and duties 3 Relations .^ 6 Principles of action. 6 Action of the Board 7 Expense 8 PART SECOND. GROWTH OF PUBLIC CHARITY: Magnitude of the work 10 Extent of dependence in the United States 10 Table showing estimated number of insane, idiotic, deaf and dumb, and blind in thirty four states 11 Extent of relief 12 Rapid increase of institutions 14 PART THIRD. GENERAL PRINCIPLES: Division of the subject 15 Variety of forms of dependence 15 Essential identity 15 Its nature 15 Its causes , 15 Illustration : pauperism and crime , 17 Cure of dependence 18 The dependent classes 19 Ground of their claims to relief 19 Cost of insanity 19 Limit of relief. 21 Individual versus corporate charity 23 Relation of institutions to the state 23 Personal accountability 25 rv TABLE OF CONTENTS. GENERAL PRIXOIPLES.— Continued. page. Accountability of the Governor 25 " " Trustees 26 '< " Superintendent 26 Organization of a public institution 26 Three-fold responsibility 26 Financial administration 26 Property 29 Inmates 29 Choice of site 30 Building 81 Congregate and segregate systems 32 Institution veisus family life 34 PART FOURTH. TEE STATE INSTITUTIONS: I. — Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb , 35 Superintendents S5 Building 85 Directors 86 Tuition fees 36 Clt)thing for indigent pupils 86 Mode of support 36 Thirty years' receipts 37 Numljer of pupils admitted 37 Tours of exhibition 37 Articulation 37 Unsafely of building. 38 Insufficiency of water supply 39 n. — Hospital for the Insane 39 Miss Dix's memorial 89 Site 40 Buildings 40 Changes of superintendents . . ^ ... 40 Mode of support 41 Mode of commitment 42 ♦' Personal Liberty Bill " 43 Twenty-four years' receipts 44 " " expenditures 44 Relative cost in three asylums 46 Total number of patients admitted 46 " " " cures 4t5 Wants of the asylum 47 Average cost of maintenance in Ohio and Massachusetts 47 ni. — Institution for the Education of the Blind 47 When opened 48 Superintendents 48 Cost of mantonance in Michigan 43 Buildings destroyed 49 TABLE OF CONTENTS. STATE INSTITUTIONS.— Institution for the Blind. — Continued. page. Asylum reopened 49 Twenty-two years' receipts. 49 " " expenditures 50 Total number of pupils 50 " amount expended on each pupil 50 IV. — Experimental School for Idiots and Feeble-minded Children 50 Cause of its establishment 50 School opened 51 Superintendent 51 Number of applications for admission 61 Six years' receipts 52 " " expenditures 52 Average cost of each pupil 52 Wat?r supply at .Jacksonville 58 Letter from the state geologist 59 V. — Normal University 61 Location 61 Amount realized from subscription , 62 Cost of building, etc 62 Present valuation 62 Number of scholars 63 Fourteen years' receipts 64 Cost of each pupil 64 VI. — Soldiers' Orphans' Home . . . '. i 64 Objects 64 Donations from McLean county 65 Location 65 Total cost of building, etc 65 Accounts of institution , , 63 Six years' receipts 67 Total number of pupils 67 " cost of each pupil 67 VII. — Industrial University 68 Keasons of its establishment 68 Location 68 Valuation of the Champaign county bid 69 Present valuation of building and improvements 69 Regent , 69 Library and museum 70 Lands granted by United States for institution 70 Total expenditures 71 Vm. — State Reform School 71 Two methods — a prison or a school 71 Location 72 Subscription of Livingston county 73 Building and money expended 73 Superintendent 73 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. STATE INSTITUTIONS.— Continued. page. IX. — Southern Normal University TS Competition for location 74 Building contract H Donations and subscriptions 74 Water supply 75 Total estimated cost of building 75 X. — Southern Insane Asylum 76 Location..! > 77 Buildings 77 Work done 77 Donation from Union county 77 XI. — Northern Insane Asylum 77 Money appropriated 78 Location 78 Donation from Elgin 78 Estimated cost 78 Xn. — Illinois Soldiers' College 78 Location 78 Money paid to college from treasury 79 Principal 79 Whole number of students 79 Total expenditures 79 Average weekly cost per pupil 79 XIII. — Chicago E A and Ear Infirmary 80 Money received fi-om state 80 Private asylum at Batavia 80 PART riFTH. CONFERENCE ON INSANITY: Origin of the conference 82 Correspondence with Superintendents 82 Dr. McFarland's address 85 Colony of Fitz James 91 Discussion 92 Resolutions adopted , . . 95 Paper by Dr. C. A. Lee 95 Views of the Board of Charities 99 Letter from Dr. E. Jarvies 101 PART SIXTH. CENSUS OF THE INSANE AND IDIOTIC IN ILLINOIS: Census of Insanity and Idiocy in Massachussetts 102 Number of Insane in Illinois according to U. S. Census 102 Correspondence with physicians in Illinois ., , 103 Result of the correspondence 103 Distinction between Insanity and Idiocy 103 TABLE OF CONTENTS. VII CENSUS OF THE INSANE AND IDIOTIC— Continued. page. Summary of Table 1. Appendix C 104 " «' " 2. " C 105 " " " 8. " C 106 « " " 4. " C lOS " " " 5. " C 108 " " " 6. " C 109 " " " 1. " D Ill « " " 8. " D Ill " " " 9. " D 112 " " " 10. " D... 113 '< " *' 11. " D 113 " " " 12. «• D 114 " " «' 13. " D 114 " " " 14- " D 115 PART SEVEISTH. THE COUNTY JAIL AND ALMSHOUSE SYSTEM: I. — Visitation of Counties 117 Adams ' 1 1 7 Alexander 118 Bond 118 Boone 119 Brown 119 Bureau 120 Calhoun 120 Carroll 121 Cass 121 Champaign 121 Christian 122 Clark r 123 C lay *-. 123 Clinton 124 Coles 125 Cook 125 Crawford 127 Cumberland 127 DeKalb 128 DeWitt 129 Douglas 129 Du Page 129 Edgar 180 Edwards 1 30 Effingham 131 Fayette 131 Ford 132 Franklin 133 Fulton 184 Gallatin 134 Vin TABLE OF CONTENTS. JAIL AND ALMSHOUSE SYSTEM— Continued. page. Greene 134 Grundy 135 Hamilton 135 Hancock 136 Hardin 1 36 Henderson 136 Henry 137 Iroquois 137 Jackson 138 Jasper 138 Jefferson 139 Jersey .... , .... 139 Jo Daviess 140 Johnson 140 Kane 1 40 Kankakee 141 Kendall 142 Knox 142 Lake 143 LaSalle 143 Lawrence 144 Lee 144 Logan 145 Macon 145 Macoupin 145 Madison 146 Marion > 146 Marshall 147 Mason 147 Massac 148 McDonough 148 McHenry 148 McLean 149 Menard 149 Mercer 150 Monroe 150 Montgomery 150 Morgan 150 Moultrie 151 Ogle 151 Peoria 152 Perry 152 Piatt 153 Pike 153 Pope 154 Pulaski 154 Putnam 155 Randolph , 155 TABLE OP CONTENTS. IX JAIL AND ALMSHOUSE SYSTEM.— Continued. page. Eichland 155 Rock Island 156 Saline 157 Sangamon .. . , 157 Schuyler .,, 158 Scott 158 Shelby 159 St. Clau- 159 Stephenson 159 Tazewell , 160 Union 160 Vermilion 160 Wabash 161 Warren 161 Washington 162 Wayne 162 White 163 Whiteside 163 Will 164 Williamson 164 Wnnebago 166 Woodford 165 Supplementary report — Cook county 166 Keform school 167 Bridewell 167 County Hospital 168 " Agent's department > 168 " Insane Asylum 169 Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary 171 n. — Statistics of Jails and Almshouses 173 Jails 173 Almshouses 173 Value of Jails and Almshouses 174 Cost of Pauperism 1 V4 Number, age, sex, color and civil condition of prisoners in the jails of Ill- inois, on day of visitation 175 Education, habits and character of prisoners 175 Nativity of prisoners 1V6 Alleged offenses of prisoners 176 Number, age, sex, color and civil condition of paupers in the almshouses of Illinois, on the day of visitation 177 Physical, intellectual and moral condition of paupers 177 Nativity of 1680 paupers 1'78 Inferences drawn from the figures 1 V8 A false theory • 1*?^ Its fallacy pointed out. 180 —2 TABLE OF CONTENTS. JAIL AND ALMSHOUSE SYSTEM.— Contintod. page. in. — ReMABKS tIPON THE COUNTV .TaIL AND ALMSHOUSE SyBTEM 1 82 Jails 182 Criticisms 182 1. As to their design. 182 2. Security 182 3. Ventilation 182 4. Sewerage - 183 5. Light 183 6. Bathing 183 7. Cleanliness 184 8. Diet 184 9. Classification 184 10. The sick 184 11. Occupation 184 12. Instruction 184 13. Records 185 14. Reformation , , 185 Influence of jail life 185 Inexcusable treatment of criminals 185 The reform demanded 187 The Irish system of prison discipline 188 County almshouses 192 Faults 19a 1. The farming out of paupers 192 2. Weekly stipend, per capita 192 3. Medical care 192 4. Association of sexes 192 6. Neglected children 192 6. Condition of idiotic and insane 193 7. Condition of the epileptic 193 8. Food, clothing and bedding 194 9. Care of premises 194 10. Lack of classification 194 11. Secular and religious instruction 194 Suggestions • 195 PART EIGHTH. CONCLUSION: Work for the next two years 197 Statistics .-is to inmates 197 " " cost 197 " " results 197 Permanent uniform records recommended 198 General law needed to regulate institutions 198 What the board asks 198 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XIII APPEITDIX. PAGE. A. — Private Charities of Cook County 204 Relief and Aid Society 204 Washingtonian Home 206 Home for the Friendless 208 Chicago Nursery and Half-orphan Asylum 208 Protestant Orphan Asylum 210 B. — Notes on the Construction op Jails 212 Our Jails unsafe 212 " unhealthy 212 " productive of immorality, etc 212 " are the cause of great injustice 213 How to obtain a model jail 213 Jail architecture ; explanation of diagrams , 214 Suggestions to sheriffs and jailors on the management and economy of com- mon jails 218 C. — Tables op Idiocy in Illinois 225 I. — Showing amount of correspondence with physicians. 226 II. — Showing the number, sex, color and civil condition of idiots 228 III. — Showing the ages of idiots 280 IV. — Showing the nativity of idiots 232 V. — Showing the condition and situation of idiots , 234 VI. — Showing the supposed causes of idiocy 236 D. — Tables op Insanity in Illinois 239 VII. — Showing the number, sex, color and civil condition of the insane. . . . 240 VIII. — Showing the ages of the insane 242 IX. — Showing the nativity of the insane 244 X. — Showing the character, curability and treatment of the insane 246 XI. — Showing the duration and number of attacks in the cases of insanity. 248 XII. — Showing the present or former occupation of the insane 250 XIII. — Showing the condition and situation of the insane 252 XIV. — Showing the supposed causes of insanity 254 E. — Tables of Crime in Illinois 259 XV. — Description, cost and value of jails in Illinois 260 XVI. — Showing the number, age, sex, etc., of prisoners 262 XVII. — Showing the education, habits and character of prisoners 264 XVIII. — Showing the nativity of prisoners 266 XIX. — Showing alleged offences of prisoners — crimes against the person. . . 268 XX. — Showing alleged offences of prisoners — crimes against property 270 F. — Tables of Pauperism in Illinois 273 XXI. — Showing size, cost and value of almshouses 274 XXn. — Showing the number class, ago, sex, color and civil condition of paupers 276 XXni. — Showing physical, intellectual and moral condition of paupers, . . . 278 XXIV. — Showing nativity of paupers 282 XXV. — Showing cost of pauperism 284 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. G. — Statistics of Insane Asylums in the United States, for Fifty Years 287 Table I. — Showing number of patients admitted into fifty-four insane asylums. T.vBLE II. — Showing number of patients treated in fifty-four insane asylums. T^VBLE m. — Showing the expenditure of fifty-four insane asylums. Table IV. — Showing title, location, etc, of fifty-four insane asylums. H.— Approprutions to Public Institutions in Other States: Alabama 290 Arkansas 290 California 291 Connecticut 291 Georgia 292 Illinois 292 Indiana 294 Iowa 295 Kansas 296 Kentucky 296 Massachusetts 397 Michigan 298 Minnesota 298 Missouri 299 Nebraska 299 Nevada 299 New Hampshu-e 300 New Jersey 300 New York 300 Ohio 302 Rhode Island 303 South Carolina , 303 Tennessee 803 Vermont S04 West Virginia 304 Wisconsin 304 Consolidated financial statement of the Public Institutions of Illinois : 1. Receipts from Dec. 1, 1868, to Nov. 30, 1870. 2. Expenditures from Dec. 1, 1868, to Nov. 30, 1870. 3. Assets, liabilities and resources, Nov. 30, 1 870. LAW OF ILLINOIS. AN ACT to provide for the appointment of a hoard of commissioners of jnihlic charities and defining their duties and powers. Section 1. Be it enacted hy the People of the State of lU'inois, represented in the General Assembly, That within ten days after the passage of this act, the governor, by and with the consent of the senate, shall appoint five persons, to be called and known as " The Board of State Commissioners of Public Charities." One of the persons so ap- pointed, shall hold his office for one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for four years, and one for five years, as indicated by the governor in making the appoint- ments, and all appointments thereafter, except to fill vacancies, shall be for five years. In case of any vacancy occasioned by the removal from the state by any such person so appointed, or death, or resignation, or non-acceptance of the office, or removal from office by the governor, by any such person so appointed, the governor shall immediately fill such vacancy ; and all appointments made by the governor when the senate is not in session, shall be valid, until the next session of the senate. § 2. Before entering upon their duties, the said commissioners shall, respectively, take and subscribe the constitutional oath required of other state officers, which shall be filed in the office of the secretary of state, who is hereby authorized and directed to ad- minister such oath. The said commissioners shall have power to elect a president ou*- of their number, and such other officers and agents as they may deem proper, and to adopt such by-laws and regulations, for the transaction of their business, as they may consider expedient. § 3. The said commissioners shall have full power, at all times, to look into and examine the condition of the several institutions, which they may be authorized by this act to visit, financially, and otherwise ; to inquire and examine into their methods of instruction, and the government and management of their inmates, the official conduct of trustees, directors, and other officers and employees of the same; the condition of the buildings, grounds, and other property connected therewith, and into all other matters pertaining to their usefulness and good management ; and for these purposes they shall have free access to the grounds, buildings, and all books and papers relating to said institutions; and all peraons now or hereafter connected with the same are hereby directed and required to give such information and afibrd such facilities for inspection as the said commissioners may require. § 4. The said commissioners, or some one of them, are hereby authorized and re- quired, at least twice in each year, and as much oftener as they may deem necessary, to visit all the charitable and correctional institutions of the state, excepting prisons receiving state aid, and ascertain whether the moneys appropriated for their aid are or have been economically and judiciously expended; whether the objects of the several institutions are accomplished; whether the laws in relation to them are fully complied XrV LAW OF ILLINOIS. with; whether all parts of the state are equally benefited by said institutions, and the various other matters referred to in the third section of this act; and report in writing to the governor, by the fifteenth of December, annually, the result of their investiga- tions, together with such other information and recommendations as they may deem proper; and the said board of public charities, or one of them, shall make any special investigation into alleged abuses in any of said institutions, whenever the governor shall direct, and report the result of the same to the governor. * 8 5. The said commissioners, or one of them, shall also, at least once each year, visit and examine into the condition of each of the city and county alms or poor houses, or other places where the insane may be confined, and shall possess all the powers rela- tive thereto, as mentioned in the third section of this act; and shall report to the legis- lature, in writing, the result of their examination, in connection with the annual report above mentioned. 8 6. Whenever any charitable or correctional institutions, subject to the inspection herein provided for, require state aid for any purpose other than their usual expenses, the said commissioners, or some, or one of them, shall inquire carefully and fully into the ground of such want, the purpose or purposes for which it is proposed to use the same, the amount which will be required to accomplish the desired object, and into any other matters connected therewith; and in the annual report of each year they shall give the result of such inquiries, together with their own opinions and conclusions relating to the whole subject. § 7. The said commissioners, or any one of them, are hereby authorized to admin- ister oaths, and examine any person or persons in relation to any matters connected with the inquiries authorized by this act. ^ 8. The said board of commissioners shall have power, and they are hereby author- ized to appoint a clerk, who shall hold his office during their pleasure, with a salary not exceeding dollars per annum, who shall, when required, act as an ac- countant, from time to time, as they may have occasion to investigate the financial or other affairs of any of the institutions affected by this act, or the accounts or official conduct of any of their officers; and when acting as such accountant he shall, in addi- tion, be allowed his actual traveling expenses. § 9. The number of the board of trustees of the " Hospital for the Insane," the board of directors of the " Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb," the board of directors for the " Institution for Educating the Blind," and the board of trustees of the " Soldiers' Orphans' Home," respectively, shall, immediately after the passage of this act, be, by the governor, reduced to three. § 10. The said commissioners, or some, or any one of them, shall attend upon the session of the legislature whenever any committee of either house shall require their attendance. 8 11. Said board of commissioners shall be furnished by the secretary of state with the necessary blank books, blanks, and stationery. § 12. The said commissioners shall receive no compensation for their time or ser- vices, but the actual expenses of each one of them, while engaged in the performance of the duties of their office; and any actual outlay for any actual aid and assistance re- quired in examinations and investigations, on being made out and verified by the affida- vit of the commissioners making the charge, and approved by the governor, shall be paid quarterly by the treasurer, on the warrant of the auditor of publie accounts, out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated ; and the clerk of the board shall be paid in like manner. LAW OF ILLINOIS. XV § 13. No member of the board of said commissioners shall be, directly or indi- rectly, interested in any contract for building, repairing or furnishing any of the insti- tutions which by this act they are authorized to visit and inspect; nor shall any trustee or other officer of any of the institutions, embraced in this act, be eligible to the office of commissioner hereby created. § 14. The governor is hereby authorized to remove any of the trustees and directors of any of the institutions named in the ninth section of this act, whenever, in his opinion, the interests of the state require such removal ; and in case of removal, he shall communicate to the legislature the cause of such removal. § 15. No two members of the aforesaid boards of trustees or directors of said insti- tutions shall be residents of the same county, nor shall more than one trustee or direc tor aforesaid reside in the county where said institutions shall be respectively located. The principal of the " Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb," shall con tinue to be, ex officio, a member of the board of directors of that institution. § 16. All laws, or parts of laws, inconsistent with the provisions of this act, are hereby repealed. § 17. This act shall be in force from and after its passage. Approved April 9, 1869. FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT. FABT riBST. THE BOARD OF PUBLIC CnARITIES. Origin. — There are in the United States seven ^tate boards of public charity, of which our own is chronologically the fourth. The states which have created similar boards are Massachusetts, New York, Oliio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and North Caro- lina. It is seven years since the Massachusetts Board of State Charities, the first in the country, was created. The Illinois Board of Public Charities is a necessary link in the development of that noble system of state aid to the unfor- tunate, of which the people of Illinois are justly proud. In its origin, it was in part the outgrowth of an investigation into the financial and general management of the public institutions of this state, made in the year 1867, by a joint committee of both houses of the legislature, of which General Allen C. Fuller was chairman. The creation of the board was recommended by Governor Oglesby, in his message, January 4th, 1869, in the following words : "It has l)een earnestly represented to me, in view of the separate organization of our various charitable institutions under separate boards of management ; the large number of inmates attending each, and the constant demand for more room and accommodations fortlie large numbers necessarily excluded at present from the benefits of each ; together with the important question of the means to be raised by taxation for the support and enlargement of the present, or the construction of additional asylums; and to consider new questions arising out of experience as to the best modes of treatment and improve- ment of the various classes of patients and inmates in our several benevolent institu- OKIGIN AlID ORGANIZATION. tions, that the present system ought to l)e thoroughly and carefully reviewed and revised, and the whole sulyeot, in its various bearings, placed in the hands of a board, to be created, with full powers to investigate and report upon all these ([uestions, to be styled ' The Board of Fuljlic Charities.' " The Governor added : " We cannot lose sight of the never-ceasing and ever-present claims of the vast mul- titudes in our very midst — part of our being and associates with us in the society of life, afflicted with the terrible diseases which deprive them of sight, hearing and of reason, while we, more fortunate, enjoy all through life the full possession of each of those faculties undiminishei^ with which God, more merciful to us, has blessed us. A generous people, I feel safe in assuring you, will approve every act of yours to aid them, to make them less miserable and more happy, and to place oin- benevolent institutions ujion the basis which will secure to the afflicted the highest sense of human intelligence and happiness." In accordance "with this recommendation, General Fuller intro- duced into the senate, of which he was a member, an act, (public laws, 1S69, page 63). To this law, approved bj Governor Pahner, April 9th, 1869, the present board of state commissioners of pub- lic charities owes its existence. Organization. — The original members of the board, appointed by the governor, were lion. William Thomas, of Morgan county ; Seldon M. Church, of "Winnebago ; Elmer Baldwin, of LaSalle ; Dr. John X. McCord, of Fayette; and George S. Robinson, of DeKalb. In response to a call of the governor, these five commissioners met at the office of the secretary of state, on the 27th day of x\pril, 1869, and each of them took the oath required by the law. The members then retired to the auditor's office, and effected an organization by the election of Hon. William Thomas, Presi- dent, and George S. Robinson, Secretary. The first section of the act providing lor their appointment requires that one of the persons appointed shall hold office for one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for four years, and one for five years. The decision of the question of the term of office of each commissioner having been left by the governor to the board itself, it was determined by lot, as follows : To hold office five years, George S. Robinson. To hold office four years, Seldon M. Church. To hold office three years, William Thomas. To hold office two years, Elmer Baldwin. To hold office one year, John N. McCord. CLERK — CHANGES — POWERS, ETC. Clerk. — At the third meeting, in Normal, June Sth, 1860, the Rev. Frederick II. Winee, of Sangamon county, was elected Clerk ; and his salary was fixed at three thousand dollars per an- num, payable quarterly, with the necessary traveling expenses. Changes. — At the same meeting, in Chicago, June 10th, Hon. William Thomas tendered his resignation of the presidency. Ac- tion was by a unanimous vote deferred until the next meeting. At the fourth meeting, in Champaign, July Tth, he was unani- mously requested to withdraw his resignation. He insisted upon its acceptance, and it was accordingly accepted. Hon. Elmer Baldwin was unanimously chosen president, in Judge Thomas' stead. Subsequently, Judge Thomas tendered to the governor his resignation of the position of commissioner of public charities, which was accepted. Z. B. Lawson, of Macoupin county, was appointed to fill the vacancy. Mr. Lawson took the oath of office, November 14th, 1869. At the expiration of the first year, the term of ofiice of Dr. John N. McCord having expired, he was re-appointed by the governor. Powers and Duties. — The duties required of the commission- ers are quite onerous. The powers granted them are very limited. The board has unlimited power of inspection, suggestion and re- commendation, but no administrative power whatever. The institutions which the commissioners are authorized and required, by the act of April 9th, 1869, to visit and inspect, are, fint^ the public institutions owned and controlled by the state, except the penitentiary ; second^ institutions not owned by the state, which receive any part of their income by legislative appro- priation, from the state treasury ; tkird^ city and county alms and poor houses; fourth^ other places where the insane may be con- fined, by which the board understands that county jails and pri- vate insane asylums are meant. The commissioners, or some one of them, are required to visit institutions receiving state aid at least twice in each year, and as much oftener as they may deem necessary. They are required to visit and examine into the condition of each of the city and county alms and poor houses, etc., at least once each year. 4 POWERS AND DUTIES. There are thirteen institutions which receive state aid, (not inchiding the penitentiary). The number of city and county alms or poor houses, etc., (including county jails, city prisons and the private insane asylum at Batavia,) is very nearly two hundred. The law requires the payment by the board of about two hundred annual visits of inspection. The board is required to make special examinations into alleged abuses in any of the public institutions of the state, whenever the governor shall direct. The points of inquiry, at each regular visit of inspection, ]»re- Bcribed in this act, are as follows : First. — Methods of instruction. Second. — Government and management of the inmates. Third. — Official conduct of trustees, directors and other officers and employees. Fourth. — Condition of the buildings, grounds and other prop- erty. Fifth. — Financial management : economy and wisdom of the expenditure of the moneys derived from the public treasury. Sixth. — Efficiency of each institution in accomplishing the ob- jects of its creation. Seventh. — Compliance or failure to comply with the general and special laws relating to each. Eighth. — Usefulness of each institution to all parts of the state alike. Ninth. — All other matters pertaining to the usefulness and good management of each. To .facilitate thoroughness of examination, the law provides that the commissioners shall have free access to the grounds, buildings, and all books and papers relating to any of the institutions, alms houses, etc., which they are required to inspect. All persons now or hereafter connected with the same are directed and required to give such information and afford such facilities for inspection as the commissioners may require. Authority is granted to the com- missioners, or to any one of them, to administer oaths and exam- ine any person or persons in relation to any matters connected with the inquiries authorized by the act. The commissioners are especially charged with the responsi- bility of full and careful inquiry into the ground of each applica- OFFICIAL KELATIONS. tion by any public institution for special appropriations, the purpose for which it is proposed to use the same, the amount which will be required to accomplish the desired object, and any other matters connected therewith. The result of these various investigations is to be reported an- nually in writing:: to the governor, on or before the fifteenth day of December, together with such other information and recom- mendations as the board may deem proper. The commissioners, or any one of them, are also required to attend upon the session of the legislature, whenever any committee of either house shall require their attendance. Power is given them to appoint a clerk, who shall hold his office during their pleasure, and to fix his salary. They are forbidden to have any interest, direct or indirect, in any contract for building, repairing, or furnishing any of the in- stitutions under their supervision. They receive no compensation for their time or services, but the actual expenses of each one of them, while engaged in the performance of the duties of their office. Relations. — The official relation of the board of charities is that of a confidential advisor and counselor, both of the legisla- ture and governor, on the one hand, and of the institutions, alms- houses, etc., on the other. The legislature, when in session, is overwhelmed with business. The visits of legislative committees to the state institutions are necessarily hasty, and sometimes almost entirely formal. Under the most favorable circumstances, a single visit does not suffice to make a visitor acquainted with the real spirit, management and inner working of a great institution, numbering hundreds of in- mates, and expending annually tens of thousands of dollars. Neither can the governor spare the time from his other official duties, to inspect in person and thoroughly master the condition and wants of so many public institutions as have been already established in Illinois, to say nothing of others which will be needed in the future. Yet such inspection and knowledge are indispensable in order to enlightened legislation regarding these institutions, and the vast and varied interests which they represent. Frequent, faith- ful inspeotion secures fidelity in the discharge of duty, and econo- PRINCIPLES OF ACTION. ray and prudence in the expenditure of public funds. It stimu- lates the energies of honest officials, by insuring their approval and commendation. It serves as a check upon the unscrupulous. It enables the state authorities to decide wisely what burdens of taxation for the relief of suifering to lay upon the people. It re- veals whether the expenditures made for this end are or are not remunerative. The board of charities furnishes the only Instrumentality for the supervision of the county jails and almshouses — a supervision very necessary, and likely to be fruitful of good results. To all the institutions under their care, the commissioners of public charities come in the capacity of accredited agents of the legislature and the governor. To the governor and the legisla- ture, on the other hand, they are the representatives of these in- stitutions, and the spokesmen of the classes for whom they are specially provided. In a word, they have two objects to accomplish by their action, namely : to insure to the dependent and suffering a just measure of relief, and to guard the public at large from extravagant de- mands in the name of charity. Their function is to give simpli- city, unity and increased efficiency to the system of state aid ; to secure the largest results at the least relative cost ; to diminish, as far as it is in the power of the government to diminish, the sum of suffering and of crime within the limits of the state. By the test of success or failure in the accomplishment of this aim, the board is williag to be judged. Pkinciples of Action. — The board has adopted for its own guidance the following principles, by which to regulate its official action. The board conceives that the true spirit in which to ap- proach the various institutions subject to its inspection is that not of distrust, but of confidence, which will not be withdrawn until it is forfeited ; that minor faults of administration ought not to be made the theme of injurious animadversion ; that complaint, even of serious errors and of positive wrongs, should in all cases be made first to the officers in charge ; that it is the duty of the board to know the entire inner life of each institution, and to communicate to the governor and to the legislature every fact which, if known, would affect or modify their official action ; that such communications may be make publicly or privately, as the ACTION OF THE BOAED. public interest may seem to require ; that all recommendations made by the board should be based on actual knowledge of the facts; that in case of any apparent conliict of interests, the lesser interest must give way to the greater; and that success in the work entrusted to the commissioners depends upon the careful avoidance of all encroachment upon the legislative or administra- tive functions of other state officials, and upon a thorough, accu- rate, systematic acquaintance with the dependent classes, their character, condition, wants and relations, together with the methods of dealing with them at home and abroad, and their respective results. Action of the Board. — The work thus far accomplished is as follows. The results will be stated in detail, later in the report : First. — In accordance with section fourth of the law creating the board, the commissioners, or some one of them, have twice in each year visited all the charitable and correctional institutions of the state in actual operation, receiving state aid, except the peni- tentiary. The board has not, however, visited the institutions in process of erection quite so often, for the reason that it seemed to be unnecessary. Second. — In accordance with the fifth section of the law, requir- ing the commissioners, or some one of them, once each year to visit and examine into the condition of each of the city and county alms or poor houses, and other places where the insane may be confined, the board divided the one hundred and two counties of Illinois into five nearly equail districts, with reference to the convenience of the individual commissioners, and assigned a district to each. During the year 1869, chiefly in consequence of the withdrawal of Judge Thomas from the board, the commis. sioners visited only sixty-nine counties, in which they found forty- three almshouses and sixty-five jails. During the year 1870, they succeeded in visiting nearlj' every county in the state. Third. — At the suoro-estion of the trustees of the Southern on Insane Asylum, the board, in 1869, issued a call for a conference of state officers, trustees of insane asylums, and others, which was held on the tenth day of November, in the state library. At this conference, the relative merits of the so called congregate and segregate systems in insane asylums were discussed, and reso- lutions were adopted approving of some modification of the exist- ing system of almost absolute restraint. 8 COST OF THE BOAKD, Fmirtli. — The board has made an investigation, by means of ])er6onal correspondence with every physician in the state, of the number and nature of cases of insanity and idiocy in Illinois. Fifth. — It has collected the nucleus of a very respectable library of reports and documents on insanity, idiocy, pauperism, crime, and the other affiliated subjects. Sixth. — The secretary of the board, in addition to his other labors in the office and through the state, under its direction, has visited the offices of the Massachusetts and New York boards of charity, has visited between twenty and twenty-five public insti- tutions outside the limits of Illinois, and has attended the annual meeting of the association of medical superintendents of the insane, at Hartford, in June, 1870, and the national congress on prison and reformatory discipline, at Cincinnati, in October. A record of miles of travel and days of labor, had it been kept, would show that the commissioners and their secretary, with an assistant employed by the secretary at his own expense, have traveled nearly thirty thousand miles in the discharge of their duties, and have given in all nearly three years' aggregate time to their work, in the short space of eighteen months. Expense. — It was estimated, at the time of the creation of the board, that it would cost ten thousand dollars per annum, or twenty thousand dollars, in two years. The actual disbursements have been as follows : For what purpose. Commissioners' expenses. . . . Secretary's expenses Secretary's salary Rent of office Office furniture Office expenses . • Postage and express charges Incidentals Total 18C9. 1S6 10 625 00 9 50 10 00 $1,354 30 1870. n,228 52 188 85 3,000 00 131 25 266 42 58 82 391 23 29 81 15,294 90 Total. 11,802 22 324 95 3,025 00 131 25 266 42 58 82 400 73 89 81 $6,649 20 To this must be added the expenses of the last quarter, the amount of which is not yet ascertained. The staetment above COST OF THE BOAKD. 9 includes all bills audited and paid, to November 30tb, tbe close of the fiscal year. In estimating tlie cost to the state of a central board of public charities, it must be borne in mind that the creation of this board rendered possible the reduction of the local boards of control of the several institutions, to three members each. The saving thus effected in the item of traveling expenses, must be placed to the credit of this board. In addition to this, there will be a saving, the amount of which cannot be calculated, by the introduction of better methods of doing business, by the establishment of rigid accountability for all expenditure of public funds, and by the pre- vention of imposition upon the state authorities in the matter of requests for unwise or unnecessary appropriations. In the organi- zation of a state government, a board of charities is an economy, and not an expense. 10 MAGNITUDE — EXTENT OF DEPENDENCE. VART SECOND, GROWTH OF Pl'BLIC CHARITY. Magnitude of the work. — The growth of public charity, durinpj the past luilf century, in the United States, is one of the salient features of our national life. Few know the extent of the demand fur relief. Extent OF dependence in the United States. —At the time of writing this report, the result of the national census for 1870, in thirty-four states, has been officially promulgated. According to very generally received estimates, the proportion of insane, in this country, is not less than one in every thousand ; of idiots, not less than one in fifteen hundred ; of deaf mutes, one in seventeen hundred and fifty ; of blind, one in twenty-five hundred.* All of these unfortunates are wholly, or in part, incapacitated for self support and self-direction. In the race of life, the best of them carry weight. According to the census and the estimates just given, the number of unfortunates belonging to these four classes alone, is as follows : f * These are the lowest esthiiates, and employed liere in order to guard against exag- geration. \ It must not lie expected tliat the figures in this table will tally with those of the census, when published, showing the number of the insane, etc., in tlie various states. Mrst^ because the proportion varies. It is somewhat greater, for instance, in the east than in the west. Second, because the statistics of misfortune obtained by the census- takers are never accurate, owing to the universally prevalent desire to conceal family griefs from the public eye. Dr. Edward Jarvis, the eminent statistician, of Dorchester, Massachu.setts, found, by means of a thorough investigation made in that state in 1854, liy direction of tlie legislature, that the proportion of insane persons to the total popu- lation, was, at that time, one in 427. He obtained the names of 2032 lunatics. The number reported in tlie preceding census of 1850, was only 1C80. Dr. Jarvis obtained the names of lOS'J idiots. The census-takers, four years before, found only 791. Other illustrations misrht be {riven. STATISTICS OF MISFORTUNE. 11 Table showing the estimated number of Insane, Idiotic, Deaf and, Dumb, and Blind, in each and all of thirty-four States. State, Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut. . . . Delaware Florida Georgia , Illinois , Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland ... . , Massachusetts . . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi .... Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. North Carolina. . Ohio Oregon Rhode Island . . . South Carolina. . Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia . . Wisconsin Population. 1,022,000 486,103 556,208 537,468 123,252 189,995 1,185,000 2,540,216 1,6(58,169 1,182,933 353,182 1,432,695 716,395 630,426 780,000 1,457,385 1,183,511 460,037 834,190 1,690,716 116,888 41,000 318,300 1,072,000 2,625,302 90,776 217,356 735,000 1,258,326 850,000 330,235 1,209,607 447,943 1,052,266 Insane Idiots. 1022 486 556 637 123 190 1185 2540 1668 1183 353 1483 716 630 780 1457 1183 460 834 1691 117 41 318 1072 2625 90 217 735 1258 850 330 1209 448 1052 681 324 371 358 82 127 790 1693 1112 789 235 955 4781 420 520 971 789 307 556 1127 78 27 212 715 1750 60 145 490 839 567 220 806 299 701 Deaf Mutes. Blind. Total. Totals 29,384,088129,389 19,594 16,810 11,754 77,547 584 278 318 307 70 108 677 1451 967 676 202 819 410 360 446 833 676 263 477 966 67 23 182 612 1500 52 124 420 719 486 189 691 256 601 409 194 222 215 49 76 474 1016 667 473 141 573 287 252 312 583 473 184 334 676 47 16 127 429 1050 36 87 294 503 340 132 483 179 421 2696 1282 1467 1417 324 501 3126 6700 4414 3121 931 3780 1891 1662 2058 3844 3121 1214 2201 4460 309 107 839 2828 6925 238 573 1939 3319 2243 871 3189 1182 2775 The states not included in the above enumeration, are New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania, whose aggregate population will probably prove to be not far from nine millions. If we add this amount to the total population in the table, we shall obtain, as the grand result in all the states, not including the territories — Insane 38,384 Idiots 25,589 Deaf mutes 21,934 • Blind 15,354 Total *101,261 * A convenient statement for retention in the memory, and one perhaps equally nearly approximating the truth, is that there are in the United States, not including the territories, forty thousand insane, thirty thousand idiots, twenty thousand deaf mutes, M\i\ jiftten thousand blind ; one hundred and Jive thousarid in all. 12 INADEQUACY OF BELIEF. Startlinoj as the ligures are, they fall below the truth, l>iit these are only four classes of dependents, and not the most numerous. To these must be added paupers,t criminals,:): or- phans, destitute or neglected children, and the sick and crippled poor, who do not belong to the pauper class. There will not be wanting voices enough to join in the tinal chorus of accusation, " Ye did it not unto me." Extent of kelief. — An examination of the statistics of ]>ublic institutions would show the inadequacy of any provision yet made, I The number of paupers in Massachusetts, reported in 18C9, was, State paupers 4 , 756 Town " 5 , 6oo rartiall}' supported 23 , 529 Total 33,918 Proportion, 1:43, nearly, or .023 percent. The number in Xew York in 1868, was, In county and town poor houses 21 , 529 Temporarily relieved 50, 953 Total 72 , 482 Proportion, about 1: 60, or nearly .017 per cent. The proportion in Illinois is about one-fourth of that in Massachusetts, and one- third of that in New York. jj. The average daily number of convicts in the penitentiaries of the land, is sixteen or seventeen thousand. The average daily number of boys and girls in public reforma- tories, is more than seven thousand. The annual cost of penitentiaries and reforma- tories, leaving the county jails out of the account, is over four and a half millions of dollars. The number of persons sentenced, for minor offenses, to imprisonment in county jails, each year, is probably five or six times as great as that of those committed to state prisons. The number of commitments to county jails and houses of correction, in Masssachu- setts in 1869, was 12,000. Proportion, 1:121, or .008 per cent. The number of commitments to jails in New York, in 1863, was 62,717. Propor- tion, 1 : 66, or .015 per cent. The cost of the county jails and houses of correction in Massachusetts, in 1869, was $208,237 73, over and above the cash earnings of prisoners. The cost of jails in New York, in 1863, was about $225,000. The earnings of the Massachusetts state prison, on the other baud, in 1869. exceed- ed the total expenditures, by $25,575 37, a cash balance paid into the treasury of the state. The Massachusetts ratio of commitments, if uniform throughout the country, would give, as the grand result, 300,000 conmiitments to jail in the United States every year. The New York ratio would give 570,000. The actual number, though it cannot be ascer- tained, is much less, INADEQUACY OF BELIEF. 13 to meet the demand for public relief. The statistics of insanity will serve as an illustration. We have seen that the number of insane in Alabama may be estimated at at least 1022. The number treated in the Alabama asylum for the insane in 1869, was 251. 1870. Insane in Alabama 1022 " Connecticut 537 ^ Delaware 123 " Florida 190 » Illinois 2540 " Indiana 1668 " Iowa 1183 • '• Kentucky 1433 " Maine 630 " Maryland 780 " Minnesota 460 " North Carolina 1072 " South Carolina 735 " Tennessee 1258 " Texas 850 " Yirginia 1209 " West Yirginia 448 " Wisconsin 1052 Thus, in eighteen states, of 17,190 persons supposed to be in- sane, provision (other than in county poor houses and private families) is made for only 7214, or for 42 per cent, of the entire number. The deaf and dumb afford another striking illustration of the same inadequacy of provision. The total number of deaf mutes in the United States, as we have seen, is over 21,000. One-third of these (or 7000) are of an age to be in the institutions for the education for the deaf and dumb.* The number actually in such institutions, in 1869, was 3246, or .463 per cent, of seven thousand. The demand for relief, however, does not increase with the increase of population, nearly so rapidly as the amount of relief extended does. 1869. Treated ...251 u ...375 No asylum. u Treated ...757 u ...605 u . . . 580 u ...911 a ...489 i( ...531 u ...238 u ...244 l( ...298 (. ...514 a ...100 a ...635 a ...231 (; ...455 * The census of 1860 showed that 3437 persons in every ten thousand, (1 : 28, or .3437 per cent.^r-a little move than oue-third), arc between the ages of five and twenty, 14: GROWTH OF ELEEMOSTNAEY INSTITUTIONS. Fifty years ago, there were tliree insane asylums, the Virginia Eastern, the Piiiladelphia Friends', and the McLean, with possi- bly two hundred patients in all, and an aggregate expenditure of twenty -five thousand dollars. The population of the country, at that time (not including 33,089 in the territories), was 1), 605,152. To day, with four times the population, we have twenty times the number of asylums, with nearly twenty-five thousand patients, an increase of ten thousand in ten years. Twenty years ago, the number cared for was not over seven thousand five hundred.- The same rapidity of growth is apparent in other departments of pubhc charity. There were but three institutions, fifty years ago, for the educa- tion of the deaf and dumb. Now there are thirty. There are now about thirty institutions for the education of tl>e blind. The first was that at Boston, founded in 1833, little more than twenty-five years ago. The first house of refuge, or juvenile reforraatorv', was opened in New York, in 1S25. The present number of reformatories in actual operation is about thirty, besides those in process of erec- tion, of which our own is one. The class most neglected, probably because they are regarded as the most hopeless, are the idiots. They have scarcely begun to feel the reviving influence of that increasing spirit of charity which is abroad in the land. Still, there are already seven public institutions for their benefit. It would be easy to extend this list, but it is unnecessary.-' * In the appendix to this report will be found four very interesting and valuable tables, prepared and published for the first time, exhibiting more fully than space will permit in the report proper, the growth of a single department of public charity, namely: the care of the insane. The tables referred to show the number of patients admitted, the total number treated, and the cost, annually, for fifty years, in all the asylums of the United States, so far as the board has been able to obtain the figures from the printed reports, or by personal correspondence with the present superintendents. They may be depended upon as more than usually accurate, each statement having been sub- mitted to the officers of the institution for verification and correction, and will repay careful examination. Superintendents and others are requested to supply omissions and correct errors which may still be found in them, in order that a revised copy may be published at some future day. FORMS OF DEPENDENCE. 15 PART THISD, CxENERAL PRINCIPLES. Any thorough discussion of the subject of public charity, must include an answer to the following questions : Fii'st. — Who have a claim to relief? Second. — "What is the basis of their claim ? Third.— WhoX is its extent ? jbourth. — Against whom does it lie? ■ Fifth. — Who should administer the relief granted ? Sixth. — What are the best methods of administration ? The answers given to these inquiries will apply, in substance, to all classes of public beneficiaries alike. Variety of forms of dependence. — To one who has not re- flected upon the subject, there appears to be no essential identity between the various forms of dependence. Between blindness, deafness, deformity, orphanage, idiocy, insanity, pauperism and crime, the lines of demarcation seem, to a casual observer, to be sharp and well defined. Essential identity. — In fact, there is no absolute line of de- marcation. The gradations are imperceptible. There are no ab- rupt transitions, in nature. For example, it is impossible to decide at what point insanity ends and crime begins ; or to say what constitutes the essential ditierence between congenital idiocy, and that imbecility which is often the last stage of lunacy ; or to tell how far pauperism is the result of crime, and crime the result, on the other hand, of pau- ])erism. The differences between these varieties of dependence, arc dif- ferences merely of form ; the identity which exists betwven them is one of essence. Its nature. — All dependence is deficiency of power. Blindness is the lack of power of vision ; deafness, of power to hear. Idiocy is the original absence of mental power ; insanity, the loss of mental power once possessed. Pauperism is the want of power of self-support ; crime, of power of self-restraint. Further : not only is dependence, in all its forms, essentially the same, but the causes of dependence are, for the most part, 16 CLASSIFICATION OF CAUSES. identical. Even where they differ they fall under the same gene- ral cliissifieation. Its causes, — The causes of dependence may be ditferently clas- sified, according to the point of view taken. A broad and obvious generalization divides them into physical andmoral. A second, more minute and very conven'ent division, is into accidental, hereditary, constitutional, circumstantial, social, and personal.* A third classification, possibly too philosophical and abstruse, is based upon an observation of the fact, that all the phenomena of life, vegetable, animal, personal or social, fall into one or the other of two categories. Life involves two processes, to-wit: the supply and the expenditure of vital force : or the accretion and the excre- tion of substance — waste and repair, growth and decay.f The life of every man consists of two distinct periods ; a period of in- * Accidental causes, are such as it was impossible to foresee and guard against; e. g., a fall, a blow on the head, etc. Hereditary causes, arc those peculiarities of physical or mental organization, de- rived from ancestors, near or remote ; as when a deaf mute is born of parents who are deaf mutes. The cause of dependence may be said to be constitutional when, without being able to trace it back to ancestors, near or remote, the dependence is nevertheless the result of individual organization; as in the case of a child deformed or idiotic from birth. Circumstantiai causes are very varied in their nature. Under this head may be classed all those physical surroundings, which create or foster dependence; such as in- sufficient or improper food, a vitiated atmosphere, the want of light, of heat, etc. Social causes are those which inhere in the organization of society, whether that organization is deliberate or unconscious. Evil associations, social exclusion, vicious legislation, and a corrupt administration of the law, are illustrations of this class. Finally, all causes not falling under either of the above categories, may be classed as personal. In this case, dependence results from the uncompelled ignorance or vice of the dependent person himself ■\ The doctrine of the correlation of force may be applied to organic as well as to inorganic nature. It may l)e applied to man, to the individual or to the race. And since all force is capable ofniathematical expression, the total amount of force resident, at any given moment, in humanity, may be clearly and precisely stated. It is as suscep- tible of calculation, as the force of gravitation. As a financier keeps a record of pecu- niary receipts and disbursements, posting them upon a book, under two heads — Debtoi- and Creditor — and from time to time strikes the balance of his losses or his gains; so a thoughtful man might, in imagination at least, open an account between man and nature, in which man, every man, should be charged with every atom of substance or of power derived by him from the external world, and credited with its aituul expcnditiue. Statistics are simply an attempt to solve this problem. OEGANIZATION OF SOCIETY. 17 crease, in which the accretion exceeds tlie excretion — and a pe- riod of decrease, in which the expenditure, both of substance and oi' force, exceeds the supply ; the two separated by a well marked ]joint of culmination. In the end, the excess of expenditure ])re- clscly equals the former excess of accumulation ; tlien death en- sues. An independent life, is one in which this two-fold process i^oes on naturally, regularly, normally. Dependence is the result, either of an abnormal failure of the supply of those elements essen- tial to a full and vigorous life, or of an abnormal and dispropor- tionate rapidity of expenditure. In the lirst case, the cause of dependence is negative; in the second, it is positive. Every pos- sible cause of dependence necessarily falls under one of these heads. This thought may be illustrated, by a reference to the two lead- ing forms of dependence, pauperism and crime. If we view human society as a unit, a great natural organism, made up of individuals, whose relations to each other are neces- sary and vital, like those of the different parts of a single plant or animal, we may, without any very profound observation, discover, Jim, that the human race is a part of the universe ; second., that all increase of humanity, as a whole, depends upon the daily con- version of a larger portion of the substance of the universe into human substance, than is reconverted into lower forms of exist- ence ; third, that nature itself has provided an apparatus of distri- l)ution, which, working automatically, so to speak, noiselessly, secreily, almost unconciously, insures to every individual mem- ber of the human family, whose relations to his fellow men are normal and undisturbed, a legitimate share of the supply of force and substance ceaselessly drawn from the external world \ fourth, that the amount distributed to each individual, depends upon the nature and importance of his particular function in the general or- ganization, and upon the intensity of his own personal activity ; ffth, that as between man and man, the distribution is effected by means of an exchange, in which each gives and receives an equiva- lent benefit — there is a circulation, corresponding to that of the sap in a plant, or of the blood in an animal ; sixth, that any diminu- tion of human vitality retards this circulation, while its absolute cessation is death. In all these particulars, the correspondence between the social life of the race, and the lower forms of animal or vegetable life, is perfect. 18 CUKE OF DKl'ENDENCE. According to this view, what are pauperism and crime? In what respects are thej identical ? In what do they difier ? Both pauperism and crime agree in this, that the pauper and the criminal"' are alike men who receive benefits, without render- ing an equivalent in return. But pauperism and crime difier, on the other hand, in this ; that the pauper is a man who is unable, while the criminal is a man who is unwilling, to render the equivalent due. Wherever pauperism is voluntary, it is criminal. The essential nature of crime and of pauperism being so nearly the same, consisting as it does, in non-restitution, we" find, by prosecuting our inquiries a single step, that the causes of both are the same. The cause may be internal, personal to the man him- self; it may be disease, misfortune, vice. Or it may be external ; he may be a pauper or a criminal, not on account of any personal peculiarity, in which he difi'ers from other men, but on account of his peculiar circumstances and relations, over which possibly he has no control ; good men, as the world goes, are sometimes driven into crime, or made paupers perforce. The cause may be imme- diate, or it may be remote — character and circumstances are an inheritance. But in any case, it is always one of two things : it is defective supply, e. rol)able duration of life, (29 years,) gives $114+ as his annual value ; but let us set it down at only $100 a year, during his life of less than thirty years. '' The probable duration of life of the irrecoverably insane,* at the average age of thirty-five years, is about nineteen years; but by calculation, based upon one thousand cases in our lunatic hos- pitals, \VG find it to be twenty years and eleven months. ]>ut we will suppose that our 3000 lunatics would, upon an average, have continued to be productive only 20 years longer, and that they would have earned, if they had continued sane, upon an average, $100 a year over and above what they consumed, or $G,{<0(>,00(», which would have been so much added to the commonwealth. This (loss) carries their cost to more tlian $7,500,000. " J^ut owing to the prevalence of an erroneous idea, that lunatics cannot be profitably employed, they have to be supported at a cost of at least $175 a year each, which, sujjposing tlie average duration of their lives to be twenty years, makes $10,500,000 more, or $18,000,000 in all. f "But this is not the whole. The most valuable power in a community is brain-power, thought. The addled brain of the lunatic not only does not generate this power, but he requires a good deal of that generated by others. Besides eating food prf>- vided by others, he consumes part of their brains. It is hard to calculate the value of the force so consumed, but easy to see that it must be great. "Besides, every lunatic is dear to one or more persons, and must be a constant source of care and of sorrow. *Probahh duration of life, of the 'irrccoverabhj insane, as given In/ the English onlhorities. Age. Males. Female?. Avera'je. Twenty 21.31 28.66 '24.99 Thirty 20.64 26.33 23.46 Forty n.eo 21-53 19.59 Fifty 13.5;j 17.67 15.60 Sixty 11.91 12.51 12.21 Seventy 9.15 8.87 9.01 I First lo!-is $500 nmltipliod by 3000 equal ^1,500,000 Sceond " $10ll " " 3000 by 20 cciual 6,000,000 Third " ^175 " '< 3000 by 20 etiual 10,500,000 Total fiileulablo cost of 3000 hii}alic.s, ((ot cured |18,000,000 Avcrngo calculablo 0 CHOICE OF SITE. those unhappy persons, whose sufferings have elicited their deep- est sympathy. Appliances. — The building, grounds and other material appli- ances, are simply instruments placed in the hands of the superin- tendent for the accomplishment of a certain result, namely: the I)romotion of human happiness and well being. A good tool, in the hand of an unskilled or incompetent work" man, will prove of little service. Ability on the part of the workman will enable him to do much with inferior tools. But the best results are attainable, only where skill uTid good tools go to- gether. The success of a public institution depends partly upon the se- lection of a site. The location chosen should be convenient of access, attractive in its surroundings, adapted to a building with an east front, susceptible of drainage, and abundantly supplied with water. In Illinois, the last point named is of vital impor- tance. No institution should be permanently placed in any local- ity where the sufficiency of the water supply has not been deter- mined by an accurate estimate, based upon experience, of the number of barrels needed daily,* and upon a scientific test of the number of barrels obtainable, in the dryest season of the year. JSTothing but inevitable necessity should compel a resort to the storing of water, or to parsimony in its uee. In the matter of the choice of a site, this board would respect- fully suggest, as a point worthy of consideration, whether the atti- tude of the state is not more dignified, when it appears in the market as a purchaser, than when it appears oftering its institu- tions for sale, promising to locate them upon the premises of the highest bidder ? The prevalent method of inviting competition from diflTerent locations, is an abuse which needs reforming. It encourages reckless running into debt upon the part of towns; it is a source of legislative corruption ; it leads to bribery of com- missioners ; it often insures the choice of an inferior site ; it creates a feeling on the part of the community where the asylum is situated, that they have paid for it, own it, may dictate its man- agement in accordance with purely local interests, are entitled to get their money back in some way out of it, and that they have at least a right to insist upon extravagance of architectural display * For drinking, for bathing, for washing, for sewerage, and for steam heating. EXTEAVAGANCE IN BUILDING. 31 in the designs for the buildings ; it is no saving of money in the end ; and it is unnecessary, because in case of unreasonable valua- tion of property needed for public use, the state has the povrer to exercise the right of eminent domain. Building — After the selection of an appropriate site for an in- stitution, the next practical diflSculty is the selection of a compe- tent board of construction, composed of men who are familiar with the necessities of the class for whom it is designed ; who know the proper size, cost and arrangement of buildings erected for their benefit ; and who will not regard the appointment as an opportunity to enrich themselves, at the public expense, as a re- ward for party fealty and service.* A great evil, in practice, is the dictation of the plan and cost of a public building by architects. The services of an architect are indispensable, and none but a first-class man should be employed; but he should not be permitted to override the judgment and wishes of the public authorities. It is by no means uncommon for an architect to "show" only a portion of the design, as it lies in his own mind, stating the cost of that perhaps with substantial accuracy, but revealing little by little more and more of his plan, and thus beguiling the responsible parties into an expenditure far exceeding his original statement, or their means, or the public approval. An architect naturally regards the erection of a public building as an opportunity to make reputation for himself, and the general interest is often sacrificed to his personal advance- ment. This would be less easy of accomplishment, if it had not become almost a universal custom for legislatures to make an ai^propria- tion of a specified sum for the erection of bnildiugs, and then for the board of construction to agree with an architect upon a plan requiring the expenditure of three or four times the amount. The plan is adopted, a centre building or a wing is built, and the legis- lature at its next session is compelled to make further appropria- tions for the completion of the edifice, whether it will or not. * No member of any board of commissioners of location or construction, no trustee of any public institution, nor commissioner of public charities, should ever be allowed to have any pecuniary interest, direct or indirect, in any contract for the sale to the state of any land, materials, supplies or services, on behalf of any institution receiving funds from the state treasury. 32 EXCESSIVE AGGKEGATION. If the legislature makes an insufficient appropriation for the purpose, the proper course for boards of construction, upon ascer- taining that fact, is to suspend operations, report to the next assembly, and wait for further appropriations, before making con- tracts and commencing work. The power to involve the state in unauthorized and unanticipated expense, ought not to be granted. The evils of extravagance in building are manifold and serious. The building, rather than the inmates, is apt to become the centre of interest, absorbing largely the time and thought even of the officers. An expensive building cannot be altered without great cost, nor can it be abandoned without loss, if circumstances should rei^uire such a step. Its tendency is to make misfortune and crime imposing, and to impress the inmates with an exaggerated opinion of their own consequence. It is generally the outgrowth of a feeling of ostentation, incon sistent with the genuine spirit of charity. To secure the erection of a magnificent structure, which will pay large profits in the construction, which will be a local ornament and an advertisement of the town where it is situated, and which will shed lustre upon the architect of the building and the superin- tendent of the institution, institutions are planned for an excessive number of inmates — more than ever ought to be aggregated together in a single community, to say nothing of a single house ; and the moral efl'ect upon them is in a variety of ways exceedingly injurious. Many superintendents admit this ; but their inquiry is, " Who will show us a more excellent way ?" Systems of organization. — This leads us naturally to consider a subject which is yearly attracting increased attention — the con- troversy now in progress between two antagonistic systems uf treatment of the dependent classes, popularly known as the con- gregate, and the segregate or family system. The latter is often also called the cottage plan. The arguments, on both sides, may be briefly stated. In favor of the generally existing system, the congregate, by which is meant the collecting too:ether of larsre numbers of insane, COO / mutes, etc., under a single roof, it is urged, (1) that it is more economical, (2) that it admits of more thorough supervision, and facilitates discipline, and (3) that its influence upon the inmates is more favorable to their improvement. THE CONGEEGATK SYSTEM. It is a singular fact, that precisely tlio same arguments are urged upon the other side. It is evident that here is room for very wide difference of opinion. As to the economy of the two systems, the great expense of the one consists in its architectural arrangements and ornamentation, and its costly system of steam heating, ventilation and sewerage; the expense of the other, in the increased amount paid for salaries. It is probable that these two items of expense will very nearly offset each other. The question, after all, is not, which system requires the greatest original outlay, but which secures the largest proportionate returns ? As to supervision and discipline, the congregate system ai)pcars to offer the greatest facilities for personal inspection by the super- intendent and his immediate assistants ; the family system, for the exertion of personal influence by subordinates. The discipline, under each, will vary somewhat in character, but it may, under both, be equally thorough. The main question relates to the influence upon the inmates. The treatment of dependence, in any form, is partly physical, partly moral. It is easy to see that in a large house or in a small, all the physical elements of" life may be secured — shelter, warmth, venti- lation, food, comfort, sleep, etc. It is also true that the same classification of inmates cm be effected by the division of a single building into wings and w^arda, as by breaking it into detached edifices. Again, it must be admitted, that family relations, in the strict sense of the word, are chiefly the result of community of blood ; and that no artificial family is in this respect ever an exact repro- duction of the true. But after all, the moral atmosphere of a great establishment is not the same as that of a private dwelling. Any family which boards and lodges for six months at a hotel, will know and recog- nize the difference. Any college student will recognize it, who has roomed in a dormitory and taken his meals in commons. The moral influence of privacy, and the sense of individuality, are weakened if not destroyed, under such circumstances. The rela- tions which one sustains to his fellows are less natural, and less agreeable. —5 34: THE CONG REG A.1E SYSTEM. This board, therefore, while it is not prepared to join in the outcry against all jniblic institutions, nor to admit tliat private Vamilies alone are adequate to the task of caring for all who need care at public expense, does nevertheless favor the employment of the agency of the private family to as great an extent as is practi- cable, in the care of the dependent classes; and not only approves, but as far as its influence extends, would insist upon, as close a reproduction of family organization and influence as can be car- ried out. Its ideal of a public institution is not a hotel, nor a palace, but a community, a neighborhood, a village, under the supreme control of a single guiding mind and heart, adequate to the responsibility. Life within the walls of an institution upon the congregate system, prolonged as it often is, for seven or eight years, during the plastic period of childhood and early youth, is a poor preparation for the actual relations and duties of subsequent life. Personal freedom and recreation are there necessarily abridged; female influence is often, to a great extent, wanting ; publie sentiment is created and determined rather by the inmates than by the ofiicers ; many kinds of labor become impossible, and are delegated to servants ; the sweet spirit of mutual confidence and afliection grows less thriftily ; the conditions in which the par- ticular form of dependence originated are often reproduced ; and the sense of caste is cultivated — so that Dr. Pierce, of the JSTew York house of refuge, himself for many years an oflicer of a pub- lic institution, exclaims, " We are never to forget that all institu- tion life is simply a necessary eviiy We believe that the evil will grow less, in proportion as homes are substituted for barracks ; and that even in an institution, this transformation is p>0S8ible. This point will be touched again, in considering the special wants of the insane. INSTITUTION FOR DEAF MUTES. 35 FART FOURTH, THE STATE INSTITUTIONS. The public institutions of Illinois, in their organization and management, and in the liberality with which they have been sus- tained by the General Assemblj^, are without exception an honor to the state. In all their travel and intercourse with the people during the last two years, the commissioners of public charities have heard but one expression of sentiment regarding them. The people desire and intend that they shall receive the same liberal support in the future, which has been extended to them in the past ; and that as the resources of the state increase, with the growth of the country, they shall more and more perfectly afford to the needy, who deserve help, such aid as a wise benevolence ought to render. It was the intention of the board to embrace in the present re- port a historical sketch of each of these institutions, from their origin to the present tinie ; the materials for such a sketch have been collected, and the history partly written. But the length of this report already, and the want of time for completing the work satisfactorily, compel its omission. Such statements will be made, as seem most necessary for the information of the General Assembly, in order to present action. I.— INSTITUTION FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB. The Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb was established, by legislative enactment, February 23d, 1839. The contract for building was not made until May, 1842. The school was opened on the 26th of January, 1846, with four pupils, under the superintendence of Mr. Thomas OfHcer. Mr. Officer, at the time of his appointment, had been for live years a teacher in the Ohio Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. He retained his position until 1855, when he resigned ; and Mr. Philip G. Gillett, the present accomplished principal, was appointed in his stead. The first portion of the building erected was the south wing. The centre building was completed in 1852. In 1853, a board of architects pronounced the front part of the centre building unsafe. It was accordingly taken down, rebuilt, and the north wing added. ?.^) INSTITUTION FOR DEAF MUTES. This work was completed in 1857. In 1857 and 1S5S, steam heat- ing apparatus was introduced into the centre building and north wing, connection made with the Jacksonville gas works, and the rear building and smoke stack erected. An old building, formerly used as a laundry and bath house, was at this time torn away. Extensive alterations and repairs in the heating apparatus were made in 1S65. The number of directors, which was twenty, was reduced in 1849 to twelve ; in 1857 to six, and in 18G9 to three, exclusive of the principal, who has been {exofiGio) a member of the board, from the time of organization. Originally, pupils able to pay were charged for their board and tuition. The number of pupils of this class was found to be so in- considerable that, in 184:9, the legislature made the institution free to all. Originally, also, a steward was employed, and paid one dollar and a quarter per week for the board of each pupil, but in !S18 the steward was appointed agent, at a salary of four hun- dred dollars per annum ; and in 1857 the legislatuie abolished the office of steward, and authorized the directors to employ a clerk. At the same session, the General Assembly enacted the law which allows the directors of the institutions for the education of the deal and dumb and of the blind, to furnish poor pupils with clotli- ing, at public expense, and present the Inlis to the state auditor, who thereupon draws an order for the amount upon the county treasurers, payable to the order of the principal. The act of incorporation provided that the auditor shall pay over annually to the president and directors, out of the interest of the school, college and seminary fund, a sum not exceeding one (juarter of one per cent, upon the whole amount of the said fund. This law is still in force. In 1851 an additional fund was created for the education of deaf mutes, consisting of one-sixth of a mill upon each dollar's worth of taxable property in the state, to be taken from the tax of two mills on the dollar authorized to be as- sessed and collected for paying the ordinary expenses of the gov- ernment. The law was repealed in 1855. The other sources of income have been state appropriations and the proceeds of sales of farm produce and manufactured articles. The following is a list of the receipts of the institution, from 1839: INSTITUTION FOR DEAF MDTES. Thirty Years' Receipts of the Illinois Institution for tJie Education of the Deaf and Dumb. Year. Seminary Fund. ■ $6016 00 4147 98 4269 38 4384 13 4618 98 4709 11 4757 52 4970 26 5271 82 5308 28 5741 40 5827 02 5827 02 2372 38 6909 28 Special tax. Appropriations. Xot from State. Total. Current, Special. 1841 2 $777 00 30 00 S6793 00 1843 4 4177 93 1845 6 4269 38 1847 8 $6000 00 16,785 00 13,000 00 $14,000 00 11,000 00 3024 45 2163 65 3187 84 166 58 2013 89 915 44 2326 47 2255 88 4459 33 7073 54 9484 73 10,376 19 13 408 58 1849-50 1851-2 1853 4 110,706 89 61,000 00 37,517 63 42,603 84 55,924 10 51 984 15 1855 6 40,000 00 45,000 00 51,750 00 56,625 00 56,125 00 97,000 00 90,000 00 109,687 50 5000 00 24,708 13 26,058 12 10,250 00 6000 00 7675 00 18,871 77 1857 8 75 895 39 1859 60 85,442 87 1861-2 1863-4 1865-6 1867-8 74,872 28 66,411 35 115,900 56 109,532 11 1869 70 145 844 74 Aggreg. ?7o,130 51 ti61,706 89 $581,922 50 $123,563 02 $48,254 99 $890,577 91 Receipts from state $54:2,322 92 Receipts from other sources 48,254: 99 Total receipts $890,577 91 The receipts to December 1st, 1868, were $744,733 17; the total nnmber of pupils admitted, from the opening of the school until that date, was six hundred and eighty-two ; which would give, as the average amount expended upon each pupil, $10cJl 98, of which $1036 44 was contributed by the state, and $55 54 de- rived from other sources. Extensive tours have been made by the principal, on two or three occasions, with a class of mutes, who have given public ex- hibitions of the methods and results of instruction, which have everywhere interested and delighted large audiences, and have done much to disseminate a knowledge of the institution, and ex- tend its beneficial influence. In the fall of 1868, instruction in articulation was introduced, as an experiment, into the school. Two classes were formed, one of mutes from birth, and one of semi-mutes, or mutes who had lost their hearing in early life. This experiment, in the hands of per- sons who had faith in its Bucceesjand were determined to succeed, 38 INSTITUTION FOR DEAF MUTES. las amply repaid the time and labor expended upon it, and the »oard of charities earnestly approves of its continuance.* The condition of this institution is in nearly every respect ex- eedingly satisfactory. The discipline, teaching, industrial train- rig, personal care of inmates, care of property and funds, and ecorda kept, are all worthy of high praise. There is a crack in the south wing of the building, which justi- ies the anxiety felt by the principal concerning its safety, though be walls may stand for years. The board is informed, that there re signs of a gradual settling of the foundations, and enlargement f the fissures. The institution is crowded, at present. The dining room, which * "In teaching speech to the deaf, the eye and the sense of touch are chiefly employed 1 enable the pupil to understand the diflerence between opening the mouth to emit or •aw a mute breath, and the utterance of a sound. This the pupil is soon made to per- I'lve by placing one hand upon his teacher's throat and one upon his own, and causing im to feel with his own hand the vibrations in the trachea, which result from the )undiug of the voice, and also to feel those emissions of breath which are caused by le production of certain sounds. The pupil having been encouraged to utter a sound, then taught to observe that the trembling motion felt when a sound is uttered, varies I degree or intensity, with the varying positions of the facial muscles, the muscles of 16 throat, and the emission of the breath, and he is prompted to imitate these variations, lie names of the letters are not taught, but the powers. The letters of the alphabet are assified, and the labial, gutteral, dental and nasal sounds, and those which are combi- itions of two or more of these, are taken in such order that the pupil may discern dif- renceg in their similarities. The consonants are classified so that the pupil may low whether a breathing is required, as in f, p, s, th, sh, or a murmuring, as in v, z, b, g, m, etc., care always being taken not to call them by their ordinary alphabetical imes. Each sound of the vowel a, is taught separately, by teaching simple words, in ich one of which there is a different sound of the vowel; each sound must be taught id practiced separately, till it is acquired, and go on with the other vowels. The let- r h is the most easily taught; this ia done by breathing upon the pupil's hands, and aching him to breathe upon it himself. When he can do that, he has the power of ic letter h, then other letters are selected whose powers are easily learned. "After they have mastered the powers of all the letters, the combinations follow; •st, those in which consonants are placed before the vowels, then those in which they e placed afler the vowels, and simple words, which are pronounced like the combiiia- jns, although spelled dift'crently; at the same time simple sentences are taught in nich these words occur. Every new word, every new sentence learned, seems like a ;w conquest, and makes them more eager to be able to express themselves in spoken nguage. Their intense desire to learn to speak, after it has once brought its fruits, sures all the attention which alone makes it possible to the teacher to instruct them. hen they want to know or tell any particular thing, they look as if their souls were a azing torch within them, which shows itself in their expressive eyes." — Mm Cornelia rnsk^s Essay before tht Western Social Sciejice Association, 1870. HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 39 is in the basement, is too small and too low. The accommoda- tions for sleeping are insufficient. The school rooms are scarcely large enough, and there are not enough of them. The children have no play rooms, except the entries, and school and sewing rooms. Enlargement is imperatively demanded, by a true regard for the interests of the deaf and dumb. The only objection to enlargement, is the insufficiency of the water supply, which has been for years a source of annoyance and of injury. The facts relating to the water supply will be presented, after speaking of the hospital for the insane, and the institution for the education of the blind. II. UOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. In January, 1847, that eminent philanthropist. Miss D. L. Dix, presented to the Fifteenth General Assembly, an able and elo- quent memorial, setting forth in vivid language the prevalence of insanity, the possibility of its cure, the advantages of hospital treatment, and the wretched condition of many lunatics, as she had found it by personal observation, in the almshouses and pri- vate dwellings of Illinois. In response to her appeal, the act establishing the Illinois Hos- pital for the Insane was approved, March Ist, 184:7. J^fine gen- tlemen, all residents of Morgan county, named in the second section of the act, were appointed trustees, with power to select a site, purchase land, erect suitable buildings for the accommodation of two hundred and fifty patients, appoint officers, and make by- laws for the government of the institution. The act provided funds for purchase of land, erection of buildings, and improve- ment of the property, by ordaining a special tax, to be continued for three years, upon all the taxable property in the state, of one- fifth of a mill on each dollar of valuation. The trustees were di- rected to charge for medical attendance, board and nursing, no more than the actual cost, which was to be collected from the patient, or in case of his inability to pay, from the county sending him. The law further prescribed, that the admission of insane patients from the several counties of the state should be in pro- portion to their population, and that in admitting patients, the indigent insane shall always have precedence. 40 HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. Site. — On the first of May, 1847, the board agreed upon the site, one mi^e and a quarter south of the court house in Jackson- ville, for which $3,631 42 was paid, possession to be given March 1st, 1848. Buildings. — The model imitated iu the construction of tlie edi- fice was the Indiana asylum, at Indianapolis. The center building and two wings were so far completed, by the autumn of 1851, as to be ready for occupancy. The first pa- tient was received in ISTovember, of that year. In 1857, the trustees entered upon the completion of the build- inc-, according to the original design, by the addition of a longitu- dinal and transverse wing to each of the existing extremities. V^arious delays occurred, owing to the lack of necessary appropri- ations, and the last wing was not ready for occupancy, until 1868. The entire edifice, at this time, presents a frontage of about five hundred feet. The center building, (100x40), is six stories in height, including the basement; the wings, four stories ; the ex- treme transverse wings, five. The entire space within the build- ings is warmed by steam, generated by five large boilers. The boiler-house, chapel, kitchen, laundry, etc., constitute a separate building in the rear, connected with the main edifice by a covered iron corridor. The whole is lighted with gas, supplied by works in the city. The institution can accommodate, comfortably, four hundred patients, and by crowding, four hundred and fifty. When there are more than four hundred patients, the day-rooms have to be converted into associate dormitories. Yet the number actually in the hospital at one time has been as high as fire hun- ilred and thirty-one. Changes. — The original superintendent was Dr. James M. Ilig- gins, who contmued in office until 1853, when dissensions, which had existed in the board of trustees, almost from the beginning, culminated in his removal. Dr. H. K. Jones, the assistant physician under Dr. Higgins' administration, was acting superintendent, until June, 1854. In June, 1854, Dr. Andrew McFarland, formerly superintend- ent of the New Hampshire asylum for the insane, was appointed to fill the vacant position, which he held, until 1870, when his resignation, on account of ill health, was accepted by the board of trustees. HOSPITAL For THE INSANE. 41 Dr. n, F. Carriel, late assistant physician of the JSIew Jersey Hospital for the Insane, was chosen to succeed Dr. McFailand, and assumed the charge of the institution, July 6th, 1370. Concerning Dr. Carriel, who is a stranger to the people of tlie state, it may be proper to say that he has made thus far a very favorable impression, by his pleasant, frank address and eminently practical talent, upon the trustees and upon this board. He has already made great improvements in the ventilation and heating of the building, at very much less cost than had been anticipated ; and by alterations in the arrangement of the wards, he has provided, at slight expense, new day-rooms, lighted by the sun, which were much needed, and have added greatly to the cheerful- ness of the hospital. He has also repaired the reservoir, and secured an increased supply of water. If his medical is equal to his mechanical ability, he will prove a very successful superin- tendent. Mode of support. — Funds for the purchase of land and erection of buildings were at first provided by a special tax upon all the taxable property of the state, of one-fifth of a mill upon the dol- lar, which was increased, in 1851, to one-third of a mill, and con- tinued until 1855, when it ceased, under the operation of the eighteenth section of the general appropriation act. For the maintenance of the patients, it was proposed, in the act of incorporation, to make the institution self-supporting, by charg. ing county patients the actual cost of medical attendance, board and nursing; and private or pay patients, a profit upon the same, at the discretion of the trustees. But in 1851, before opening the hospital to the public, one hun- dred and fifty dollars per annum of the " fund for the insane," raised by taxation, was authorized to be expended by the trustees for the support of all " state" patients, without exception. In 1861, (appropriation act, section second,) the trustees were directed to collect from such patients as are of sufficient ability, the just charges for their support, and report the name and the sums collected to the General Assembly. From the year 1863, the practice of the legislature has been to make appropriations of a definite sum both for current and for extraordinary expenses, at each session, upon the application of the trustees, for the succeeding two years. —6 42 HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. The present assembly will be asked to change the established mode of appropriations, and appropriate a weekly stipend for each patient receiving treatment, leaving the total amount to be deter- mined by the actual number of patients, as certified to the auditor, from time to time. The board of public charities cannot approve of the proposed change, whatever may be the practice of other states, for many reasons, of which the chief are, that it would put it out of the power of the legislature to limit the total expenditure of public funds by the institution ; it would render it impossible for the auditor to estimate with certainty the amount of taxes necessary to be levied ; and if adopted for one institution, it should be for all, which would open a wide door for the entrance of abuses of the system of public charity, and jeopard its permanency. Mode of commitment. — One of the most important questions relating to the treatment of insanity is that of the mode of com- mitment to the hospital, which in this state has been repeatedly altered by legislative enactment. The act of 18i7 authorized county commissioners' courts to send to the institution such insane paupers as they may deem proper subjects ; courts of the state, to send insane criminals; and circuit courts, to send such other insane persons as are, by reason of their insanity, unsafe to be at large, or suffering from unkindness, cruelty, hardship, or exposure. The act of 1851 conferred upon the county courts concurrent jurisdiction, in all cases of insanity ; and authorized the superin- tendent to receive and detain married women and infants, without the evidence of insanity required in other cases, on the request of the husband of the woman, or parent or guardian of the infants. The act of 1853 gave the county courts exclusive jurisdiction, and prescribed the forms of trial, but without repealing the pro- visions of the act of 1851, concerning married women and infants. The act of 1865 restored to circuit courts equal authority with county courts to try questions of insanity. It forbade trial in the absence of the person alleged to be insane, required the jury to be freeholders and heads of families, and gave to persons upon trial the right to counsel, process for witnesses, and examination of witnesses before the jury. It also made the order of a court orjudge, or the production of a warrant issued according to the HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 43 provisions of the act of 1853, indispensable, in order to admission to tiie hospital. The act of 1867, known as the " Personal Liberty Jiill, " pro- vided that no superintendent, medical director, agent, or other person in charge of any hospital or asylum for insane and dis- tracted persons in this state, shall receive, detain, or keep in custody, against his own wishes, any person who has not been de- clared insane or distracted by the verdict of a jury, and the order of a court, as provided by the act of 1865, under penalty of a fine (of not less than five hundred, nor more than one thousand dollars) or imprisonment, (for not less than three months, nor more than one year) or both. The question of the mode of commitment will probably come again before the General Assembly at its present session. The board of charities has only one remark to make upon the subject. There is danger, on the one hand, to health, by multipljing ob- stacles to admission into an insane asylum, and on the other, to liberty, by removing them. The medical profession, as is natural, insist upon the necessity of guarding against the former peril, while the legal profession are equally strenuous advocates of the utmost protection of personal freedom. Both have reason on their own side of the question, aud both probably exaggerate the alleged danger. The cases where persons not insane are committed to asylums, and the cases where persons actually insane are kept out by the legal forms of trial, are both exceptional, if not rare. The problem for practical solution is one of a balance of advantages, and a medium course seems safest. Financp:s. — The receipts and expenditures of the institution, from the beginning, are shown in the following tables, which are of permanent interest and value : u HOSPITAL FOR THK INSANE. Tineiily-foxr yearn'' receipts of llie Illinois Stale llo^jAlal for the Imanc, ypar. Spt'cial tax. ^8.745 80 43 302 3'^ Appropr lations. Patient Fund. Farm ami sales. « 1,000 00 686 87 871 81 661 59 161 00 1,754 78 4,025 97 797 70 5,899 51 9,251 57 4,231 15 4,826 52 31,168 47 ClUTCllt. Spctial. 1847-8.. 1849-50. 1851 '> ?9,745 80 [43,989 26 70 223 79 63,351 98 91,231 63 $6,000 00 10,000 00 5,000 00 66,666 66 76,106 90 32,408 10 1853 4 101,893 22 1855-6.. >;d0,ooo 00 $4,553 71 7,107 97 7,178 67 13,186 47 36,919 87 52,790 31 55,303 22 55,071 74 69,714 71 1857 8 72,000 OO 80,000 00 88,750 00 90,000 00 66,150 00 140,100 00 175, oOO 00 147,529 41 1859-60. 1861 2.. 167,311 54 135,142 27 1863-4. . 1865 6 132 819 3S 80,000 00 77,106 53 36,500 00 208,191 88 1867-8.. 1869-70. 276,742 90 271,398 26 206, 6 SI SO 772,000 00 389,788 19 282,113 96 1,634,702 42 Tircnty-four yearn'' expenditures of the Illinois State Hospital for the Insane. Year. 1847-8 1849-50... 1851-2 1853-4 1855-6 1857-8 1859-60.. . 1861-2..,. 1863-4 1865-6 1867-8 1869-70... Land. Building. ^1,827 70] 1,803 72: 1,527 64 $5,159 06 $8,920 52 33,160 34 48,597 95 36,801 37 Improvements and repairs. ' 71,055 33 73,075 14 22,214 63 137 20 75,000 00 15,128 42 4,903 91 $825 963 2,135 1,011 6,429 9 , 039 13,238 15,172 6,959 8,800 16,037 30,056 $388,994 81 $110,667 61 Furnit ure. ]"'<)od . $3, 8, 2, 6, 9, 3, 7, 10, 6, 589 79 701 50 806 28 784 82 299 06 367 66 282 46 659 33 579 93 895 84 $3,325 63 20,909 88 21,284 13 18,540 01 25,797 52 28,290 93 39,43s 67 56,408 OS 77,982 34 84,995 95 $63,966 67 $376,968 14 HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 45 Expenditures — Continued. Year. Year. Clothing and furnishing. Fuel and light. Medicine and medical sup- plies. Soap. Salaries, wages and labor. 1847 8. . . • 1997 00 2,321 34 1849-50... 1851 2 . . . $1,010 50 6,558 87 «;149 78 419 89 ?!],416 10 S 247 29 1863-4.... :?1,550 20 18,133 23 1855-6 ... 4,879 35 5,218 73 442 09 529 01 24,232 52 1857-8 ... 6,231 59 6,695 23 536 51 309 60 22,571 67 1859-60... 8,696 86 6,375 21 749 30 1,011 75 24,300 47 1861-2.... 14,957 50 10,815 63 768 63 1,697 97 26,319 13 1863-4 22,125 02 15,103 29 1,361 09 2,062 40 32,199 87 1865-6... 37,157 95 18,362 29 2,260 06 2,067 65 43,983 14 1867-8 ... 36,978 08 19,101 33 3,688 93 2,116 55 50,171 06 1869-70... 35,743 48 27,875 63 4,400 47 2,473 113,684 30 54,662 11 1168,320 03 1117,017 71 $14,796 74 $308,038 83 EsjtenJHures — Continued. Books and sta- tionery. Freight and postage. Farm and stock. 1847-8.. 1849-50. 1851-2.. 1853-4.. 1855-6.. 1857-8.. 1859-60. 1861-2. 1863-4.. 1865-6.. 1867-8.. 1869-70. S32 85 128 20 171 90 133 23 172 89 265 79 273 56 600 55 401 71 1,468 58 ?80 25 241 28 546 29 952 64 841 39 878 35 1,957 64 1,438 80 1,817 91 $3,649 26 i,754 45 All other ex- penses. $331 98| 1,400 88: 3,298 78i 3,584 53 3,370 Olj 1,332 72 4,571 16i 6,595 64[ 8,218 62 6,372 77 5,780 33 $219 31 706 59 688 99 1,541 10 2,502 56 2,668 62 1,867 74 4,192 14 2,588 30 4,241 40 15,036 67 15,940 30 $44,807 42 553,193 72 Total. $13,121 54 38,955 09 69,178 86 100,580 93 72,321 41 146,382 79 163.869 26 139,465 19 133,000 13 266,716 85 256,034 10 278,392 61 11,678,018 75 Total expenditures $1,678,018 75 Total receipts 1,634,702 42 Deficiency $43,316 33 Cash on hand — special appropriations 1,183 70 Deficiency on current expense account. . . $44,500 03 The amount here given as the total expenditure, should how- ever be diminished by $7,000, money borrowed and repaid, but accounted for twice, in detail, in the printed reports. Deduct- 46 HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. ing this item, which is simply a balance, we obtain the following interesting result, which is here compared with a calculation, upon the same principle, of the expenses in two other insane asjlums, at Utica, X. Y., (184:3-1868,) and at Lexington, Ky., (1822-1868.) Relative cost of iiemii of expenditure in three axyhnna Amount Per cent. Itenu Illinois. Land and building Food Salaries, wages and labor. • Clothing and furnishing , . Fuel and light Improvements and repairs Furniture Farm and stock Medicine, etc Soap Freight and postage Books aud stationery Miscellaneous |;387, 376, 308, 168, 117, 110, 63, 44, 14, 13, 8, 3, 153 87 968 14 0S8 83 320 03 017 71 667 61 996 67 807 42 796 74 684 3tl 764 45 649 26 193 72 Total ! $1,671,018 75 111. .232 .225 .185 .101 .07 .066 .038 .027 . 009 .008 .005 .002 .032 Ky. N.Y. .252 .239 .179 .065 .084a .037 .053 .021 .009 .01 b 1.000 .002 c .049 1.000 .212 .279 .184 .054 .07 .081 .045 .035 .016 .097 c .017 1.000 a. Not including light. /'. Including light, c. Including printing. Results. — The total number of patients admitted, since the beginning, is 3912. The average amount expended, therefore, upon each patient, has been $427 15, of which $369 75 was paid by the state, and $60 40 derived from other sources. The total number of cures reported is 1469, or about 37^ per cent. The average value of each cure, (see page 20 of this report,) is $6000. According to this view, the balance between the cost and the results of this institution, may be stated thus: Value of 1469 cures, at $6,000 00 $8,814,000 00 Cost of 1469 cures, at 1,137 54 1,671,018 75 Saving to the community $7,142,981 25 Whatever deductions may be made, on account of circumstances not considered in the above statement, the principle of the calcu- lation is unquestionably correct, and the result as gratifying in an economical, as in a humane, point of view. If any argument, or appeal, in favor of the utmost possible care of the insane, were necessary, these figures certainly furnish it. INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND. 47 Needs. — The hospital needs liberal appropriations bj the pres- ent General Assembly, to put it in the best working order. It is true that the appropriation of $7500, bj the last assembly, for improving the ventilation, was more than sufficient, by about $3500, and the unexpended balance was very judiciously, though illegally, used in repairing the reservoir, enlarging the pump-house, purchasing a new pump, etc. But in addition to the objects for which special appropriations are requested, very extensive repairs of the original centre building and wings are necessary, and a general refurnishing. The trustees wish a current expense appro- priation, sufficient in amount to enable them to supply these needs. This board recommends that they be met by special appropriations, instead ; and that the current expense appropriation be not in- creased beyond what experience has shown to be necessary for the defraying of the actual expenses of living, and running the institution. Every such increase becomes a precedent for future action, is practically permanent, and should therefore be well con- sidered before it is allowed.* III.— INSTITUTION FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND. The institution for the education of the blind was originally a supall, private school, supported for one year by the voluntary contributions of the citizens of Jacksonville. In 1849, by an act approved January 13th, the General Assem- bly constituted this school a state institution, appropriated three thousand dollars with which to commence the erection of a build- ing, and instituted a special tax, for the benefit of the blind, of * It is difficult to ascertain from the reports of asylums in other states, what is the average weekly cost of maintenance, because the average number of patients treated is not stated. The Massachusetts board of state charities reports that in 1869, the average weekly cost, in that state, was as follows : Worcester hospital $4 32 Taunton hospital 3 5y Northampton hospital 3 68 The Ohio board of state charities makes the following report for 1868: Central asylum $4 13 Northern asylum 5 60 Southern asylum 6 00 Longview asylum 4 94 48 INSTITUTION FOE THE BLIND. one-tenth of a mill upon every dollar's worth of taxable property in the state. The length of the academic year was fixed at forty- two weeks, and the amount to be expended upon each puj)!! per annum limited to one hundred dollars. Under this act the school was opened, in a rented house, on the first Monday of April, 1849, under the superintendence of Mr. Samuel Bacon, a blind man, formerly of the Ohio institution. Daring the first vacation, Mr. Bacon having resigned, the trus- tees appointed, as his successor Dr. J. llhoads, formerly superin- tendent of the Pennsylvania institution for the blind. Dr. lihoads still acts as principal. The building erected by the state was occupied in January, 1854. lo Michigan, the weekly cost, from the beginniug, i3 given, in the subjoined table: Year. Weekly cost. per capita, of Cost to counties, for Maintenance, a Support. 6 pauper patients. 1859 $8 83 3 96 2 93 3 04 2 49 4 38 6 26 4 92 5 63 6 97 5 35 4 81 $3 50 3 60 2 72 2 89 2 30 4 04 5 90 4 66 5 80 5 38 5 01 4 72 ^2 60 1860 1861 2 80 2 87 1862 3 00 1863 2 98 1864 4 01 1865 1866 5 29 4 00 •■ 1867 1868 1869 4 30 4 22 4 05 1870 3 98 Average $4 69 14 40 a Including construction account. b Current expenses. The average weekly co.st, in our own hcspital, not including special iippioprlations, has been — Year. Total cost. Cost to state. 1869 $5 59 $4 42 1870 5 83 3 97 Average $6 46 $4 19 Including the special appropriations, the cost has been — Total cost. Cost to state. Average for 1869-70 |5 89 $4 62 The average weekly receipts, not from the state, have been, per capita, one dollar and twenty-seven cents. INSTITUTION FjK THE BLIND. 49 Oil the 2()tli of April, 1869, at ten o'clock, a. m., a fire broke out, by which it was totally destroyed, but fortunately without loss ot life or personal injury to any one. Until the first of June, the time of vacation, through the liber- ality of Mrs. Eliza Avers, the Berean college, in Jacksonville, afforded the inmates a temporary shelter. The trustees then had at their disposal five thousand dollars specially appropriated for improvements and repairs, and twenty thousand dollars received I'rom ir.surauce companies, with which to rebuild. They adopted a plan embracing a centre building and two wings, and for $34,069 39, they eiected the west wing, using for this purpose, $9,069 39 of their current expense apjn-opriation On the 26th of January, 1870, the school re-opened. The trustees desire to complete the building as soon as the question of the water supply at Jacksonville is settled. The in stitution is at present very much crowded, in consequence of the want of sleeping apartments for the male pupils. The wing erected has been economically and well built, except that the apparatus for ventilation is a total failure, and the school rooms can only be aired by opening doors and windows. The total receipts of this institution have been as follows: Tioenly-livo ijear^,'' receipts ami vxpendUurcs of tlie lUinoia I/ialittilioit for t/ie Fducutton of the Blind. RECEIPTS. Year. 1849-50. 1851-2 . 1853-4 . 1855-6 . 1857-8 . 1859-60. 1861-2 . 1863-4 . 1865-6 . 1867-8 . 1869-70. Total. . Special tax. $8,000 00 36,957 11 45,116 OO .073 II Appropriations. Current. 828,000 On 28,000 00 24,000 00 24,000 00 24,000 00 00,000 00 42,000 00 48,750 00 $253,750 00 Special. 8 3, 000 00 5,000 00 ,000 00 $13,000 00 All OtliCT sources. 23 $78 11) 263 43! 313 761 ,904 34 ,423 88 ,631 031 ,834 83, ,928 75 ,088 10 ,045 74! ,091 49 $44,602 96 Total. $11,078 42,220 45,429 29,904 30,428 27,631 26,834 26,928 40,088 44,045 76,841 $401,426 O'i 50 SCHOOL KOU IDIOTS, KTO. ;\iM:.\i)iTri{i;s. Teai. Pfovleloiia and gro eerie-. nuildiiiKA re pain ug. Work rle- partmeul. Salaike. WiigpHiind labor. M IficcUaue- Oll.x. Tctal. 1846-60 $0,719 6'i 1861-9 42.629 78 1863-4 45,345 22 1856-6 1857-8 1859-00 lSlll-2 1803-4 iafl5-6 1867-8 1869-70 St,077 96 6.921 82 6,198 50 7,149 61 8,710 00 12.183 44 14,770 31 9,261 01 *7,149 30 6,004 65 1,911 70 2,771 82 1,011 96 8,704 13 4,775 08 84,069 39 $8,069 28 3,034 10 3,413 01 1,288 29 2.819 36 2,0.54 92 1,276 10 988 12 $5,569 00 6.S10 00 7,062 60 7,173 06 7,791 99 9,987 50 10,930 00 10,721 61 »1,973 47 2,424 83 2,798 71 2,740 5H 2,700 27 4,295 90 5,106 65 4,019 92 «6,276 08 6,(t39 18 7.503 48 0.76:t (i!) 5,834 65 6,678 -19 8,497 78 13,940 03 28,096 14 30,434 68 2.S,873 90 27,8H0 99 28,874 2« 39.349 38 4.5,301 5)S 72,995 98 Total. $69,265 76 !}!60,998 09 $18,543 23 $65,967 1« $20,066 33 $01,032 72 $399,007 60 Total receipts ^401,4L>6 07 Total e.\i)oiuii(iires 309,607 56 nalaueo $1,81S 51 Tho miiubor of j)ii|ulb received, IVoiii tlui hegiiuiiiig, has been about three hundred and llfty, which niakes the total amount exi)eiuk'(l upon each, $1,141 73. IV.— EXPERIMENTAL SCHOOL FOR IDloTS AND FKF.liLE MIXUKI) CHILDREN. This school, (the eighth institution of its class in the United States, and the lirst in the Northwest,) was created by an act approved February l5th, 1S65. It was an outgrowtii ttf the insti- tution for the education of the deaf* and dumb, to which idiots are sent every year, under a mistaken impreission on the part of their parents, that their tslleuce results from inability to hear. The iirst action in relation to the establishment of an institution of this kind in the state of Illinois, was taken by the State Medi- cal Society, at their animal meeting, held in Blooniington, June 6th, 1855. A committee of three of its members, consisting of Drs. D. Prince, E. II. Itoe, and J. V . Z. IManey, was appointed "to memorialize the hgislature with regard to additional pro- vision for the insane, and the establibhment of an institution for idiots." This committee \ra8 continued during four years, and presented a written memorial to each of the two succeeding general assemblies. The first memorial was printed. Dr. A. McFarhmd, in his lifth biennial rejtort, in 1856. refer- ring to the exclusion of idiots frcnii tlie hospital for the insane, suggested an in OOO 00 . . . $3,000 00 11,737 93 14,17.5 (15 1868 23,401 3.5 1869 21,823 K* 1870 20,000 00 . . . 21,43(1 67 Total $83,000 00 $3,(MK) (1(1 $12,545 10 $98,545 10 EXPENDITURES. Year. Buildinj;'. Inipi-Qve- nients and repair.s. $47 58 79 84 168 40 1,269 08 880 71 352 53 furniture. .$422 49 1,472 48 3,155 63 1,428 81 1,567 67 645 30 Food. (.'lotliiiii;-. Fuel and light. Medical supplie.■^. 1865. . $841 95 1,305 55 2,502 23 4,225 43 5,170 45 5,426 34 $335 30 401 35 632 05 1,130 87 1,529 43 1,387 30 $33 85 1866 $7,116 23 900 00 3,170 31 37 98 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. $4t 05 86 50 1,139 73 739 78 117 60 105 20 184 40 146 84 Total. . 111,186 54 $2,798 14 $3,692 38 $19,471 95 $2,010 66 $5,416 30 .$625 87 J EXPENDITURES— Continued. Year. Salaries and vvapres. 1865 I $1,901 36 1866 i 2,365 40 1867 1 3,853 79 1868 • 5,677 36 1869 i' 6,186 67 1870 j 6,644 24 Total |$26,528 82 Books and stationery. Freight and postage. $85 42 91 46 152 36 240 71 279 72 224 80 $117 39 270 62 190 70 125 02 193 32 66 10 Stock and stable. $1,074 47| $963 15 $171 28 350 98 553 29 348 50 735 87 794 66 All other expenses. Total. $893 00 $4,849 62 928 01 7,303 67 1,378 38 19,865 31 1,197 49 15,734 97 2,502 851 21,270 82 3,508 97 23,107 17 $2,954 58, $10, 408 70$92,131 56 According to this statement, the average amount expended on each pupil received, from the opening of the school, has been $767 45. WATER SUPPLY AT J ACKSOXVILLli. 53 The methods of instraction, in an idiot school, are peculiar and exceedingly interesting. Much attention is paid to the physical education of the children, and the improvement of their })ersonal habite, while the'r intellectual develoi;)ment is attempted by an in- genious system of object teaching. The results have been very satisfactory, and the word "Experimental*' in the title of this institution, no longer describes its character. The certificates of parents to tiie lapid improvement of their children, in Dr. Wil- ber's possession, are explicit, full, and highly gratifying. The number of idiots, in the state, reported by physicians, (see ])agc — ) is 1738. The usual estimate (page 11) is 1693. The estimate given on page 1C8, is 2900, which is probably more nearly correct than either of tlie former ligures. Of these, about seven or eight hundred are of a suitable age to be inmates of a public institution, such as that in Jacksonville now is. A still larger number need and should receive custodial care and oversight. Nearly two hundred are reported to be in the county almshouses. The commissioners of public charity recommend, /?/'6'!!, that the fchool for idiots and feeble-minded children be placed upon an in- dependent basis, with a separate board of directors ; second^ that the general assembly provide for its permanent location and en- largement. They advise the appointment of a commission, to se- lect a suitable site, central, convenient of access, with good natural or artificial drainage, where an abundant and cheap supply of fuel and water can be obtained ; and that authority be given to some accredited agent of the state to condemn and pay for the site se- lected, without inviting co.Tjpotition in the shape of bids for the location. They take pleasure in certifying to the competency, in. tegrity and humanity of Dr. Wilbur, the present superintendent. WATER SUPPLY AT JACKSONVILLE. This appears to be the proper point at which to speak of the serious question of the sutiiciency or insufficiency of the supply of water for the public institutions at Jacksonville. The attention of the commissioners was early called to this sub- ject, and they will now endeavor to state the facts, without fear or prejudice, under a sense of the obligation of their official oath. Insane Hospital. — The first complaint of a scarcity came from the hospital for the insane (fourth biennial report, page 171). "The experience of the last year (1854) has demonstrated that the ori- 54 WATER SUPPLY AT JACKSONVILLE. ^inal provision made for the supj^lv of water was quite inadeciuate. Four well?, and two cisterns for the reception of the water from the roof, wore thought ample." A fifth was dug, but went dry during the summer. A sixth wastlien dug, and two underground cisterns, capable of holding not far from six hundred barrels, com- )'lefed. "Au exigency is hardly supposable, for which we are not now insured in this most essential particular." Notwithstanding the confident tone of this assertion, in the sixth report (page 272) it is said, that in consequence of the liiriit- ed supph' of water, tlie fetid odor from water closets, in very dry times, had rendered "portions of the wings almost uninhabitable," and (185S) "has been a source of great discomfort, and, we fear, no small aggravation of the current amount of sickness." This fault is now happily remedied. In their seventh report (page 290), the trustees call attention to tljc section of the law of IS-IT, which directed that the site t.elect- ed for the hospital should " have a never-failing sui.ply of water upon the premises," and state that the only supply is from cis- terns and from wells. " Frequent attempts have been made to procure an adequate supply of water by wells, (in one instance by digging to the depth of 112 feet,) yet all these attempts, in view of the quantity of water required, have been failures." In lS5i) 60, twenty four hundred dollars was expended, in hauling water for the use of the institution. The trustees, in this report, ask for an appropriation of $10,000, with which to build waterworks, in ac- cordance with the plans of Mr. E. S. Chcsbrough, an eminent hydraulic engineer, from Chicago, whose report may be found upon page 375 The amount of water estimated to be necessary, by Mr. Chcs- brough, for five hundred patients, was fifteen thousand gallons daily. He recommended dependence upon surface drainage and storage, by means of an artificial reservoir, to hold one hundred and fifty days' supply. The flow from Dunlap's spring was mea- sured, and found to be only four gallons a minute, or less than six thousand gallons daily. He accordingly advised reliance upon the main branch of Mauvais'.erre creek, which was reported to him to be " nearly dry, in extraordinary seasons, for about three months." In the eighth report (page 371) is a diagram and description of the embankment; and on page 331 it is said that "the water WATER SUPPLY AT JACKSONVILLE. 55 works have been in contimious and successful operation for about ten months, and the objest to be attained b}'' the appropriations has been fully accomplished ;" although (page 371) "the loss g1 water by seepage has been greater than was anticipated." No further complaint is made, until the eleventh biennial re port (page 21), fiom which the following extract is taken : ''The unprecedented drought of the year 186T reproduced, lor a brief period, the evils described in our seventh report, as arising from a deficient water supply. The stream i'eedirig the hospital reser- voir ceased to flow in July, and remained nearly dry till the mid- dle of February, 18G8. The store in the reservoir gave out in October, and for four months the institution was mainly depen- dent upon water hauled from a greater or less distance. The service of eight men and as many horses was in constant requisi- tion, during most of this period, to render even water enough to maintain steam in heating, and the utmost economy of water in washing and bathing. Expenditure of money was the least ca- lamitous result of this state of things. The failure of a flow of water through the sewers, was signalized by the appearance, iu the wards ot the old wings, of cases of cholera from poisonous gaseous infection. About twenty patients and attendants were at one time prostrated by the disease, which proved fatal in eight cases." During the past year, the reservoir upon the hill has been re- paired, and an additional reservoir constructed, by means of a dam, at the foot of the hill. The amount of water needed by the institution is more than Mr. Chesbrough estimated. Twenty-two thousand five hundred gallons a day, for eight months, as in 1867, would give five million, four hundred thousand gallons as the re- quisite capacity of the reservoirs, diminished somewhat by the slight amount of water which flows even in dry weather. What their actual capacity is, the board is not informed. It is hoped that the enlargement and repairs which have been efiected, will prevent any recurrence of the former scarcity, so far as the hos- pital for the insane is concorned ; and it is said that the supply is even sufllcient for the use of the institution for the blind. Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. — After the introduction of the apparatus for steam-heating into the institution for the educa- tion of the deaf and dumb, in 1858, the scarcity of water l)cgan to be felt there also. On the twenty-second page of the eighth bien- 50 WATER SUPPLY AT JACKSONVILLE. nial report, Mr. Gillett, the principal, remarks: "A subject that is already one ol" great inconveniejiee, and is constantly becoming more annoying, is the want of a good supply of water. There are seven wells upon the premises'-' (1S60), but the supply they afford is meagre. We have also three large cisterns, with a capacity of t'uui' thousand barrels, but the rains for two years past have not been sufiieient to keep them supplied.'' In April, 18G4, the trustees bought, at their own risk, a piece uf ground containing about seven and a half acres, adjoining the premises of the institution, upon the north, for the sake of what they then called "a well of never-failing water, used for several years in running a steam mill," for which they paid thirty -11 ^o hundred dollars. The state took their purchase ofi' their hands, at the next session of the legislature. In the eleventh report (page 10), the directors were still of the opinion that this mill well "will, without question, more than supply deficiencies of the institution ;"' and they ask for an appro- priation of $1800, to enable them to "conduct steam and water pipes from the present boilers and cisterns, so as to run a steam pump at that well." "The deficient supply of water," (page 28) "continues to be a constant source of uneasiness and anxiety." "Experience has proved," (page 10,) "that during seasons when water is most needed, and most difficult to be obtained from other Suurces, our wells and cisterns fail." lu the twelfth report, these complaints are renewed, even more loudly. "All attempts that have been made to obtain an ade- quate supply of water have failed, and the deficiency has grown worse with each succeeding year. During last winter, at times * '^ washing clothes and bathing were utterly out of the question. A number of men with teams were in constant requisition for hauling water, and having exhausted the supply on our own pre- mises, the fair ground and Dunlap's spring, were obliged to sus- pend their efforts, simply because there was no more water to be obtained." On pages 22-25 may be found, however, letters from mayor Barr and the city engineer, which assert that "it is prac- ticable to supply the city with water, at an expense of about $150,000. ■• * Measures will be taken at an early day to sub- mit the construction of adequate and permanent water works for * TIk- niiiiilicr of NYoll;^, iit tills timo. i.« cloven. WATER SUPPLY AT JACKSONVILLE. 57 the city to a vote of the people, and public sentiment is decidedly favorable to the desired result." In view of the probability of this result, the (Tcneral Assembly was asked to appropriate one hundred thousand dollars with which to erect the greatly needed chapel and school building, which it declined to do. The assem- bly did, however, authorize the expenditure, by the directors, i»f the proceeds of the college and seminary fund, and four thousand dollars, in addition, from the current expense appropriation, in the effort to procure water. In the report of last year, the following sentences occur : " The interminable annoyance under which the institution has labored for years, resulting from the scarcity of water (a serious want), we are glad to be able at this time to state, will, after the present winter, be experienced no more, as the city of Jacksonville has, by a vote of its citizens, determined upon the erection of water works for the city, from which the institution can be tibundantly supplied. We have reliable information, that this enterprise will be put in successful operation during the summer of 1S70." This, like all previous hopes, was destined to speedy overthrow. At a second election, the erection of water works b}^ the city was indefinitely postponed. The reasons for this postponement were various. Some voted for it, because they had no faith in the sue. cess of the scheme ; others, through fear of increased taxation without corresponding benefit ; others, because they thought that it was the business of the state to provide its own institutiong with water ; others, because more pressing and important enterprises, in their estimation, should be attended to first. The directors then decided to avail themselves of the permission granted them to use the funds already mentioned, and proceeded to construct in the rear of the building, an artificial pond (secured against seepage^ by puddling,) of two million gallons' capacity. The amount of surface drained, to supply this pond, is about fifty acres. Mr. Gillett's language to the commissioners of public charities, concerning this new attempt, was : " If tiiis faild, the ■Jacksonville water works would fail; they rest upon the same principle." Rain has since fallen, and demonstrated the absolute failure of the effort. It is now proposed to try again. The directors intend to see whether a supply cannot be obtained, by damming, from a little —8 58 WATER SUPPLY AT JACKSONVILLE. etream which runs through ihe town, by the gas works and woolen factory, and furnishes both with water, (by the aid of storage, for the stream is dry every summer.) Certainly, it is greatly lo be hoped, that perseverance may in the end insure success. Jacksonville is an admirable location for a public institution. The citizens residing there are in full sym- pathy with its spirit and aims. Any change would involve serious pecuniary lose — so great has been the amount already expended f<:»r land and buildings. The same difficulty of obtaining water might be experienced elsewhere, away from the vicinity of a river. This board has no ill-will to Jacksonville, and no personal ends to accomplish. The statements made have been made sim- ply from a sense of duty to the state. With regard to the new enterprise, the following points will have to be considered : First, the amount of water needed ;* second^ the amount of water now obtainable from the stream re- ferred to ; tkird^ the prospect of a continued supply, in view of the general process of drying up, throughout the state ; fourth^ the probable losses, by seepage and evaporation ; jifth., the de- gree of probability of the corruption of standing water, by the growth and decay of organic matter. If these points are satisfactorily determined by experienced and prudent men, unbiased in their judgment, the objections to en- larging the existing institution will be wholly removed. If not, the state, by building, would only make the loss greater, in case of the ultimate abandonment of the present site. The amount thus far fruitlessly expended, so far as a supply of water is in question, has been in the neighborhood of ten thousand dollars. In the winter of 1S68-9, the institution paid for seventy- three days' hauling, in succession, besides using its own teams. The amount hauled averaged one hundred and seventy-five bar- rels daily. The engineer has sometimes been obliged to put out the lire under his boilers, to prevent their bursting, on account of the impossibility of tilling them. Mrs. Smith, the nurse, testifies, * It is proposed to enlarge the capacity of the institution to 320 pupils, or with employees, teachers, etc., a population of (say) 350. The amount needed *will be one barrel and a half daily fur each person, or 15,000 gallons. Experience has shown that in 1867, the insane hospital had to depend for eight months upon storage. The amount neccEsary to be stored, for the use of the institution for deaf mutes, therefore, would ba about 3,600,000 gallons. WATER SUPPLY AT JACKSONVILLE. 59 that on a number of occasions, when the physician has prescribed a bath for a sick child, it could not bo given ; and that last winter, she undressed a boj, with the expectation of bathing him, and could not get water enough to wash his feet. Blind Asylum. — The impression has generally prevailed, that the Institution for the Education of the Blind has never experi- enced any ecarcity of water. But one of the young ladies of the family informed the secretary of this board, that two inches of water in the bottom of a tub is all that is allowed, for bathing purposes; so great is the economy practiced. Sixty barrels a week, in a tank in the attic, is the allowance for personal use, in washing. There are seven cisterne, with a capacity of six or seven thousand barrels, and five wells. It is thought that Davenport & Strawn'ri coal mine, the flow of water in which is at present fifty gallons a minatc, would furnish a sufficient supply lor this institution ; but of course, there can be no guaranty of its perma- nence. The sinking of another shaft might drain the mine dry. It is also thought, that connexion migiit bo made with the reser- voir of the hospital for the insane. aScIiooI for Idiots. — The number of inmates of the Experi- mental School for Idiots, etc., is so small, that the institution has never suffered for want of water, though economy has been neces- sary, and at one time a supply was obtained, by hauling, for about three weeks. At present, one basin of water has to suffice, in the morning, for half a dozen pupils. The children are washed with a sponge, in order to prevent extravagance in its use. Opinion of the State Geologist. — In reply to a communica- tion from the secretary of the board of public charities, Dr. Worthen, the state geologist, has kindly furnished the subjoined opinion : Geological Roojts, } SpRiXGFiELn, III., Decembers, 1870. \ Rkv. Fred. H. Wines : Dear Sir — Your note, coutaiiiing certain queries in regard to the water supply in tliis state, has been received, and in reply I submit the following facts and suggestions. The sources from which our water supplies are mainly obtained, are three-fold — first, from our rivers, and the smaller streams that serve to drain the surface of the superflu- ous moisture that accumulates from the annual rainfall ; second, the underground accu- mulations found in tli£ sands and gravel beds of the superficial deposits, or the source from which ordinary wells are supplied; and third, accumulations at greater depth, occurring in the porous beds of the underlying rock strata, that are only available where the necessary conditions for artesian wells obtain. These conditions are, simply the occurrence of a porous water-bearing formation, which is usually sandstone, enclosed 00 WATER SUPrLY AT JACKSONVILLE. hotwccn impervious beds, which confine the water until the overlying beds are pierced liy tliV drill, when the water rises to the same level as the outcrop of the jwrous strata, and if that is higher than the surface where the boring is made, tlic water flows out, and we have an artesian well. The first resource mentioned, viz: our rivers and smaller streams, maybe made avail- able for the supply of our inland towns and cities, where they carry a sufficient volume of water, and are permanent running streams. Unfortunately, but few of them are of this character, while by far the greater portion are mere surface drains, which, although they carry a large amount of water at certain seasons, are nearly or entirely dry at others, and tlierefore cannot be relied on for a constant supply. This is the general character of most of the creeks in the central portion of the state, and although a limited sup])ly of water may be obtained from them in favorable locations, by the construction of dams, and a reservoir, into which the water could be pumped, and retained as a resource when the stream ceased to flow; yet it might be seriously questioned, whether the water, under such circumstances, would not become stagnant, and consequently unfit for use, except for mechanical purposes. The second resource for water mentioned above, is the underground accumulations, from which ordinary wells and springs are suj)plied. This water is held in, or perco- lates through, the sand and gravel beds belonging to what is termed the drift formation, whicli overlies the bed rock, in nearly every portion of the state, with a variable thick- ness of from fifty to two hundred and fifty feet. The supply from this source is limited, and very few localities aftbrd an amount beyond the retpiirements of an ordinary-sized family, from a single well. There is, however, one portion of the state, hereafter to be mentioned under the head of artesian waters, where an unfailing supply may be derived from wells sunk in these superficial deposits. The third, and most reliable resource for a water supply, where the necessary condi- tions obtain, is the deep underground accumulations, held in the porous rock strata, and obtainable only by artesian wells. Over a part of Iroquois and Champaign counties, artesian wells are obtained in the superficial deposits, by sinking or boring to a depth of only from thirty to sixty feet, when a constant flow of water is obtained. This is a very unusual occurrence, and entirely unknown in jnost portions of the state. Tlie great artesian water deposit of this state is the Potsdam sandstone — a soft, porous rock, varying from three hundred to four hundred feet or more is. thickness — ^which reaches the surface at only a few points within the limits of the state, but at every point, so far as we are aware — except at Chatsworth — where this rock has been ))enetrated with the drill, a constant flow of water has been obtained. At Chicago, Joliet, Morris,' and Ottawa, it has been found at depths varying from five to eight hundred feet, and constant flowing wells have been obtained at these points. In the central portions of the state this sandstone lies deep beneath the surface, and a boring would probably have to be carried down from fifteen hundred to two thousand feet to reach it, and as no wells have yet been sunk to this depth, it is impossible to say, whether the water would flow to the surface here, if the rock were penetrated; though the probabilities are that it would. The attempt made in this city, some years since, to find artesian water, was fi-ustrated by breaking the drill at the depth of about eleven hundred and seventy-five feet, and the work was subsequently abandoned. It is probable that three hundred feet more would have penetrated the sandstone and settled this important question. From these remarks it nuiy be inferred, that the only reliable resources, which we have in this portion of the state for an adetpiate supply of water, are the constantly running streams that carry a sufiicicnt amount of water to sujiply the demand at all times, and NORMAL UNIVERSITY. 61 — ■ ■ •- artesian wells, that can only he obtainod under favorable eondilitj>er capita for care and tuition has been less than in any other state institution. The appropriations for building proved insufficient to pay the expense. The trustees paid oH' the indebtedness on this account with funds derived from the current expense appropriation, rely- ing upon the sale of lands to make good the deficiency; but in this expectation, they were disappointed. The actual current ex- penses have not exceeded the appropriation. But the lack of ready money, with which to pay bills accruing, from day to day, has increased the cost of living, and subjected officers and em- ployees to constant annoyance, from which they should be deliv- ered, in future. The trustees are earnestly striving to make the home all that the people of the state wish it to be, and at every visit of the commissioners of public charities, a marked improvement is manifest.* * Xote to second edition of this report. — Since the preparation and publieation of the first ecUtion of this report, which was destroyed by fire in the etate bookbindery, it has been ascertained that tlie expense and consequent deficiency of the soldiers' orphans' home is much larger than here f^tated. The figures given and statements made are par- tially incorrect. SOLDIERS O-RPHANS HOME. 67 The following table shows the classified receipts of this iDstitn- tion, from the beginning: Six yearii rtce'qtts of Ihf Soldievti' Orji/ifnis' Home. Year. Appropi •iations. All other sources. Total. Current. Special. 1865 $993 40 1 ,963 85 4,455 94 9,613 96 2,777 53 4,091 23 1993 40 1866 I ,963 85 1867 $35,350 00 69,521 40 45,100 00 500 00 39,805 94 1868 79,135 36 1869 $45,000 00 45,000 00 92,877 63 1870 49,591 23 Total $90,000 00 $160,471 40 $23,896 91 $264,367 31 Total expenditures $288,841 99 Total rereiptB 204,367 31 Deficiency $19,474 68 The t UNIVERSITY. 69 The nominal valuation of the bid, by which this location was secured, was $450,000, as follows : Champaign county bonds 1 100,000 Illinois Central R. II. freights 50,000 College building, and lands (980 acres) 298,000 Trees and shrubbery 2,000 Total $450,000 The actual present valuation of the lands and building, as giveii in the report of the regent to this board and to the superintendent of public instruction, including additions and improvements since made, is $161,000. The trustees effected an organization, March 12th, 1867; and on the same day the Kev. Dr. J. M. Gregory, of Michigan, was elected regent, and his salary fixed at three thousand dollars per annum, which was subsequently increased to four thousand dol- lars. The regent entered upon the duties of his ollice, on the iirst day of April. The university opened its doors to students, March 2d, 1868. The details of the organization are fully given in the university reports, circulars and catalogues, and need not be repeated here. From the beginning, more or less distrust has been felt by a pDrtion at least of the classes specially interested in its success, which has been manifested in various ways, by newspaper articles, public addresses, special conventions, debates in the board of trustees, and even by a resolution of censure, adopted by the General Assembly, in 1869. The university occupies new ground. What it can or will become, the future must decide. The contro- versy has largely assumed the form of a discussion as to the position which should be given, in this institution, to the classics. Three parties have been developed, of which one would totally exclude the study of Latin and Greek; a second would discourage, without forbidding it; and a third would make it quite prominent. The success of the Michigan state university, at Ann Arbor, has awakened in Illinois a spirit of noble emulation, which seems likely at some day to secure the establishment within our own borders, of a university proper, "in which anybody may learn anything.'' Opinions differ very Avidely as to the expediency of instituting a close connection between industrial and classical edu- 70 INDD8TRIAI, UNIVERSITY. ; cation, some contendihg that such a connection would he a mutual advantage; others, that it woukl defeat the end in view in the estahlishnicnt of this institution. The friends of popular education wish a free state university, as tiie head and crown of the free school system. Both Champaign and Normal, therefore, are looking forward to the possibility of making one or tiic other of these universities, so-called, a university in reality as well as in name ; and the relation between the question of classical educa- tion and these local rivalries is obvious. In point of fact, the policy at present pureued by the faculty, at Urbana, is to allow every matriculated student to select his own studies, aided but not controlled, by such advice as they are able to render; and of the whole number, ten per cent, are engaged in the Btudy of Latin, while there is not a solitary student of Greek. The university is now open to both sexes, a change which the commissioners of public charities liighly approve, as both just and wise. The library at present numbers about three thousand five hun- dred volumes. A collection of specimens in natural history has been commenced, but the progress made is necessarily slight. The amount of land granted by the United States to the state of Illinois, for the use of this institution, was four hundred and eighty thousand acres. Four hundred and thirty thousand acres of the scrip have been sold,* for §294,692 41, which has been partially invested as follows : 40,000 Champaign county bonds, 10 per cent $40,000 00 50,000 Sangamon " " 9 " 50,000 00 25,000 Morgan " " 10 " 25,000 00 25,0U0 Chicago city water " 1 " 24,961 80 109,000 Illinois " " 6 '' 110,153 34 Total $250,115 14 The lands donated by the citizens of Champaign count}' consist of {\) the university lot, (2) the Busey farm, and (3) the Griggs iarm ; the latter containing about four hundred acres, which it is proposed to sell, whenever it can be wisely done. * Twenty-five thousand acres of the reuiaining scrip have been located ; sixteen thousand in Minnesota, and nine thousand in Nebraska. STATE REFORM SCHOOL. 71 The total expenditures, to March, 1870, were : Paid for additional grounds, improvements, etc |34,955 21 '' farm and garden cxp'e, agr'l and hort'l dept's 20,282 14 " library, cabinets and instruments 11,9'47 72 " salaries 38,712 6] " trustees' expenses 4,884 45 " sale and location of scrip, and taxes 4,159 59 " furniture, fuel, etc 5,666 87 " mechanical and military departments 1,408 07 " all other expenses 1,837 12 Total $123,854 68 The General Assembly of 1869 made appropriations to the uni- versity, amounting to sixty thousand dollars. Inasmuch as the law of congress requires the several states to purchase, erect, pre- serve and repair the building or buildings used by the colleges re- ceiving the benefit of congressional liberality, further appropria- tions will be necessary, from time to time, as the institution de- velops in power, size and utility — the end for which Dr. Gregory and his coadjutors are striving with all the force and wisdom at their command ; and they deserve public confidence and support, Vril.— STATE REFORM SCHOOL. The "act for the reformation of juvenile otienders and va- grants," approved March 5th, 1867, establiBhed an institution, to be known as the " State Keform School." There are two methods of dealing with juvenile offenders, of which one is to treat them as criminals, and inflict upon them such punishment as is ordinarily inflicted by custody in jails and peni- tentiaries ; the other, to treat them as ignorant and neglected chil- dren, whose parents are incompetent or inefficient, and who there- fore need better care and training during the period of minority than their parents are able to give them. The first theory con- signs them to prison, for a specified term of confinement, accord- ing to their offense. The second places them in charge of state officers, to whom they are virtually apprenticed or bound, until of age, to be educated and fitted to become useful citizens of the commonwealth. 72 STATE REFORM SCHOOL. Both of these methods of treatment rest upon correct legal prin- ciples, sanctioned by the courts of nearly or quite all the states of the Union. There arc, of course, many vicious or neglected chil- dren, who have not committed any overt criminal act, who are in tiie streets of all our larger towns and cities, in process of training for a career of crime. It is certain that the jails exercise upon such no reformatory iniluence. JNo private effort is sufiiciently powerful to reach and restrain them. Hence has arisen the spe- cial class of institutions, known as reform schools^ of which there are now about thirty in the United States, with substantially iden- tical principles and modes of organization and discipline ; each of the two words in their common title being significant of their dis- tinctive aim. From the title given to the institution with whose organization they were entrusted, and from the language of various sections of the act, (particularly sections twelve, sixteen and seventeen,) as well as from the known intentions of the members of the Illinois State Teachers' Association, to whose efforts the passage of the act in question was measurably due, the trustees have assumed that the General Assembly purposed to adopt the second of the two methods enumerated above, and have erected buildings suitable to that end, similar to those at Westborough, Massachusetts. But the language of several of the sections of the law, especially of that section which requires the trustees to receive all the con- victs in the penitentiary under eighteen years of age, and all the children sentenced to the county jails of the state, whose unex- pired term shall not be less than six months, seems to indicate that the real purpose of the General Assembly was to provide for the erection of a prison, in the strict sense, with a view to reliev- ing the penitentiary and jails of the state from the various evils incident to overcrowding. It is evident that this law will require modification, in one direc- tion or the other, by the present assembly. The trustees of the reform school located the institution at Fon- tiac, in Livingston county, in consideration of the following sub- Ecription : SOUTHERN NORMAL UNIVEKSITT. 73 Livingston county bonds $50,000 Bonds of the towii of Pontiac 25,000 Chicago and Alton R. R. freights 5,000 Lands, (given by Jesse W. Fell) lu,000 Total $90,000 The trustees have erected a main building one hundred and eighty-three feet long, fifty-nine feet in width in the wing, and sixty seven feet in the centre, with a rear building for engine and boiler rooms, laundry, etc. They have expended : For real estate $.32,2i6 75 For building 69,152 67 For improvements 1 ,032 02 Fur trustees, and other expenses 5,6rtunate circumstances. Jackson county, bj virtue of a promise, which it cannot fulHll, has secured the location, against all competitors. Mr. Campbell, the contractor, has no legal recouri^e in case the state shall hold him to the letter of his bond. The state will own a building, when completed, fully worth its actual cost. The question is one of equity, whether it is just, to require him to pay from his own pocket lilty thousand dollars of that cost or not. The decision of this question will require a more minute examination than the board of public charities has yet been able to give it. X.— SOUTHERN ASYLUM FOR THE IN'SAXE. The act creating the Southern Asylum for the Insane, was ap- proved April 16th, 1869. The object of this act is to establish an " asylum " for the cus- tody of incurables, as distinguished from a " hospital " for cure. It might be easily and abundantly proved, that this design is both impracticable and undesirable, and that the law in this particular needs amending. For the carrying out of the design of the act, the lieutenant governor and four citizens, selected by the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate, are appointed a board of com- missioners, charged with the duty of selecting a site and erecting the necessary buildings, upon the most approved plan, of sufficient Items, (not paid to Mr. Campbell.) Architect $2,000 00 Site , 1 , 500 00 Drainage and pipe; 362 40 Furnaces and ventilating pipe 1 , 100 00 Advertising for bids for site 316 00 -^ $5,278 40 NORTHERN INSANE ASYLUM. 77 capacity to accommodate at least three hundred inmates. Until the completion of the buildings and the opening of the asylum, they are allowed the same compensation as the commissioners engaged in erecting the new state house, namely : "live dollars per day for time of actual service." The site selected is Anna, in Union county. More beautifully wooded and diversified grounds than the commissioners have secured, cannot be f)und in the state of Illinois, nor better natural facilities for drainage. The supply of water, from a large spring upot) the premises, is said to be safhcient, but the history of other institutions tends to weaken confidence in the statement, until its truth is established by experience. The plans adopted are very beautiful. They were furnished by Mr. Thomas J. Walsh, of St. Louis, the architect of the Southern Normal University. The cominissioners of public charities at one time hoped, that in this asylum, some moditicalions of the existing system of caring for the insane would be introduced, in accordance with the action of the conference, whose proceedings are reported on page 82 of this report. The hope is disappointed. The plan adopted is that of a centre building and two wings, for live hundred patients, wlio will be confined as usual, in wards, with barred windows and locked doors. Very little progress has been made in the work of building, in consequence of various delays attending the selection of a site, which it is not necessary to enumerate. All that has been done thus far, is to lay the foundation for one wing, and make the excavation for what it is said will be the finest sewer in the state. The contract made by the commissioners, however, secures the completion of the wing commenced, by December, 1871. The donation made by the citizens of Union county, to secure the location, was forty dollars of the price of each acre thus far purchased f^r the use of the asylum. The amount thus realized was $11,606 80. Governor Dougherty also contributed stone for the foundation, valued at five hundred dollars. XI.— NORTHERN ILLINOIS HOSPITAL AND ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE. The act creating the Northern Illinois Hospital and Asylum for the Insane, was apjTOved April 16th, 1869. The act provides for the appointment, by the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate, of nine commissioners, no 78 ir.LTNOTS SOLDIRRfl' COLLEGE. two of whom shall reside in the same county, to select a site ; who eltall receive two dollars per day, each, for every day spent in locating said institution, and their actual necessary expenses during the time employed in said service. After the location, the erection of buildings and government and management of the institution are intrusted to three trustees, appointed in a similar manner, who receive two dollars per diem whileactually engaged in the discharge of their othcial duties, and their necessary traveling expenses in going to and returning from the meetings of the board. The law requires the trustees to make provision for the accom- modation of three hundred patients, upon the existing plan, or if they prefer it, upon the "cottage sjstera." It appropriated for this purpose, the sum of one hundred and twenty-live thousand dollars. The site selected is Elgin, Kane county, upon the banks of the Fox river. The donation received from the citizens of Elgin, was as follows: One hundred and sixty acres, for site, valued at $16,000 Spring, valued at 2,500 Chicago and Northwestern railroad freights 3,000 Total 8^1,500 The estimated cost of the land and buildings, according to plans and specifications, embracing a central edifice and two wings, is a little over $500,000. It is gratifying to know that the commissioners design, at least, a partial combination of the cottage with the congregate systems. XII.— ILLINOIS SOLDIERS' COLLEGE. This institution, at Fulton, in Whiteside county, is not owned by the state of IlUnois, but has been aided, in years past, by grants of money from the public treasury. The act of February 27th, 1807, appropriated a sum not exceeding twenty-five thou- sand dollars, annually, for two years, to be applied solely to the maintenance and education of disabled soldiers and sailors regu- larly discharged from the service oi' the United States, and to the support and education of indigent orphans or half orphans of de- •ILLINOIS soldiers' COLLEGE. 79 ceased soldiers and sailors in said service, above the age of twelve years, at the rate of one hundred dollars per annum for each stu- dent. It prescribes ako the mode of admission to the college, as a pupil of the state, and the method of auditing and pajing the state accounts. The act of March 10th, 1869. appropriated a sura not exceeding twenty thousand dollars, applicable to the same ob- ject, at the rate of one hundred and twenty-five dollars per annum for each student. The amounts paid from the treasury, under these acts, have been : In 18B7 $2,453 25 In 1868 15,473 45 In 1869 20,036 82 In 1870 14, 1 54 45 Total $52,117 97 The board of charities never paid a visit to this institution in a body. Several of the members went, at different times, singly or together. The impression made upon their minds was, that the principal. Col. Leander A. Potter, formerly a professor in the Normal University, is a very faithful and competent officer; that the teaching and discipline in the college, are better than usual in schools of its class and grade ; that the financial management is thorough and economical ; but that the instruction given is very elementary, and, with a few exceptions, not above what could be obtained in a good district school. The receipts from other sources have been comparatively small. The appropriation by the state has not covered the actual cost of board and tuition of state pupils, as the following statement shows. The whole number of counties represented in the Soldiers' Col- lege, during the past two years, has been eighty ; the whole num- ber of students, three hundred and fourteen ; the whole number of weeks' attendance, twelve thousand five hundred and twenty- five; and the average attendance, for each student, one year of forty weeks. The total expenditures have been $50,765 25 ; aver- age weekly expenditure per capita^ four dollars and five cents ; cost of a year's board and tuition, one hundred and sixty-two dol- lars ; amount appropriated by the state, one hundred and twenty- five dollars. 80 EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY. " It is questionable whether the twenty-second section of article fourth, of the new constitution, will admit of further appropria- tions to this college. XIII.— CHICAGO EYE AND EAR IXFIRilARY. A historical sketch of this useful institution, of which the citi- zens of Chicago are justly proud, will appear in another j)art of this report, among tlie private, charities of Cook county. There is no institution in the state vvhich more manifestly fultills the end of its existence, or which accomplishes greater good, at less cost, than this. Its management is thoroughly coiiscientions and pams- taking. It has received, in all, from the state $20,000, which has been money well bestowed. The section of the new constitution, already relerred to, will jirevent it from receiving farther appro- priationr., if it remains a private corporation. The trustees pur- pose introducing a bill conveying all the property of the infirmary to the state of Illinois, and making it purely a state institution. Such a bill will have the cordial support of this board. PRIVATE ASYLUM AT BATAVIA. Under, the fifth section of the act establishing the board of pub- lic charities, the commissioners have visited a private insane asylum, at Batavia, in Kane county, owned and superintended by T)r. R. J. Patterson, late superintendent of the Iowa insane asy- lum. They take pleasure in testifying to the general air of quiet and comfort in this institution, which is exclusively ior female patients, and of limited capacity. They recommend it to public confidence and patronage. Although there are objections to private institutions, on the score of their being more liable to be perverted to wrongful uses, and less susceptible of a proper classification of inmates, there are also arguments upon the other side, which may be briefly stated. The cost of their erection and furnishing is not a charge upon the public treasury, and does not add to the burden of taxation. They admit of a higher grade of social surroundings, than the state is able or willing to provide in a public institution. Such PRIVATE INSANE ASYLUMS. 81 surroundings are indispensable to the comfort of certain patients, whose friends can afford to pay their cost. By their multiplication, they bring the asylum nearer to the pa- tient. They secure a greater degree of personal attention to indi- vidual inmates. They allow the superintendent more leisure for the study of current medical literature. They increase the personal responsibility of the superintendent to the friends of his patients. They are more likely, for various reasons, to result in a real advance in this branch of the science of medicine. They relieve the state of a portion of the burden of expense incident to the care of the insane. If thoroughly and frequently inspected by officers of the state, as the public institutions are, there does not seem to be much lia- bility to abuse in consequence of their comparative privacy ; espe- cially under the operation of the personal liberty bill. In these reasons, the commissioners approve of Dr. Patterson's enterprise, and would be glad to see other similar institutions spring up, as far as there may be any demand for them. —11 82 CORRESPONDENCE Wlfll SQPERINTENDENTS. rABT FIFTH, THE CONFEHENCE OF INSANITY. The legislature of Illinois, at its last session, as is well known, made two appropriations, of $125,000 each, for the erection of two additional hospitals for the insane, one of which was to be located in the northern, and the other in the southern, portions of the state. Elgin has since been chosen as the site of the former, and Anna as the site of the latter asylum. At the suggestion of the trustees of the southern institution, and by authority of the board of charities, the secretary of the board issued a call in October, 1869, for a conference of the ofhcers of the state, and of the three insane asylums, with the commission- ers of public charity, to assemble, at the state library, on the tenth of [November, 1869, to consider the respective merits and demerits of the two systems of organization, known as the congregate and segregate or family systems, with a view to determining which of them should be adopted in the new institutions, Prior to the assembling of the conference, every known super- intendent of an insane asylum in the country was addressed, by letter, and requested to state his views upon this important ques- tion, in writing, to be submitted to the meeting. The majority promptly and frankly responded. An examina- tion of their replies discloses a wide difference of opinion among experts, where agreement might have been expected. A general conviction was expressed of the possibility of further improve- ments in the treatment of insanity ; and many, even of those op- posed to the cottage system, in theory, said that they hoped it might receive a full and fair trial, in this state.'^ * Some brief extracts from a few of the letters received, will interest many of the readers of this report : J)r. D. Tilden Browv, Bloombigdale, N. Y. — The only practical exemplifications of " family life for the insane," which I have seen, were in France, and were, in my opin- ion, either advertising cards or failures. * * My knowledge of the subject of the " separate " system is about nothing ; my impressions as to the success of the project ttie unfavorable ; my desire is, that the system mina- tion, in insane asylums, of the cottage system with that at present in vogue, is desirable. Resolved, That there are weighty reasons for the belief tliat such a com)>ination is practicable, and that it would increase both the economy and efliciency of asylums for tho insane. To this account of the conference and its action, may be very properly appended an extract from a paper, entitled " Provision for the Insane," by Dr. Charles A. Lee, of Peekskill, li. Y., who has devoted many years to the study of the subject, prepared for the second general meeting of the Western Social Science Asso- ciation, at Chicago, June 8th and 9th, 1870 : ON PROVISION FOR THE INSANE. BY CHARLES A. LEE, M. D. So much has been said and written of late on the treatment and management of the insane, that it is very difficult to suggest anything new on the subject. There is no problem in social science, on svhicli there prevails greater diversity of opinion, than on this. If we seek for the causes of such ditfcrcnccs of view, we shall find them to bo various, and often conflicting. Ignorance of the true nature of insanity has undoubt- edly much to do with it. In the view of most people, all the insane are classed in one category, and close confinement within an asylum is deemed the only panacea — very little discrimination, being exercised. A lunatic, as a matter of course, requires to be closely watched, guarded and shut out of tlie sight of his fellow men, otherwise, no one knows what mischief he may not do; while the important fact is overlooked, that a vast majority of the insane are quiet, harmless chronic cases, who only need moderate super- vision ; witli opportunities for such as are able to labor a few hours every day in the open air, in such employments as they have been accustomed to, by which their physical health is improved, and their mental condition benefited, so far as it is capable of im- provement. But for the acute, violent cases, curative hospitals are indispensable, placed always in charge of those who have made psychology a special study, and who, to their scientific attainments, add kindness of heart, philanthropy, conscientiousness and bene- volence. So practical is the American mind, that I have not the slightest fear but that this weighty problem, how shall all classes of the iiisane be best managed, best as regards their own and the public safety, and best as regards their own bodily and mental welfare? will yet be successfully solved. Thus far this whole class has been dealt with in tho aggregate — the time has fully come, when they should bo dealt with as individuals. In the Pcnnsyl- 96 PROVISION FOR THE INSANE. vauia asylum for the insane there arc sixteen classifications for each sex, and these arc deemed scarcely sufficient to embrace all the pi-ominent varieties; they might be extended, perhaps to sixty, and then there would be cases left, which would scarcely fall into cither division, for the varieties of insanity are as numerous as the varieties of human character. Many of our states have dealt very generously, if not wisely, by their insane, assum- ing, theoretically at least, their guardianship and support, and ostensibly providing asylums for all afliicted with the loss of reason, on very liberal terms to the people. Thus, the states of Ohio, Wisconsin, California, and I believe Illinois and Indiana, support these institutions out of the public treasury, and all classes of the people enjoy their advantages equally, free of all expense. This is noble and magnanimous, as regards the inhabitants of these states, generally; whether it is discriminating and just as regards the insane themselves, is quite another question. A vast drag-net is supposed to be thrown over these great states, bringing all lunatics, of every class, into these magnificent establishments, llieoretically none are supposed to escape, but jjracticnUy the great majority avoid the meshes of tliis benevolent net. They may be found in the poor houses and jails, or scantily provided for by their friends at their own homes. Theoretically, again, it is assumed that each state is both able and willing to build large and expensive asylums for all its insane, and multiply them, as fast as occasion required, for the reception and accommodation of the whole class. But no state has yet done it; nor is it probable ever will do it. The vjholc plan has been conceived in ignorance of the true ratio of increase of chronic lunacy, and in ignorance of the result in foreign countries, especially in Great Britain, wlterc it has met vjilh signal failure. Lei us for a moment glance at some of these results. For the facts I am about to state, I am indebted to the last reports (1869) of the " Commissioners in Lunacy for England and Wales,'' and the " General Board of Commissioners in Lunacy for Scotland." England has now a population, in round numbers, of about twenty millions, of which one million are paupers. In 1869, there was one lunatic in every 536; there is now one in every 411 iuha)>itauts. In 184.3, the number of pauper insane had become so great, and their condition so wretched, that parliament passed an act empowering counties and boroughs to make adequate provision for their insane poor, in the hope and expectation that when every county possessed a fitting asylum, lunatics would no longer be retained in workhouses, where they fared very much as they do in our poor houses. The counties and boroughs accordingly went zealously to work erecting these large asylums, costing on an average, lilOOO per head on the estimated number of inmates, joyfully anticipating the day when their workhouses would be emptied, and all their poor insane comfortably pro- vided for in the asylums. For the last twenty years we have heard, now and then, congratulations that this workhouse delivery had been effected in such and such a county, and that the poor insane of England were now comfortably provided for. This delusive hope has vanished on reading these official reports. The pauper lunatics of England' have increased 14,000 in the ten years, 1860-69, notwithstanding asylum accommodation has, in the same period, been enlarged two-thirds, and the lunatics detained in workhouses were 3000 in number more than in 1860! so that although asy- lum provision advanced 70 per cent, in the ten years, only 4.30 per cent, more lunatics obtained the benefit of it. Xotwitlistanding the erection of so many elegant and spacious county asylums, the reduction of the number of insane in work houses has reached, at the present time, only one per cent. In short, the commissioners state that "the practical conclusion is, that the immense additions made to asylum accommodations during the last PROVISION FOR THE IJfSANE. 9^ ten years have been fruUles.i, so far as tliey were intended as means of bringing all pauper hmaiU's uvdcr proper supervision ajul iinder the protection of the lunacy lawsy I submit, then, whelher the present system of providing for the insane by erecting large and costly asylums has not been fliirly and thoroughly tried, and failed, and that, too, under circumstances and among a people very similar to our own, so far as the prevalent causes of mental disease are concerned; and also, whether this system has not also failed, so far as it is believed to control the growth and increase of insanity by promoting its cure? Statistics abundantly show that both in this country and in Great Britain there is a progressively increasing ratio of lunatics to the whole population. Whether, in the last ten years, it has increased 45 per cent, here, as it has in England, I am unable to say — we have no reliable statistics to show — but such as I have been able to obtain lead me to believe that such an estimate is not fiir from the truth. We krow that there is an enormous and constantly increasing accumulation of chronic lunacy In every stat'; in the Union, and that in those states which have erected the most and largest asylums, as New York, the number of insane in the poor houses has not diminished, and is constantly increasing. It does not fall within the scope of my aim, at tins time, to inquire into the causes of insanity, now so prevalent, and becoming more and more intensified in our country, including, as they do all the various circumstauces which influence the ph', sical, moral and social condition of our population. I am now only expected to suggest, or rather to inquire, how are uv to provide for all its victims ? how shall we best secure their comfort- able support and maintenance, in a manner most consistent with the claims of human- ity, and the pecuniary resources of our people? I. In the first place, I assume it as an axiom, that "no person should ever be confined in a lunatic hospital, if he can have proper care and control out of it." II. Insanity is on the increase in the United States, especially among the middle and lower classes, and more provision is imperatively demanded for them in all the states. III. This may be public or private, according to circumstances ; but the present plan of providing for all our lunatics in large establishments as expensive on the average as those already erected, is unwise, inexpedient, and utterly impracticable as a general measure. IV. It is, therefore, absolutely necessary to find some other channel into which the chronic, harmless, and incurable cases cnn be diverted, so as to keep down the number of patients now maintained at such high rates in lunatic asylums, and avoid what is otherwise sure to happen, viz : a constantly recurring need of an increase of asylum accommodation. V. A partial receptacle fur this constant overflow could, probably, most easily and properly be found, in a transference of a large portion of chronic cases to private dwell- ings, as is now successfully practiced in Scotland, and to a considerable extent in Eng- land, France and Germany — especially at Gheel, where, for many centuries, boarding and caring for lunatics in private families, has been a regular business. VI. Hospitals for the insane should be assigned, ch efly, for curative purposes. They are not, as a general rule, to be used as asylums for a class not dangerous to themselves or others ; or who have merged into an incurable state Segregation, not aggregation should be the rule, whether applied to the sick in mind or body. VII. Establishments for the treatment and cure of mental diseases, should be spa- cious, cheerful, well-warmed, well-lighted, well-ventilated, situated in a healthy localitj', and furnished with every convenience and facility, which experience has demonstrated to be useful in the restoration of mental and bodily health. —13 9S PB0VI8I0N FOR THE INSANE. Vin. Such hospitals should have a capacity of accommodating not exceeding 100 acute, recent, curable cases; while there should be accessory to, and connected with them, under the same general supervision, an agricultural and mechanical colony with plain, substantial, inexpensive, but every way comfortable farm-buildings, adapted in all respects to promote the health and comfort of their occupants, and capable of accommo- dating a family of fifteen to twenty occupants. IX. This "fo/owy," placed in diflerent sections over the farm, may embrace, in all, from 200 to 500 patients, according to the quantity of land provided, as one acre for each patient. These dwellings are to be distributed so as not to congregate any large number together; and each section should have its own superintendent and director, with such assistant overseers as may be necessary. X. The two departments, the hospital proper, and the "■colony" will be supplementary to each other. When patients are sufficiently restored in the hospital, they can be sent to theif homes, or, if paupers, be transferred to the farm houses; and when there occurs an at'o-ravation of the symptoms or a return of the mental malady supervenes, the patient Bhould again be removed to the hospital proper ; and this will prove a constant incentive, not only to self-control and sane conduct on the part of the acute cases, but also on the part of the chronic patients; lest, by violent outbreaks or insane behavior, they agaia lose their liberty, and be consigned to the wards or cells of the hospital; for it is well known that the insane have, to a good degree, the power of self-control, if a sufficient motive be placed before them. Mechanic work-xhops, well supplied with necessary tools, should be supplied to the colony, for the use of patients during such weather or seasons as out-door labor is inexpedient. XI. Curative hospitals for the insane should, if possible, be of such size, and so located, that the relations between the patients and their friends may be easily main- tained. XII. Where the insane are well enough off at home, quiet, and no antipathy exists against any member of the family, instead of sending them to an asylum, the state might make a weekly allowance, if the family be poor, of two or more dollars per week, to as- sist in their support. XIII. But in cases where, from delusion, antipathy, or idiosyncrasy, a removal from home is rendered expedient, the insane may perhaps be boarded in other families, at the expense, wholly or in part, of the state, where they may be encouraged to labor, under proper supervision. There is much that is very good in the present system of treating the insane in our hospitals, and much that is truly admirable in their mode of administration — in these respects they will not suffer when comj.ared with any in the world — but they are not an adequate remedy for the correction of the evils of insanity in general — they cannot cope with it in its extended and extending magnitude. XIV. A modification in the present asylum plan of building is greatly needed. A majority of the insane do not require the seclusion or restraints of a hospital, and should be domiciled as boarders in country families. This would diminish the cost of their support more than one-half. XV. The celebrated French alienist, Valret, says that "reform in asylums, for the last seventy years, has consisted in a progressive departure from hospitals and prisons, and in an approach, as close as possible, to ordinary family life." (Annal. Med. I'sychoLy Jan., 1867.) Dr. Conolly says that "the time is at hand, when a majority of the insane VIEWS OF THE BOAKD. 99 will be out of hospitals," and that "no person should ever be confined in a hospital who can have proper care out of it." XVI. Dr. Maudesly, the able author of "The Physiolog_y and Pathology of the Mind," and the son-in-law of Dr. Conolly, and the superintendent of a large lunatic asylum in England, remarks: "I cannot but think, that future progress in the improvement of the treatment of the insane lies in the direction of lessening the sequestration and increasing the liberty of them. Many chronic insane, iucuraljle and harmless, will be allowed to epend the remaining days of their sorrowful pilgrimage in private families, having the comforts of family life, and the priceless blessing of the utmost freedom that is com- patible with their proper care." — (p. 430.) He goes on to say, that "the one great im- pediment to this reform, at present, undoubtedly lies in the public ignorance, the unrea^ Boning fear, and the selfiish avoidance of insanity. When knowledge is gradually made to take the place of ignorance, and familiarity banishes the horror bred of ignorance, then will a kindly feeling of sympathy for the insane unite with a just recognition of their own interests, on the part of those who receive them into their houses, to secure for them proper accommodation and good treatment; then, also, will asylums, instead of being vast receptacles for the concealment and safe-keeping of lunacy, acquire more and more the chaxBiCter of hospitals for the insane ; while those who superintend them, being able to give more time and attention to the scientific study of insanity, and to the means of its treatment, will no longer be open to the reproach of forgetting their char- acters as physicians, and degenerating into mere house-stewards, farmers, or secreta- ries." — p. 431. XVII. The public should be thoroughly instructed in regard to the importance of sending, as early as possible, to a curative hospital or asylum, those who become insane, as the earlier the treatment, the more likely it is to prove successful. Asylums are in- dispensable, and the restraints they exercise are often indispensable. So far as self- control is lost, the control of an asylum is necessary, and an early recovery may, in a large majority of cases, be safely expected. CHARLES A. LEE, M. D. Peekskill, Ifay 28th, 1870. The views expressed by Drs. McFarland, Patterson and Lee, are in substance identical with those entertained by the board of public charities. The popular conception of an insane person, is that of one vio- lently excited, if not dangerous — a man in a state of high mental exaltation. There are comparatively few lunatics of this type; and these present the greatest likelihood of permanent cure. The ordinary type of lunatics, as we see them in asylums and in alms- houses, is that of extreme depression. The treatment, therefore, of insanit}', in the majority of instances, consists in an effort at an increase of vitality. What the patient needs is not further de- pression, but on the contrary, an elevation of the general tone of his physical and mental life. He lacks stimulus, which it must be the effort of the physician to supply. The influence of an insane ]0D REFORM DEMANDED. asylum, constrncted after the model of a prison, with barred win- dows and locked doors, must of necessity be to increase the men- tal depression of those who are there confined, especially in view of the absence of any sutiicient means of occupation or of recrea- tion. The essential elements of life, for an insane person, are the Bame which are esseniial for a man in perfect mental and bodily health. These elements, the modern insane apylnm does not fully supply. The principal modification of the present system, de- manded by due regard for the interests of the insane, is an in- creased measure of sunshine, free air, personal liberty, pleasant associations, and above all, useful employment. The superintendents of insane asylums, educated in a particular theory, accustomed to its practical working, familar with its bene- ficial results^, and thri>Uijh long association with lunatics, in close personal relations, rendered less impressible by the spectacle of their sufi'ering, than other men, are not so easily convinced of the real defects of the present system, as intelligent, impartial, outside observers are. Yet the ablest and most experienced superijiten- dents fully assent to the justice of the criticisms made in tlie pre- ceding paragraph. This board, therefore, does not base its debire for an improved system upon financial considerations, but upon its deep conviction that improvements in architectural arrangements and organization, will not meet the felt want. The building, and the restraint of which it is the instrument, have no more inherent power to cure insanity, than spiritual exorcism or drugs. While medical care is necessary, the largest results, in the treatment of insanity, are due to moral influence. Ihis moral influence ema- nates from the man in charge ot the institution. It is the result of mental contact, and must depend largely upon the social organi- zation ot the institution. It does not seem possible to deny tbat the social organization of a community occupying distinct dwell- ings, is very different from that of a hotel or palace, whose inmates are under a single roof. It is not a question of cubic feet and inches of space, of protection from the weather, of heating and ven- tilation, and of the number of attendants necessary ; it is a question of intellectual and moral relations, of freedom and of labor. The board believes that a community, organized upon an in'dustrial basis, is a better type, and one more likely to prove beneficial m its results, for a public institution, than that now almost universal. QUESTION OF COST. 101 The alleged increase in the cost for attendance, ot institutions organized npon the new s^'stem, would probably be nearly, if not entirely, made up by the diminution in the cost of architectural ornamentation, of steam-heating and ventilation, and of the un- necessary and injurious outlay for iron bolts and bars ; to say noth- ing of the increased production, consequent upon the employment of the inmates in useful avocations. It should also be borne in mind, that cost is measured by the excess of expenditure over and above the results attained ; and an increase of expenditure maybe, and often is, a diminution of cost. The board do not believe that sufficient provision for the chronic insane will ever be made upon the existing plan."* * 1 he following extract from a private letter by Dr. Edward Jarvls, of Dorchester Mass., who has had very extensive experience in the care and treatment of the insane, is published by permission. It was originally addressed to Dr. Charles A. Lee, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. : " Most of your ideas in regard to the need of diverse prepara- tions and provisions for the care of the insane, are in harmony with my own. I find that very many need only to be separated from disturbing causes ; and thus advised and managed, they recover. A large part of the others only need guardianship and con- stant employment. They need no repression, no grated windows, no double doors, no bolts, no locks. Very few need the last. Confidence in these patients, and the encour- agement of their own self-respect, are the most important means of restoration. All undue repression prevents the action of the healthy elements. Locks, bars and grates, mortify and prevent this self-action and co-operation. " Work, occupation in the way they have been accustomed to — useful, persistent labor, not play nor games. Did you ever hear of the laborer, the mechanic, the Irish toiler, even the tradesman, physician, or gentleman of leisure, perhaps, satisfying himself with billiards all the day long ? This is what is offered in the way of occupation, in hospitals for the insane. This and other amusements, to the hungry soul that needs work! " When, a few years ago, the trustees of Worcester hospital for the insane consulted me about an amusement hall, I urged workshops instead. They thought differently, and bought a billiard table. Might they not as reasonably have offered a diet of sugar and spices, instead of beef and bread? *' In regard to hospital construction, my main idea is, repression limited by the needs of the palknt ; hospitals diverse in tl.eir parts — not built in one magnificent block, to suit the architect's eye, and be praised by the outer beholders ; but varied to meet the wants of the patients, to enable the managers to do their work in the surest and easiest way, as a blacksmith's shop or a factory is fit for that and nothing else. The hospital should be in detached sections ; the houses separated and diverse, all the parts as nearly like an ordinary house as possible, to remind the inmates as little as possible of repres- sion and confinement. Few of them should have grates or locks. They should have wooden-sashed windows, and light, airy rooms, looking not on another wing, like itself, with strongly-barred windows, but ou trees, lawns, fields, or other attractive dwellings. 102 CENSUS OF INSANE AND IDIOTIC. PART SIXTH. CENSUS OF THE INSANE AND IDIOTIC IN ILLINOIS. At the request of Governor Palmer, the Board of Public Chari- ties, upon its organization, decided to pay attention first to the subject of insanity and idiocy. In 1854, in Massachusetts, under a special resolve of the legis- lature, a commission, consisting of Levi Lincoln, Edward Jarvis, and Increase Sumner, was appointed to ascertain the number and condition of the insane in that state, the existing provision for their care, and the amount of further accommodation necessary for their benefit. The result of their labors revealed the fact of the unreliability of the previous census returns.* The proportion of insane in Massachusetts was found to be 1:427; of idiots, 1:1034; of both combined, 1:302. The census of 1850 had shown the proportion of insane to be 1 : 592 ; of idiots, 1 : 1257 ; of both combined, 1 : 407. The census of 1860 showed an increase of 236,532 in the popu- lation of Massachusetts, since 1850 ; yet the number of idiots re- ported, had decreased from 791 in 1850, to 712 in 1860, making the proportion 1:1728. The number of insane reported in the census of 1860, was 2:105, or 1:584. The proportion of both classes was 1 : 437. The proportion of insane in Illinois, according to the census of 1860, was much less, being stated at 683:1,711,951, or 1 : 2491. The proportion of idiots was stated at 588 : 1,711,951, or i : 2911. This would make the proportion of both classes, 1 : 1347. The board felt sure that these representations fell far short of the truth. The result of an investigation made under their au- thority more than confirms this impression. " I base these opinions on my own experience in the private management of patients) with only an ordinary dwelling, and its appurtenances, and on the result of my sending one patient to his brother, another to a pleasant boarding place, another to Europe, an- other to town, another to the regulated, discreet care of home, etc., etc., and all these recovered. "There are some, who need repression ; some violent, suicidal, dangerous lunatics, or disposed to elope, etc. All of these must have their necessities met." * See note, p. 11, of this report. CENSUS OF INSANE AND IDIOTIC. 103 A blank was prepared, with spaces for the names, post office address, county, sex, color, birthplace, age, civil condition, occu- pation, supposed cause of insanity, form of insanity, duration of disease, number of attacks, treatment in hospital or not, curability or incurability, pecuniary ability, and method of care, of twenty perc-ODS. A copy of this blank was sent to every physician in the state of Illinois, whose name and residence could be obtained. Lists of the physicians who pay a United States license fee, were procured from the district assessors, and supplemented by refer- ence to a state business directory, and by correspondence with physicians known to be engaged in practice in various parts of the state. Table I, (see appendix,) shows the number of physicians (of all scliools and no scliool) addressed, and the number of replies re- ceived, also the number who were deceased, removed, not prac- ticing, and who failed to reply. But a small proportion respond- ed to the first communication. Nearly all had to be written to a second time. A third letter was sent to the great majority. After all this efibrt, only 1728 physicians, out of 4775, sent in returns; and the majority of the returns received were blank, the writers stating that they knew no insane persons nor idiots within the bounds of their practice. Nevertheless, the number of idiots reported by name (all du- plicates having been carefully sifted out) is 1738, or taking the population reported in the census of 1870 as the basis of calcula- tion, 1 : 1461, instead of 1 : 2911, the result given in the census of liGO. The number of insane reported by name is 2367, or 1 : 1064, instead of 1 : 2191. There are then at least 4125 insane and idiotic inhabitants of Illinois, or 1 : 615 of the entire population. But even this num- ber and proportion are too small ; for in the first place, many cases are without doubt unreported, as will be hereafter shown ; and then, further, idiocy in the person of infants is undistin- guishable. The results of the census of insanity and idiocy, made by this board, will be found in detail, in tabulated form, in the appendix. They need no explanation, except to say that the distinction be- tween insanity and idiocy observed in them, is based on the rigid definition of idiocy given by Dr. Seguin, Dr. Jarvis, and Dr. H. B. Wilbur, according to which true idiocy is arrested development 104 CENSUS OF INSANE ANT> IDIOTIC. of the mental facultiep, while apparent idiocy, in insane persons, is the result of degeneracy, retrogression ; the two ditfering not in appearance, but in ori, the sum paid was only $75. This is wrong in principle, as it makes the bidder interested in the amount of ser- vice rendered, and medicine furnished. A good physician should be employed, and paid a reasonable compensation for his services. VISITATION OF COUNTIES. 145 Jail. — The jail, erected in 1841, is built of logs. It is very un- safe, dark, and badly ventilated. A new jail is badly needed, and the county is amply able to build a good one of sufficient capaci- ty. R. Nov. 30, 1870. LOGAN COUNTY. Almshouse. — The almshouse consists of one larp;e brick edifice, well built and well arranged, with a plentiful supply of water, and abundant facilities for washing. It cost ten thousand dollars. Tne former keeper had recently deceased at the time of visitation, and the new keeper, who had be:in employed temporarily, could give but little information as to the paupers. The pauper com- mittee of the board of supervisors, report a saving of nearly three thousand dollars in cash, by use of the county farm and almshouse. Jail. — The jail is a substantial stone structure, apparently secure, in good repair, and of sufficient capacity. It was erected in 1809. Each cell has in it a pump and water basin, and good sewerage. The jail is well kept. The lower tier of cells are too dark, and the ventilation is defective, but it is far superior to most jails in the state. Provision is made for a separation of the sexes. B. Sept. 24, 1870. MACON COUNTY. Almsheuse. — The buildings on the county farm, which are com- fortable, consist of a two story frame for the keeper, an old farm house for the paupers, and a little building for the insane. The keeper supports the paupers for the use of the farm, which con- sists of one hundred and ninety acres. Jail.— Macon county has a substantial and safe brick jail, cleanly and well kept, but deficient in air and light. It was built in 1868. The cells are small, and there is no provision for separation of the sexes. B. Sept. 23, 1870. MACOUPIN COUNTY. Almshouse. — In this county the keeper has the use of the poor farm, and is paid one dollar and fifty cents per week for the care of paupers. The building is old, but kept in a cleanly condition. A new building will be erected during the coming year. —19 146 VISITATION OF COUNTIES. Jail. — The jail is a new one, and not what it should be, tor the monev it cost, viz : tiftet'n thousand dollars. It contains twenty- three cells, which are entirely too small, and are not sutliciently ventilated. The sewerage is j>;ood when kept in order. It is not kept in as good condition as it ought to be. L. Nov. 11,1870. MADISON COUNTY. Almshouse. — The almshouse in this county is well kept, clean and in good order. It consists of four buildings, one of which, of brick, ninety by seventy feet, and two stories in height, is new. The superintendent has the use of the farm, and is paid two dol- lars and seventy-live cents per week lor each pauper. The in- mates are required to bathe weekly. One half of them or more are insane or semi-idiotic. Jail. — Madison county is building a new jail, to hold forty prisoners, at an expense of forty-five thousand dollars. The walls are of brick, lined with boiler iron bolted to the wall, so as to ad- mit air between from the bottom to the top of the wall. The ceils, which are seven and a half feet high, seven feet and nine inches long, and five feet wide, are all lighted and well ventilated. The sewerage, which is good, is by means of tiling under ground. There is no communication whatever between the sexes ; in short this is a model jail for convenience, security, ventilation and sew- erage. L. June 10, 1870. MARION COUNTY. Almshouse. — This almshouse, four miles southeast of Salem, is one of the best arranged in the district. The niain building is forty-two feet by twenty, with two '' L's" running back forty feet, sixteen feet each in width. The space between the " L's" is about twenty feet. In this space is a large cistern. One side of the " L " is arranged for males, and the other for females. The house is kept in a very cleanly condition, and the overseer seemed to be an excellent man for his place. There is a good barn, smoke- house and other necessary out-houses for the convenience of the inmates. The clergy of Salem frequently visit and preach to the paupers. VISITATION OF COUNTIES. 147 Jail. — The jail, erected in 1859, is in the second story of the building;. It is inade of iron, but is insecure. The ventilation is fair. The sewerage is better than that in most jails. Pipes carry the otfal from the two cells down into a large vault below. There is a small room in the second story called the •' debtor's room," in wliich minors and female persons are confined. The jail is too small ; as many as twenty-two prisoners having been coulined in it in summer at one time. It is old, and the county is meditating building a new one. McC. Sept. 20, 1870. MARSHALL COUNTY. Almshouse. — The almshouse in this county is a very poor affair, badly arranged, cold and uncomfortable, with no hospital or bath- ing accommodations. With the present buildings and furniture, it is almost impossible to keep the inmates cleanly or comfortable. It is to be hoped there will soon be an improvement in this re- spect, and that the inmates will be required to pay greater atten- tion to their persons and their apartnjents. The supervisors are authorized to make provision for the support of the paupers in their respective towns, the expense to be paid by a general tax on the county. There is no means of designating where a pauper is buried in this county. Jail. — The jail, erected in 1858, is entirely insecure, and the ventilation is very bad. There are two "debtors' rooms" in the sa ne story, fourteen feet by twenty, where the female prisoners are kept when necessary. Tlie cells, nine feet high, seven feet long, and seven feet wide, are of stone. R. Aug. 26, 1870. MASON COUNTY, Almshouse. — The poor farm in this county has been sold. The board of supervisors, at their meeting in April, 1870, passed a reso- lution requiring each township to support its own poor, under the direction of its own supervisor. This is done as an experiment. Jail. — The jail, erected in 1856, is two stories in height, and built of brick, lined with hard wood plank. The cells are of square timber, lined crosswise with hard wood two-inch plank. 148 VISITATION OF COUNTIES. There is a corridor four feet in width on three sides. The venti- lation of the cells is very imperfect. Tliere is no sewerage, and the jail is insecure. L. Oct. 6, 1870. MASSAC COUNTY. Almshouse. — The almshouse, which is partly frame, is an ordi- nary farm structure, in fair condition. The inmates appear quite comfortable. Jail. — The jail is of brick, two stories in height, and thirty feet long by twenty feet in width. The lower story contains a grated cage of iron bars, twelve feet square and seven feet high, resemb- ling that in Pulaski county. This arrangement at least affords the prisoners plenty of light and air, a merit possessed by few ot the jails in this state. B. Nov. 9, 1870. m'dONOUGH COUNTY. Almshouse. — In consequence of a rain storm, and the necessity of meeting a train, the commissioner was unable to visit the alms- house in person. Jail. — The jail, erected in 1856, is of brick, lined with iron. The cells are ten feet in height, eiiiht feet wide, and twelve feet long, with a corridor eighteen feet long by nine feet wide. There is no provision for a separation of the sexes. The jail is visited weekly by the liev. Mr. Zimmerman. The cells are furnished with bibles, and reading matter is contributed for the use of the prisoners. C. Dec. 9, 1869. m'henry county. Almshouse. — There is no almshouse in this county. The super- visor of each town makes provision for the support of paupers in private famiHes, and the expense is paid by the town. No report of the amount of this expense is made to the county clerk. Jail. — The jail, erected in 1856, is in the basement of the court house, and quite damp. The cells are dark. The ventilation is defective. Provision is made for the separation of the sexes. Nov. 3, 1870. E. visitation of counties. 149 m'lean county. Almshouse. — The paupers in this county are barely comfortable. There are three buildings, one very good one for the keeper, one for the male panpers and one for the female paupers. Both are in the same yard, and in close proximity. There is no effective separation of the sexes. There were twenty insane and idiotic out of twenty-eight paupers in the almshouse on the day of visitation. Jail. — The jail, erected in 1845, is constructed of boiler iron inside of a brick siding. It is tolerably secure but very dark, and there is no attempt at ventilation or sewerage. The privy is in the jail. The prisoners say that a lighted taper will not burn in the back part of the cells on account of the foul air. McLean county has just completed an elegant court-house at a cost of SiOO,- 000. It may be hoped that it will soon build a jail to correspond. Sept. 23, 1870. ' B. MENARD COUNTY. Almshouse. — The almshouse consists of a single one story brick building, fifty feet long by twenty-eight in width, with six rooms, of which two are used by the family, and four by the paupers. The keeper pays three dollars per acre rent, for the use of seventy- eight acres of a farm which contains one hundred and thirty acres, and he supports the paupers for three dollars each per week, he having the pauper labor and the county paying for medicines and medical attendance. The contract for keeping paupers in this county is given to the lowest bidder, the keeper furnishing clothing. Jail. — At the time of visitation in 1S69, the old jail, erected in ISM, of brick, lined with logs, was in use. A new jail has since been erected and is now nearly completed, two stories in height, of stone, with twelve cells, in two tiers of six each, seven feet high, seven feet long, and five feet wide, at a cost of $22,000, The cells are warmed by hot-air flues, connected with two registers in the floor of the corridor, which surrounds the cells on three sides. Both ttie hall and cells are lighted only by two windows three feet by two, at a distance of fourteen feet from the floor. The plat- form between the upper and lower tier of cells, is so wide as to exclude nearly all the light from the lower cells, and the lower portion of the corridor, rendering them so dark as to be objection- 150 VISITATION OF COUNTIES. able. Water is kept in a tank on top of tlie building, and con- ducted in pipes to the sewers beneath the cells. Oct. 6, 1870. MERGER COUNTY. jMercer county has no jail. Prisoners are sent to Rock Island. C. MONROE COUNTY. No report, as it was not visited. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. Almshouse. — This county has a poor farm of 640 acres, but no building has been erected upon it for the reception of paupers. The paupers are kept by individuals in any part of the county where accommodations may be had. Jail. — Montgomery county is building a jail in connection with the court-house, upon the third floor. The cells have not yet been put in. L. Sept. 15, 1870. MORGAN COUNTY. Almshouse. — The almshouse in this county is situated four miles northwest of Jacksonville. The building, which is of brick, has an east front, and consists of a main edifice fifty feet square, with an " L " in the rear thirty-six feet by sixteen. A ball runs through the house, with two stairways There is a tine porch in front, aud a basement five and a half feet above ground. The house is well built, with a stone water-table, caps, and sills, circular win- dow-heads, and a heavy wooden cornice. The face is of pressed brick. There are twenty-five rooms, ten on each floor, and five, with a good cellar, in the basement. The keeper, and his wife, who acts as matron, are amply well qualitied for their position, their hearts being in their work. The home and premises were in first-rate order, and the inmates clean and comfortable. The principal defect appears to be the want of proper classification of the inmates, wliich is impossible, in conse- quence of the defective arrangement of the building ; the sane and insane occupy the same rooms and'sleepin the same beds together. In one of the rooms in the " Ij," an insane man was lying dead at the time of visitation, laid out decently for burial, but present- VISITATION OF COUNTIES. 151 ing a ofhastly spectacle to the eight. The keeper receives a salary of S''00 a year, and his wife is paid $300 a year i >r her services as matron. Tiie products of the farm are consumed by the pau- pers. Supplies are purchased by the keeper and the bills audited and paid by the county judges. The county physician receives $160 a year for a weekly visit, and is required by liis contract to go oftener if necessary. The sura paid is too small, and the court intends to increase it. Jail. — The jail in this county is in the second story of the sheriff's house, in the rear. It is built of iron, with eight cells eight feet high, eight feet long, and six feet wide, four on each side, opening by grated doors into a corridor twelve feet wide, with a single window at the end, secured by a double grating and a solid iron shutter. Two doors, one of barred iron and the other solid, separate the jail from the apartments occupied by the jailor's family. The prisoners are treated well; according to their own account they tare almost too well. There is no provision for the separation of the sexes, no sewerage, and the ventilation is bad. The t^ecretary of the board was informed that the county judge had dismissed a female prisoner, rather than subject her to confinement in this jail, on the ground that the interests of society would suffer less from this course than from the other. AV. Nov. 12,1870. MOULTRIE COUNTY. Almshouse. — Moultrie county has a splendid poor farm of 200 acres, but no buildings worthy of the county, there being only one small house for the use of the paupers, containing t\)ur rooms, each barely large enough to hold one bed. The keeper rents the farm, and receives eighty live dollars per annum for each pauper cared for. Ja/^.— There is no jail. The criminal docket is so small, that the county regards it as cheaper to board its prisoners out, in adjoining counties, rather than build a jail. This is economy in the strictest sense. L. Sept. 16, 1870. OGLE COUNTY. Almshouse. — Ogle county has no poor farm. The paupers are supported by the several towns, consequently there is no record of .expense in the county clerk's office. 152 VISITATION OF COUNTIES. Jail. — The jail, which is of brick, is iu bad repair, insecure, and of insufficient capacity, imperfectly ventilated, and without pro- vision for a separation of the sexes. It is occasionally visited by clergymen. The prisoners are furnished with reading matter by the jailor. C. Oct., 1869. PEORIA COUNTY, Almshouse. — A new almshouse has been completed in this county, since the first visitation, in 1869. It consists of a main building, for the use of the keeper and his family, and for hospital purposes, with two wings for the inmates, one for males and one for females, of three stories in height. The basement story is ol stone and the others of brick. There are fifty-eight rooms, ot which fifty-two are for the accommodation of paupers. They are eleven feet in height, and large enough for four persons each. Single rooms are provided for the insane, and four cells in which to confine them, if necessary, in the basement. The building is heated by hot-air furnaces. The amount of heat is insufficient, and some changes will be necessary. The general arrangement is not good, and the building will be found inconvenient, yet the inmates can be made comfoitable, and it is a credit to the county. The farm is worked iu the interest of the county, and the proceeds consumed on the farm. Jail. — This is a model jail. It was erected in 1868. The front portion of the building, occupied by the sheriff and his family, is of brick, two stories, with an attic and a basement. The jail proper, in the rear, is of stone, with three tiers of cells, surrounded on three sides by a corridor ; each cell is ventilated by flues at the top and at the bottom. An abundant supply of water is kept iu a large tank overhead, and carried down by means of pipes, forcing the ofl'al from the privy, which is situated in the hall, through sewers into the river. The jail is neatly and orderly kept, with no offensive odor, and is both secure and comfortable ; an honor to the county. It cost $90,000. R. Aug. 21:, 1860. PERRY COUNTY. Almshouse. — Perry county has a poor farm of eighty acres, but no almshouse. The overseer of the poor in each precinct takes VISITATION OF COUNTIES. 153 charge of the paupers, and reports quarterly to the county court the bills of expense incurred. The county clerk informs the commissioner that the cost last year was about $2000, and the average number of paupers about fourteen, making the total weekly cost of each pauper about three dollars. At the time of visitation there were three insane paupers from this county in the hospital at Jacksonville. The county judge, in 1869, informed the commissioner that he had sent a number of paupers out of the state, paying the expense of their transportation rather than to keep them. Jail. — This jail, erected in 1810, of brick, lined with a double row of hewn timber, twelve inches square, has been condemned by the grand jury. It is a miserable hole, divided into two rooms, one above and one below, each about sixteen feet square, and seven feet in height. The lower room is partly underground, and there is no admittance except through a low door about three feet high. The only ventilation is through two small windows, twelve inches square, on the north and south sides of each room. The commissioner is informed that the court contemplates build- ing a new jail. McC. Aug. 4, 1870. PIATT COUNTY. Almshouse. — The almshouse in this county is of no value. It is kept by a widow with six small children. There are only three paupers, of whom two are females, and idiotic or imbecile. A small building recently erected, eighteen by twenty feet in size, aflfords them comfortable accommodations. Jail. — The jail is a substantial brick building, erected in 1869, tolerably secure, surrounded on every side by a corridor three feet wide, with small windows facing them, giving light and air only during a portion of the day. There is no ventilation, excej^t through these windows. No provision is made for the separation of the sexes. The premises are clean, and the jail well kept. Sept. 26, 1S70. . B. PIKE COUNTY. Almshouse. — The almshouse is a brick edifice, fifty feet by thirty, with an "L," thirty by forty, better adapted for the keeping of paupers than the average visited by this commissioner. Some —20 154: VT8ITATI0N f F COUNTIES. alterations, easily made, A-ould make it very convenient. A ma- jority of the inmates are imbecile. The county pays the keeper $2 25 a week for each pauper, and allows him the use of the poor farm. Jail. — The jail, built in 1864, in connection with the jailor's house, is a fine brick edifice, with ceils eight feet high, eight feet long, and eight feet wide, each made of slabs of stone of the same ■width, which are not, however, placed as securely as they should be. The ventilation should be better than it is. Provision is made for the separation of the sexes. The corridor is six feet wide. There is no underground sewerage. This jail cost $30,- 000, and is better than the average visited. L. Sept. 29, 1870. POPE COUNTY, AlnnHhouse.—^h.Q. almshouse is a double log building, and barely comfortable. The inmates, of whom there were four, two of them sick, on the day of visitation, were poorly clad, and suffer- ing with cold. The keeper receives the use of the farm and $1800 per annum, for boarding and clothing the paupers. Jail. — The jail consists of two rooms twelve feet square, one over the other, built of brick, lined with hewn logs and planks. Air and light are afforded the prisoners by means of three grated openings, eight inches by thirty-six. The jail contains no furni- ture, and has no sewerage. B. Nov. 18, 1870. PULASKI COUNTY. Almshouse. — Pulaski county has just purchased a poor farm of eighty acres, and completed a new almshouse. The paupers are, as yet, scattered over the county in private families. The keeper receives the use of the farm and $14 per month, for the board of each inmate. Jail. — The jail, which is of brick, is nearly new. A room eigh- teen feet square contains an iron cage, twelve feet by twelve, made of bars of iron. The prisoners are placed within this cage. It seems to be quite secure, and is of course well ventilated. The sewerage is tolerable. Though not a model, it is far preferable to the majority of the jails in the state. B. Nov. 8, 1870. VISITATION OF COUNTIES. 165 rUTNAil COUNTY. Almshouse. — Putnam county has no almshouse. There are but four towns in the county. The supervisor of each town makes provision for the support of the paupers in private families as he may think advisable. All expenses are paid by general county tax. The commissioner could not ascertain the number receiving relief. Jail. — The jail is insecure, and of insufficient capacity, contain- ing, as it does, but a single cell of iron bars two inches in width, and one-half an inch in thickness, crossing each other two inches apart. The ventilation and sewerage are bad. The main build- ing is of brick, two stories high, thirty -six feet by nineteen, with an " L " one story in height, and sixteen feet square, which are kept by the jailor and his family. li. Aug. 26, 1870. RANDOLPH COUNTY. Ko report, as it was not visited. RICHLAND COUNTY'. Almshouse. — In 1869, Richland county had no almshouse. Dur- ing the past year the county bought 227 acres of land, about 100 of which is fenced, and there is an old house upon it. They have hired an overseer. The building is not of sufficient capacit}^, nor in good repair, but is to be repaired and enlarged. The paupers do not seem to be very well cared for, the overseer having lost his wife, and being obliged to depend upon hired help. There is one female pauper, about ninety years of age, who is bed-ridden, un- der his care, and he is compelled himself to attend to all her wants, the hired woman refusing to do it. The commissioner found this pauper lying upon a bed very scantily filled with straw, and covered with flies, and a bed quilt thrown over her to hide her nakedness. In another corner was an old man, also bed- ridden, and in a third corner of the same room lay the corpse of a pauper who had died the evening before. The president of the board of supervisors, accompanying the commissioner, said that the condition of the paupers ought to be bettered, and that ho would attend to it. 15G VISITATION OF COUKTIES. Jail. — One-half of this building, which is of brick, and was erected in 1858, is occupied as usual bj the family of the jailor. The other halt is the jail proper. On the upper floor are three iron cells, capable of holding eight prisoners, surrounded on all sides by a corridor four feet in width, with four windows, which admit of a good supply of air. The cells are ventilated by a barred door. Besides, there are two small-barred windows on the sides of each cell, and several small apertures in the top of each cell, so that the circulation of air is very good. The two lower cells are of squared timbers, with no ventilation except through the barred doors. J^arge tin pipes run from each cell into a vault outside of the jail, to carry ofl' the offal. Thic is the cleanest and best ventilated jail visited by this conimissioner. The slieriti states that they have never used the lower cells, ex- cept when crowded for room above. McC. August 19, 1870. ROCK ISLAND COUNTY. Almsliouse. — The Rock Island county almshouse is large and well arranged. The main building, thirty-six feet by sixty, is three stories in height, and the addition, eighteen feet by twenty- two, two stories, with a workhouse and barn attached. There are twenty-live rooms. The first floor is used for female paupers, and the second for males. The capacity is fifty. The number of in- mates on the day is visitation was thirty-six. Jail. — The jail, which is of stone, is in good repair, secure, and of sufficient capacity for the wants of the county. The ventila- tion is far from being good, although pipes from each cell extend through the roof, and very little attention is paid to keeping the premises clean. It is perhaps proper to say, that the jailor claimed that there was a lack of water, which deficiency there is now an endeavor being made to remedy. A liberal supply of this very necessary article would sensibly improve the appearance of the jail, and the comfort of the inmates. There r.re seven insane per- sons confined here. The county is, however, building an insane department in connection with the almshouse, which, when com- pleted, will render their removal possible. C. Nov. 19, 1870. YISITATION OF COUNTIES. 157 SALINE COUNTY. Almshouse. — The Saline county almshouse is a cheap log build- ing, but may be made quite comfortable. The inmates appear to be well cared lor. The keeper receives the use of the farm and $L00 for each pauper per annum. Jail. — The jail is better than the average, but rather dark, and the sewerage defective. It is of brick, lined with plank, and con- tains four cells twelve feet square, ventilated by a grated door. The sexes can be separated. B. Kov. 14, 1870. SANGAMON COUNTY. Almshouse. — The present pauper home in this county is an old farm house, known as the " two mile house," so called from its distance on the Feoria road from Springfield. Seveuty-two is the number now entertained at this place, at an expense to the county of about $50 a year for each pauper. A new almshouse, however, is now being built upon a poor fiirm lately purchased, consisting of 371 acres, situated midway between Buffalo station and Illiopolis, upon the Toledo, Wabaeli and Great "Western E.. E..^ about twelve miles east of Springfield. The land cost $18,000, and the building is to cost $31,250. It is to be one hundred and forty-six feet in length and fifty -six feet in width in the main building. The keeper's lodge, to stand in front, will be forty feet broad. The capacity of the almshouse is designed for about 220. The building is to be completed by June, 1871. At the laying of the corner stone, last October, the Governor of the state, in the course of some appropriate remarks, gave the follow- ing advice to those intrusted with the care of such institutions : " Do not let the poor house be such a den of misery as the soul sickens to contemplate. Do not adopt the principle which an offi- cer of another county expressed, who said he wanted to make the poor house so bad that nobody would want to go to it. * * * Come here and set out shrubs and flowers, and make the fair spot now dedicated to charity blossom like the rose." Jail. — This jail was erected in the year 1853, at a cost of $6,- 570, of which $2,000 was paid for the land, and $4,570 for the building and other improvements. Since then the sum of $5,000 has been expended for repairs and the improvements of the 158 VISITATION OF COUNTIES. buildini^. It is of brick, with walls eighteen inches thick and contains eighteen cells, seven feet four inches long by five feet and four inches wide, and seven foot and ten inches high. The colls are all in the second story, and are arranged in a double tier back to back in the centre of the building, with a corridor surrounding them on three sides. The ventilation is bad, but the premises are kept perfectly clean, and the corridor can be suliiciently ventilated by opening the windows. It is probably the only jail in the state in which religious ser- vices are maintained without interruption regularly every Sabbath. They are conducted by a committee of christian men and women, aided by the city pastors, and the jailor testifies that the effect upon the prisoners has been most happy. Ilis own labors have been materially lightened, 'by the improvement observable in their demeanor, which renders discipline more easy. W. Dec. 10, 1870. SCHUYLER COUNTY. Almshouse. — The almshouse, which is of brick, one hundred and twenty feet by forty, two stories in height, with a basement, is the largest and best arranged which the commissioner found. There are forty-five rooms, ten for the use of the keeper, and rhirtyfive for the paupers. The capacity is one hundred and twenty. The number of inniates on the day of visitation was thirty-one, of whom thirteen were insane and idiotic. The keeper receives a salary of §900 per annum, makes all necessary pur- chases, certifies to his bills, and presents them to the board of su- pervisors quarterly, by whom they are audited, and if allowed, orders given on the county treasurer. No separate account of the expense of supporting the paupers is kept. Jail. — The jail, in connection with the jailor's house, is very well arranged, with cells on two floors, ventilated through the windows and doors. There is no sewerage except from the hall. It is one of the most secure jails visited, and the inmate says that he is as well cared for as he could desire. L. Oct. 3, 1S70. SCOTT COUNTY. Almshouse. — The poor farm contains eighty acres, with a sub- stantial brick house. The building is forty-four feet long, by VISITATION OF COUNTIES. 15& thirty-six in width, and is two stories high above the basement. It is very well arranged, but has no bathing room. The keeper pays $400 per annum for the use of the farm, and receives thirty- six cents per day for each pauper kept. They are very well kept, and apparently contented. Jail. — The jail is built of brick. It is thirty-four feet long, by twenty-four in width, very poorly lighted and ventilated, and pos- sessing no sewerage. Altogether a poor jail — unworthy of the county of Scctt. L. SHELBY COUNTY. Almshouse. — Shelby county has an excellent poor farm, but no buildings suitable for the keeping of paupers, there being only one frame house with four rooms and a hall, old and out of repair. Jail. — The jail, erected in 1853, is constructed in part of boiler iron, poorly ventilated, and without sewerage. It being court week, and the officers being engaged, and the cells occupied, the commissioner did not make as minute an examination as desirable. Sept. 15, 1870. L. ST. CLAIK COUNTY. Almshouse. — The almshouse in this county is clean and well managod. The matron is an efhcient officer, and keeps the beds and appointments in good order. Many of the inmates are insane, and are kept by themselves in a building constructed for the pur- .pose with cells. Some of them have to be ironed most of the time. They are all females. The commissioner found sixteen paupers sick and under medical treatment. Jail. — The jail is old, having been erected in 1846. It is now undergoing repairs. The ventilation will be much improved. The cells are large and well lighted. The prisoners all speak well of their treatment. The jail is surrounded by a high brick wall which shuts out all view of the town. L. June 11, 1870. STEPHENSON COUNTY. Almshouse. — The system of supporting paupers in this county is for each town to pay for its own poor. The keeper of the alms- house rents the farm, and receives $2 per week for each pauper, which is paid by the county, and the county collects it from the 160 VISITATION OF COUNTIES. several towns. The houses are reasonably clean, and from what the commissioner learned the paupers are well fed. The beds and bedding are rather inferior and light. The county has just erected a new receptacle for the insane, and the cells in which they are confined are clean, and the inmates apparently comfortable. Jail. — The condition of the jail is well stated by the sheriff, " in bad repair." It is of stone, and contains six cells. It is in- secure, of insufficient capacity, and without ventilation. The con- dition of the inmates was as good as could be expected. The jail was reasonably clean. C. Nov. 16, 1870. TAZEWELL COUNTY. Almshouse. — Tazewell county has no almshouse. The poor are supported in private families in the respective towns, under the direction of the supervisors of each, the expense being paid by the towns. No report is made to the county clerk. Jail. — The jail, of brick 'and stone, erected in 1854, is very in- secure. The ventilation is like that in most jails. The prisoners are well treated. There is an upper room which is used for con- fining female prisoners. R. Aug. 24, 1870. UNION COUNTY. Almshouse. — Union county has a poor farm of 200 acres, which is purchased, but not yet occupied. At present the poor are let to the lowest bidder by the year, at $90 each, for their entire sup- port. Jail. — The jail, which is of stone, eleven feet square, has no cells. It is two stories in height, and the upper story is used by female prisoners, when there are any. It is entirely unfurnished. Two apertures in the wall, six inches by twenty-four, afford all the air and light. There is no sewerage. Good watching may make it tolerably safe. The county have made arrangements for the erection of a new one. B. Nov. 8, 1870. VERMILION COUNTY. Almshouse. — The almshouse consists of four cheap wood struc- tures, one story in height, for the paupers, and a small house for the VISITATION OF COUNTIES. 161 keeper. The buildings are comfortable, and the inmaiee well cared for. Of twenty inmates on the day of visitation, ten were insane or idiotic. Jail. — The jail, which is of brick, is two stories in heij2jht, the lower being occupied as the jail proper, and the upper is used as the jailor's residence. The only entrance to the jail is by a trap door and a ladder from the top. The cells, of which there are three, are not used ; the prisoners occupy the corridor, which is twenty four feet long and eight feet wide. There is but little light, admitted through a single window, and no sewerage. The privy is in the jail, which is in bad repair, insecure, and of insufficient capacity, and contains no suitable provision for the separation of the sexes. B. Sept. ii7, 1870. WABASH COUNTY. Almshouse. — Wabash county has no almshouse. At the time of visitation there were but three paupers in the county, one of whom costs, for support, tit'ty-six dollars per quarter, aud the other two nineteen dollars per quarter each. Tlie county clerk states that the average number is about ten, and the cost about two dollars per week. Jail. — The jail, which was erected in 1850, is of brick, thirty feet by twenty, with two cells, nine feet long and six feet wide, poorly ventilated by barred doors. These cells are of iron, and are surrounded by a corridor, varying from three to six feet in Width. There is no sewerage. The jail should be condemned, oq account of its inferior ventilation. McC. Aug. 17, 1870 WARREN COUNTY. Almshouse. — The almshouse in this county consists of two frame buildings, containing twenty five rooms. It is, however, of insufficient capacity, although in good repair. Of twenty-five inmates on the day of visitation, ten were insane or idiotic. In addition to tlie expenditure upon the almshouse and for out-door relief, the county appropriates ten dollars to the Chicago ear and eye infirmary. The number of persons receiving out-door relief cannot be ascertained. The accounts are rendered by each super- visor, audited by the board, and the reports show only the aggre- gate amounts. —21 162 VISITATION OF COUNTIES. Jail. — The jail, wliicli is of brick, with four iron cells, was erected in 1S4:2. \\\ this cnuiity an utuisually complete j lil record is kept, shovviui)^ the date of cuinmittneiit, both the month and the year, the crime charged, the name of the prisoner, the nationality, the complexion, age, height by feet and inches, weight, marks, length of feet, color of hair, color of whiskers, color of eyes, marks of teeth, marks of face or person, how dis- posed of, date of discharge, number of days of confinement, amount charged for board, in dollars and cents, and manner of discharge. Dec. 3, 1869. C. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Almshouse. — Washington county has no almshouse. The statititics given in the tables were obtained from the county clerk, from whose statement the commissioner would judge that the paupers are better cared for than in most counties. The average number is about eighteen. The physician's bill amounts to about $ivO per quarter. Eighty acres of laud have been purchased by the county for a poor farm. Jail. — The jail, erected in 1865, of brick, is very secure. There are four cells, all on one side, with a hall, sixteen feet square, in front. This open room is lined with boiler iron, and has three grated windows. A large cistern is attached, and a pipe conveys water into the hall, so that prisoners have an abundance, and can be cleanly if they wish. It is one of the best jails visited by the commissioner. McC. Aug. 3, 1870. WAYNE COUNTY. Almshouse. — Wayne county has no almshouse, but has pur- chased 280 acres for a poor farm, and is now making arrange- ments to build upon it. The average cost of supporting paupers in private families is about two doUais per week. Among those supported are two blind and one deaf mute. Jail. — The jail, erected in 1815, is eigliteen by thirty, and two stories in height. The lower story is occupied by the jailor; the upper story is divierior or circuit courts, for minor offenses. The term of commitment is indefinite, and depends upon the conduct of tiie boy, extending, however, in no instance beyond majority. Parents and guardians may also place their boys in this school, by permission of the guardians and superintendent. The object of this institution, whose control, fortunately, is not suhjeeted to po- litical influences, is to educate the inmates, and teach them some trade. Every boy is required to attend school upon the premises, and also to work in the shops ibr a certain number of hours each day. The expense is borne by the city. The commissioner is informed that the superintendent, Mr. Robert Turner, is a humane and competent officer. ' Bridewell. — Tiie position, character and inadequacy of the buildings now occupied as a bridewell are notorious; they are en- tirely unsuited for their purpose. The county is erecting a new and costly structure. The average number of inmates is one hundred and fifteen, who are supported at a cost for each prisoner of twenty three cents a day. The terms of sentence vary from seven to one hundred and three days. The proportion of males to females is three to two. The ventilation is excellent. The cells, with one prisoner in each, face east and west, and open into a large corridor heated by two stoves. Each cell is supplied with a window, Thu whole estab- lishment is a model of cleanliness, the floors being scrubbed daily with sand, and whitewash used freely and frequently. The die- tary is as follows : breakfast, bread and coffee ; dinner, meat and one vegetable ; supper, mush and molasses. The prisoners are attended by the city physician. No. of prisoners treated, 1S69-70 787 Deaths 3 Sent to county hospital I . , . . 32 " " poor house 57 Insane 9 The objections to the management of the bridewell upon gen- eral principles are : 1. The farming out of the food of the inmates, tins being almost the only remuneration of the superintendent. 2. The indiscriminate intercourse of the criminals, hardened of- 1G8 VISITATION OF COUNTTES. fenderd capable of imparting infurmatioii aud instraction in crime, being thrown together, for months, with others who have been contined merely for drunkenness, vagrancy, or a momentary brawl. 8. Tiie inmates are kept in idleness, no labor being per- formed, except by those who are unable to pay tines imposed, and work them out in breaking stones, for which they are allowed lifty cents a day. The lemale prisoners clean public offices, sta- tion house, etc., when required, and do the wasiiing and ironing of the establishment. 4. There is no aim nor effort in this prison at the reformation of criminals, other than two Sunday school services. The prison should be on an industrial basis, and the reformation of the prisoners should be the paramount object of the officers in charge. No man incapable of exerting, by means of his personal presence and character, an elevating and ennobling influence, should ever be placed in charge of a prison. County hospital. — The county hospital is well conducted, but the amount of accommodation afforded is insufficient, the building being old. County agent's department. — The work of the county agent, during the year ending November 30th, 1870, may be briefly stated : Money expended $113,235 Si No. of families aided 7,5u4: No, of persons relieved 33,768 Railroad passes issued 1,959 Sent to hospital 743 " almshouse 1,0^3 " insane asylum "24: " dispensary, W. side 697 « " S. " 455 »' « N. " 371 The administration of out-door relief in Cook county is open to some critifcisms, which do not afl"ect the agent in charge: 1. The admission of able-bodied vagrants to the almshouse, in place of a workhouse. 2. The outdoor relief is entrusted to visitors, who receive a temporary appointment at the approach of winter, re- gardless of their qualifications lor the work to be done by tlum, and are dismissed in the spring. They are generally inexperienced. Supervisors aud their friends are in many instances appointed. VISITATION OF COUNTIES. 169 Kequisites for the office should be mature age and experience. 3. The mode of transportation of insane persons, from the county jail to the almshouse, is cruel. Many of the patients, in delicate health, are so exposed as to endanger their recovery. In one in- stance, last winter, the disease of which an insane man died, was clearly attributable to such exposure. — See report of Benjamin 0. Miller, M. D., March Ist, 1870. The system of farming out the public charities of Cook county is an abuse, since it makes the officers in charge interested in the amount furnished to each inmate, the only limit of his gains con- sisting in his personal freedom from cupidity. The superintendents of these institutions are elected by boards of aldermen and supervisors. County insane asylum. — The accompanying description in de- tail of the new county insane asylum, furnished by the architect, at the request of the board, will be found to be of interest : The Cook county insane asylum is situated upon an elevated site, near the town of Jefferson, at a distance of ten miles northwest of Chicago. The asylum building has a frontage to the east of 212 feet, and is divided by the centre building, in which the offices are situated, into two wings for wards. Each ward is 116 feet long, from north to south, by forty-two feet wide. The central building has a frontage of fifty feet, and thirty-two feet with projections of twenty feet, and sixteen feet from the face of wing walls. These projections bi-eak the front and give a pleasing effect to the elevation. At each extreme end of wings is a projection twenty feet to the rear, for bath rooms, water closets and stairs to yards. The building is of brick, with cut-stone trimmings, and is three stories high above the basement. The basement is eighteen inches below grade line, and is nine feet high in the clear. The main story is twelve feet high in the clear, and the second and third stories are eleven feet six inches high in the clear. The foundation of exterior walls is four feet broad, and is diminished to twenty-four inches in thickness at the grade line. Upon this stone wall the brick wall stai'ts. This brick basement wall is twenty inches thick to the main floor, with a cut-stone water-table around the entire walls of building. Above the basement the walls are sixteen inches thick from face of pilasters, which have a projection of four inches from main wall. The cornice is of brick, with stone battlements and coping. Each wing has a centre corridor with three windows in each end. This corridor is thirteen feet wide, with ash floors. The patients' rooms are on each side of corridor. The wall between the corridor and patients' room is sixteen inches thick to attic from basement. These walls contain pipes through whicia air passes to rooms and from rooms to attic. Especial pains have been taken to secure a thoroughly efficient system of warming and ventilation. The heating is by high-pressure steam, and ventilation is forced Ijy a steam engine which drives two double-bladed iron fans, eight feet in diameter. The fresh air which passes to the wards is taken nearly thirty-three feet from the ground surface, and passes down upon the fans, and is driven through an underground duct to the main air reservoir under the basement corridor. Over the cold air reservoir, iu —22 170 VISITATION OF COUNTIES. basement corridors, are twenty-seven lirick coil chaniljerB in each ward, thirteen on the east and fourteen on the west side of corridors. In each coil chamber there are box coila of steam pipe placed — the amount of pipe varying according to the space to be warmed, upon the basis of one to forty. In the bottom of each coil chamber is a valve which regulates the amount of cold au- admitted upon the coils, and is controlled on the outside of tlie coil chamber. The warm air passes to the patients' rooms, corridors and dining rooms by a separate pipe for each room, with the register placed seven feet above the floor. The ventilating flues run up into attic. The openings for the ventilating flues are eighteen inches above the floor, a separate flue for each patients' room, and two for the dining rooms. There is an au--tight reservoir in attic gradually enlarging in a greater ratio than the area of the ducts it receives, and passes to the central cupola, and thence into the external air above the roof. The water closets, which are at the end of each ward, have a strong downward ventilation. The bath rooms are adjoining the water closets, at the end of each wing. There is a soiled clothes drop from each bath room to room in basement. There are two bath tubs and three water closets on each floor at the end of the wings. Each wing has a dining room on each floor with an attendant's room adjoining. In each of these dining rooms there is a sink, and slop sink, and closet for table sets. A dumb waiter extends to basement from each dining room. There is a linen room for each story of each wing, near the attendant's room, so that all clothing for wards will have its appropriate box for its patients. At the end of each wing there is a separate stairway, with separate exit into yards, for inmates, so that each floor of the wing will always receive its own patients, and there can be no trouble with patients getting upon the wrong floor. In the rear of the insane asylum building, at a distance of one hundred feet, is the laundry building, sixty by eighty in size, built of brick, with shingle roof, two stories high above ground, with a cellar. This building is divided by a hall through its cen- tre, with the laundry, drying room and ironing rooms on one side, and kitchen and bakery on the opposite side of the hall. The second story is subdivided into apart- ments for servants employed in rooms below. This laundry building is connected with the main building by a brick corridor, ten feet wide. All food for patients in the asy- lum is brought into the basement of the asylum in an iron car from this rear building, and is carried to the various dining rooms by the dumb waiter, above referred to. The boiler, engine and fan rooms are next to the laundry building, and are of brick. The fuel shed is next to boiler house, and the flour shed is in the rear of the laundry build- ing. The smoke stack for boiler is eighty-five feet high and nine feet square at the base. Pure water is supplied these buildings by an artesian well 756 feet deep. The water from the well will rise to an elevation of forty feet by its own gravity above the ground surface around the well. The cost of these buildings, completed, is one hundred and thirty-five thousand dol- lars (#135,000.) With accommodations for two hundred patients, giving a room to each, to this twenty-five per cent, more can Ijc added by the usual classification of patients, as is usual in state institutions. All of which I most respectfully submit, L. B. DIXOX, Architect, 15 Portland block, Chicago, 111. VISITATION OF COUNTIES. 171 CHfCAGO EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY. The association for founding and maintaining the Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear Tnfu-mary was organized in May, 1858. At that time Chicago, although a city of about 80,000 inhabitants, had no public hospital. The "Mercy Hospital," under the care of the " Sisters of Mercy," then so small, now possessing a magnificent structure, was perhaps the only one in the county, except the TJ. S. marine hospital for sea-faring men. It was fiir inadequate, however, to the wants of the sick poor, even at that time. There was scarcely a physician, who had taken sufficient interest in opthalmology to examine the brilliant discoveries in this department of medicine, which had been made during the previous few years. Opthalmology was almost entirely ignored in the only medical college in Chicago. There was, therefore, an unoccupied field for some one who would labor to found an eye infirmary for the gratuitous treatment of the poor afflicted with diseases of the eye; and also ofier opportunities to students of medicine) for the clinical study of diseases of the eye and their treatment. In May, 1858, four medical gentlemen met several wealthy and benevolent citizens of Chicago, who together organized a board of twelve trustees, of two consulting and two attending surgeons, nndcr a constitution and by-laws. The general financial depression of the country, and the excitement during the earlier period of the late war, rendered it very difficult to obtain funds for the purchase of real estate, and the erection of a suit- able building. Hence it was deemed expedient to conduct the institution at first as a dispensaiy. Consequently, a single room, at the northeast corner of Michigan and North Clark streets, was opened for the treatment of the poor. During the first year, nearly one hundred and fifteen patients were under treatment. At the end of nearly four years, the dispensary was removed to a room, Xo. 28 North Clark street, where it remained till July, 1864. W. L. Newberry, president of the association, donated for a term of ten years, the lease of a lot of land, Nos. 16 and 18, East Pearson street, upon which was placed a large two-story wooden building, purchased for $2000, and removed from a neighbor- ing block. The first patient, requiring board in the institution, applied before a single room had been cleaned and furnished. For two nights he slept on a blanket, on the floor. The rooms were furnished, as the gradually increasing number of patients required. In a few months the number of applicants, especially soldiers with diseases of the eye, sup- ported at the infirmary by the Northwestern Sanitary Commission, and by the governors of Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, rendered greater accommodations absolutely necessary. The building was therefore raised, a brick basement constructed under it, and the attic divided and finished into three large sleeping rooms. In the fall of 1869, additional accommodations became necessary, and were obtained by the construction of a large building in the rear of the lot. The funds required for the original purchase of the building, and for the various improvements above mentioned, were advanced by members of the board of trustees and surgeons, till subscriptions could be raised to repay the amount. This sum, at one period, was $6000. The building has been furnished in great measure by second-hand furniture, and the floors covered by old carpets donated by friends of the institution. It has been the policy of the trustees to rent, as far as possible, all rooms not occupied by poor patients, to any persons willing to pay for them. By funds thug obtained, the institution has been able to extend its usefulness. There is reason to believe that all the present accommodations will, in a short period, be required for the poor alone. 172 VISITATION OF COUNTIES. Ill 1865, the legislature granted the infiniiary a special charter, and in 1867, appro- ]>riated the sum of -^5000 a year, for two years, for the support of such poor patients in the state as desired treatment at the infirmary. This appropriation was renewed in 1861>. Poor patients from other states could receive gratuitous treatment, on paying the cost of their board. Since the fall of 1864, the infirmary has always been open for medical students and practitioners who desire to pursue the clinical study of diseases of the ej^e. The fees for the courses have always been devoted to the support of the infinnaiy. It would be difficult to estimate the good which has thus been accomplished in train- ing students in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the eye. Numbers of such students have located in various portions of the state, and acquired reputation in the communities where they practice, for skill in the treatment of diseases of the eye. Since the opening of the infirmary, in 1858, 6200 poor patients have received gratu- itous aid. Of this number, 991 have been boarded in the infirmary; the remainder visited the infirmary for treatment as "out patients." During the past year more than 1000 poor patients were treated gratuitously. If possible, the greatest good has been accomplished for this latter class (outpatients), since they have oftener applied for aid in the earlier stages of their diseases, when very simple treatment could most frequently and speedily restore to health. In the case of children, the results have very often been specially gratifying. Although in the aggregate many poor persons, not unfrcquently jiaupcrs from the poor houses, sent to the infirmary almost blind and helpless, have been restored to good sight and self-support, it is unfortunately true that too many of this class come to the infirmary in the later stages of disease, when a perfect cure is utterly impossible. The boards of supervisors of several counties, aware that paupers, blind and helpless, had been returned home, able to support themselves, have made donations varying from $10 to $200, in aid of the infirmary. The institution has passed through many periods of great financial embarrassment. It has at times been exceedingly difficult to find any one willing to perform the duties of matron and superintendent, and often no less difficult to secure efficient help, since domestics fear danger of contracting diseases of the eye. The present infirmary build- ing can well accommodate more than fifty patients. Its whole cost has been §10,400. Five thousand dollars would scarcely replace the furniture now in use. The trustees possess a permanent fund of $6000, the interest alone of which can be expended an- nually. Efforts will at once be made to purchase the lot of land on which the infirmary stands. There is reason to believe that this institution, before many years have passed, will possess the funds, and perform an amount of labor for the poor and suffering, which will place it in a position of usefulness and of public confidence, not excelled by the similar institutions of the eastern cities. E. L. H. Chicago, Sept. 30, 1870. A very brief and imperfect account of the private charities of Cook county may be found in the appendix. JAILS — ALMSHOUSES. 173 II.— STATISTICS OF JAILS AND ALMSHOUSES. The tables of statistics of county jails and almshouses (see ap- pendix,) are far from being as comjjlete or as accurate as is desira- ble, but contain all the information which the commissioners were able to obtain, without systematic jail and almshouse records in the several counties. Kothing more deeply impressed the board, in this tour of visitation, than the absolute necessity of statistical records, kept upon a uniform system, in books provided by the counties, to be their permanent property. The records keot, where there are any, at present, are usually private memoranda, in note books belonging to the jailors and almshouse keepers. The accounts are mixed with the accounts of other county ex- penses, so as to render it, in most instances, very difficult to sepa- rate the items. JAILS. Table XV shows the description, cost and value of jails in Illinois. An examination of this table shows that the original cost of seventy-four jails was $802,100, which would make the average cost of each, $11,650. The estimated present value of seventy nine jails, is $1,143,- 970, which is an average valuation of $14,480, or very nearly fif- teen thousand dollars. Seventy-five jails, (many of which include a house for the jailor and his family,) valued at $1,115,570, contain five hundred and eighty-three cells. At this rate, each cell may be regarded as worth $iyi3 50. Since each cell will hold two or three prisoners, the average cost of provision, ver capita^ for the care of crimi- nals, is from six to nine hundred dollars. A very close estimate of the value of the jails of Illinois, would be $1,500,000 ; the interest on which, at six per cent., would be $90,000 per annum. ALMSHOUSES. Table XXI, which exhibits the size, capacity, cost and value of the almshouses, (including the county farms,) may be very profitably compared with Table XV. The number of acres of land in seventy-four county farms, is 11,173, which is an average of one hundred and fifty-one acres each. The ordinary size of the county-farms is one hundred and 174 COST OF PAUrERISM. sixty acres, though Montgoaierj county has a farm of six hundred and forty acres, and Effingham count}' has a farm of a single acre. Forty-five almshouses cost $373,544, which is an average cost of $S,300. ^ Sixty-nine almshouses are valued at ^859,312, which is an aver- age valuation of $12,453. Thirty-nine almshouses, worth $563,977, have a capacity of 2,392 inmates. The average cost, per capita^ therefore, of pro- vision for the care of paupers, is less than two hundred and fifty dollars. Provision for the care of a pauper costs about one- third as much as provision for the care of a criminal. A very close estimate of the value of the almshouses of IlliuDis, would be $1,000,000;* the interest on which, at six per cent,, would be $60,000. These statements may be tabulated as follows : Jails. Almshouses. Average cost " value , Estimated total value Interest on same Estimated total capacity . . . . Approximate cost, per capita. $11,650 14,480 1,500,000 90,000 2,000 750 ?8,300 12,453 1 , 000 , 000 60,000 4 , 000 250 Value of jails $1,500,000 " almshouses 1,000,000 Total valuation $2,500,000 Interest at six per cent 150,000 OUST OF PAUPERISM. Table XXY contains the result of an cflTort to ascertain the yearly cost of pauperism in this state. The total cash expenditure, for one year, reported in sixty coun- ties, is $254,575, which is an average of $4,743. The total annual cost of pauperism, in the almshouses, therefore, cannot be far from $375,000 or $400,000. The cost of out-door relief, (by which is meant aid furnished by the counties outside of the almshouses,) in thirty-four counties, for one year, is $215,927 56. The total annual cost of outdoor relief, in the state, may be estimated at $350,000 or $400,000. * Many of the counties have no almshouse. STATISTICS OF CRIME, ETC. 175 Relief in almshouses, say $375,000 Out-door relief, say 375,000 Interest on value of property 60,000 Annual cost of pauperism $310,000 The board had no means of even approximating the annual cost of crime. It is certainly true, however, that the maintenance of criminals and paupers in Illinois costs over one million dollars a year. The average weekly cost in cash of supporting each pauper, in the almshouses, is §2 11, or thirty cents a day. CRIMINALS. Table XVI shows the number, class, age, sex, color and civil conditon of prisoners in the jails of Illinois, on the day of visita- tion. There were — In 78 jails, total number of persons confined 611 In_67 " awaiting trial 408 In 25 " convicted 71 479 In 70 " adults , 399 In 40 " minors 98 497 In 72 " males 462 In 15 " females 32 494 In 73 " whites 457 In 20 " negroes 38 495 In 62 " single 327 In 50 " married 141 In 9 " widowed 14 482 Table XVII shows the education, habits and character of pris- oners. In 64 jails, could read and write 381 In 22 " could read only 49 In 22 " could neither read nor write 41 471 In 43 " habitually intemperate 175 In 22 " had been in prison before 92 In 7 " idiotic and insane 19 176 STATISTICS OF CEIME, ETC. Table XYIII shows the nativity of prisoners. Of 455 prisoners, whose nativity was ascertained, there were — Born in the United States 319 " Canada 8 " Great Britain 18 " Ireland 60 " Germany 45 " France 3 " other European countries 10 Born elsewhere * 2 455 Tables XIX and XX show the alleged offenses of prisoners. CrimeB against the person — Murder 29 Manslaughter 4 Rape 14 Assault 36 Miscellaneous 7 90 Crimes against property — Arson 3 Burglary 27 Larceny 228 Robbery 15 Horse stealing 31 Forgery 10 Counterfeit money 10 Malicious mischief 1 Miscellaneous 17 342 Crimes against public order and decency^ — Perjury 1 Adultery 3 Bastardy 2 Drunkenness 4 Violation of liquor law 1 Breach of peace 10 Miscellaneous 16 37 Total offenses, as far as ascertained 469 * Not printed in tabular form, on account of the small number of crimes of this class. BTATISTIC8 OF PAUPERISM:. 177 PAUPERS. Table XXII shows the mimber, class, age, sex, color and civil condition of the paupers in the almshouses of Illinois, on the day of visitation. There were — In S6 almshouses, total number of inmates 1878 In 73 " permanent inmates 1391 In 45 " temporary inmates 340 1731 In 80 " adults 1462 In 66 " minors 2 < 7 1739 In 79 « males 960 In 79 " females 779 1739 In 71 " whites 1620 In 17 " negroes 42 1662 In 6Q " single 905 In 54 " married 243 In 55 " widowed .., 277 1425 In 30 " orphans 75 Tabls XXIII shows the physical, intellectual and moral condi- tion of paupers. There were — In 61 almshouses, unable to labor 689 In 55 " partly able 661 In 26 " able to labor 112* 1462 In 70 " idiotic and insane 597t In 7 " deaf 7 * Principally insane paupers. The keeper of the Morgan county almshouse made an interesting and suggestive remark, to the effect that his insane paupers were the only ones of any value to him as laborers. f The number reported in the census of insane and idiotic, (see appendix,) in all th© almshouses of the state, is Insane 449 Idiots 171 Total 620 These independent results confirm each other. .—23 178 VALUABLE INFERENCES. In 37 almshouses, blind 1^ crippled iOS sick 134 bed-ridden ^9 " 4-J u "35 u "22 (( In 59 (( "32 (( " 61 n In 37 u " 14 (( "31 (( 948 conld read and write 439 could read only i^44 could "do neither 539 -1222 habitually intemperate 286 had been in prison 96 had been worth $1000 58 Table XXIY shows the nativity of 1680 paupers. Of this number, there were — Burn in the United States 854 " Canada 23 " Great Britain 80 " Ireland '. 396 " Germany 169 " France 25 " other European countries 114 " elsewhere 19 1080 Several valuable inferences may be drawn from these figures. j^w'SiJ, the principal expense of the county jail system arises from the delays in the administration of justice. The number of criminals undergoing sentence, in the jails, at any one time, does not average one to a county. Tlie principal use of the jails is as houses of detention. Eighty-five per cent, of the inmates, at the time of visitation, were awaiting trial. Second^ elementary education appears to be of less value, as a preventive of crime, than is ordinarily supposed. JNiuety-one per cent, of the prisoners confined in the jails of this state, are able to read, and eighty per cent, can both read and write. Thirds intemperance and crime are closely related to each other. More than one-third of the prisoners visited by this commission, were ascertained to be habitually intemperate. Fourth^ crime begets crime. It tends to reproduce itself. Nearly or quite ten per cent, of the inmates of our jails have been in jail before. A FALSE THEORY. 179 Fifths the foreign element in our population is far more apt to lapse into crime and pauperism, than the native. About thirty per cent, of our county prisoners, and nearly fifty per cent, of our county paupers, are of foreign birth. A large proportion of the remainder are of foreign parentage. As between the Iribh and the Germans, who form the principal part of the foreign pop- ulation, it may be said that the Irish are more apt to become pau- pers, while the Germans exhibit a larger relative proportion of criminals. Sixth^ cringes are infrequent, in proportion to the energy with which they are resisted. Thus crimes against property are four times as common as crimes against the person ; and of crimes against property, more than two-thirds are larcenies. ISeventh^ pauperism tends to become perpetual. Four-fifths of the inmates of the ahnshouses are classed as permanent paupers. Eighth^ that nine hundred and forty-eight out of eighteen hundred and seventy-eight paupers reported, are idiotic, insane, deaf, blind, crippled, sick, or bed-ridden, aud that two hundred and seventy-seven are minors, shows that the county almshouse system is not greatly abused, at present, in this state. Ninth^ the tendency of education to prevent pauperism, is more apparent than its tendency to prevent crime. Estimating the pauper children at one tenth of the whole number, and leaving them out of the calculation, forty per cent, of the inmates of the almshouses could not write, and twenty-five per cent, could not even read. Tenths pauperism and crime are so closely allied, that the same individuals belong to both fraternities. Five per cent, of the county paupers acknowledged to have been in jail. The same man is a criminal or a pauper, according to circumstances. He steals, when he cannot beg ; he begs, when he cannot steal. A False Theory. — "Whoever should undertake, by a mere in- spection of our county jails, to determine the relation between the criminal and non-criminal classes, would be driven to the con- clusion that their mutual attitude is that of antagonists, wageiug against each other a war of extermination, in which all risks are taken, all measures regarded as justifiable, and every reprisal so much clear gain. Mere susjiicion of crime places the accused under ban, and deprives him of all rights, except those of an en- 180 A FALSE THEORY — ITS FALLACY. emy. The conversion of a criminal into an honest man, seems to be looked upon as so hopeless an undertaking, as to be unworthy even of an effort. He is treated as an outlaw, a loe to mankind, an Ishmaelite, whose hand is against every man, and every man's hand against him. This view, unjust and untrue as it is, lies at the foundation of the county jail system. Its fallacy pointed out. — 1. The first error, in the theory jast stated, consists in a failure to discriminate between accusation and conviction. The Roman law sharply distinguished the career^ or house of detention, from the vincula jpvhlica^ or house of punishment. Its maxim was, " Career enim ad continendos homines, non ad puni- en 08 habere debet" — the career should he regarded as a jplace for detaining men^ not for impkisoning them. We overlook this distinction, and in practice confound the inno- cent with the guilty, by associating those awaiting trial with others who have been tried and sentenced, and subjecting both to the same hardships. This evil will never be remedied, until the county jail ceases to be used as a place of punishment, and the state assumes the charge cf all convicted criminals. 2. But the attitude of society toward criminals is equally short- eighted and injurious. A man who becomes a criminal, in consequence of his own ■weakness, the strength of temptation, and the intensity of his un- lawful desires, does not cease to be a man. As a man, he has rights, which, as men, we are bound to respect. "We have no more right to infringe upon his rights, than he has to infringe upon ours. We may demand restitution. We may use all wite and lawful means to cure him of his weakness and crimiual tendencies. But to outlaw him, to cut him off" as an unworthy member, is like am- putating a sore finger, without first endeavoring to heal the sore. Injustice to the criminal is an injury to society. Every wrong works out, in time, its own punisnment. The true light in which to regard ofTenders against the law, is that of men in whom there exists some natural or acquired defect, remediable or irremediable, due to the operation of causes* which may be ascertained. *Seepp. 16, 19. THE TRUE VIEW. 181 Among these causes are physical organization, mental imbecil- ity, ignorance, and the like. The rational treatment of criminals involves an effort in each case, individually, to discover the cause of aberration, and if pos- sible, apply the appropriate corrective or antidote. If no corrective can be found and applied, then the question must be met: Is this man dangerous to society, or not ? It not dangerous, he may safely be granted his liberty. If dangerous, then arises the further question, shall he be detained, as we de- tain a dangerous and incurable lunatic, for life ? According to this view, the attempt to graduate penalties accord- ing to the degree of the offense, upon the quid pro-quo theory, the lex talionis^ is impossible in practice and wrong in theory. Why should a man who steals one dollar, be sent to jail ? and the man who steals ten, sent to the penitentiary ? The supreme end of the penal system should be reformation, spiritual healing, the transfer of transgressors from the criminal to the non-criminal class. The protection of society is a secondary object, and can be secured only by life-imprisonment of the incorrigible. In the reformation of offenders, love is a more powerful instru- mentality than fear. Fear degrades ; love alone elevates. Love and justice are identical. They are different phases of the same principle. But the county jail system is founded upon fear, its aim is to terrify, it is unjust and unloving, it assumes that a certain amount of suffering will expiate a certain amount of guilt, it confirms crim- inal tendencies instead of eliminating them, it is questionable whether it diminishes crime, and it is terribly expensive. It is expensive, because jails are houses of enforced idleness. Under competent management, every prison might be made self- supporting. The criminal class ought to be made to pay the entire cost of caring for them. 182 FAULTS IN JAILS. III. REMARKS UPON THE COUNTY JAIL AND ALMSHOUSE SYSTEM. JAILS. Even a cursory reading of the accounts of the visits paid by the commissioners to the several counties, will make it evident, that the jails of Illinois, like those of all the other states, are, as a class, open to the following general criticisms : 1. As to their design. — The sole aim, in their construction, in the majority of instances, appears to have been security. "A good jail," in the popular estimation, is one which holds the prit^o- ners confined in it. A jail from which they succeed in breaking out, "is a very poor jail." 2. /Security. — Notwithstanding the fact just stated, many of our jails are insecure. A jail is no stronger than its weakest part; and some part, either the floor or the roof or the walls or the win- dows or the doors, is by oversight or ignorance on the part of the builder, deficient in strength. Locks are used, which can be picked. Hiding places for tools and weapons are provided. The prisoners are so placed, as not to be at all times under the keeper's eye. Communication with outsiders is not rendered impossible. Some one of these, or if not, some similar criticism may be made concerning almost every jail in the state, though, some of them have cost large sums of money. 3. Ve?iiilation. — The ventilation, in nearly all of them, is ex- ceedingly imperfect. There are no openings for the ingress of fresh air; or if there are, there are none for its egress; or else there is no current, and no means of creating one ; or the corri- dors are ventilated, and not the cells ; or the ventilation of the cells is prevented by close iron or wooden shutters, with openings of insufficient size. In many jails, in addition to the lack of a supply of fresh air, the atrao8| here is contaminated by the gases from close stoves, and by the odors from privy vaults or from night tubs.* * The following maxims concerning prison ventilation are condensed from an essay by John H Griscom, M. D., of New York: Fresh air is as important to health, as pure water or wholesome food. Fresh supplies of food are required only three times a day, but air must be furnished twenty times every minute. FAULTS m JATL8. 183 4. Sewerage. — Probably a majority of tlie jails visited have no sewerage. It is not an uncommon arrangement for the vault for the reception of excrements to be placed immediately under the jail, with openings, unprotected by traps, into the corridors, if not into the cells themselves. The inmates virtually spend their days and nights in a privy. The influence upon their morals as well as upon iheir health, cannot be otherwise than injurious. 5. Light. — An insufficient supply of light is almost universal. To prevent escapes, as few windows as possible, and these as small as possible, are placed in the walls. The light which enters the corridors often does not penetrate the cells. Sometimes the upper tier of cells is sufficiently well lighted, but the light is excluded from the lower tier by a platform nearly as wide as the corridor. There are jails in the state where an outsider, upon entering and closing the door behind iiim, cannot distinguish an object. There are others, where a prisoner in his cell cannot see to read, in the middle of the day. 6. Bathing. — Very few of the jails have proper conveniences for bathing the person. In fewer still, is personal cleanliness obligatory. Impure food may be rejected by the organs of digestion, but the lungs have no power to reject impure air. Unless oxygen is supplied, in sufficient quantities, to the lungs, digestion is impos- sible. In ordinary household life, ten cubic fett per minute are required, to supply the lungs of each individual with perfectly pure air at every respiration. In prisons, where there is generally no cooking and but little combustion for warming and lighting, a supply of four cubic feet per minute, may be regarded as sufficient. In a cell of the ordinary size, six feet by seven or eight, the supply, supposing no fresh air to be admitted from the outside, would last a prisoner about one hour and a quarter. In six hours, the same air would pass through the lungs four times. Two prisoners in a cell would of course consume it twice as fast. A grated door to a cell furnishes about three times the amount of air contained in a cell entirely closed. A cell of the size mentioned, contains about three hundred cubic feet. An ordinary bed-chamber contains from twenty-five hundred to three thousand cubic feet, and is better ventilated than most jails. The effects of defective ventilation nre physical exhaustion, disease and death. "Jail- fever " {t.fjphuH carceriim,) is proverbial. The supply of air furnished, by means of a ventilating apparatus, to the inmates of Pentonville prison, England, in their cells, is thirty cubic feet to each individual, per minute. 184: FAULTS IN JAILS. 7. Cleanliness. — Many of the jals visited were ia a horribly fijthy condition — uuecrubbed, unswept, not whitewashed, with tihhy beds and beddinij, and in some instances excrements scat- tered over the floor and daubed upon tiie walls. 8. Diet. — The inmates of our jails, almost without exception, speak well of the food furnished them, both as to quality and quantity. In several counties the fare was too rich for persons deprived of exercise. As a rule, the jailor sends his prisoners a portion from his own table. 9. Classification. — The greatest of all the faults in the construc- tion of county prisons, is the absence of any means of classifying prisoners. The sane are not separated from the insane. The guilty are not separated from the innocent. The suspected are not separated from the convicted. Hardened criminals and children are thrown together. The sexes are not always separated from each other. The effect of this promiscuous herding together of old and young, innocent and guilty, cjnvicts, suspected persons and wit- nesses, male and female, is to make the county prison a school of vice. In such an atmosphere purity itself could not escape con- tamination. Separate cells are not a remedy for this evil. What is needed is tlie absolute prevention of all communication. 10. Tke Sick. — Hospital accommodation for the sick is a thing unknown. 11. Occupation. — The prisoners, in nearly every instance, are absolutely without employment for mind or body. There are no libraries in the jails; even a bible is ordinarily wanting; pa- pers are rarely furnished, and no work is provided for prisoners, much less required of them. Idleness is a fruitful source of vice ; and enforced idleness has developed, and always will, the most de- basing passions and habits. 12. Instruction. — (Intellectual.) No attempt at secular instruc- tion and education is made, in any jail in Illinois. (Religious.) Religious instruction is more common, l)ut still very infrequent. The clergy rarely visit the jails, and the same njay be said of the laity. There is here a field of christian eflfort which has been almost wholly neglected. JAIL LIFE. 135 13. Records. — As has been already stated, the records commonly kept are incomplete and almost valueless ; and they are the prop- erty of the jailor, v/ho retains them in his possession npoTi leaving the prison. 14. Reformrxtion. — The efforts made at reformatio7i of criminals, in the jails of this state, are unsystematic, uninteUigent, fitful, and in most of the counties wholly wanting. Tliese statements, every one of which can be abundantly veri- fied by illustrative instances, if necessary, constitute a serious in- dictment against the ])ri8on system of Illinois. The truth is, that the system rests upon a false basis. Influence of jail life. — The arrested criminal is, from his very situation, keenly sensitive to the iniluences which may affect him, after the commission of crime. The majority of those ar- rested are seized for a first offense. The arrest is a turning-point in the life of each — and the criminal feels it to be such. It sepa- rates the innocent aspirations of youth and purity from a future of crime and moral debasement. Torn by contlicting emotions, balancing between the innate love of virtue and the dark abyss of crime and pollution before him, how potent for good or ill, at this moment, are his external surroundings ! All which he soes or hears or feels, at this crisis of his life, is indelibly impressed ujm^u his memory. Every influence is a weight on one side or upon the other of the balance in which his judgment and purpose are sus- pended. At this critical period he is introduced to one of our county jails. The turn of the key shuts him out from the world. lie is left to his own reflections. Around him are a score of prisoners, some, like himself, young in crime ; others, hardened villians, who seek to initiate him into all the dark secrets of vice, which they have learned so well. The prison is dark, damp and fetid. A feeble ray of light reaches him, through a small and heavily grated window. The air is close and suffocating. After sleep lie awakes with a pain in his head, oppression of the whole system, and a stifled sensation, from breathing impure air. He is also compelled to breathe the horrid eflluvium from the putrid excre- tions, from his own body and those of his fellow prisoners, and denied any opportunity for privacy and those proprieties whicli even the beasts practice. Is it not reasonable to suppose that every feeling of decency —24 186 OBJECTS OF IMPRISONMENT. and Belf-respect will be eradicated from liis mind; and that he ■will become beaetly in character, tastes and feelino;s? Any remains of virtuous resolution which ho previously cherished, will soon fade out, in this stygian den. Enraged at the cruelty of which he is tlie victim, and at the indecency and filth with which the public force him to endure, he curses the state, the ministers of the law, and all mankind ; and who will say that he is wholly without excuse ? His manhood, instead of being fostered and developed, is brutalized and crushed — to say nothing of the injury to health and liability to disease, to which he is subjected, by confinement in such quarters. Many of our jails are reproductions, upon a smaller scale, of Andersonville and Libby prison. An ex-officer of the Union army, in one of the counties visited, accompanied the commissioner to the dungeon beneath the court-house, misnamed a prison, and on coming out, remarked, with deep feeling, " I was a prisoner at Andersonville, for some months ; but I never suflered, as these men have to sufier." Without excuse. — Such treatment is inexcusable, whether wc view it in the light of the rights of the prisoner, or of the interests of society. A reform is imperatively demanded. "We are often told, that "the criminal ought to suffer ; it is the penalty due to his crime." There are three objects in view, in all critninal logislation--//?'*;^, the satisfaction of justice; second., the protection of society ; ildrd^ the reformation of the offender. As to the first of these ends, vengeance is a divine prerogative. The second and third are the only ends which society has the right to seek to accomplish. But be it so. Admit for argument's sake that the public has a right to torture the criminal in its power, simply because he de- serves torture. What then % Then let the law prescribe what and how he shall suffer. If he Is worthy of death, hang or behead him ; but do not, without color of law, kill him by inches, by refusing him air to breathe. If he has taken his neighbor's goods, let him by hard labor atone for the act. Let him make restitution. But do not deny him the light of day; do not compel him to be idle, for weeks or months ; do not disgrace our boasted Christian civilization, by forcing him REFORM DEMANDED. 187 to live, eat and sleep, over an open privy-vault, used by a score of prisoners. Bnt a county jail is not solely nor principally -a place of punish- ment. It is more properly a place for safe-keeping of persons awaiting trial, about one-third of whom are, upon trial, declared to be innocent. The jail is also used for the detention of the insane, and of witnesses — persons not suspected of crime. That a person guiltless of crime should be forced into such a place, and there confined for weeks or months, his health destroyed, and all his finer feelings outraged, is itself a crime against humanity. Such a policy makes great criminals out of little ones. The kefokm demanded. — If the views here advanced are just, as they seem to be, then it is evident that any radical reform in the treatment of criminals, must and will sweep the county jails, as houses of punishment, out of existence, for the following, among other reasons : Nothing but the overthrow of the system will ever put an end to the prc.-ent abuses, for thcj' cannot be corrected by individual effort, but are iuhercnt in the system itself. The number of criminals undci'going sentence in any county jail is too small to justify the employment of a competent prison officer, capable of making the prison financially self-supporting and reformatory in its influence upon prisoners. The territory em- braced in a single county is not large enough to furnish a sufficient number of inmates for this ])urpose. Yet every prison might, and should, be made self supporting. To make the })rison system of this state such, it is only necessary to substitute district prisons for county jails, and to make labor in them compulsory. These district prisons should be under state control. They should form no part of the ])olitical machinery of the state. Incompetent officers should not be appointed to take charge of them ; and competent superintendents should be retained in office during good beliavior, regardless of party affiliations. Prison management and discipline is a l)usiness, which can only be learned by experience, and which needs to be conducted upon business principles. Financitd success and reformation are so closely allied, that although one docs not necessarily involve the other, yet failure in either is failure in both. 188 THE IKISII SYSTEM. The establishment of district prisons would not, of course, do away with the necessity for county jails, as houses of detention, previous to triah But confinement, while awaiting trial, should be purely solitary, in order to prevent the corruption of the innocent, especially of the young, and the farther debasement of the guilty. The confinement of those whose guilt is as yet undetermined, ought to involve no peculiar hardship, such as would be in itself a wrong to the innocent. The establishtuent of district prisons, as suggested, under state control, would render tlie classification of prisoners not only pos- sible, but easy. Such classification is one of the most important elements in the enlightened ticatment of criminals. IiiisK SYSTEM. — In the Irish system of prison discipline, which is generally regarded as the best yet devised, the claesificatiou of criminals is a leading feature. The germ from w^hich the Irish system sprang, was the " mark system," of Captain Alexander Maconochie, the able and distin- guished superintendent of the British penal colony of ^Norfolk Island, nine hundred miles east of New Zealand, concerning which he was able to say, "I found it a hell; I left it a well ordered community." The principles upon which this noble man founded his system of discipline, were the banishment of slavery from the list of punishments ; reliance upon influence rather than upon force, as a means of government ; the surrounding of prisoners with motives to self-improvement, as well as with walls; and the substitution, as far as possible, of measures of prevention for those merely remedial. The supreme aim of the Irish system is the reformation of criminals. The two bases upon which it rests, are the subjection of the convict to adequate tests prior to his discharge, whereby liis reformation can be determined with a reasonable degree of cer- tainty, and individual treatment, according to individual character and necessities. The Irish system embraces three distinct stages of imprison- ment proper. The first stage, at Mouutjoy, is highly penal. In it, the cellular or separate system of incarceration is adopted, and the convicts are wholly isolated from each other. The duration of this stage is eight months, which may be shortened, by good be- havior, or lengthened by bad. Two impressions are here made THE IKISII SYSTEM. 189 upon the convict's mind, namely, that he is in the grasp of a power greatly superior to his own, and that the length of his stay de- pends largely upon himself. Co-operation in the effort of amend- ment of his character will abridge his imprisonment ; resistance will prolong it. He cannot, however, be legally detained at Mount- joy for more than twelve months, in any case. The second stage is also penal, but in a less degree. Laborers are transferred from Mountjoy to Spike Island, near Cork; artisans, to Phillipstown. The former are employed upon the fortifications, the latter in indoor avocations. In this stage the convicts associate during the day, but are separated at night. The change from solitary con- finement to associated labor necessitates very strict surveillance, to prevent conspiracies and escapes. In this stage of imprison- ment, they are divided into five classes, called probation class, third, second, first, and exemplary. The prisoner, upon admission, is placed in the next to the lowest,* and may work his way up to the highest, by a system of credit marks for good behavior. The maximum number attainable each month, is nine, of which three are earned by obedience to rules, three by attention and manifest desire for improvement in the prison school, and three by dili- gence and fidelity in labor. The number of marks necessary to insure promotion, varies according to the length of sentence, and the reported conduct of the convict at Mountjoy. The details of the system are iully stated in the reports of the New York Prison Association. Misconduct subjects the offender to degradation. Uniform good conduct secures a remission of one-fifth of the ori- ginal sentence. Gratuities in money are granted weekly, accord- ing to conduct, not exceeding, for members of the exemplary class, two cents a day. A monthly record of the standing of each prisoner is kept in books, entitled respectively the discipline con- duct book, the school conduct book, and the industry conduct book, in which Y. G. stands for very good ; G, good ; O, ordinary ; B, bad; Y. B, very bad. Other books are, the misconduct report book, and general character book. The classification of prisoners is regulated by the monthly record, and the various classes are distinguished b}'' peculiarities of dress, and by badges. In the third stage, " all surveillance is withdrawn ; the convicts * Unless reported by the authorities at Mountjoy as "bad," or "reiy bad," in \vhitli case he enters the probation class. 190 THE lEISn SYSTEM. labor without an overseer ; they are trusted to go of errands any- where in the city of Dublin, or through the country, and to work beyond the prison limits ; and they are only locked up at night, and even then not in solitary cells. They converse togotlier as freely as any laboring men do. The convict's gratuity is increased to fifty-four cents a week, and for the first time since his impris- onment, he is permitted to spend a small portion of it (twelve cents a weeii), on any personal gratifications he may choose, except intoxicating liquors. * ''' There are two intermediate prisons, one at Smithfield, in the city of Dublin, where those are placed who are to be employed in mechanical labor, and the other at Lusk, some twelve miles from Dublin, where prisoners go who are to devote themselves to farm work. These are called inter- mediate prisons, because they occupy a middle ground between imprisonment proper and absolute freedom, partaking measurably of each element, but being in strictness neither the one nor the other." 'No marks are given in this stage ; indeed, there are none given in the advanced class of the second stage. The design of the inter- mediate prison is two-fold, viz : First, to test, prior to the convict's liberation, the result of the self-discipline practiced in the ])reviou8 stages; and secondly, to prepare him for full freedom on his dis- charge, by the enjoyinent of partial freedom preliminary thereto. " Individualization" is the leading principle in the intermediate establishments ; consequently the number is small in each ; it is not intended that it should ever exceed one hundred. The training is special, and the position of the prisoner is made as natural as possible. There are no walls, and the number of officers is so small, that physical restraint would be impossible ; but even if possible, it would be quite out of place, because inconsistent with the principles on which the intermediate prison is founded. In point of fact, no more restraint is exercised over the inmates than would be, in any well regulated establishment, having no ])enal character whatever. Instruction, both religious and secular, is fully, iaithfully and ably given here. The peculiar feature of tins stage of imprison- ment is, that in addition to regular daily school lessons, the convict hears lectures, (five each week), by a competent and accomplished lecturer, of an interesting, instructive and profitable character, which not only point out the wickedness and danger of criminal STAGES OF IMPROVEltENT. 191 pursuits, but show him the course he should take to amend his life, impart to him the elementary principles of natural science, convey to him a fund of historical and geographical knowledge, point out to him were his labor is most likely to be required and to meet the largest remuneration, and instruct him in a vast variety of subjects connected with the details of practical life. It is wonderful what a waking up of the dormant powers of intellect, what a develop- ment of all the elements of manhood, is effected, even in tiie most vicious and degraded, by this course of training. Tlie result of all. this is, that the mind of the convict comes to be, truly and thoroughly, in alliance with the minds of those placed over him, and what at lirst sight might have been thought impracticable, has been for years a fact, as indubitable as it is gratii'ying. There is a fourth stage in the Irish convict system, not indeed, of imprisonment, properly so called, but of further and final trial, when the convict is released under a conditional pardon, certified by what is called a ticket of license. The progress of prison reform, in the United States, is in the direction of the adoption of the essential features of the Irish system, just described. The granting of tickets-of-leave, in a country so vast in extent, divided into separate states, many of which are sparsely settled, appears to be wholly impracticable, and possibly, undesirable. But with district prisons, instead of county jails, (which are every- where a blot upon American civilization), there would be no difh- culty in introducing the system of classification, marks, and grad- ual diminution in the severity of punishment. The obstacle to this reform is the unenlightened condition of public sentiment, on the subject of prisons and prison discipline. Prison associations and boards of charity are doing much to effect this enlightenment, and a revolution in our methods of dealing with criminals cannot be very far distant. Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan, are earnestly laboring to accomplish the desired result. Illinois, certainly, ought not to be behind her sister states. 192 COUNTY ALMSHOUSES. COUNTY ALMSHOUSES. Many of the remarks and su B. NOTES ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF JAILS. NOTES ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF JAILS. 1. The common jails of the United States — we speak of the gentrality of than — are unsafe. They are (rt.) Unsafe with respect to the detention of the prisoners ; {h.) Unsafe with respect to the lires and limbs of the jailors; (c.) Unsafe (in many cases) with respect to fire; (f/.) Unsafe from the facility afforded to mobs to break into them; (e.) Unsafe because, from their construction, persons from without may, at pleasure, convey tools, weapons and liquor to the prisoners within. The great cause of insecurity is, that the jails are so ill-constructed that the jailor cannot see what is going on in the prison, without being seen himself. When mischief is brewing, he cannot get to the scene of it, without giving notice of his approach to the mischief-makers, long enough beforehand to enable them to remove all evidences of the mischief contemplated. In a word, the jails are so constructed that the jailor tarmoi exerclne due vigilance and svperinsioii. 2. Otirjaih art unhealthy. They are so because (a.) They are, most of them, wholly without artificial ventilation, and all of them are imperfectly ventilated; {h.) Many of them are so situated that they exclude the sunlight, which is a most important hygienic element; ('•.) They are generally damp, from imperfect drainage; ((/.) Very many of them are filthy, because it is so difBcult to clean them; ('.) Most of them are ill-supplied with water for washing and bathing. 3. Our jaih are productive of immorality mid cr'me, mainly by re- O »- z iZ M U s e c H ai CA r^j V'i ** ^ ''• >-. "T P ti a i. 5 ' I i I I 1 I I I ■3 * i-tCU u ■Of,; s f ,s; « E ^ ri u -C!e[/:pr. t;wo W I M ! i I I I APPENDIX. 215 in the day time without danger of mutual contamination, under the constant supervis- ion of the officer on duty. The larger cells are intended for the solitary confinement of prisoners under sentence, and for such of the accused as would be likely to contami- nate others. The privilege cells, 9 by 18 feet, which are light, airy and comfortable, are intended for witnesses, debtors, and such other prisoners as may have earned the privilege by good conduct. The prisoners in solitary confinement will be supplied with water and conveniences for washing and drinking in their cells, while those having access to the area will wash in the sink, to be provided between the windows, in the end of the octagonal room. Defecation will be etfected in covered night-buckets, supplied with dry clay, which efl'ectually absorbs all odors that would otherwise arise from them. The corridors B, B are ten feet wide ; the galleries, E, E, are three feet wide, and should be furnished with strong guards, four feet high, to protect the jailor against a sudden thrust by a prisoner inside the area below. The stairs, seen at the end of thu cells, should be constructed without risers, which would conceal a prisoner from the jajlor, approaching from behind. "Avoid all biding places," is a cardinal maxim in jail building. "Use no wood where iron or stone can be substituted for it," is another ma.^im of equal importance. The greatest point of all, in jail construction, is to have the prison so arranged that a constant oversight of the prisoners can be kept up by the jailor, without the knowl- edge of the former. The passage, P, affords the most perfect means for the accom- plishment of this object. A narrow slit, about one-sixteenth of an inch wide, is cut in the rear wall of the cell, which is beveled upward, downward and laterally, so that a per- son in the passage can see what a prisoner is doing in his cell at any moment, without his knowing that he is under inspection. Very little mischief can be done where this mode of examination or oversight is provided. The cells and other arrangements of the basement will be readily understood by an inspection of the diagrams and references. The basement cells are intended for the most dangerous prisoners, and are consequently made the strongest. Stout iron rings should be inserted firmly in the walls of two or three cells, in order that chains may be attached to them if necessary. The two cells next the guard room, may be used for punishment cells. For this pur- pose, a wooden door may be hung outside the grated one, which, when closed, makes the cells perfectly dark. When confined in such a cell, on bread and water, the most stub- born prisoners usually yield. The punishment cells should be provided with fans on the outside of the guard room, which can be worked from time to time, by the turnkey, so that an abundant supply of pure air may be furnished to the prisoner under confine- ment. The room, H, in the basement, may be used as a bath room by the prisoners. Jails should be heated by steam radiators, and, when practicable, lighted with gas. Fires accessible to the prisoners, and movable lights, are always dangerous. The cells should be furnished with swinging iron bedsteads, and the hinges should be so firmly anchored in the partition walls between the cells, that they cannot be drawn out without pulling down the wall. The bedstead should lie made very firm, and be strongly riveted, so that the prisoner cannot pull it apart. Many escapes and assaults on jailors have been made by weapons formed from ill-riveted bedsteads. Three windows, each seven feet wide, extending from the floor of the cells to the top of the jail block, are introduced into the walls on each side of the building. 216 APPENDIX. Tiie basement is not therefore directly lighted, but receives the light slantwise from tho windows, the bottoms of which are on a level with the top of the basement cells. The prisoners in the narrow cells receive light only through the grated doors of their cells. Those in the larger cells receive liglit and air, not only through the grated door, but through a window, three by four feet, as shown in the plan. The basement is in- tended to be wholly above ground ; but no cellar beneath is recommended. One of the large cells may be fitted with an acoustic apparatus, consisting of a dome in tlie top of the cell, so curved as to reflect all sounds into its axis. From this a pipe is carried into the passage, P, where an officer can distinctly hear every word ut- tered, even in a whisper, by prisoners. In this way many secrets may be revealed which will be found of the utmost importance in the administration of criminal justice. It is hardly necessary to say that much of the security of any jail depends upon the structure and reliableness of the locks. There are two different locks now being manu- factured, either of which may be relied upon with confidence, unless we are very much mistaken in our judgment. One of them was invented by L. M. Ham, of Boston, Mass.; the other, by Chas. E. Felton, superintendent of the penitentiary at Buffalo, N. Y. It is obvious that the plan of a jail, herewith presented, is capable of indefinite exten- sion. With a basement and first story as in the plan, 34 prisoners may be accommo- dated ; by adding a third tier, 48 ; and by the addition of a fourth tier, 66 can be sepa- rately confined; and by doubling the length of the present plan, 132 can be accommo- dated, besides those who are confined in the privilege cells. The number of females committed to prison, varies so much in different localities, that it is impossible to lay down any rigid rules for their confinement. In many places, the privilege rooms will be sufficient for their accommodation. Where they are more numerous, one side of the prison must be set apart for their reception. This should always be in the upper tier of cells, and this tier should be separated by a light double floor from the rest of the prison. About three-quarters of an inch of mortar should be spread between the floorings. Some women are so noisy and violent that they might be heard by the male prisoners. This is always to be avoided, and to meet the case, three or four of the cells should be built with double walls about three-quarters of an inch apart, and the intervening spaces filled with perfectly dried sand. There should be double wooden doors on the outside similarly filled with sand. This will eti'ectually deaden the sound, and prevent any communication whatever between the sexes. In all jails in which any considerable number of women are combined, there should be a matron in charge of them, who might occupy one of the privilege rooms. When window gratings are made of tough malleable iron, they cannot be broken, but they can be readily sawed; when protected by chilled iron, they cannot be sawed, but may be broken by a smart blow. The most perfect protection is afforded by two gratings, one of soft iron on the outside, and one of chilled iron on the inside. The gratings should be firmly anchored in the stone work, but should not be made to fit so tightly that no room is left for expansion during the summer heats. It should never be forgotten that ample provision must be made for ventilation. Steam heating will be the chief and most reliable agent for effecting it at all times, but the mode of its application will be so varied by circumstances, that it must be left to the advice of a competent architect in each particular case. One rule, however, should be invariably observed, viz: the ventilator must never be accessible to the prisoner. The bottoms of the windows should be made sloping, so that everything laid upon them will slide of! by its gravity; otherwise, they will furnish hiding places. APPEXDIX. 21' The room over the guard room, A, may be used as a hospital or chapel, or if tlie num- ber of prisoners is not large, the space may be divided into two rooms, one of whicli may serve for each of the above named purposes. We would have prisons of every class substantial and tasteful structures, but to prisons of a highly ornate and costly construction, we are strongly opposed, and that ou the following grounds: 1. Such buildings add not a little to the cost of crime, a burden already quite as iicavy as the public find it convenient to bear. 2. The chief points to be aimed at in prison construction, are security, facilities for industrial labor, adaptation to reformatory aims, ease of supervision, and a rigid econ- omy. Costly materials and high architectural adornments are not essential to any of these ends, and are directly subversive of the last. 3. Any prison with a stately and imposing exterior has a mischievous tendency to give importance to criminals and dignity to crime. We therefore trust that, as a peo- ple, we shall speedily rid ourselves of that strange vanity which leads us to make a parade of moral deformity. 4. The science of prison discipline is yet in its infancy. Able minds in Europe and America, are turned, with earnestness and vigor, to the study of this problem. New principles or new applications of old ones are continually evolved. One improvement suggests another, and it is not in the power of the most far-seeing sagacity, to forecast the results of such ceaseless and energetic efforts. One thing, however, is certain — public opinion is gradually changed by them, and society comes at length to look with disfavor upon prisons which are incapable of admitting the improvements suggested by experience. Whenever such an era arrives, if it ever does, among us, the old prisons will not meet the new ideas, and will have to be abandoned, or essentially modified. It is therefore highly important that prisons should be built upon the least expensive plan consistent with their fundamental objects and the demands of good taste; otherwise, they become obstacles to improvement — obstacles difficult to be overcome in proportion to the amount of money expended on their construction. The plan for county jails, recommended by the committee, is constructed in aecoid- ance with the existing theory of these institutions, which makes them receptacles for two entirely different classes of prisoners, viz: persons arrested and held for examina- tion or trial on a charge of crime, and persons convicted and sentenced for minor offences. At the same time, we must be permitted our emphatic protest against the theory itself. There ought to be, in our judgment, a complete separation of the accused and the convicted, and to this end there should be provided entirely distinct buildings for their reception and treatment. Even the ancient Roman law distinguished between tlie " career," the house of deposit or detention, where the accused were simply guarded {cusioditi), to secure their appearance before the court, where they w'erc to be tried, and the '^ vi7icula piiblica" the jirison in which the sentenced uiulerwent their puTiislunont. The law added this reason for the distinction: Career enim, ad continendos homhics, nou ad punietulos, haberi debet." (The jail should be regarded as a place for detaining men, not for /)7m)'s/iMi(7 them.) The old French law made the same distinction: "Fortlse senteneed, the prisott ; for the accused, the Jail," {la charire) and this distinction is recog- nized by the French law of to-day, as the following extract will show: "There is near each district tribunal, a Jioxtse of arrest to confine those who sliall he sent there by the police officers, and a house of justice, to confine those against wlioni a writ shall have been issued, and that independently of the prisons, which areestablislied —28 218 APPENDIX. for pimishmetif. * * * The houses of arrest and of juxtice shnW be entirely distinct from tlie prisons." Tlio law farther ordains that tlicse houses of detention shall be kept clean; that the keepers shall be men of good character and morals; that the food of the deiemis (the detained), shall be abundant and wholesome, and that they shall be treated with kindness and humanity. These principles are rational and just; they are as conso- nant to reason as they are to humanity; and the committee are unanimous and decided in the opinion that our common jails should, conformably thereto, be made simply houses of detention, in which the accused (who are often innocent, and ahvaj's presumed to be), should enjoy all the moral and material comforts accessible to the generality of men. With the sole exception of the deprivation of liberty, nothing in these places of detention ought to take on the afflictive austerity of the prison. Xo doubt every citizen, when the public weal rcciuires it, is bound to pay the painful tribute of a forced detention, till hi.'^ innocence is estal)lished, but justice demands a detention which sepai-ates him iroiii all impure contact. To meet this demand requires that we advance one step further; that is, that we keep the accused from one another by means of cellular separation, the only proper and rational mode of detention for this class of prisoners. To refuse to the accused such a shield against contaminition, is at once a denial of his right, and an abuse of power. It is to impose on him a punishment which may have the gravest con- sequences, botli for himself and society, and which, therefore, no plea can eitlier justify or excuse. SUGGESTIONS TO SHEPUFFS AND JAILORS ON THE MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMY OF COMMON JAII.S. I. On receiving a new prisoner into the jail, the first duty of the keeper, or at any rate, his wisest course, is to have a free conversation with him ; to state to him dis- tinctly the rules of the institution, which should be few, simple, clear, and above all, reasonable; to convince him, if possible, that he is a friend, who has his best good at heart; and to assure him kindlj' but firmly that, at the same time, and indeed, for that very reason, he must insist upon implicit obedience to the regulations of the place. II. If there were a bath in the jail, the next thing would be to put the prisoner into it, and give his whole person a thorough cleansing; but as no jail in the state lias tluit convenience, the next best thing to be done, is to take him, as some jailors always do, to the barn, or some other private place, and give him a good wash by the help of a bucket or tub. III. It ouglit not to be left optional with prisoners, as is the case in many jails, but should be positively required of them, to wash their hands and fiice daily, and oftener, if necessary, and the whole person with a bucket as often as once a fortnight, or lietter still, once a week. IV. An abundant supply of water should be provided, not only for drinking, but for purposes of ablution, as well ; and not only soap, but coarse towels and combs, should be furnished for the use of the prisoners. V. The bed-clothes of the jail and the under-clothcs of the prisoners ought to be washed often enough to keep them clean ; and this should never be left to be done by them, especially in cold water and without soap. VI. Prisoners ought not to be allowed to litter uptlie jail, but should be encouraged and required to keep every part of it neat and tidy; spittoons should be provided, in which they should be rccjuired to void their saliva, and particularly, tobacco juice. VII. Gamc8 of cards should be prohibited, and the rule of urohihition rigidly cu- forced. APPENDIX. 219 VII r. Every facility should be afforded to clergymen and benevolent laymen to visit, converse with, and counsel the prisoners ; to hold bible classes or other religious services for their benefit; and to distribute religious books, tracts, and newspapers among them. In the very few jails where such efforts have been systematically made, they have been found, by the admission of the keepers, to exert a softening, soothing influence on the prisoners, and to help the discipline of the prison. A taste for reading ought to be encouraged in the inmates, and, as far as possible, gratified by supplying them with suitable books. If there is no library in the prison, there are doubtless kind-hearted persons in the neighborhood, who would be willing to loan good books to the prisoners, if they could be assured that the volumes would be taken care of and returned in good condition. IX. The proper dietary of a prisoner is a matter of considerable importance. The conditions to be sought in such a dietary, are economy in the expenditure of the public money, and the promotion of health in the prisons. Some hints on the subject of prison fare and a few I'cceipts for the preparation of food will not, it is presumed, be unaccep- table, and they may prove useful as a guide to those whose attention has not been turned to such matters. 1. The food of prisoners should be plain and cheap, but wholesome; certainly it should not be of a character to pamper the appetite, nor superior to that commonly enjoyed by honest laborers outside. 2. While these points are kept in view, it ought also to be considered that some variety is essential to health. The prison dietaries, as they came under the notice of the committee throughout the state, show that an abundance of food is given in all, or nearly all, our jails. In some of them the fare is too good, and makes a residence in the prison during the winter too attractive. Yet in many, perhaps in most, a little more variety in the bills of fare is required for the health of prisoners who are in for long periods. 3. Our jail dietaries would be improved by giving salt codfish in place of meat once a week; also, by giving an increased amount of vegetables, and a diminished ({uantity of animal food. 4. When salt meat is chiefly fed, a ration of vinegar should be allowed more fro- quently than is now the case. 5. Diarrhoea is often brought on among prisoners by feeding mush to them. When this result follows, it is a certain indication of insufficient cookery. When Indian meal is soaked for two hours in cold water, and afterwards boiled steadily for three hours, it will not produce any injurious effect on the bowels. Beans, also, produce ill effects, when improperly cooked. They are always wholesome^ if they are first soaked in cold water, and then boiled until they are thoroughly soft. 6. Soup is very much more nutritious, when the meat is passed through a choppiu"- machine, and soaked in cold water two hours before boiling. 7. Constipation sometimes prevails in jails. This may be corrected by substituting rye and Indian bread for the ordinary wheat and rye bread. The following is the receipt used at the Massachusetts State Prison : Mix four bushels of rye flour with four bushels of Indian meal by sifting them into a trough in alternate layers. Take a portion of this mixture, and make it into a thin sponge with three quarts of yeast. After the sponge has risen sufficiently, wet the mixture and incorporate the sponge with it. The douch, without waiting for any furtlier rising, is then put into sheet-iron pans one foot in diameter and four inches deep. The loaves are baked for six or seven hours, at the end 220 APPENDIX. of which thiie they arc swelled to about six inches in thickness. The size of the bakery dishes is of some iniportaiict', since, if they are smaller than above described, the loaf is to) nnich baked to be palatalde; and if larger, the middle of the loaf is not sutricient- ly done. Any housewife will know how to preserve the above proportions, in diminish- ing the (juuntity. 8. Corn bread is niucli relished by many prisoners. It is made as follows, in the same i)rison, and the proportions can be properly reduced, as before : Three bushels of meal are scalded in the morning, and left to soak until 3 P. M. A quart of fine salt is tlicn added, and well stirred into the mass. It is then put into pans about one inch and a lialf thick, and baked. A very little practice will show t!ie proper heat of the oven. 9. I'otatoes are sometimes too scarce and dear to be used in jails, and they are sometimes too poor and watery to be wholesome. In these cases rich hash is an excel- lent substitute. Soak the rice in cold water for three hours, then boil it until it is nearly done; add minced meat, and boil the mixture for half an hour. , 10. The following receipts will give a cheap and very desirable variety to jail fare: Fixh pudd'aiff for ie>i prrsoiis. — Twenty lbs. of potatoes, five lbs. salt fish, three and a half ounces of lard or drippings. Steep and boil the fish as long as the saltncss and size of the article to be used requires; take out the bones; boil the potatoes in a sepa- rate vessel, and beat the whole together. Pepper to the taste. Where a chopping ma- chine can be had, it is better to pass the fish through it. A stewed hash of sheej.^s draughts for tenpei'sons. — Twenty lbs. potatoes, three lbs. eight ounces sheep's draughts, eight ounces onions, pepper and salt in the necessary ([uantities. Boil the lights for an hour, preserving the water. Hash the lights, liver and heart together, with Indian meal, I)cpper, salt, and onions; then stew the whole for one hour, using the water in which the lights were boiled. The boiling and stewing should be done over a very slow fire. A mince of cou^s heart for ten persons. — Twenty lbs. of potatoes, two lbs. eight ounces 'of heart, and eight ounces of onions. Cut up and wash the heart well. Mince it very small, using onions, fiour, pepper and salt. Stew the whole over a slow fire for two hours. X. The security of a prison is, of course, a matter of prime con.sidoration. We offer the following hints on this point: 1. Jailors should understand, from the start, that the safe-keeping of their prison- ers depends more upon their own vigilance than it does on locks and bars and stone walls and iron facings. The most expert jail-breaker can be kept safely in a weak jail, if the eye of the keeper is constantly upon him; the most stupid dolt ever immured in a prison can escape from the strongest jail, if he has the time and tools to effect it, and is left free from observation while working out the problem. 2. Every jail should be provided with tunnel-shaped tubes of cast iron, so inserted in the wall that the corridors of the prison can be distinctly seen from the opposite side • of the wall. The diameter of the tube on the inside should be about two feet; on the outside about a quarter of an inch. There should be a moveable covering on the small aperture, like the guard over the keyhole of a pad-lock. A single kerosene lamp, or gaslight, where that method of lighting is employed, should be kept burning all night in each corridor. Where this arrangement exists, the jailor can see what is going on at all times, without being himself seen, and the prisoner soon tires of laying plans for escape, and gives up the business. 3. When jn-isoners wish to escape, it is not an uncommon thing for them to con- ceal themselves behind the wall contiguous to the entrance door, and knock down the APPENDIX. 221 jailor just as he enters. Very many escapes have been made in this way, and many jailors have been seriously injured. To prevent this the entrance door, or the interior one where there are two, should be hung flush with the face of the inner wall, and a liemispherical iron grating, large enough to admit the head, should be strongly fastened to the inside of the door. The jailor can thus see both sides of the inner wall before he opens the door. AVe have never seen this arrangement in any jail, notwithstanding its obvious utility; but it may be seen at the Albany penitentiary; and the tunnel- formed tube, above mentioned, may be seen at the Chautauqua jail. Every jail in the state should at once have these important and most useful contrivances applied. 4. At the time of locking up, the jailor should inspect minutely every article of fur- niture, the water pails, tin pans, drinking cups, lamps, etc., etc. If any one of these articles is missing, he may be quite sure that mischief is brewing, and he should not rest until he finds the missing articles. He should be especially careful that no wire has been abstracted from tin vessels. If there has been, it is a clear sign that false keys are in process of making. 5. Every prisoner should be minutely searched on entering the prison, Wateli- spring saws are generally concealed in the lining or soles of the boots, or in the lining of the hat, though sometimes they are secreted in the handle of a tooth brush. 6. Prisoners should never be allowed to keep a knife. Knives for eating and razors for shaving should be removed as soon as they have done using them. 7. Jailors should be particularly on their guard against red pepper and chloroform. The former is often thrown into their eyes to blind them, which it does very effectual ly; and the latter is employed to produce sleep, which answers the same end. Many escapes are effected in both these ways. 8. The most common hiding places are underneath the privy seat, whei'C there is a privy; the night tub; the ash heap, if there be one; a bed; and the stove, if ijerniitted to remain in the corridor during the summer. All these places should be often examined. Very curious things, and very curiously stowed away, are sometimes found in them. The ash heap should be raked over every night. The bed should be probed daily. The bedstead should be drawn out with every revolution of the sun, or, if it is a swing bed- stead, both sides of it should be examined. If it is of iron it should be shaken, to see that no part of it has been detached. Stove-pipes should be invariably taken down and removed out of the jail, as soon as fires cease to be needed. 9. AVhen iron bars or shackles have been partially sawed off, bread is rubbed up with water, stained by soot, and carefully filled into the sawed parts. This can be easily detected by a blow on the iron with a hammer, which should be given at least daily. 10. On coming into the jail in the morning, the appearance of the flooring should bo carefully observed. Particles of earth or sand should ahvaj's lead to still more mi- nute observation. They have a significance that should not be overlooked. 1 1. The larger and heavier the flag-stones of the floor are, the safer is the jail. The security of a prison is also greatly increased by covering side walls as high as fifteen feet with boiler iron, in one continuous sheet. 12. Outside windows should always be secured by double gratings; the outer grating being of tough, soft iron, the inner of chilled iron. 13. Where there are stairs, the risers should be perforated in every part, so that any one standing on them can be seen from the back side. All stair and gallery plat- 222 APPENDIX. forms should be protected by strong balustrades, at least three and a half feet high- h'onie of the jails are unprovided with balustrades, and wherever this is the ease, the Iveeper is wholly at the mercy of the prisoners. 14. In addition to a lock for each cell door, it is desirable, as eontril)utiiig to the security of the jail, that the doors should have a double fastening — on tlie Sing-Sing plan — by a continuous bolt, which fastens all by a single thrust. This bolt should never be fastened within the jail, ))ut outside of the corridor. 15. The padlocks commonly used in the jails are utterly worthless, when exposed to the skill of an old jail breaker. Most of them can be opened with a wire, and wlien tliat cannot be done, the plate can be very easily pried oft".. There is a pad- luck made in Philadelphia (the name of maker has escaped us), which locks at the ))Ottom, and which is really reliable. This lock has never, we believe, been picked or broken. It should be introduced into all our jails, and used in them to tlie exclusion of all others. 16. The outer door of a jail should be made self-fastening, as is the case in the jail of Chautauqua, and in those of two or three other counties. The temptation to knock down the jailor is very much diminished, when the prisoners know that the possession of his keys will not aid them to escape. Of course, in this case, the jailor cannot get out without knocking ; and it will be well for him always to have some preconcerted private signal with those outside, by which they may know when he wants to come out. 17. Ventilating holes (which, by the way, ought to be four times as large on the top as they are usually), should be protected by gratings as strong as those on the outside windows. XI. All the money on a prisoner's person should be removed therefrom on his entrance into the jail, and credited to him on the books of the institution. This is necessary on many accounts. If prisoners have no money they cannot gamble in jail ; nor can they purchase liquor, or tools, or other contraband articles from outside. If a jn-isoner has money, the most careful and vigilant jailor can hardly prevent traffic with outsiders. XII. Xo female friends of a jirisoner should be permitted to enter the jail, or, if the interview sought cannot well be avoided, it should take place in the corridor, the parties not being permitted to approach nearer than within six feet of each other, and the jailor standing between ihem, or in very close proximity. XIII. Stove-pipe holes between the men's and women's prisons should be watched very narrowly. Tools and liquor often pass through these apertures. Women are ad- mitted to visit the female prisoners without suspicion, and they bring in many contra- band articles to the men, which are passed to them through this channel. XIY. Flannel blankets form the best and cheapest bedding for jails. Quilts con- tract unpleasant odors, harbor vermin, and are undesirable ia every way. Cotton sheets and pillow-cases promote cleanliness, are true economy, and should be used in all jails. Kattan shavings make the best tilling. Bugs caunot live among them. XV. Swinging iron bedsteads are much superior to any others, provided the hinges are so fastened into the wall that the prisoners cannot draw them out ; which they are very apt to do, if they can . XVI. Where swinging bedsteads are used, the beds and bedding should be l)rought out of the cells as often as once a week, and hung on the balustrades of the galleries to be aired, and once a week they sliould be carried out of duors, and exposed to the sun- light. APrENDIX. 22i XVir. Where lice get into the bed clothes, they can be effectually cleaned of these vermin liy soaking them in hot alum water. XVIII. Benzole is the best, or at least an excellent remedy for bed-bugs. They are surely exterminated, wherever that can be introduced. But wherever the cells are made of oak planks, it is a difficult matter to get it into all the cracks. Cells ought always to be constructed of brick or stone, and all the holes carefully cemented. XIX. Where the body clothes are infested with lice, those made of cotton should l^o soaked in hot alum water, and onguentum well rubbed in under the scams of the woolen fabrics. Some jailors have supposed that these creatures would fatten on this ointment. But this is a mistake. The article they have used has been too weak. When prepared properly, it is a sure exterminator of the pests. XX. Until more systematic means are used in the interest of the souls as well as the bodies of the prisoners, of their moral as well as their physical well being, either l^y the public authorities (as is clearly their duty), or by local committees, sheriffs and jail keepers have, and should feel that they have, a solemn responsibility resting upon them, in this regard, both to society in general and to the unhappy beings — men, women and children — who are imprisoned under their care. Under this conviction, the com- mittee desire to offer, for their consideration and practical adoption, a few thoughts touching the moral discipline which it is desirable that they exercise over these unfor- tunates — unfortunates we say, for they are such in every respect, whether they are inno- cent of the offenses charged against them, and so are wrongfully imprisoned, or have fallen into crime under the power of temptation and of a depraved and perverted will, and so are justly suffering the effects of their own misdeeds. As, in the first specifica- tion in the present paper on the obligations of jailors, we recommended a frank and friendly talk with each prisoner on his entrance ; so now, in the last, we suggest the propriety, and, we venture to add, the duty of frequently renewing these conversations with the imprisoned during the whole period of their incarceration. The spirit in which interviews with prisoners, of the kind recommended, should be conducted, is well ex- pressed by St. Paul, when he says ; " If a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual, restore such an one in the spirit of meekness, considering thyself, lest thou also be tempted." Jail officers should ever bear in mind that a prime object of subject- ing an offending fellow-being to discipline is his restoration to moral health. Not mere punishment, not even the determent of others from crime by the infliction of exemplary punishment, is the purpose in view. Far from it. The higher end of regenerating the man, of restoring him to himself and to society, is always to be included in the .scope of our efforts. Reformation is, indeed, the rigid of the criminal ; and the first duty of those who have the charge of him, as a transgressor, is to put forth all practicable ex- ertions to that end. Sympathize, then, we entreat you, gentlemen, in charge of our jails, with your prisoners. Converse with them as friends. Speak tenderly to them. Counsel them kindly. Show them the evil of their doings. Try to convince them of the error of their ways. Supply them with motives to a better life. Encourage in them and seek to cultivate a taste for reading, especially for good and useful reading. Read to them sometimes yourselves. Take special pains to instruct your prisoners, individu- ally, in reference to the particular temptations whereby they have been led astray. La- bor diligently and earnestly, that each prisoner entrusted to your care may, if his resi- dence with you shall have bfeen long enough for the needful training, go forth, not only with better principles, better habits, better health, and better resources generally for an honest livelihood, but with better information how to avoid in the future, the perils which have caused his shipwreck in the past, and so be doubly armed to resist and con- quer the enemies that bef?ct his patb. " C. " TABLES OF IDIOCY IN ILLINOIS. —29 226 ArfENDlX. TABLE I. Shoivhiij amount of cnrrcxpondfuce with phyaicianx, on ivsanlly and idiocy, and number of replies received, In the iState of Illinois, by counties. Counties. 115 15 29 20 28 29 14 39 23 51 43 34 39 29 81 608 35 27 52 39 36 31 39 10 40 31 11 27 68 22 42 26 19 69 9 12 33 50 30 26 52 29 43 17 87 38 22 70 22 127 31 re' B % n P- 6 m 5-g- \ o !5< o •-s 38 1 11 5 6 14 7 13 12 13 14 14 20 17 34 162 12 12 12 10 12 20 13 4 24 13 4 14 28 7 17 9 6 33 3 .\ 13 13 9 12 10 18 4 23 16 12 24 10 44 15 2 3 66 14 ]!ond 5 13 15 1 21 1 14 7 3 23 Cass 1 2 8 38 Christiiiu 29 Clark 1 1 3 15 Clay 19 12 Coles 18 1 1 6 3 22 Cook 442 23 Cumberland 3 2 2 2 1 10 35 DeWitt 29 1 2 1 23 9 25 6 1 15 Fayette 6 12 7 Fraukliii 13 4 4 32 15 4 8 1 1 1 20 7 13 2 1 33 6 8 1 1 1 1 19 Iroquois 35 16 17 40 1 3 3 18 1 2 19 10 64 1 2 5 21 2 10 6 31 12 LaSalle 4 ::::;: 4 75 16 2619 874 8.5 11 1 51 1498 APPENDIX. 227 TABLE I.— Continued. COUNTIKS. Brought forward. Lee Livingston . Logan Macon Macoupin . . Madison. . . . Marion Marshall. . . Mason Massac McDonough McHenrj' . . . McLean . . . . Menard . . . . Mercer .... Monroe . . . . Montgomery Morgan . . . . Moultrie . . . Ode Peoria Perry Piatt Pike Pope Pulaski .... Putnam . . . . Randolph . . Richland . . , Rock Island Saline Sangamon . . Schuyler . . . Scott Shelby Stark St. Clair. . Stephenson . Tazewell . . Union Vermilion . . Wabash . . . Warren . . . Washington Wavne White .... Whiteside. . Will Williamson. Winnebago. Woodford . . Aggregate 4773 il728 5 P g o 2519 874 4fi 27 27 11 42 14 47 16 68 25 68 30 82 29 24 9 35 6 18 3 63 17 38 16 116 43 27 8 88 21 28 9 61 25 72 18 16 2 71 18 67 22 26 3 14 4 66 31 15 7 18 9 6 2 46 29 49 20 40 23 24 7 88 37 22 7 23 6 53 27 24 11 72 31 7.S 20 43 20 32 10 60 11 8 4 44 17 45 25 28 15 32 16 52 15 74 33 28 6 58 19 37 20 85 3 10 13 1 1 15 192 11 51 26 74 2753 L'2S APPENDIX. TABLE II. S/ioirin(/ the rm7nbcr, xex, color and civil condition of 1738 Idiots, in the State of IlUnois , oy countiex. CorxTiKs. 26 1 16 14 17 20 6 13 19 25 13 23 15 20 24 50 14 15 28 9 9 16 23 10 14 15 1 8 36 19 17 13 9 32 3 4 11 10 13 24 11 8 19 15 26 6 8 33 16 44 18 re 3 o 00 I O re o ISD 1 £1. re' 2? 1 B re* g re 18 1 8 7 7 12 3 10 17 13 9 13 8 11 14 28 9 8 19 5 7 7 18 9 5 5 1 2 19 12 11 9 S 20 2 2 5 5 6 16 7 6 ' 17 9 17 1 8 21 10 24 12 8 26 1 16 14 17 20 6 12 18 25 13 23 15 17 24 49 14 15 28 9 .1 23 10 14 15 1 8 36 18 17 13 9 32 2 4 10 10 13 24 11 8 19 13 26 6 8 31 16 44 18 14 1 13 5 15 11 6 8 17 16 10 8 8 5 16 39 5 15 12 1 7 9 9 6 7 5 1 7 18 10 12 1 4 6 3 2 6 5 6 7 12 Bouil 8 7 10 8 3 3 2 12 4 10 7 9 10 22 5 7 9 4 2 9 5 1 9 10 .... 3 9 .... 2 g 1 1 5 2 (Miampaign <) a Clark 14 Clay 7 3 1 15 7 10 6 CiimberJand DcKalb 16 DeVVitt 8 2 DiiPage 7 14 4 Effin"'hain 6 Favette 10 Foi d Franklin 6 17 7 6 4 12 1 2 6 5 7 8 4 2 2 5 8 6 1 1 .... 1 1 1 1 17 Gallatin 1 8 4 Grundy Hamilton 12 5 26 .... .... 2 Henry i' 5 4 Jackson 7 17 Jefferson 11 .... 1 4 10 12 21 6 2 25 6 18 9 3 9 Johnson Kane 3 5 6 12 6 20 6 * • • • 2 1 8 Lake • 10 LaSalle Lawrence ... 26 9 I"""" Carried ftnrard 859 516 ! 341 1 2 846 9 4 15 469 375 APPENDIX. 229 TABLE 1 1 .—Continued. Counties. t S g 2 .... .... o o o Cl- io m 5* p" CD BrougJit forward Lee 859 21 11 12 19 43 41 20 14 5 2 35 26 26 5 27 5 16 50 3 20 29 12 32 9 n 1 21 20 19 9 22 21 8 28 10 25 25 8 7 6 10 17 23 11 19 27 23 10 9 516 13 7 7 14 24 23 11 8 3 2 23 16 14 4 17 3 9 24 2 8 20 7 2 19 7 4 1 11 15- 11 7 14 13 7 20 5 13 19 4 2 3 6 13 18 9 14 11 19 8 3 341 8 4 5 5 19 18 9 I 12 10 12 1 10 2 7 26 1 12 9 5 3 13 2 3 10 5 8 2 8 8 1 8 5 12 6 4 5 3 4 4 5 2 5 16 4 2' 2 1 846 21 11 12 19 43 40 20 14 5 2 35 26 26 5 27 5 16 49 3 20 29 12 3 31 9 7 1 21 20 19 9 22 21 8 28 10 25 25 8 7 6 10 17 23 11 19 27 23 10 5 9 4 469 6 8 4 15 29 10 8 10 4 375 15 3 8 4 14 31 12 4 1 2 6 4 14 Logan Macoupin .... 29 22 11 4 9 2 12 38 McHenry 1 1 Menard 1 17 3 Slontgoniery 4 12 3 Ogle Peoria 15 17 3 2 26 5 7 9" 13 3 4 10 10 8 22 7 3 16 5 5 2 1 12 Perry 9 Piatt 3 Pike (3 Pope Pulaski 4 .... 1 Randolph Richland 12 ... 7 16 5 12 Schuyler Scott Shelby 11 "3 1 1 3 Stark 2 St. Clair Stephenson Tazewell 21 (J 3 7 6 9 1 7 1 7 17 8 2 5 1 Wabash ... 1 16 1 1 1 15 Wayne White <) 11 10 Will 1 1 14 Williamson 7 Winnebago 8 Aggregate 1738 1061 675 2 1720 1 14 4| 27 939 772 APPENDIX. TABLE III. Sho\r\i>(j the ages of 1738 Idiots, in the /State of IUIiki'ik, hy counties. Counties. g c 3 ►1 OS o o to p : to s- OS O o o O 03 o O o Vdams 2 1 8 1 2 4 2 3 3 4 6 11 8 12 5 I 30 2 4 8 1 5 3 7 1 6 5 11 2 2 Vloxaiidcr ^ond 7 3 6 4 2 5 3 4 2 5 3 5 8 7 5 4 8 4 1 6 7 3 4 6 2 3 3 2 1 5 5 Jooiie :::: 1 1 3 S 2 1 6 • • t • 2 2 >iirc;iii "iilhuuu 'arroll 2 2 2 'ass 1 1 3 4 1 1 2 4 1 8 2 4 2 1 'hampaign Christian 2 'lark 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 6 1 3 5 6 "i' 2 1 1 3 ^lav 2 "'lintoii 1 2 ^oles 5 ^ook 1 1 'rawford jiimhcrland 1 1 1 .... ),.Ka!b 1 2 2 2 1 )cWitt . . . . ")()ii(Tlas 1 3 2 )uPa2e 1 2 Kdwards 2 1 1 "l 2 1 •'avctte ^'ranklin 2 14 9 10 7 2 11 1 2 6 5 6 8 3 1 9 2 8 2 2 12 4 21 6 2 9 4 3 4 3 6 2 1 3 3 1 10 4 6 8 6 2 2 G 4 5 6 3 4 1 1 1 "l 1 1 1 6 2 1 1 rallatin 1 1 Trundv 1 1 1 6 3 lancock 2 3 4 lendersou 1 8 Ilmivv 1 1 2 1 ... roquois Tackson 1 4 1 1 2 1 2 lasper rofterson 1 3 1 "l" 2 3 \ 11 3 Jersey 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 To Daviess Johiisou 1 2 .... vankakee 1 2 1 3 1 Knox 2 2 41 2 .... 1 1 5 2 3 2 LaSallc Lawrence I 20 6 _ Carried forward 35 1 96 305 223 ' 90 43 APPENDIX. 231 TABLE III.— Continued. COUXTIKS. to o o o o o 05 O o o o Oi o O O 6 -1 o !>5 o Brought forward Lee 35 i 96 2 1 2 2 5 1 1 2 305 6 2 4 7 11 7 8 5 4 1 13 6 8 4 6 2 4 24 223 9 4 3 2 17 13 5 7 1 90 1 2 1 4 1 14 2 41 20 6 43 2 Livingston '> Logan ') Macon 1 2 1 1 Macoupin Madison 5 3 1 2 Marion 3 Marshall Mason Massac 1 2 2 2 McDonough 12 4 4 1 12 3 5 4 1 1 3 3 S McIIenry 1 1 4 McLean 4 Menard Mercer 2 4 1 Monroe 3 Montgomery 1 1 3 5 1 6 5 4 6 1 1 1 '> Morgan 1 12 Moultrie >> Ogle 2 13 2 3 12 2 4 7 6 4 1 10 4 4 '> 3 2 Peoria 2 1 Perry 3 Piatt 1 1 2 1 3 Pike 3 2 3 Pope Pulaski Putnam 1 9 5 6 2 3 7 5 9 2 6 7 ..... Randolph 1 1 4 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 2 3 7 7 5 15 3 1 13 1 11 12 4 4 3 S 4 G 3 6 18 14 1 1 35 4 2 4 1 4 Richland 1 Rock Island Saline Sangamon 2 1 1 Schuyler Scott Shelby 4 2 1 1 Stark 1 3 1 1 2 St. Clair Stephenson Tazewell Union 1 Vermilion 1 1 2 5 2 1 1 Wabash 3 7 7 4 8 5 4 6 4 3 3 '"'i' 1 3 1 Warren y Washington 1 2 1 1 Wayne White 1 1 2 1 >> Whiteside Will 1 2 1 ^V'^illiamson Winnebago Woodford 2 1 ■ ■* ' 14 2 Aggregate 58 181 613 472 183 83 30 102 232 APPENDIX. TABLE IV. Showing the nativity of I'ZSS Idiots, iji the State of lUinol^, hj counties. Counties. 2. 15 5^ s ? 2 re r© P tit • P • P gS i.r o ' re p • 3 re9 P ux '• T o 2. 05" 3 "-A o P 1 1 1 8 Alexander ... 1 Bond 18 2 9 8 4 1 11 10 11 16 7 14 15 12 11 8 5 6 G 16 7 6 12 1 6 15 15 11 5 4 18 1 3 1 4 6 10 8 5 6 3 11 1 4 10 9 26 14 423 8 Boone 1 1 4 6 Brown 1 4 7 1 1 2 r. Carroll 2 1 9 Cass 2 ...... 2 4 Champaign Christian .... 1 4 3 6 1 1 Clark 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 8 2 1 Clay 3 9 Clinton 1 2 1 1 1 Coles 1 1 3 4 3 Cook 3,% 2 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 1 DeKalb .... 3 .... 17 DeWitt 1 2 DuPa"-e 2 3 1 1 Edgar 1 2 2 2 Edwards 1 3 1 1 1 '>, Fayette 1 Ford Franklin 2 1 8 1 4 7 1 2 6 Gallatin 1 "'' Greene 5 Grundy 1 2 2 2 1 3 Hancock Hardin .... 1 3 1 1 o 6 1 Henderson 1 1 Henry 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 1 8 1 1 ...... 1 1 1 4 Jasper 1 2 ?, Jefferson . • 1 Jersey 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 2 1 6 Johnson 8 3 1 3 8 4 Kendall 8 1 1 Knox 2 6 2 1 2 f) Lake 7 2 2 15 1 1 14 Lawrence 1 43 Carried forward 27 54 35 12 84 17 1 199 APPENDIX. 233 TABLE IV . — Continued. Counties. 5" 2. to' 423 13 6 3 10 22 17 13 7 1 2 13 11 6 1 12 3 6 17 1 9 7 6 2 24 6 2 a a. 15 !2^ Pennsylvania ^ and Ohio . . >« !» — «1 3 9 S p o o a> 3 43 6 o CD p4 Brought forward. 27 1 35 12 34 17 199 1 1 3 2 4 Logan 1 1 1 3 7 Macoupin .... 1 2 4 1 1 4 1 3 13 7 9 2 4 3 4 1 3 1 7 5 2 5 6 3 .... 7 6 12 McHenry 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 * 2 9 2 Morgan 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 g 1 27 2 Ot'le 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 .... 2 13 5 Piatt 3 Pike 2 1 5 Pope Pulaski 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 Randolph Richland ... 18 11 5 6 11 10 3 23 5 17 3 3 6 3- 8 8 15 4 11 17 10 9 1 5 1 1 .... .... 3 1 ..... 1 3 4 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 3 6 1 1 Sangamon Schuyler 8 1 • 1 2 3 2 Scott • • • • . . - • . 5 Shelby Stark 1 St. Clair 1 3 6 4 Stephenson 9 7 1 1 3 Union 1 Vermilion 3 Wabash 1 1 1 Warren 2 1 2 2 3 1 6 3 1 1 1 3 Wayne ... 4 White 1 4 Whiteside 1 1 2 5 Will 4 g Williamson 1 Winnebago 4 Woodford 1 1 1 1 Aggregate 854 18 1 46 120 56 22 60 35 101 426 —30 234 APPENDIX. TABLE V. Shoiving tlie condition and situation o/' 1738 IdioU, in the State of Illinois, by counties. Counties. 3 3 !25 on re *-3 C in 5 a C6 •si, 0. 10 1 8 2 13 13 4 2 5 6 4 14 8 10 6 2 12 12 9 4 3 8 8 1 n 9 11 6 4 8 1 12 2 3 1 3 4 12 12 11 1 6 5 14 9 6 ' 12 7 2 7 13 11 6 8 5 1 6 17 14 8 3 4 3 2 1 3 6 4 14 Bond 6 ■"2" 5 2 2 10 13 7 6 4 10 8 14 2 3 18 3 « 8 14 9 6 6 1 3 18 8 6 S 3 4 1 2 1 1 5 10 4 5 7 10 9 2 4 7 2 21 9 1 2 12 2 2 9 4 6 2 3 3 1 1 3 2 4 1 1 9 12 7 2 3 4 5 5 ■ •• Bureau 8 1 Carroll Cass 1 5 3 5 1 1 Champaign 3 Clark 5 12 Clay 1 8 15 Coles 10 34 ...... 2 4 1 33 5 Cook 8 8 1 4 Cumberland DeKalb 2 17 DeWitt 7 2 3 1 2 .... 1 9 Edwards 5 Eiiingham Eayette 1 4 4 3 4 3 t> 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 ""3' 2 1 1 6 8 Ford Franklin 5 14 7 8 6 3 22 Fulton 12 Gallatin Greene 2 7 8 Hamilton 5 4 1 25 Henderson 2 6 7 4 14 7 1 9 2 6 "*4 17 2 12 6 1 2 4 2 4 1 4 1 4 6 3 8 Jackson 2 .... 3 18 Jeft'erscn 4 6 6 14 15 2 6 6 1 14 8 7 2 3 8 12 4 1 3 1 JoDaviess Johnson 2 1 2 .... 9 Kane Kankakee .... 6 4 3 Kendall 3 Knox ' 9 12 11 3 13 9 3 6 3 5 1 8 Lake LaSalle 8 22 Lawrence 9 Carried forward. 344 i 821 194 101 2 120 335 1 1 294 APPENDIX. 1235 TABLE V— Continued. C00NTIE8. a a Q. a 1— 1 a a CD B 1 194 4 4 2 9 4 2 2 2 3 C CO 1 2 B cr S CO en !2; 01 1 Brougld forward Lee 344 12 2 8 6 18 29 9 7 2 2 6 9 12 1 6 2 7 11 3 6 9 5 2 15 4 4 1 9 4 7 3 6 12 3 10 3 7 8 1 1 3 4 14 11 8 14 9 7 5 1 5 321 5 5 2 4 21 10 9 5 101 2 120 335 4 4 2 7 20 16 6 6 2 2 19 22 5 3 7 2 14 19 2 14 5 2 2 23 4 4 7 294 15 Livingston . . ... 1 6 1 1 7 16 9 Macon Macoupin Madison Marion . . . 4 1 1 "{' 2 7 15 8 14 Marshall Mason 7 I McDonough McHenry McLean 16 12 3 1 17 20 13 5 11 3 4 3 2 19 3 13 4 1 8 1 1 17 Menard 1 Mercer 5 14 Monroe Montgomery Morgan Moultrie 3 2 12 1 1 2 .... 7 12 Ode . 10 7 4 14 3 1 4 13 3 3 3 2 2 1 4 4 Peoria . . 18 Perry . . . Piatt Pike Pope 10 5 1 2 4 5 Pulaski 3 Putnam 1 Randolph Richland 12 13 5 6 8 5 ie' 7 14 17 3 6 1 5 1 11 2 4 12 6 4 "'"4 3 7 4 5 2 1 14 12 5 6 2 8 2 27 8 4 17 3 6 2 6 3 "3" 8 1 11 Saline . Sangamon Schuyler Scott 5" 1 2 3 12 4 3 Shelby 1 Stark 2 St. Clair 4 5 4 1 1 1 20 Stephenson Tazewell Union 2 5 4 7 Vermilion ....... 2 1 2 1 1 1 6 10 1 4 5 5 1 Wabash 5 17 Washington . ... Wayne 1 9 4 9 18 6 9 1 3 13 7 White 1 4 2 ..... 2 1 1 9 Whiteside Will 4 13 Winnebago 3 Woodford 1 5 Aggregate 603 658 387 1 162 2 169 727 7 630 236 APPENDIX. TABLE VI. Shoioing the suppoted causes of idiocy, as far as a-iceriained, in 1738 cases, in the State os Illinois, by counties. Counties. & o O c o II' 3 3 t— 1 D 1 5 TO o' p EC 2 O o P 1 TO* 00 m n 3 •-J S p §■ o EI re p ;^5 o CO p 9\ 1 Bond 15 12 1 Ifi 19 1 5 Carroll ]>> irt 2 .... 21 1 1 1 3 2 10 Clark 17 Clay 1 .... 1 19 Clinton 1 3 15 Coles 1 T* Cook . . 46 1 1 1 !•>, 1 1 1 ll> DeKalb ■i^ft DeWitt .... S 2 3 4 Du Fa^e 1 IS 1 2 1 1R 10 1 n Favette 2 1?; Ford 8 Fulton .... 1 8 3 2 1 1 ?9 4 1ft Grundy 3 2 7 9 3 3 VI Hardin • 3 2 . ... 1 9 5 .... 11 Jasper 7 15 10 Jersey ■ 7 1 2 17 13 1 2 19 6 1 1 3 ?7 15 LaSalle 1 4 1 38 2 2 ?.?, Ifi 4 Carried forward , . 35 13 2 5 43 J 43 14 3 10 1 689 APPENDIX. 237 TABLE VI.— Continued. Counties. St S5 O O ■» § 13 2 ^ Is I" 2 % 5' 5 CO o' PC in CD m CQ 38 1 1 1 "2. -^ 43 4 o o p t o' P CO 14 1 EL 3 *-* B o' p 4 o p 10 o Brought forward. . 3 3 689 15 1 9 3 1 4 1 2 1 1 6 18 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 32 37 3 1 11 Marshall 14 5 Massac 2 McDonough McHenry 3 4 3 5 3 4 2 1 4 1 19 2 Ifi 19 Menard 4 3 2 22 Monroe 5 Montgomery 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 8 43 .... 2 Ogle 5 2 1 3 1 1 ] 2 10 25 Perrv 1 10 Piatt 2 2 2 Pike 1 1 1 27 Pope 8 Pulaski 6 Putnam . . . , 1 Randolph 2 2 2 15 17 Rock Island 2 17 Saline 1 1 3 2 3 2 1 18 Schuyler 1 1 18 Scott 5 Shelby 5 1 1 1 20 Stark 2 1 7 St. Clair 2 6 3 2 17 Stephenson Tazewell iq 8 Union 7 Vermilion 6 Wabash 10 Warren 14 Washington 23 Wayne 1 6 9 White 1 10 Whiteside 97 Will 1 1 1 21 Williamson 9 Wiunebafo 1 4 Woodford 1 74 .... 1 1 1 11 1 4 36 3 6 , Aggregate 44 8 15 70 79 ; 20 1373 " D. " TABLES OF INSANITY IN ILLINOIS. 240 APPENDIX. TABLE VII. Showing the numier, sjx, color and civil condition of 2387 butane, in the Slate of Illinois, by cottjiiiis. Counties. o £. 51 5 19 15 13 29 4 14 15 22 8 12 19 22 31 264 9 15 26 26 8 20 17 10 29 24 9 8 47 18 30 11 9 48 4 8 36 14 13 10 8 19 36 10 32 15 16 42 29 48 20 B CO Q o 1 .... on a a- n 5* p. 9 2 3 3 9 1 2 7 2 2 4 2 1 16 93 1 4 10 2 3 5 7 3 6 3 2 5 18 4 6 4 3 10 2 2 9 5 2 4 8 13 3 15 4 6 13 15 9 8 W2 5' cT o re (n E p. Adams 29 8 11 7 5 11 3 10 5 14 6 4 12 9 14 128 5 7 14 17 2 10 8 6 15 15 4 4 26 4 18 4 3 26 3 4 16 10 9 5 5 12 24 6 11 7 8 20 13 26 7 22 2 8 8 8 18 1 4 10 8 3 8 7 13 17 136 4 8 12 9 6 10 9 4 14 9 5 4 21 14 12 7 6 22 1 4 20 4 4 5 3 7 12 4 21 8 8 22 16 22 13 51 5 19 15 13 29 4 14 15 22 8 12 19 22 30 264 9 15 26 26 8 20 17 10 29 24 9 8 47 18 30 11 9 48 4 8 36 14 13 10 8 19 36 10 32 15 16 42 29 48 20 14 1 15 2 6 9 2 6 2 9 3 2 6 3 15 131 4 7 7 3 1 6 7 2 10 2 1 17 4 10 2 2 7 1 1 8 4 4 4 1 6 16 4 11 5 18 7 13 6 2 3 3 3 2 4 4 1 2 2 2 '17'" 2 3 3 4 5 3 1 1 2 1 1 6 2 3 4 3 1 2 26 Alexander 4 Bond 2 7 Brown 1 Bureau 8 Calhoun 1 4 2 Cliampaiga Christian 7 2 Clark 4 Clay Clinton 9 16 Coles 1 Cook 23 Crawford 2 Cumberland DeKalb 1 6 DeWitt 20 4 13 Edgar 4 Edwards Effingham Favette 21 10 Ford 4 Franklin 2 Fulton 8 Gallatin 6 Greene Grundy 9 2 Hamilton Hancock 3 31 Henderson Henry Iroquois 5 17 4 Jackson 6 Jasper 6 Jeflerson 3 Jersey . • • • 5 Johnson . • • . 2 Kankakee 6 10 Knox 8 6 LaSalle 24 6 Carried forward. . 1267 644 623 1266 1 . .. . 369 426 101 371 APPENDIX. 24:1 TABLE VII.— Continued. Counties. t E. (5" g 5^ o (T> •-1 5' 1 to ft Brought forward. Lee Livingston Logan 126'7 34 20 22 27 42 67 24 16 13 2 33 31 42 15 24 11 17 45 2 17 44 13 7 29 11 7 3 17 13 32 8 36 27 7 21 9 57 43 23 13 15 9 16 22 11 16 18 41 10 20 18 644 15 11 10 13 23 35 10 8 8 1 14 17 18 8 17 4 9 21 2 9 22 7 3 15 7 3 2 9 8 13 5 18 11 5 8 6 29 22 10 5 5 6 7 14 9 10 8 18 5 11 13 623 19 9 12 14 19 32 14 8 5 1 19 14 24 7 7 7 8 24 "s 22 6 4 14 4 4 1 8 5 19 3 18 16 2 13 3 28 21 13 8 10 3 9 8 2 6 10 23 5 9 5 1266 34 20 22 26 42 67 24 16 13 2 33 31 42 15 24 11 17 45 2 17 44 13 7 29 11 7 3 17 13 32 8 36 27 7 21 9 55 43 23 13 15 9 16 22 11 16 18 40 9 20 18 1 2 .... 1 369 6 6 5 2 9 8 7 3 2 12' 12 8 6 4 2 3 18 2 4 6 1 11 4 2 1 7 8 4 5 9 1 9 6 12 10 6 4 6 2 2 6 "X 10 2 7 6 3 426 7 10 3 9 18 8 2 7 10 11' 12 5 4 1 8 20 101 1 2 2 4 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 3* 2 371 20 4 12 14 Macoupin Madison Marion 11 49 13 Marshall Mason 5 Massac McDonough McHenry McLean ....^ 5 29 Menard Mercer 6 15 Monroe Montgomery Morgan Moultrie 8 3 5 0"-le 8 17 1 2 9 2 2 1 5 4 6 8 10 13 5 5 1 11 11 6 '2* 2 6 6 1 7 5 12 1 9 5 2 4 4 8 2 2 1 3 2 1 r 2 2 5 1 1 4 2 2 2 1 7 1 2 s 17 7 Piatt 5 Pike 1 Pope ... Pulaski . ■ 3 3 Putnam ......... 2 Randolph Richland Rock Island Saline 9 2 17 1 Sangamon Schuyler Scott 18 3 1 Shelby g Stark 2 St. Clair Stephenson Tazewell Union Vermilion Wabash 33 20 9 4 6 4 Warren 4 Washington Wayne 8 8 White 3 Whiteside Will. .. Williamson Winnebago Woodford 2 20 1 3 10 Aggregate 2387 Il211 1176 2381 6 1.... 642 742 191 812 — 31 242 APPENDIX. TABLE VIII. Shoifiiig the ages q/'2;i87 insane persons, in the State of llUiuiUi, bt/ countici. COINTIES. 3 a. c" 3 OS rf O o o to o bS s CO 10 1 10 CO S 9 < n n -I 1 « 5 1 5 1 1 7 2 1 1 3 2 3 1 5 11 86 3 5 9 5 4 8 4 6 10 3 2 11 1 5 5 19 2 1 9 4 2 1 5 9 1 9 3 6 8 8 12 9 6 13 3 Bond 2 2 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 . . . . 6 2 7 6 1 6 2 S 2 4 7 6 13 95 2 2 4 5 1 5 4 3 8 5 3 2 16 4 8 2 1 12 .... 6 3 4 2 3 1 11 3 6 5 1 9 1 12 6 1 6 1 1 1 4 1 5 2 1 2 2 1 .... 4 . . . . 1 5 1 1 6 2 1 13 1 3 1 5 "2" 2 1 Olark 2 4 4 4 37 1 2 4 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 Clay 2 2 1 20 1 3 1 1 1 Cook . 4 3 1 6 1 2 PeKalb 6 DeWitt 1 9 3 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 9 3 3 3 2 5 3 1 9 1 2 6 1 2 3 2 6 7 5 7 4 3 8 5 8 3 3 4 2 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 2 1 1 1 3 5 3 2 3 Greene 1 ' fi 3 2 2 3 3 1 3 1 1 10 Iroquois 2 2 3 4 1 1 3 1 5 4 4' 2 1 4 7 8 111 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 4 5 3 2 .... 1 3 Lake 3 LaSalle 8 Lawrence 1 Carried forward, . . . 14 108 S38 323 I81' 46 9 130 APPENDIX. 243 TABLE VIII.- Continued. COUNTIKS. 3 e. c 3 &. •-3 o o o o o CO O O o : o o p < •-3 -J 1^ a. Jiroucilit forward . . . , 14 2 108 2 2 3 1 3 388 5 1 4 4 15 23 7 6 2 823 7 4 3 6 12 17 6 2 3 181 2 1 2 1 S 8 4 2 3 111 2 46 1 9 1 136 Lee 12 Livin"'ston 12 Logan 2 6 2 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 Macon 8 Macoupin Madison 11 Marion 1 1 3 1 1 ... 4 Marshall 3 Mason 1 Massac 2 McDonough 6 6 8 4 3 3 5 7 10 7 8 3 3 1 3 12 1 5 10 3 1 11 S 3 6 7 7 2 8 2 3 1 8 10 3 3 5 1 1 2 1 "*2** 8 McHenry 1 3 1 1 4 McLean Menard ] 1 12 5 Mercer 2 1 4 4 6 Monroe 5 1 4 1 2 Morgan 12 Moultrie . Oglc_ ... .... 1 ... 1 1 1 1 2 2 I 10 1 1 6 3 1 3 4 9 2 12 10 3 4 1 8 13 5 2 2 6 7 4 3 5 4 2 4 2 '"2" 1 1 1 2 2 10 Perry , 1 2 Piatt 4 Pike 4 2 2 1 4 Pope 2 Pulaski 3 Putnam 1 Randolph . ... 5 3 9 4 3 5 2 3 5 U 10 7 5 1 3 1 4 2 6 4 6 6 5 3 5 ii" 2 6 4 1 4 1 13 7 3 5 3 2 (5 5 4 3 6 9 3 2 3 2 ] 2 2 1 Rock Island 1 Saline Sangamon 2 2 1 3 1 1 11 1 1 Scott 1 Shelby 2 2 e' 5 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1' 2 5 Stark 1 St. Clair 2 7 3 2 1 1 8 Stephenson Tazewell ... 1 2 Union Vermilion 5 Wabash 2 1 2 1 1 Warren 1 Washington 4 1 2 1 2 White . .. .... 1 1 6 1 i 1 1 Whiteside '3' Will 1 9 Williamson W innebago 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 3 Woodford 1 2 AggTecate 1 ?,+ 184 585 679 378 195 79 1 26 337 244 APPENDIX. TABLE IX. Showing llie nativity 0/2387 insane persons, in the State of Illinois, by counties. Counties. 1—1 2. H B New York & N. Jersey . . Pennsylvania & Ohio. . . . if • 2 ii. CD ,^ P • c 1 PI o g. 5 c i ^ CD J- • CL 4 o 9 p to : r 2 o "3 o en 1 Adams 6 4 2 4 12 2 1 3 2 10 1 2 8 3 "**2 16 Alexander . . . 3 Bond . , 14 1 2 Boone . . . 3 2 7 6 2 1 4 3 2 1 Iti 2 Carroll 1 1 7 2 2 11 15 16 18 3 4 1 9 1 3 4 5 14 12 3 2 2 "l' 1 3 3 1 2 2 .... 1 6 3 Champaign 3 3 3 Clark 2 4 2 1 3 2 2 3 Clay .... 6 185 Coles 1 7 "is" l" 3 2 1 2 6 1 2 3 2 2 1 6 Cook 31 1 3 DeKalb 6 10 3 7 DeWitt .. . . 7 5 3 1 1 4 2 3 6 3 7 Edgar 1 2 6 2 2 9 6 Fayette Ford 3 6 1 10 11 15 8 5 5 3 2 1 3 3 2 2 Fulton 6 1 1 . . . . 6 '" l" 1 9 Gallatin 2 2 2 1 1 ' 9 4 2 1 2 2 Hancock ........ 1 1 11 18 8 "l 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 15 3 1 3 2 2 2 13 5 6 4 6 9 5 1 4 3 2 4 2 4 8 1 2 2 1 4 "i* 1 2 5 15 3 Jo Daviess 2 9 6 1 3 Kane 6 2 3 2 8 2 2 6 5 1 1 3 .. . .... 5 9 7 15 10 26 2 1 Kendall 5 5 9 Lake 9 LaSalle Lawrence 4 5 2 ... .... .... 10 4 Carried forward 271 41 75 101 43 8 48 21 401 258 APPENDIX. 245 TABLE I X.— Continued. Counties. 5' 2. a '^ 2- '• ?r 75 1 1^ • p • 2. • 5' 101 3 1 3 4 wo IT 3. ^% ^ i : 1 • '~i • p 43 ^5 PT S ^ • a. 8 48 p ^ g. CO g: 21 2. 3 Brought forward 271 4 41 3 401 16 3 6 9 32 2 4 258 7 Livingston 1 1 14 Logan 5 5 11 6 4 6 3 1 1 1 3 6 Macon. . . . 12 Macoupin . 3 1 2 1 2 2 4 1 1 2 13 Madison 2 3 2 1 24 Marion 1 1 9 Marshall . . 3 Mason 5 Massac 2 McDonou"'!! 8 6 9 3 2 2 6 15 1 "3"' 1 6 1 1 5 2 4 5 1 6 4 1 2 3 3 16 18 McHenry McLean 8 1 4 15 10 Mercer . , 6 1 ]3 Monroe 6 Montgomery Morgan 1 2 1 4 1 4 7 Moultrie Ogle 2 1 "2" 2 1 1 3 4 3 6 23 2 3 Peoria 5 5 1 8 4 9 Perry Piatt . . 1 4 1 2 4 Pike Pope Pulaski 1 5 2 2 11 1 1 1 1 1 .... 3 Putnam , ... 1 Randolph Richland Rock Island 5 6 1 3 7 14 1 6 1 16 3 5 3 3 4 4 11 2 10 1 4 5 3 2 '3 2 1 5 2 1 5 2 12 — 10 Saline 4 5 2 Sangamon 1 1 1 12 3 1 3 32 14 8 5 1 3 * 4 * 1 9 Schuyler Scott 2 1 2 4 3 1 Shelby Stark . . 6 2 2 .... 5 1 St. Clair . 1 1 1 2 7 Stephenson 1 2 10 3 1 2 13 Tazewell , 4 Union 1 .... 1 2 1 6 Wabash Warren . . .t. 2 1 4 2 4 5 Wayne White 1 4 — 2 2 3 Whiteside. 1 1 5 6 1 1 7 14 2 Will 15 Williamson 3 2 1 Winnebago Woodford . 1 4 1 3 9 5 4 Aggregate 505 66 120 194 66 21 98 58 687 574 246 APPENDIX. TABLE X. Showing t/ie character, cttrahility and treatment of 2387 cases of msanifi/, in the State of Illinois, by counties. COL'XTIES. g S H 3 c; o g p 3 °cr of aitackn in 2387 cases of insanity, in the Slate of Illi- nois, by coimtics. CorNTIES. -> a> s» 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 • ^ '. ® 1 1 .... ^ c. •-J to 1 • Ch : « 4 '3* 4 5 2 1 1 5 2 2 2 5 9 68 1 1 5 2 2 2 4 4 5 1 1 1 9 2 10 2 4 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 3 9 1 2 1 3 5 1 9 219 en 1 TO g S » 8 1 1 4 3 1 "i re 1 s ci s 3 '>5 m a 17 '*8 ' 4* 14 3 9 9 3 6 12 10 15 42 6 7 6 12 1 6 6 5 6 10 2 2 18 7 10 1 1 23 3 3 9 8 8 6*' 7 16 4 14 11 4 17 2 19 6 417 26 4 6 14 4 7 2 8 1 5 1 3 2 6 1 25 1 6 6 11 3 7 3 1 12 12 4 4 8 4 7 4 2 8 2" 17 2 2 6 2 3 1 6 6 22 11 2 307 42 Alexander ... .... 4 Bond 18 14 ... 2 2 T) 26 1 3 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 4 30 "l 2 14 Cass 1 5 1 1 3 2 .... 1 1 3 2 8 Champaign^ 14 7 Clark 1 .... 1 3 10 Clav 11 22 2 99 1 1 9 1 2 6 2 10 184 2 2 15 1 2 1 4 8 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 3 2 4 1 1 1 3 2 5 9 7 6 16 2 2 11 4 6 5 1 14 I 1 1 1 5 18 Cook 60 Q 5 8 DeKalb 1 10 DeWitt .... 25 2 6 DuPao'e 1 18 11 2 4 1 1 1 8 4 3 6 3 11 2 1 "4" 1 1 2 1 2 2 24 Fayette Ford 1 1 21 6 2 2 .... 1 1 3 5 Fulton 4 2 1 1 1 08 Gallatin 14 Greene 23 6 6 2 1 1 1 38 2 3 1 1 2 1 5 3 2 9 1 3 8 4 6 3 "4* 2 1 4' 1 1 4 1 6* 3 3 84 6 1 29 Iroquois ... 2 2 11 8 8 3 1 1 2 7 1 27 5 2 14 13 1 .... "2 14 2 1 27 .... 1 23 42 2 2 ... 11 1 Carried forward. . . 240 367 1 44 18 1 9 37 792 APPKNniX. 249 TABLE X I .—Continued. Counties. D C^ 219 6 3 2 5 5 2 2 2 < CO ■-s OI "-< i 55 o on D pr 367 3 5 7 3 3 11 4 4 1 11' 11 11 3 2 5 8 24 1 6 7 2 2 8 5 3 9 2 13 4 6 7 4 9 6 2 2 7 1 4 1 1 6 2 7 3 2 5 4 44 H CD 18 1 "-3 9 <' a "-5 B 37 at P I Brought forward Lee 417 8 2 9 4 12 6 12 4 307 14 13 4 11 14 47 5 9 5 2 10 5 17 11 14 6 2 15 "3 19 6 5 7 3 2 3 7 5 13' 9 1 3 8 10 6 4 5 2 1 2 3 9 1 22 4 3 5 192 30 Livinflston 15 Losan 14 Macon 23 M acoupin Madison 1 2 1 2 1 3' 3 1 33 51 Marion 19 Marshall 10 Mason Massac "i 1 10 2 McDonough McHenry McLean Menard 9 7 5 1 2 1 4 6 1 5 7 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 11 15 14 3 5 3 7 18 1 6 12 6 9 3 1 1 9 2 12 4 11 11 1 5 2 35 14 7 6 5 2 7 6 5 4 6 8 3 9 9 17 16 29 11 Mercer .... 1 2 2 1 2 6 22 Monroe 6 Montgomery 8 2 "1 17 Moultrie 1 Oo-le 4 3 2 8 Peoria 33 Perry 11 Piatt 2 2 4 5 Pik 11 3 1 1 2 ... .... 2 15 Pope 6 Pulaski Putnam 4 2 Randolph Richland 5 4 6 4 4 5 3 4 3 7 6 6 .... .... 1 8 8 Rock Island. . . . Saline 3 6 18 2 Sangamon 1 1 3 2 9 2 2 2 2 4 2 1 2 4 7 1 2 6 2 7 4 2 1 2 1 2 I 2 1 3 29 Schuyler Scott 2 15 3 Slielby 1 10 Stark 3 St. Clair ! 54 Stephenson Tazewell Union 1 1 40 13 11 Vermilion. , . ... 5 1 5 9 9 Wabash 8 Warren 2 12 Washington Wayne 3 13 10 White 13 Whiteside Will 8 4 3 5 1 4.n0 ... 10 38 Williamson 1 1 6 Winnebago 1 1,50 2 3 384 13 Woodford 14 Aggregate . . 771 r,82 624 84 30 15 64 1570 -6Z 250 APPENDIX. TABLE XII. Showuig the present or former occupation o/'2387 insane persons, hi the State of Illinois, by counties. Counties. cr o S ■-J en o 3 CO (0 o" > c O o o 3 o 4 5' f 2 12 1 3 3 2 7 11 2 20 4 Bond 5 1 4 1 11 "l" 1 1 1 2 1 10 1 5 .... 1 19 1 2 2 2 6 4 5 4 6 4 1 5 4 9 6 1 3 7 12 1 2 4 5 13 7 2 1 18 3 12 2 2 6 2 2 6 6 1 3 4 7 5 6 6 2 5 6 7 8 6 4 .... "l 1 5 9 3 Clark 1 2 ' 1 1 36 4 4 4 9 104 2 2 8 6 Qlay 8 1 1 56 •• .... 12 Coles u Cook 9 .... 53 6 Cumberland 5 1 .... 1 . ■ • . 5 9 DeWitt 13 3 6 6 1 5 2 2 13 7 2 4 3 13 4 1 1 4 8 2 4 4 1 1 1 2 1 13 Fayette • «■ 9 1 1 1 4 1 1 3 3 11 Gallatin 8 1 15 5 4 4 4 .... 4 17 2 2 8 2 3 2 1 6 8 4 2 1 1 1 3 I 1 18 4 5 5 3 1 2 4 1 2 3 3 3 11 3 2 16 4 S 17 11 18 10 2 6 9 1 3 1 7 1 2 6 3 2 4 1 10 8 LaSiille 1 23 1 1 27 10 2 88 1 354 1 249 1 94 432 APPENDIX. 251 TABLE X 1 1.— Continued. Counties. so c o s o B n> o" £ B B 23 3 CO 0" 27 00 g (5" Brought forward 88 2 1 2 4 4 1 354 ]2 3 6 6 4 10 8 3 2 249 4 2 2 4 12 3 8 1 5 94 2 432 Lee 14 Livingston 14 Lo"'au 3 1 9 2 2 10 Macoupin , 20 ..'.. 1 1 47 7 11 Mason 1 5 Massac 2 1 2 1 1 3 9 10 8 3 2 1 6 12 8 11 6 2 7 2 4 6 1 5 2 3 1 10 7 2 1 3 13 7 2.3 Menard 9 Mercer 1 11 Monroe 8 Montgomery '7 ' 1 5 1 2 6 16 Moultrie 1 1 2 1 7 9 4 6 3 2 2 Peoria 2 28 4 Piatt. 1 5 2 1 1 16 Pope , 1 1 2 1 1 "2' 1 1 4 Putnam 2 1 12 3 9 11 1 10 2 16 5 5 3 4 3 5 4 's' n 8 4 4 1 4 3 8 4 7 7 3 6 5 10 6 5 4 2 2 3 4 7 5 3 4 3 9 479 2 3 Richland 8 3 8 Saline 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 15 6 1 Shelby 4 1 4 1 1 1 St Clair 2 1 2 1 23 29 Tay.ewell 12 g ... 1 1 2' 2 8 1 Warren 6 1 1 3 H) Wayne 3 ..... 1 1 2 1 g Whiteside 2 2 5 24 Williamson 3 1 2 147 3 42 2 48 8 Woodford 8 Aggregate 138 616 917 252 APPENDIX. TABLE XIII. Skomng the condition and situation o/ 2o87 insane persons, in the Slate of Illinois, hy counties. Counties. Adams. . . . Alexander . Bond Boone Brown . ... Bureau . . . . . Calhoun. . . Carroll. . . . Cass Champaign. Christian. . Clark Clay Clinton . . . 26 2 11 10 17 5 12 3 Iroquois .lackson . . Jasper . . Jetterson. . Jersey . JoDaviess Johnson . Kane . . . . Kankakee Kendall . . Knox . . . . Kake .... LaSalle . . Lawrence , 1— ( p a* 525 o >a CD 3 ^ (B O' 3 • r 12 13 . . • . 3 8 1 14 Coles 1 17 Cook jl92 Crawford 6 fumberland 9 DeKalb 9 DeWitt 12 Douglas 3 DuPage 7 Edgar 8 Edwards 1 Effingham 9 Favette 15 Ford 1 Franklin 3 Fulton 23 Gallatin 6 Greene 15 Grundy 2 Hamilton 4 Hancock 21 Hardin. 1 Henderson j 4 Henry 1 19 6 5 4 4 7 16 3 14 7 8 20 3 28 1 4 3 4 9 6 3 3 7 12 13 46 2 4 10 11 2 7 8 9 17 8 4 3 19 10 10 4 4 24 3 2 6 5 5 6 4 12 19 7 18 6 2 15 8 10 10 Carried forward J 640 J 426 1201 i 194 377 1 2 1 4 2 1 3 1 1 26 1 2 7 3 3 6 1 3 1 4 2 5 2 5 5 1 3 2 11 3 3 7 18 10 2 2 9 1 4 3 4 2 1 1 2 2 43 3 4 6 1 11 3 3 7 4 6 5 14 14 1 4 3 3 5 9 9 3 2 24 34 2 7 3 7 9 7 5 3 4 18 12 15 1 3 11 3 3 3 9 5 2 7 12 10 7 14 6 1 10 10 5 11 6 11 4 1 1 3 140 2 5 6 1 2 11 1 4 13 12 20 285 yi, 14 1 6 17 2 47 2 2 4 19 14 4 1 20 U 3 12 6 5 28 5 20 2 .4 5 1 1 8 b 12 12 3 17 4 6 1397 APPENDIX. 253 TABLE XIII .—Continued. Counties. a- 201 12 4 5 14 9 15 2 5 2 2 3 4 13 6 3 6 3 7 1 "3 " 4 1 cr cr B p 9 .... 3 3 00 P CD 5 £2- Brought fonvard 639 12 11 6 7 21 42 6 6 8 425 10 5 11 6 12 10 16 6 3 194 5 4 6 4 17 10 1 2 2 5 6 9 3 1 4 5 12 5 11 1 1 7 2 6 1 2 2 8 1 6 3 3 4 3 11 3 5 4* 1 5 1 376 7 10 8 2 14 6 9 2 8 19 22 8 5 3 9 1 8 5 5 2 15 5 1 '9 9 5 5 6 15 2 13 3 15 16 10 7 4 1 11' 3 9 4 10 7 7 5 285 5 2 4 35 5 1 .... 4 4 17" 20 4 2 4 3 10 6 i' 2 . 2 2 1 "'s' 1 4 4 6 6 896 Lee 17 Livingston 6 Logan 8 19 Macoupin 7 Madison 16 Marion 14 Marshall . . 9 1 Massac McDonough 15 14 17 6 10 5 6 22 1 6 32 4 3 13 2 6 3 6 7 14 2 16 11 5 9 5 21 15 9 6 5 6 8 7 5 8 9 14 5 12 7 1134 16 13 12 3 11 8 16 "12" 9 9 15 9 1 9 3 McLean 24 3 Mercer .♦. . 16 7 Montgomery 5 7 Moultrie 1 Ogle 4 5 7 Piatt 4 3 Pope 2 Pulaski 2 9 6 17 6 16 13 1 8 4 28 22 11 6 5 3 5 12 3 8 7 21 4 6 8 2 1 4 3 1 4 8 6 3 1 5 3 3 3 2 Richland 2 Saline. 13 2 14 Schuyler 3 2 Shelby 3 1 St. Clair Stephenson Tazewell . , 31 22 8 4 Vermilion 6 7 Warren g g Wayne 7 6 Whiteside 2 6 1 4 3 4 9 1 6 2 6 17 Williamson AV hiucljago Woodford 2 3 5 Aggregate 865 388 4(j8 733 ifi 449 6 775 254 APPEKTDIX. TABLE XIV. Showing the supposed causes, as far as ascertained, of 2387 cases of insanity, in the Slate of Illinois, by counties. Counties. H & 1 2? o' pr o a ai CO 3 2 >5- CfQ P s ^ r.- ft • 1 1 2 1 -H on 2 to c 2 f^ tn 5* 1 1— ( B •-3 p O n o* Adams 1 Alexander Bond 2 1 1 6 Boone 1 .... .... 1 Brown 1 ... I 3 8 Burean 3 Callioun 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 Carroll 3 1 1 Cass 2 1 Champaign Christian 5 1 4 4 3 8 9 1 6 .... 2 2 1 1 4 2 1 2 4 1 3 3 1 1 Clark 2 1 1 2 7 2 1 2 1 1 Clay 2 6 1 8 3 4 2 ' " i ' 1 Clinton 1 . . . , Coles 4 3 1 3 Cook 6 2 1 1 4 2 7 13 Crawford Cumberland DoKalb , 1 2 1 2 2 ] 2 2 .... 1 Edi^ar 1 1 Edwards Effino'liam 4 1 4 1 1 5 3 6 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 Ford Fulton 3 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 . . . . 1 Hamilton 2 2 1 7 2 4 4 1 3 ITardin ..." 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Jackson 1 .... . . . . 1 2 2 1 2 4 1 Jo Daviess 2 2 2 1 1 Kane 3 1 4 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 5 98 1 1 1 1 1 2 Lake 2 4 3 67 3 3 96 1 14 1 1 25 1 1 Carried forward 84 11 1 5 i 48 APPENDIX. 255 TABLE XI v.— Continued. COUXTIES. 51 W3 3 CD 96 "H. a" 98 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 i-i re i B a> CD B 58 2 1 1 4 2 1 l-H 34 tfi c 11 1 cr >< ■-s re . '^ 5 S" 14 2 CO 25 1 1 CD -S CD 48 Leo Livingston 1 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 Los'iui 1 1 2 1 2 1 Madison I Marion Marshall Mason Massac McDonough 2 6 5 3 2 2 2 f ^ McHenry 3 McLean 1 1 1 Menard Mercer 3 2 1 1 Monroe Montgomery 5 4 1 Morgan 4 3 2 ?, Moultrie 1 Oele 1 Peoria 3 2 1 1 9, Perry 1 Piatt 1 2 Pike 2 1 1 Pope 1 Pulaski 1 1 1 2 Putnam .5 Randolph 2 Richland 1 1 .... 1 Rock Island "i 2 2 1 s Saline Sangamon 1 4 1 4 1 1 5 6 2 2 4 "3" 1 9, Schuyler 2 1 Scott Shelby 1 1 Stark 1 - . . 4 3 3 4 1 1 3 1 9, Stephenson 1 Tazewell 1 Union Vermilion ... 1 Wabash ■.. Warren 1 1 Wash ngton 1 Wavne 2 1 I 2 White 3 4 5 Whiteside Williamson 1 1 1 1 Winnebago 3 2 2 1 1 9, Woodford 3 108 98 25 , 23 Aec'n'ejrato 211 147 59 6 42 8ft 256 APPENDIX. TABLE XI v.— Continued. Counties. 5' 3 si 3 < V ■ 2. I 5' • ^ • a- 3 c ■-< 1 S* 1 f 2 ©■ 3 2 "2. c EL P 1 o CD '?<) 4 Bond 9 11 . . . . 8 Bureau 4 2 14 2 2 3 ... 4 2 1 1 9 2 Clark 2 . . . 2 Clay 2 ... 1 8 10 Coles 2 7 11 Cook , 3 6 1 8 1 175 4 .... 1 i 3 DeWitt .... 2 10 19 1 2 1 1 3 2 8 Edo-ar 8 1 8 11 Fayette 1 4 11 2 5 3 2 3 22 2 4 1 1 1 13 .... 6 2 2 2 3 17 1 1 1 .... 3 23 3 2 3 5 39 1 ; 4 .... 2 2 5 1 1 1 Iti Johnson 1 .... 4 i" 2 1 1 4 1 13 2 2 6 5 Knox Lake 1 18 22 LaSalle 1 2 36 1 1 .... 1 1 5 1 1 4 ^fi 5 23 10 27 10 47 620 APPENDIX. 257 TABLE XIV — Continued. Counties. 2. so' 36 1 O p CD "^ 2. \ 5' • a> • c- 23 1 1 p § 10 ^ o 39 S' 27 1 f 10 t. o' 3 47 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 B 5 Ci a. 4 620 UJIUU.JI,^ JUIiL^.U, 22 11 2 .... 7 2 3 1 3 1 .... 12 3 1 1 1 21 33 1 7 11 8 2 1 1 3 3 1 ... 14 McJIenry 8 2 1 ... 9 McLean 27 Menard 13 13 1 10 1 1 1 7 8 ... 1 1 22 Oo-le 3 2 1 4 4 1 1 7 29 Perry 8 1 2 5 Pike 1 2 1 .... ... ... 16 7 Pulaski 4 1 2 1 .... 2 4 1 15 1 2 1 3 Sangamon 1 1 1 2 2 21 2 .... 13 Scott 4 2 2 • • • . 1 3 5 4 1 2 11 Stark 2 St. Clair Stephenson 4 1 'l 1 1 1 1 2 14 15 1 1 10 Union .... 7 7 Wabash 1 Washington 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 ... 6 8 3 White 9 2 9 Will 2 1 1 27 Williamson 5 Winn('})ago 1 2 1 92 1 8 11 56 56 14 49 16 94 14 10 1181 -33 " r^ 5» E. TABLES OF CRIME IN ILLINOIS. 260 APPENDIX. TABLE XV. DcfcrijilioJi and cost and value of jails in ll/liiois. Cor.NTIKS. 2. 2' AiliiniB iQuincy Stone Alexander | iJaiio Brick Bond I Greenville Brick Boone j Belvidere Brick and stone Brown |Monnt Sterling. Stone Burean ! I'rinceton Brick and iron . Calhoun j Carroll Mt. Carroll CaKS i Bcardstown Chanipaign iUrbana . . . Christian j 1 aylorville Clark ... 'Marshall . . Clay [Louisville JBrick Clinton 'Carlvle ' Stone Coles Cook Crawford . . . Cumberland DeKalh 1837 Stone Brick and wood Iron JBrick ! Stone Charleston ' Brick Chicago I Stone Robinson Brick Prairie City. . • . iBrick Svcamore Brick and wood DeWitt I Clinton 'Brick Douglas [Tuscola Brick DuPage j Milton | Stone Edgar [Paris jlron Edwards Albion Brick Effingham j Effingham Brick Fayette I Vandalia Iron Ford Faxton Stone, brick, wood. Franklin Benton Wood and iron . . . Fulton [Lewistown Stone and iron . . . (rallatin i Shawneetown . . Brick and wood . . Greene j Carrollton iBrick (Jrundv I Morris Stone and brick. . Hamilton iMcLeansboro Hancock 'Carthage Hardin Henderson .... Henry Iroquois Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jersey Jo Daviess Johnson Elizabethtown. Oquawka Ctmbridge.. . . Watseka Murphysboro . . Newton Mt. Vernon. . . Jersayville. . . . Galena ....'... Vienna Kane {Geneva. [Stone, Kankakee • Kendall Knox . . . Lake . . , LaSalle {Ottawa , Lawrence Lawrenceville Kankakee Yorkville.. Knoxville . Waukegan Brick and iron . . Stone Brick Stone Stone Stone Brick Stone •. .. Iron . Stone Stone Wood Brick, wood, iron. Stone Stone Stone Brick and wood . Stone Brick 4 11 10 2 3 32 4 o 8 4 U 1858 849 1858 1852 1852 1862 1845 1845 1861 1864 1858 1858 1868 1867 1858 1856 1862 1854 1861 1S62 $65,000 8,000 3,000 4,500 12,000 2,500 6,000 6 , 500 5,000 2,000 7,000 35,000 5,000 2,000 6,000 13,000 1 , 500 6,000 14,000 4,200 6,000 2,000 5,00C 33,000 1860 1855 1860 1867 1866 1862 1850 1850 1862 1840 11,000 4,000 6,500 30,500 4,000 $10,0011 3,085 4 , 500 6,400 2,500 6 , 200 6,500 5,000 2,000 7 , 000 275,000 6 , t)00 2,000 4,025 13,300 1 , 600 8 , 200 14,000 4,200 6 , 000 2,000 3,020 10,000 8,000 1,000 2,000 1856 1856 1864 1838 1856 18,000 15,000 5 , 000 6,200 1,000 18551 4,000 33,100 2,000 11,000 3,025 35,500 500 45,000 10,000 8,000 500 2,000 4,000 500 25,200 15,075 5,025 900 1,025 2,100 4,000 APPENDIX. 261 TABLE XV— Continued. Counties. Lee , Livingston . Logan , Macon Macoupin . . Madison . . . . Marion Marshall . . . Mason Massac McDonough McIIenry . . . McLean. . . . Menard .... Mercer Monroe .... Montgomery . Morgan . Moultrie . . . Ogle Peoria Perry Piatt Pike Pope Pulaski .... Putnam. . . . Randolph. . Richland. . . Rock Island . Saline Sangamon . . Schuyler Scott Shelby Stark St. Clair . . . Stephenson Tazewell . . . Union Vermilion. . AVabash .... Warren .... Washington Wayne Wlaite Whiteside. . Will Williamson. Winnebago. Woodford. . Wood . Dixon Pontiac Lincoln Sto Decatur Carlinville . . Edwardsvillc. Salem Lacon Havana Metropolis . . . , Macomb .... Woodstock . . Bloomington. Petersburg . . Waterloo. Jacksonville. No jail , Oregron , Brick Stone Brick and iron . . Brick Brick and stone. Brick Brick Brick and iron. . Stone and brick. L-on Stone and iron. . Xo jail Brick , Xo jail Brick Xo jail Brick 6 12 16 24 23 20 2 6 4 1 4 16 9 12 1841 1869 1868 1868 1870 18.55 1858 1856 1855 1845 1870 1848 Peoria j Stone, iron, brick. Pinckneyville .... Brick , . . . Monticello Brick Pittsfield 'stone and brick. . Brick Brick Wood, iron, brick Golconda Caledonia Hennepin Sparta Olney Rock Island city. Harrisburgh . . . . Springfield Rushvilie Winchester Shelbyville Belleville . . Freeport, . . Pekin Jonesboro . . Danville . . Mt. Carmel. Monmouth . Xashvillc. . Fairfield . . Carmi .... Morrison . . Joliet. . . . Marion .... Rockford. . Metamora. Brick Stone Brick , . Brick and wood . Stone and brick. Brick Brick 2 48 2 6 12 1 4 15 4 18 8 2 6 Stone and brick . . Stone Brick and stone . . Stone Brick . . . Brick Brick Brick Brick Brick Stone and brick . . Stone and iron . . . Brick Brick Brick and wood . . 11 6 8 2 4 2 4 4 20 16 1868 1840 1869 1864 1858 1853 1855 1853 1853 1846 1852 1854 1850 1865 1845 1828 1861 1844 o $1,500 18,000 32, 000 45,000 15,000 45 , 000 7 , 000 14,000 3,400 5 , 000 4,000 6,000 14,000 22,000 3,000 20,000 2,000 90,000 1,500 14,000 30,000 2,200 6,500 10,000 2 , 000 5,000 8,400 2,200 3,000 5,000 14,000 2,000 12,000 12,000 15,000 40,150 2,000 2 62 APPENDIX. TABLE XVI. Showing the number, class, age, sex, color and civil condition of prisoiiers, in tli£ jails of Illinois. Counties. H o 20 6 1 5' •-3 18 6 O o 3 d. o* 2 1 5' o 2; 2 1 CD 19 3 w 2 p' 3 re Adams 1 6 5 4 1 18 5 1 16 3 4 4 1 Alexander Bond 1 2 1 1 1 ? 2 .. 1 .. 2 .. 1 .. •• 1 .. 1 .. Carroll 4 1 9 2 2 2 3 S 114 2 9 2 2 8 107 2 1 . . 2 2 4 .. 4 .. 4 . . .... Oass Champaign Christian Clark 2 .. 7 10 7 2 .. 2 .. 3 .. 5 1 2 2' 3 4 9 .. 1 2 .. 2 .. 3 .. 8 .. 106 9 !.. 2 .. 2 .. 2 .. 3 .. 8 .. 108 6 8 7 1 2 .. 2 I Clay Clinton 2 .. 4 5 2 2 4' 6 1 Cook 3 2 .. DeKalb 2 4 4 5 6 2 4 i 3 4 2 1 3 2 2 .. 2 .. 4 .. 3 5 6 .. DeWitt 2 2 3 [ 4 .. 2 4 1 2 3 5 3 2 2 1 Douglas DuPa^e 4 .. 4 6 .. .... Kdgar .... 1 2 1 2 1 1 .. 2 . 1 .. 2 .. .... 2 .. 2 Fulton 11 4 4 1 8 1 4 1 8 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 11 .. 11 .. 3 4 3 (Jailatin 1 .. 1 .. •• Hamilton Hancock 4 4 .... 4 .. 8 1 4 .. 4 .. 3 1 Henderson Henry 3 11 5 2 3 8 1 2 1 4 3 .. 8 4 2 . 3 ■• 11 .. 6 .. 2 .. 3 .. 11 ,. 4 2 .. .. 1 2 .. 1 2 .. 1 3 1 * Iroquois 1 1 1 .... 1 .. •• 1 .. 1 .. 1 JoDavicss 5 5 .... 4 1 4 1 5 .. 3 Kane 9 6 1 11 2 16 1 6 1 8 2 16 e 3 .... 1 7 6 . 1 . 9 1 3 1 .. 2 2 1 3 8 5 1 .. 11 -. 2 16 . 1 .. 1 1 2 7 6 2 3 4 .... 1 . . 7 2 .. 16 .. 1 ,.. .. 1 8 1 G . . 3 1 Lake .... Lawrence 1 .. . . . . APPENDIX. 263 TABLE XVI .—Continued. COC.VTIES. 9 7 8 4 3 4 3 3 1 2 5 1 8 1 5" 7 1 8 3 3 4 3 1 2 4 3 0" 6 >- 0- c 6 7 6 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 7 1 •-! 3 3; 9 7 8 3 3 4 3 3 1 2 4 1 8 1 •«3 m 3 5' g s 1 1 2? D 4 1 s! s -i % 2 Lee 8 6 8 3 3 3 Livingston 3 .. Macoupin 1 Marion 3 3 1 2 5 1 7 1 2 3 .. 1 .. McDonough 4 1 .. 7 1 .. McLean 4 1 4 Menard Mercer. . 11 ] LI 10 Oo-le 1 30 1 2 3 1 27 1 13 i 1 >5 1 2 1 30 2 1 . Peoria 3 17 1 2 1 20 1 . 1 1 Perry Piatt Pike " .... Pope . . Pulaski 1 2 7 2 6 2 6 2 4 2 3 5 2 2 Randolph 1 17 1 17 1 3 8 1 16 ""i' ] 1 3 1 17 1 3 8 4 1 15 1 15 1 3 7 Rock Island Saline . . 14 13 1 3 8 3 1 4 2 2 9 1 .. Sangamon Schuyler 12 I 3 5 5 ] 13 Scott 2 5 Shelby Stark : St. Clair Stephenson Tazewell 7 4 11 5 5 6 1 11 5 6 1 3 7 4 11 5 4 7 4 11 5 5 .... 5 4 8 5 5 ,2 3 "3" 8 2 4 2 Union Wabash 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 .... 1 S 3 .. White 1 4 9 1 "7' 4 2 1 4 5 1 4 7 "2* 1 4 8 1 .. Whiteside 4 8 Will Winnebago Woodford 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 264 APPENDIX. TABLE XVII. Showin(; education, habits and character of prisoners iii the jails of Illinois. COUNTIKS. . p. : p> . c 19 2 3 § 2 1} •-J "^ 1 1 2 II : 5" 18 3 1— 1 p ►a 1— 1 p Adams Alexander Bond Boone Brown 2 1 1 Bureau , Calhoun Carroll 3 1 Cass Champaign 5 2 1 2 3 8 100 4 6 Christian Clark Clay 2 2 6 17 Clinton Coles , Cook .... 45 Crawford Cumberland DeKalb 2 2 3 4 6 1 1 1 Douglas Edgar Etfingham 1 2 Ford .... Fulton 9 2 3 1 2 1 Greene 2 Hamilton 4 .... Hardin Henry 11 2 .... 2 .... Jackson Jefferson 1 Jo Daviess Kane 4 6 4 3 11 2 12 1 . . . 3 4 1 Lawrence APPENDIJr. 265 TABLE XVI I.— Continued. Counties. S' '. 3 • p • o- • fs • 3 . p^ 9 6 7 3 3 4 1 3 O f 3 to o i ^ O 3 ■-J c? 5 : ^ ■a so ? 2". ^ c ; •<' : 1 : 3 5 3 6 1— ( p 1. p cr ? 5 s 0" 1 5* 3 Lee 9 Livingston 1 Lojran Macon Macoupin Madison Marion 2 Marsliall Mason Massac 1 1 "i 1 1 2 McDonougli 4 1 McHenry McLean T 1 4 Menard , 1 Mercer Monroe Montgomery Moultrie 9 1 13 Peoria 18 1 2 2 3 15 Piatt 1 1 .... Pope 2 1 2 Putnam Randolpli ... . Ricliland 1 1 3 I 10 Saline Sangamon 13 8 6 Schuyler "7' . • . . Shelby 7 1 St. Clair 1 1 10 1 1 2 4 11 1 3 Tazewell 1 Vermilion Warren 1 2 1 1 Wayne White 1 1 Whiteside 4 9 . . . . j 2 Williamson .... Woodford . . . . { ....! -34 266 APPENDIX. TABLE XVIII. Showing (he nativity of prisoners in the jails of IllinoU. Counties. 5. m 16 6 9 ei w •-3 1 1— 1 re 1 re B "-1 2 p o re o o re S "^ » 2. W re c CO -1 • o : 'S w re re re S" §, N* re P- o re Adams «. Alexander Bond Boone 2 1 1 3 1 i 6 2 2 2 2 7 64 3 Clark Clay 1 1 Coles 1 26 Cook 2 3 15 2 .... 2 99 15 Crawford DeKalb 2 3 4 2 6 . . . . 1 Dou<''las 1 1 1 1 1 1 •• 1 1 Fulton 11 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 Jlenry 5 5 1 .... 4 1 1 1 1 1 Jo Daviess 4 1 i 1 ! 6 2 1 9 1 1 1 1 2 1 8 1 ... 1 1 1 .... 1 ... 1 . 1 1 6 ^ 1 Lawrence t... . .. . APPENDIX. 2cr TABLE XVIII.— Continued. Counties. c1 B. m 4 3 3 a t 5' 2 3 2 B 3 "-3 SO 3 o O if ■ CO to ta C_ 1 1 i c -9 .5 Adams Clark Clay Clinton 1 Coles Cook 15 s Crawford Cumberland DeKalb DcWitt 1 1 DuPagc 1 Edwards .... Favette Franklin 2 1 2 Gallatin 2 Grundy Hancock Henderson 6 Iroquois Jasper 1 Johnson 1 , 1 2 Lake LaSallc 2 3 .... APPENDIX. 269 TABLE X I X .—Continued. Counties. a. o 1 D -t r ? 1 1 o o c 1 Lee , ?, Livingston Logan .... I 2 Macon Macoupin 1 Madison 1 Marion Marshall Mason 1 Massac McDonough McHenry McLean Menard Mercer Monroe Morgan .... .... Ogle 1 1 1 Perry Pike Pulaski 2 1 Randolph 1 Rock Island 1 2 Sangamon , Scott 2 1 .... 2 \ Stark Stephenson 1 .... i' 1 1 1 2 3 Union 2 2 Wabash Washington 1 \ White Will \ Winnebago 1 1 1 . .J 270 APPENDIX. TABLE XX. Show'nifj allifjiil offi-nxen of jir'isoners— Crimes a{ond 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 4 . . 4 8 . . 8 Clark 2 .. ?, Clay. : 1 1 2 1 9, 1 2 6 6 1 .. 8 2 1 2 6 7 Cook 2 .... 78 PeKalb 1 1 DeWitt 1 1 .. 2 .. 5 .. 1 1 3 1 .... .... 4 6 Edo-ar 2 I .. 1 1 ... .... b 1 . . 1 Fayette , . 2 .. 2 .. 6 8 Gallatin. ... ?, Greene 1 1 . . 2 1 . . 1 4 . . 4 .... 1 2 . . 2 1 .. 1 . . 2 .... ... .... 3 1 1 .. 2 .... ... .... 3 5 . . 6 3 .. 1 4 1 3 .. 1 .. 1 1 6 1 LaSallc ... 9 1 1 1 11 Lawrence . . . . ■ • • • 1 . . . . ■ . . . 1 APPENDIX. 271 TABLE XX.— Continued. Counties. en O ■-1 o CD B •-< ' 3 4 3 1 1 3 o W o S rt> CO 5' 0? 1 o • O o o ■-s 2! s a a> ©■ c CO g c:) c» p" CD -3 19 Lee 2 1 1 1 .... 4 Livingston 1 5 Logan 6 Macon 3 Macoupin .... 1 M adison 1 1 3 Marion 3 Marshall 1 2 3 Mason Massac 2 8 2 McDonoiigh 3 McHenry .... McLean 5 1 2 g Menard 1 Mercer Monroe .... Montgomery Morgan Moultrie 1 21 1 Peoria 93 Perry Piatt 1 1 1 3 Pope 4 5 Putnam Richland 1 1 12 7 Saline \ Sangamon 1 3 16 Schuyler 1 2 1 Shelby 2 2 (3 St. Clair 1 1 3 1 5 3 2 4 Stephenson 3 Tazewell 1 4 7 Union Vermilion 3 Warren 1 1 2 .... Wayne White Whiteside 4 5 4 .... 2 y Williamson 1 1 Woodford ... " F. " TABLES OF PAUPERISM IN ILLINOIS. —35 274 APPENDIX. TABLE XXI. Showing size, rout aiid value of alnii^hdnscs 'ni lUiiioix Counties. ■3 1 Present valua- tion, real es- tate Present value personal pro- perty If CD 160 5 8-10 120 50 25 $5,000 10 , UOO 5 , 600 City of Quincy Alexander $10,000 5,600 $500 $10,500 5 , 600 Bond ' 105 200 20 76 4,500 16,000 5,000 4 500 Bureau Calhouu 14,000 21, 000 Carroll 170 194 42 160 9 15 Cass 7,760 700 350 7,760 Champai<^n 13,150 10,000 13,850 Christian 10,350 Clark Clay Clinton 147 160 255 160 2,200 6,000 4 000 18,190 32,000 1 , 000 7,565 6,000 Coles 19,190 Cook 500 39 565 Crawford Cumberland .......... 160 101 "17 1,600 2,000 3 500 DeKalb DeWitt 6,000 917 5,917 120 15 6,500 200 6 , 700 DuPao-e Edo-ar ,. 153 25 10,000 1,000 11 000 Effinn-ham 1 115 100 5,000 2,000 800 5 , 000 Fayette Ford 2,8t)0 Franklin 120 60 120 ICO 160 IfiO 160 12 100 700 1,500 26,000 1,200 2,500 '""205 1 , 500 27,200 Gallatin 10 15,250 3,uuO SOO 4,Ono 1 , 500 10,000 15,250 Grundy Hamilton 4,205 1 , 500 10,000 160 129 230 50 36 10,7(10 4 , 800 4,100 15,000 6 , 000 9 , 200 2,120 715 300 17,120 Henry 6 715 Iroquois 9,500 Jasper Jefferson . . . Jersey 375 500 1,400 1,500 160 230 157 150 60 2,500 20,000 2 , 500 6,000 15,000 "4,000 2^,400 16 500 Johnson Kankakee 180 25 3,049 92 9,400 1,320 10,720 Kendall Knox 155 140 100 60 50 40,000 8,525 2,800 47,800 7,0u0 6,000 8,400 3,666 1 , 501) 56,200 10 666 LaSalle 80 7,500 API'ENDIX. 275 TABLE XXI.— Continued. Counties. > i o "a 35 50 O aT 5' £. o Present valua- tion of real estate Present value, personal pro- pei-ty £. EL ; 2 Loo .... 100 16U 200 190 120 25 $7,982 3 , 500 20,000 110,000 4,800 20,000 9,000 9 , 600 11,500 $2,000 1 , 500 1,000 lOU 112,000 6 , 300 Livingston Loi;aii A'aruii . . 21,000 9 luO Mai'oujiiu Mad son 24 60 9 , 500 11,600 Marion Marshall 120 30 2,500 4,400 1 , 20.0 5 000 Mason Massac Mc'Doaough. 80 160 1,400 8,000 1,400 8 000 MeHenrv 220 130 13,000 6,000 1,600 14 600 Menard 8 4,100 6,000 Mercer Monroe 641 200 200 12,820 36,000 12 820 Moi'f;'a,ii ... 32,400 8 , 000 36 , 000 Moultrie 8 , 000 Ogle 240 80 270 40 1«0 80 110 9,800 52,000 3,550 55 550 Ferrv 25 8,100 11,000 4,000 1 , 300 100 100 11 100 Pike 4 , 000 Pope 1 400 Pubski 2,700 2 700 Randolph. 227 177 160 117 210 80 240 50 60 120 20 20 5,675 7', 463 2,540 6,516 15,000 23,250 34,850 8 , 000 200 4,722 1 , 000 2,000 2,000 5 875 Kouk Island 19 722 iSaline 2 800 Sangamon 24 250 36 850 Scott. 8 000 Stark^ 10,000 12,000 8t (Jlair 4U 160 140 30 8,000 20,000 12,800 2,000 100 22 000 Stephen.soii 12 900 Union 200 170 ■ 40 5,000 5 , 000 10,000 1,000 6 000 11 000 Wabash 120 80 8,000 3,100 11.100 Washington White 79 108 80 80 15 70 1,693 50 21,000 1 , 600 2,800 2,000 21,000 4,000 li437 1 , .iOO 2 000 22 437 Will 6 500 Williamson 2 800 Winnebago ... 240 40 20 000 20,000 4,000 24,000 276 APPENDIX. TABLE XXII. Showing the number, class, age, sex, color and civil condition o/pavpers, in Illinois. Counties. H o E. 40 "iv 17 6 14 39 3 D 2 B •-a GO 5' a" 5 s p" w. 5' Adams 25 5 '17' 6 10 29 15 4 10 City of Qnjncy Alexander 5 11 11 5 '34 6 6 1 5 5 10 11 3 10 24 7 6 3 4 15 13 17 6 39 4 2 5 12 3 32 4 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 4 4 1 Bond. Boone 4 Bureau Carroll 7 4 9 2 18 10 11 35 345 14 9 17 6 6 1 t 1 "2' 1 7 4 7 1 16 7 10 21 319 7 6 15 5 4 . "2 1 2 3 1 14 26 7 3 2 1 2 6 3 1 5 3 9 11 183 6 1 8 1 4 1 1 "'i 13 7 2 24 162 8 8 5 2 7 4 2 18 10 11 35 339 14 9 17 6 5 5 2 Cass Champaign 7 2 16 6 6 2 Clark 2 2 "s 66 2 2 2 2 5 8 89 '>. Clay Clinton Coles 10 36 300 1 45 9; 6 V 164 12 7 11 6 6 8. Cumberland DeKalb 17 5 4 1 2 4 R DeWitt H 1 DuPage Edo-ar 13 7 9 7 5 8 9 7 7 4 4 2 3 5 5 7 3 8 2 2 4 18 3 4 6 Edwards Effingham "i 9 9 7 4 7 2 3 1 Favette Ford 3 Franklin 10 31 7 37 3 5 8 5 10 24 10 Ifi 3 12 15 33 5 21 10 25 7 8 3 5 7 5 7 24 10 15 6 19 1 3 8 28 6 23 3 3 8 5 7 22 5 11 1 ,1 32 2 3 1 14 2 3 2 5 4 2 6 1 5 15 3 3 2 4 2 6 16 5 10 2 1 11 23 5 16 4 9 3 4 3 4 8 5 16 1 11 4 10 10 31 6 37 3 6 8 5 10 24 10 15 3 11 1 7 1 4 26 3 4 3 1 2 2 2 Fulton 9, Gallatin Greene 2 3 7 3 6 17 2 15 2 11 1 1 1 3 2 1 Hamilton 1 1 1 1 5 Hardin Henderson 1 Jackson 1 Jasper 1 1 12 5 1 12 8 32 7 1 1 Jersey JoDaviess 33 . . 15! 16 Johnson Kane Kankakee 16 8 21 13 8 20 1 11 8 2 .... Kendall 75 38 36 12 3 KnoK 64 1 38 29 11 7 61 37 33 14 1 3 45 20 22 30 18 14 72 38 86 63 22 23 5 7 4 4 9 4 •>, Lake 1 LiSalle J^awrence APPENDIX. 277 TABLE XXII — Continued. Counties. CO ►a B p p a> g_ 20 7 11 2 13 38 5 9 CO B o p g D •-3 p_ co' 14 3 7 3 13 19 4 8 1? B cT ¥ 20 7 13 6 49 15 9 W p" pr 1 U2 5' co' 1 CO p 3 m Lee S Livingston Logan ] 1 3 6 >A )0 5 9 "2 4 11 14 10 16 "7 9 5 17 38 6 8 4 '4 1 7 12 9 1 6 4 6 3 11 21 11 6 3 5 23 12 6 10 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 Macon Macoupin 5 Madison I Marion ] 1 1 Marshall 1 Massac 9 3 6 5 4 7 8 1 2 2 4 McLean i Menard 28 4 20 4 8 25 4 3 17 2 11 2 26 4 2 23 3 3 2 1 Morgan ' Moultrie 0"-le . . 6 40 5 1 23 3 "is" 3 41 6 38 4 2 Peoria 72 14 3 19 4 8 34 67 14 2 4 5 5 1 3 3 56 7 10 3 3 16 ^ 3 9 1 5 72 43 17 12 Perry Piatt 3 17 4 4 "2' "4 18 4 7 1 3 .... Pike 3 1 Pope Pulaski 1 2 2 1 Richland Rock Island Saline V 36 6 58 31 9 LO 6 25 5 58 25 8 10 1 11 1 6 1 7 33 3 25 6 8 "3 3 6 3 2 3 21 3 15 3 6 4 15 3 16 6 4 7 36 51 31 9 10 *7 5 20 1 34 20 '2 2 1 9 2 2 13 1 13 1 2 3 Sangamon Schuyler Scott Shelby Stark St. Clair 58 i3 45 13 13 10 54 22 4 1 42 18 16 5 "23 1 23 4 1 Stephenson i L^nion 9 iO 3 15 (3 3 6 21 34 n V6 6 14 25 16 6 20 26 7 30 23 3 6 13 1 8 3 1 3 17 20 16 10 4 19 32 7 23 IS 6 3 5 3 2 2 2 3 8 5 4 8 13 13 8 2 12 22 6 19 13 5 12 9 18 2 1 17 3 2 4 Vermilion S Wabash Warren ' 12 3 5 4 12 12 4 12 23 25 16 13 6 21 34 31 23 20 14 5 16 24 2 25 14 2 1 2 2 2 1 9 5 3 8 3 5 1 Wash ngton Wavne ] White Whiteside 5 Will , Williamson Winnebago I 'Woodlbrd i 1 278 APPENDIX. TABLE XXIII. Showing physical, intellectual and moral corulHion of paupers in Illinois. Counties. Uuable to labor . . E a" 5' o' c W 3' ■5' Bond 9 2 1 16 4 8 8 2 5 16 1 4 2 2 Boone 1 1 2 1*7 6 1 Carroll 2 5 2 4 2 1 1 4 1 Clark 10 1 1 2 2 2 Clav 10 6 13 195 2 5 4 6 22 150 6 4 13 6 3 2 3 12 4 Coles 1 144 4 3 7 1 1 10 3 Cook 40 2 Cvuiiberland 1 2 1 1 5 DeKalb . . DeWitt 1 1 2 Edo-ar 3 Edwards 6 ...^.. 3 1 4 1 Fayette 3 Ford Fianklin 6 18 5 13 6 13 2 2 "3*" 2 3 Gallatin 3 4 6 1 2 5 1 1 2 1 3 Hoiidersoix 5 13 4 10 2 8 5 11 6 5 8 23 l" 4 1 2 6 1 6 1 2 3 15 ,1 3 "2"' 2 2 3 Jackson 1 Jasper ... 1 Jersey 1 3 1 1 4 8 12 1 5 1 2 Kendall Knox fi8 25 12 1 9 13 4 11 17 19 21 1 2 2 2 1 12 L;dce 1 LaSalle 4 ...I APPENDIX. 279 TABLE XXIIL- —Continued. Counties. D o o >- '5" 1— 1 5' o' 3 C 5' CO D rt> O Lee 1 17 2 1 1 4 1 8 25 5 5 1 1 1 2 .. 3 4 10 ... 2 1 Livingstou 9 7 1 12 1 2 12 3 3 3 5 3 2 1 Macoupin Madison 1 12 1 3 8 1 Marshall Mason Massac 2 MeDonough McHenry McLean 23 2 1 2 4 20 4 4 Menai'd Mercer Monroe 1 Montgomery 4 6 23 14 28 4 2 2 .. 3 Ogle 15 45 12 18 1 j1 Perry Piatt 1 13 2 2 6 2 3 9 2 4 Pike 2 3 .. 1 .. I'ope Pulaski Putnam Randolph Richland 5 17 7 15 '2 6 1 11 13 4 2 1 1 2 Rock Island 4 4 9 Saline Schuyler 9 7 2 6 2 8 2 1 1 2 .. 1 Shelby Stark 3 .... St. Clair 5 16 10 7 10 12 1 1 ] 1 .. 6 Stephenson Tazewell 1 11 3 2 6 2 7 Vermilion .... 10 Wabash Warren 13 It) 12 6 10 1 2 1 4 .. 3 Washington Wayne White 3 10 3 16 24 1 8 10 1 10 4 1 2 3 Whiteside Will Williamson .... 1 3 Winnebago 20 9 14 2 2 2 9 Woodford 1 1 280 APPENDIX. TABLE XXIII .—Continued. Counties. t3 O a e !£ D p si §■■§ : 3 • p • a : S Habitually intem- perate • • c . P ■ "H. . 3 : ^ ; -« : B- 4 1 2 2' 4 1 .... 8 '"3' 10 14 4 1 6 Bond Biwn Bureau .... Carroll 3 .... 4 1 1 2 C-jgg . . . . , 2 1 1 1 1 8 97 5 "3' 6 17 6 3 5 2 1 14 9 1 21 201 8 6 4 5 Clark Clay . 2 5 115' 1 19 2 Coles 4 Cook 10 2 2 9 1 DeKalb 2 2 1 1 8 2 1 1 3 .... 6 7 1 9 J'qj.(J 2 2 10 1 6 1 8 15 4 1 Fulton 2 2 1 1 3 16 3 r 3 ..... 3 7 4 7 13 6 12 1 1 1 15 3 12 "2' 1 12 12 20 1 1 4 13 4 4 11 Kendall 2 1 34 14 4 4 15 4 9 5 Lawrence • .... APPENDIX. 281 TABLE XXIII.- — Continued. CoUNTIES. a. Can read and write o p 3 •s a> p b S.-S: • . P • B CD p o B P p^ n' Leo 10 2 10 4 Livingston , .... 3 2 2 Macon Macoui)in 2 13 2 2 1 1 2 .... Madison 19 13 6 4 9 3 .... 13 .... 2 2 6 Mai'sliall ... .... 1 6 McDonough McHenry McLean 14 3 .... 9 1 3 .... .... 2 1 Menard Monroe Morgan 33 6 6 2 Moultrie Oo-le ... . 14 .... 40 10 3 I'erry 3 Pike 4 8 rulaski . .. . .... Randolph 6 15 6 35 29 8 7 1 3 ■ ' * ' Rock Island 10 .... Sangamon .... 11 2 1 1 4 .... 4 .... Scott .... 1 .... ... .... Stai'k St. Clair 'I .... 17 4 4 15 5 Stephenson Union 8 17 4 22 13 12 6 9 5 10 13 11 1 2 1 3 1 Wabash 1 .... ... Washington 3 1 White 3 3 2 20 2 5 Will 1 Williamson Winnebago . . . . 3 6 4 3 11 1 .... 2 11 5 1 1 284 APPENDIX. TABLE XXV. Showing cost of pauperism in J Uino'ts. COUNTIKS. Ailaiiis City of (iluiucy Alexander . . . , Bond Boone Brown Bureau Calhoun Carroll , Cass > Champaign . . . Christian . . . , Clark Clay Clinton Coles Cook - Crawford . . . . , Cumberland . DeKalb DeWitt Douglas DuPage Edgar Edwards Effingham . . . Fayette Eord Erankliu .... Fulton Gallatin Creenc (irundy Hamilton .... Jlancock ]Iardin Henderson . . Henry Iroquois Jackson Jasper Jefferson . . . . •Fersey Jo Daviess. . . •Tohnson . . . . Kane Kankakee . . . Kendall Knox Lake ... . , . . LaSalle Lawrence. . . • 12,100 00 *1,260 00 10, 1)00 00 4,000 00 132 00 2,500 00 5,205 11 3,675 00 4,708 00 3,500 00 1,700 00 1,174 00 3,500 00 W "TS P't S900 650 400 95 ^2 75 3 50 1 76 3 00 2 93 600 900 '700 2,173 90 555 00 55,834 00 1,800 00 ] ,400 00 1,575 00 1,104 00 690 88 3,000 00 1,400 00 90 00 1,068 99 5,000 00 900 00 600 00 1,027 00 3,767 00 590 10 436 98 1,220 00 1 , 000 00 3,000 00 6,000 00 1,220 00 3,000 00 628 00 1,931 59 639 00 70,007 00 2,854 00 2,000 00 800 75 400 350 650 50 1,000 2 00 50 18 00 95 45 00 2 00 2 50 1 90 1 60 3 60 1 50 2 74 3 50 2 25 2 40 1 75 1 47 1 00 1,000 800 2,000 375 500 1,000 800 372 700 600 600 2 00 2 00 2 05 2 40 1 16 1 66 2 50, HJ O $9,000 00 4,000 00 318 00 5,326 00 1,000 00 12,000 00 112,368 00 4,141 00 1,660 62 3,000 00 1,600 00 36 00 2,099 66 875 00 250 00 1,023 00 250 00 6,202 39 2,000 00 2,929 96 660 30 APPENDIX. 285 TABLE X X v.— Continued. Counties. Interest on value of property. . . . OD 3 Paid superinten- dents Weekly cost in cash for each pauper Total cost of out- door relief .... 3 ^3 eg '. ^ Lee f720 00 378 00 $1,377 54 300 00 1,981 08 $350 360 800 $1 15 $1,190 00 Livingston Logan . . 3 00 Macoupin 9,135 ? 1 50 15,000 00 350 500 Marshall 336 00 1,380 00 1 78 1,310 05 $10 Massac McDonough McHenry 480 00 4,372 00 1,100 3,913 00 McLean 300 00 5,000 00 569 00 1,500 Menard Mercer 3 16 362 00 .... Montgomery Morgan ......... 2,160 00 6,579 00 600 925 99 1,046 60 Moultrie * Ogle Peoria 3,333 00 6,000 00 1,100 2 02 10,000 00 600 Perry Piatt Pike 850 00 3,000 00 500 2 25 350 00 .... Pope Pulaski Putnam 2,353 41 85 Randolph Richland ....... 1,400 00 5,169 00 600 800 2 50 Rock Island 1,183 00 Saline Sangamon Schuyler 1,455 00 1 60 3 00 2 52 900 700 Scott 2,255 20 1,100 00 '.'.'.......... Shelby Stark St. Clair 500 Stephenson 2 00 Tazewell 1,440 00 1,654 96 20 Union 850 *700 550 1 50 Vermilion .... Wabash 1,317 33 S,104 00 4,000 00 2,000 00 454 27 1,400 00 3,152 48 2 00 Warren 606 00 890 Washington 3 00 2 00 1 50 Wayne White 120 00 1,328 83 Whiteside Will 330 00 1 83 6,878 75 54 Williamson Winnebago Woodford 1,440 00 2 ,000 00 700 1 90 633 00 .... " G. " STATISTICS OF INSANE ASYLUMS IN THE UNITED STATES, FOR FIFTY YEARS. [Here insert "G" Tables I, II, III.] "( J." Table I — Showing the Total Number of Patients A( mitted n eacli of Fift,y-fo 11- Insane Asyhmis in tlie United States, annually, for Fiftj Year? ! 1 1 "i 1 i 1 : 8 1 i 1 1 1 f i ii f s i. 1 a a % I 1 1 1 s I ! 1 1 388 1 1 1 i f 1 1 i sort •IH s 1 f s 1 S 1 1 ■■■(iw" a j i 1 i > s I 3H5 i I s 1 --' f 1 a S 1 S p t 1 3 1 1 1 UJ i i 1 1 > f s 1 SOtt 1 1 ]» 1 ;;;e 1 Ii la?::: :|: xs ig 1 1 1 ?i 1 i 1 i z:. 1 1 1 i KS'i, i?m i-S ti'S k"! ,.",'S =^!5 U Ills HI .s 1 '" [,''^'''^ ...;;;; ^'G." Table II. — Showing llio Tofnl Number of Patients Treated, in each of Fifty-four Insane AsyUniis, in llic United States, annually, for fifty years. ? 1 ?« 1 s 5 1 f f IS.::::::: ;:;::::! irengtaV.'. :|: ,1 ! 'f i r - - 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 f 1 1 f 1 1 s i 1 I t ^ I t 3 1 f 1 - ■ i ^ 1 1 1 1 ? _\_ 3 1 I f SBII 1« 1 :-:: 1 s i •■•1 8oa " G." Table III. — Showing tlic Total Disbureements, in each of Fifty-four Insane Afsylums, in tlie United States, annually, for fifly years. I ' I I s I I f IN K ta ^ w t- t> APPROPRIATIONS TO PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN OTHER STATES. —31 APPROrKIATIONS TO PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN OTHER STATES. The maj^uitiide of the evils existiog in the bosom of society necessitates large expenditures of public money. Thinking that it might prove of service to the legislature and to the governor, to knov?- what other states are doing, the board of charities addressed a circular letter to the governor of each, requesting certain infor- mation. The nature of the inquiries made, will appear from the substance of the replies received, which will now be stated : ALABAMA. Population, 1,023,000. Tax valuation, $100,000,000. Receipts for fiscal year ending September 30, 1809, from taxa- tion, $086,451 02; other sources, $619,860 36; total, $1,306,- 311 38. Institutions. — 1 : Penitentiary, Wetumpka ; William Smith, warden, 2 : Institution for the education of the deaf, dumb, and blind, Taladega ; Jo. TI. Johnson, principal. 3 : Insane hospital, Tuscaloosa; Peter Bryce, M. D,, superintendent, ■! : State uni- versity, Tuscaloosa. 5 : Medical college. Mobile ; W. 11. Ander- son, M. D., dean. 6 : Law school, Montgomery ; closed. T : Freedman's hospital, Talladega ; E. B. Freeman, M. D., surgeon in charge. Cost to state.— 1 : $67,315 30. 2 : $9,178 51. 3 : $28,012. 4 : $31,557 17. 7 : $1,019 98. Total, $140,112 96. ARKANSAS. Population, 486,103. Tax valuation, $100,000,000. Receipts for fiscal year, 1869, $650,000. APPENDIX. 291 Institutions. — 1 : Blind institute, Little Rock ; Otis Patton? principal. 2: Deaf mute institute, Little Kock ; J. Carntliers, principal. Ajpprojpriationsj^' — 1 : Current expenses, 18G9, $11,000. Ditto, 1870, $15,000. Purchase of land, $7,000. Deficiency,1868, $2,- 500. 2 : Salaries and contingent expenses, |5000 ; and $300 per annum for each pupil received. CAIJFORNIA. Population, 55G,20S. Tax valuation, $250,000,000. Real value, at least one-third more. Receipts for year ending June 30, 1869, $2,918,211 09. histitutioRS. — 1 : Insane asylum, Stockton ; G. A. Shurtlefl", M. D., superintendent. 2 : Institution for the education of the deaf, dumb, and blind, San Francisco ; (to be permanently located at San Jose) ; Prof. W. Wilkinson, principal. 3 : State prison, San Quentin : WilHam Ilolden, warden. Appropriations for two years. — Amounts appropriated to above institutions not stated. To various associations, hospitals, orphan asylums, home for the care of inebriates, Magdalen asylum and prison commission, $71,000. CONNECTICUT. Population, 537,4G8. Tax valuation, $322,553, 488. Real value, one-third to a-half more. Receipts, 1869, $1,738,766 49. Institutions. — 1 : Hospital, New Haven. 2 : Hospital, Hart- ford ; Daniel S. Bromley, M. D., house physician. 3 : American asylum for the deaf and dumb, Hartford ; Rev. Collins Stone, A. M., principal. 4 : Retreat for the insane, Hartford ; J. S. Butler, M. D., superintendent. 5 : General hospital for the insane, Mid- dletown: A. M. Shew, M. D., superintendent.! 6 : Reform school for boys, West Meriden ; E. W. Hatch, M. D., superintendent and physician. 7 : Industrial school for girls, Middletown. 8 : School for imbeciles, Lakeville ; Henry M. Knight, M. D., supor- * For one year, when not otherwise stated. \ The only one of these institutions owned and controlled by the state. The others are individual and corporate charities, aided by the state. 292 APPENDIX. intendent. 9 : Fitch's home for soldiers' orphans, Darien. 10 : Soldiers' orphan home, Munslield. 11 : The Connecticut hlind are sent to the Perkins institute. South Boston, Massachusetts. Approjpriations. — The amount appropriated for these several classes of indigents, last year, was i?2il,595 49. The amount ex- pended on the buildings of these institutions, last year, hy the state, was $61,543. Total, $303,138 49. GEORGIA. Topulation, 1,185,000. Tax valuation, $204,481,706. Kevenue, 1869, $2,183,090 51. histitutions. — 1 : Penitentiary, Milledgeville ; John Darnell, warden. 2: Lunatic asylum, Milledgeville; Thomas F. Green, M. D., superintendent. 3 : Academy for the blind, Macon ; W. D. Williams, superintendent. 4 : Institution for the education of the deaf and dumb. Cave Spring ; "Wesley O. Connor, principal. 5 : State university, Athens ; A. A. Lipscomb^ LL. D., chan- cellor. Appropriations.— 1 : $27,000. 2 : $83,000. 3 : $13,500. 4 : $8000. Total, $131,600. ILLINOIS. Population, 2,540,216. Tax valuation, $480,031,703. Ileal value, $3,000,000,000. Kevenue, 1869, $956,478 43.* *Jnstitutio7is. — 1 : Penitentiary, Joliet ; Elmer Washburn, war- den. 2 : Institution for the education of the deaf and dumb, Jack- sonville ; Philip G. Gillett, A. M., superintendent. 3 : lEospital for the insane, Jacksonville ; Henry F. Carriel, M.D., superintend- ent. 4 : Institution for the education of the blind, Jacksonville ; Joshua Rhoads, M. D., superintendent. 5 : ISTormal university, Normal ; Kichard Edwards, LL. D., president. 6 : Experimental school for idiots and feeble minded children, Jacksonville ; C. T. * Not iucluding state debt, interest, school tax, and central railroad funds, $1,- 835,970 72. The I'ovenue for 1870, on assessment of 1869, lias been nearly three and a half million dollars. The receipts for other purposes have been over two and a half millions. The levy for revenue tax, 1871, on assessment of 1870, is about $1,100,000. The other receipts will probal>ly amount to about $2,20©,000. APPENDIX. 293 Wilbur, M. D., superintendeDf. 7 : Home for the children of de- ceased soldiers, Normal ; Mrs. Virginia C. Ohr, superintendent. 8 : Industrial university, Champaign ; John M. Gregory, LL, D,, regent. 9 : State reform school, rontiae ; George W. Perkins, su- perintendent ; not opened. 10 : Southern Illinois normal univer- sity, Carbondale ; huilding. 11 : Asylum for the insane, Anna ; luilding. 12: Northern Illinois hospital and asylum for the insane, Elgin ; huilding. 13 : Illinois soldiers' college, Fulton ;* Leander A. Potter, A. M., president, li : Eye and ear infirmary, Chica- go;* E. L. Holmes, M. D., and E. Powell, M. D., attending sur- geons. Appropriations for two years. — 1 : For current expenses, and for purchase of stock, material, tools and machinery, $300,000 ; to pay Illinois manufacturing company, (deficiency, 1868,) $55,000 ; to pay for work done by the late lessees, 85,289 59. Total, $360,289 59. 2 : to meet deficiency, 1868, $7,746 77 ; current expenses, $56,250 per annum ; repairs and improvements, $2000; furniture, $2500 ; printing press, etc., $1000. To this add inter- est of college and seminary fund, $3995 77 per annum. Total, $136,738 31. 3: to meet deficiency, 1868, $15,000; current ex- penses, $90,000 per annum ; fire-proof covered way, $5000 ; im- proving ventilation, $7500 ; improvement of water-works, $2000; new cooking ranges, etc., $2000 ; patients' library, $500 per an- num ; insurance, $750 per annum. Total, $214,000. 4 : For current expenses, $25,000 per annum; repairs, $5000. Total, $55,000. 5 : For salaries and expenses, $9000 per annum ; fence, $500; apparatus, $1500 ; sidewalks, $500 ; fnrniture, $2000; re- pairs, $2500 ; water closets, $500. To this add interest of college and seminary fund, $12,444 99 per annum. Total, $50,389 98. 6: For current expenses, $20,000 per annum. Total, $40,000. 7: To complete the building, $25,000; heating and ventilation, $6500 ; stables, out-buildings, etc., $3000 ; furnishing, $10,000 ; insurance, $500 per annum ; current expenses, $45,000 per an- num. Total, $135,500. 8 : For use of agricultural department, $12,600 per annum ; horticultural department, $10,000 per an- num ; chemical department, $5000 per annum ; apparatus and *The soldiers' college, and eye and ear infirmary, are not owned and controlled by the state, but by private corporations. They have been aided by grants of money from the state treasurv. 29i APPENDIX. books, $10,000. Total, $60,000. 9 : Appropriation made, 1867, for purchase of land, $5000; for building, $50,000; also, for current expenses, not payable until the governor is officially notified that the buildings and equipments are ready for the accom- modation of inmates, $30,000. Total, $85,000. 10 : For build- ing, $75,000. 11 : For purchase of site and for building, $125,- 000. 12 : For purchase of site and for building, $125,000. 13 : For current expenses, $20,000 per annum, applicable to the main- tenance and education of disabled soldiers and sailors, or indigent orphans or half orphans of deceased soldiers, above the age of twelve years, at the rate of one hundred and twenty-five dollars per annum, for each student. Total, $40,000. 14r : For the sap- port of the poor of the state of Illinois, while receiving treatment at the infirmary for diseases of the eye or ear, $5000 per annum. Total, $10,000. Grand total of appropriations, $1,511,917 88.* INDIANA.. Population, 1,G68,1G9. Tax valuation, $655,521,479. Kevenue, 1869, $1,391,516. Institutions. — 1 : Hospital for the insane, Indianapolis ; Orpheus Everts, M. I),, superintendent. 2 : Institution for the education of the deaf and dumb, Indianapolis; Thomas Maclntire, superin- tendent. 3 : Institution for the education of the blind, Indianap- olis ; AV". II. Churchman, superintendent. 4 : House of refuge, Plainfield ; B. F. Ainsworth, superintendent. 5 : State prison, north, Michigan City ; "W. W. Higgins, warden. 6 : State prison, south, JefTersonville ; Col. L. S. Schuler, warden. 7: Reforma- tory for women and girls, Indianapolis ; building. 8 : State nor- mal school, Terre Haute. 9: State university, Bloomington; Cy- rus Kutt, D. D,, president. Cost to state, 1869. — 1: For current expenses, etc., $117,507 61; for construction of north wing, $43,689 71. 2 : For expenses, repairs and building, $80,679 20. 3 : For expenses, heating ap- *0r omitting interest of college and seminary fund, $1,479,036 66. Omitting further the iij)i)ropiiation of 1807, on behalf of the state reform school, we find that tlie total appropriations made by the legislature of 180'.), for tho benefit of pul)lic institutions, were $1,394,030 36. APPENDIX. 295 paratiis, etc., 8^7,917 76. 4 : 873,835 Oi. 5 : 50,787 02. 6 : $73,244:57. 7: $2,553 70. 8 : $80,491 06. 9:$15,o00. Ag- ricultural college, $1,020 60. Soldiers' home, $46,525 31. Total appropriations, $631,274 58. IOWA. Population, 1,182,933. Tax valuation, $294,532,252. Real value, at least $600,000,000. Revenue, IS'ovember 1, 1869, $928,056 87. Institutions. — 1 : Institution for the blind, Yinton ; Rev. S. A. Knapp, principal. 2 : Institution for the deaf and dumb, Iowa City ; Rev. Benjamin Talbot, principal. 3 : Hospital for the in- sane. Mount Pleasant ; Mark Ranney, M. D., superintendent. 4 : Soldiers' orphans' home, Davenport ; S. W. Pierce, superin- tendent. 5 : S. O. Home, Cedar Falls ; Henry F. Tucker, super- intendent. 6 : S. O. Home, Glenwood ; William Hale, super- intendent. 7 : Reform school, Salem ; Rev. Joseph McCarty, su- perintendent. 8 : Penitentiary, Fort Madison ; Martin Heisey, warden. 9 : State agricultural college, Ames ; A. S. "Welch, M. A., president. 10 : State university, Iowa City. 11 : Deaf and dumb asylum, Council Bluffs ; luilding. 12 : Additional hospi- tal for the insane, Independence ; building. Appropriations for tiao years. — 1 : $42,016 54. 2 : $16,000 ; for a new building, $35,000 ; for furnishing the same, $12,000. Total, $63,000. 3: $38,500. 4,5,6: $25,000. 7: $22,000. 8 : Not stated. Amount paid in 1868-9, $70,217 68. Auditor's estimate for 1870-1, $29,044 63. 9 : Not stated. Amount paid in 1868-9, for building, $58,750 ; salaries and trustees' expenses, $5,173 33. Total, $63,923 33. 10 : Not stated. Amount paid in 1868-9, for improvements,* $8,687 45 ; trustees' expenses, $1332. In addition, an appropriation of $20,000, made by the twelfth general assembly, is acknowledged in the report of the university, and its expenditure accounted for, in detail. Total, $30,019 45. 11 : Not stated. Amount appropriated by twelfth assembly, $125,000, of which there was expended to November 30th, 1869, $77,239 72. Main building and one lateral wing con- tracted for, at $121,500. Cost will exceed contract, by $7,344 14. Estimated cost of west wing, $69,680. 12 : $165,000. Amount *Charged to university accoimt in auditor's report, page 28. Amount acknowledged JQ report of university, page 19, -$3,287 83. 296 APPENDIX. prerioiisly appropriated by twolt'th assembly, $125,000, of which there was expended, to Novonibcr 30th, 1809, $35,V4-i 90. The coinraissioners estimate that one longitudinal and two transverse sections of the north wing will cost $100,000. They estimate the entire cost at $125,000 for central building, and $250,000 for two wings. Total, $3Y5,000. For an industrial home for the blind, $2000. Total appropriations stated by the governor, $355,516 54. In addition to the above, the state pays for each inmate of 1, 2, $40 per quarter, pupilage ; for each inmate of 4, 5, G, $30 per quarter, maintenance. KANSAS. Population, 353,182. Tax valuation, $76,000,000. Keal value, not less than $150,000,000. Revenue, Dec. 1, 1869, $1,335,341 05. Institutions. — 1 : Blind asylum, Wyandotte ; W. AV. Up dog raff, 8ii})orintendent. 2 : Insane asylum, Eudora ; O. A, Ganse, J\I. I)., superintendent. 3: Deaf and dumb asylum, Olathe ; L. II. Jenkins, A. M., principal. 4 : State university, Lawrence ; John Fraser, chancellor. 5 : State normal school, Emporia ; L. B. Kel- logg, principal. : Agricultural college, ITanhattan ; Joseph Don- nisou, principal. 7 : Penitentiary, Leavenworth ; Henry Hop- kins, warden. Cost to state, 1869.— 1 : $10,150. 2 : $28,709 87. 3 : $12,- 940 23. 4: $11,670. 5: $10,106. 6: $8,919. 7: $71,814 49. KENTUCKY. Population, 1,432,695. Tax valuation, $406,275,778. Eevenue, 1869, $1,218,827 32. Institutions. — 1 : Blind asylum, Louisville ; B. M. Patton, su- perintendent. 2: Deaf and dumb asylum, Danville; John A. Jacobs, jr., superintendent. 3: "Western lunatic asylum, Hop- kinsville ; James Rodman, M. D., superintendent. 4 : Eastern lunatic asylum, Lexington ; John W. Whitney, M. D., superin- tendent. 5: Institute for feeble minded, Frankfort ; E. H. Black, superintendent. 6 : Penitentiary, Frankfort ; II. I. Tood, warden. Aj)])roj)riations. — 1 : For salaries, etc., $10,000 ; repairs, etc., $10,000 ; current expenses, $140 for each pupil supported, which APPENDIX. 297 amounted, in 1868, to abont 86,000. Total, probably, $26,000. 2 : For current expenses, $140 per pupil, which amounfed, in 186S, to $11,000; raiscellaueous, $1000. Total, probably, $12,- 000. 3 : To erect chapel, $7500 ; current expenses, $200 per pa- tient; total, probably, $67,500. 4: For current expenses, $200 per patient ; amount last year, $75,000. 5 : For purchase of land, $6,731 25 ; current expenses, $150 per pupil, which amounted, last year, to $10,000. Probable total appropriations, about $200,000, not including the penitentiary. MASSACHUSETTS. Population, 1,457,385. Tax valuation, . Revenue, 1869, . Institutions. — 1 : Hospital for the insane, "Worcester ; Merrick Bemis, M. D., superintendent. 2: Hospital for the insane, Taun- ton ; G. C. S. Choate, M. D., superintendent. 3 : Hospital for the insane, Northampton ; Pliny Earle, M. D., superintendent. 4 : Rainsford Island hospital ; closed. 5 : State ahnshouse, Tewks- bury ; Thomas J. Marsh, superintendent. 6 : State almshouse, Monson ; Horace P. Wakefield, M. D., superintendent and phy- sician. 7: State almshouse, Bridgewater ; L. L. Goodspeed, 'su- perintendent. 8 : Reform school, Westborough ; Benjamin Evans, superintendent. 9 : Girls' industrial school, Lancaster ; Rev. Marcus Ames, superintendent. 10 : JSTautical school, Bos- ton ; Richard Matthews, superintendent. 11 : State prisou, Charleston, Gideon Haynes, warden. The foregoing institutions are owned by the state. Those which follow are controlled by private corporations, but receive aid from the state treasury. I 2 : Massachusetts general hospital, of which the McLean asylum for the insane, Somerville, John E. Tyler, M. D., superintendent, is a department. 13 : Ear and eye infirmary, Boston ; Mary G. "Watson, matron. 14 : "Washingtonian home, Boston ; "William C Lawrence, superintendent. 15 : New England hospital for women and children; C. A. Buckle, M. D., phypician. 16: Clarke institution for deaf mutes, Northampton ; Miss Harriet Rogers, principal. 17 : Perkins' institution for the Wind, South Boston ; S. G. Howe, M. D., superintendent. IS : School for idiots ; Dr. Howe, superintendent. 19 : New England moral re- form society. 20: Agency for discharged convicts; Daniel Rus- selj agent. 21 : House of the angel guardian ; George F. Has • 298 APPENDIX. kins, rector. 22: Temporary asylum for discharged female pris- oners, Deciham; A. S. Gouldiiio^, matron. 23: Dome fur friend- less women and children, Spriiigtield; Mrs. A. M. Phillips, matron. Appropriations, Sept. 30, 1869.— 1, 2, ^ : ^95,00C. 4: $1,- 6'0. 5: $80,000. 6 : $f)2,500. 7 : $40,000. 8 : $50,000. 9: $25,000. 10: $55,000. 11: $110,000. 13 : $5,000. 14 : $0,- 000. 15: $1,000. 17: $30,000. 18: $16,500. 19: $1,000. 20 : $2,300. 21 : $2,000. 22 : $2,600. 23 : $2,000. Also, to the American asylum, Hartford, Conn., $25,000. Total, ^620,400. To this sum should be added other sums paid for charities, amounting to $66,580, which would make in all $686,980. MICHIGAN. Population 1,183,511. Tax valuation, $30T,965,<^42 92. Keal value, about $1,000,000,000. Eevenue, :N"ovember 30th, 1869, $1,578,583 65, exclusive of receipts for lands. Institutions — 1 : State university, Ann Arbor ; Henry S. Frieze, A. M., acting president. 2 : State normal school, Ypsi- lauti; D. P. Mayhew, A. M., president. 3: Agricultural college, Lansing; Rev. T. C. Abbott, president. 4: Insane asylum, Kal- amazoo; E. H. VanDeusen, M. D., superintendent. 5: Institu- tion for educating the deaf, dumb and blind, Flint; E. L. Bangs, A. M., principal. 6: Reform school, Lansing; Rev. Charles Johnson, superintendent. 7: State prison, Jackson ; H. H. Bing- ham, agent. MINNESOTA. Population, 460,037. Tax valuation, $78,250,000. Real value, about $185,000,000. Revenue, 1869, direct taxes, $319,454 30 ; railroads, insurance companies, etc., $51,937 30 ; invested funds, $162,206 17; total, $533,597 77. Appropriations — 1 : For current expenses, $23,050 ; building, $12,30119; total, $35,351 19. 2: For current expenses, $52,- 000; building, $10,000; total, $62,000. 3: For expenses, $15,- 000. 4: For expenses, $9,000; building and furnishing, $11,100; land, $7000; total, $27,100. 5: For repairs, library and appa- ratus, $10,000. 6: Expenses, $5000; building, $28,076 68; total, $33,076 68. 7: Expenses, $5000; building, $27,500; total, APPENDIX. 299 $32,500. 8 : Expenses, $5000 ; building, $10,000 ; total, $15,000. Total appropriations, $220,027 87. MISSOURI. Topulation, 1,690,716. Tax valuation, $549,164,468. Real value, $823,745,702. Revenue, 1869, $2,959,712 98. Institutions — 1 : Lunatic asylum, Fulton ; C. H. Hughes, M. D, superintendent. 2: Deaf and dumb asylum, Fulton ; W. D. Kerr, superintendent. 3 : Penitentiary, Jefferson City ; Rev. D. A. Wilson, warden. 4 : State university, Columbia ; Dr. Daniel Read, president. 5 : Institution for the education of the blind, St. Louis ; H. R. Foster, principal. Appropriations—!: $45,000. 2: $15,000. 3: To pay debts due at date of approval of act, $60,000 ; current expenses, $45,000; total $105,000. 5: $5000. Total appropriations, $ i.70,0U0. In addition to the above, the officers of the institutions mentioned are paid by the state as civil officers. The university has an endow- ment of $110,000 in U. S. bonds. NEBRASKA. i Population, 116,888. Tax valuation, $51,000,000.' Institutions — 1 : State university and agricultural college. 2 : Asylum for the insane ; -N. B. Larsh, M. D., superintendent. 3 : State penitentiary. 4 : State normal school, Peru, 5 : Institute for the deaf and dumb. Appropriations — 5 : $10,000. NEVADA. Population, 41,000. Tax valuation, 1869, $26,000,000, coin. Real value, estimated at $30,000,000, coin. Revenue, 1869, $409,362 41. Institutions — 1 : Stare prison, Carson City ; James S. Slinger- land, warden. 2: Orphans' home, Carson City; huilding. 3: Orphan asylum, private institution, Virginia City. Appropriations^ for two years — All in coin. 1 : $60,000. 2 : $15,000. 3 : $6000. In addition, the state appropriates for the care and support of its indigent insane, in the California asylum, $.;0,000 ; for the support and education, in the California institu- tion, of its deaf, dumb and blind, $3000. Total appropriations, coin, $104,000. 300 APPENDIX. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Population, 818,300. Tax valuation, 1868, $148,765,-^90. Real value, about double this amount. Revenue, 1869, 8728,400 19. Institutions — 1 : Asylum for the insane, Coneord ; Jesse P. Baucroft, M. D., 8\iperintendent. 2 : Reform school, Manchester. Ajipropriations — 1 : For improvements and repairs, $8500 ; support of indio;ent insane, $6100 ;* for support of insane con- victs, about $600; total, $16,200. 2: For payment of debt, $4000; expenses, $6000; total, $10,000. In addition, the state appropriates for the support and education of its deaf mutes, in the American asylum, Hartford, $2200 ; and of its blind, in the Perkins institute, Boston, $2500 — to be used in paying for snch children as may be sent thither by vote of the governor and coun- cil. Total appropriations, $30,900. NEW JEKSET. Population, . Revenue, 1869, $6,8,908 73. Institutions — 1 : State prison, Trenton ; , warden. 2: Reform school, Jamesbui-gh. 3: Lunatic asylum, Treutcn; H. A. Buttolph, M. D., superintendent. 4: : Agricultural col- lege and Hutger's scientific school, New Brunswick. 5 : ]!s^ormal school, Trenton. 6 : Soldiers' children's home, Trenton. 7 : Home for disabled soldiers, Newark. The deaf, dumb, blind and feeble minded persons of the state, soliciting its aid, are cared tor in institutions of other states. Ctst to state, 18^)9—1 : Expenses, $66,234; salaries, $40,790 43 ; improvement, $20,372 49; repairs, $13,009 58; total, $140,406 50. L> : $25,000. 3: $23,509 76. 5: $10,000. Support of blind, $12,217 58. Support of deaf and dumb, $10,812 21. Total cost as per auditor's report, $188,436 29. NEW YOKK Population, . Tax valuation, 1868, $1,766,089,140. Revenue, 1868, $9,028,948 13. lnstitutio7is. — 1 : State lunatic asylum, Utica ; John P. Gray, M. D., superintendent. 2: Willard asylum for the insane, Ovid ; , superintendent. 3 : Hudson river state hospital * Appropriated annually, by a statute, and does not require a special act of the legis- lature. APPENDIX. 301 for the insane, Poughkeepsie ; J. M. Cleaveland, M. D., superin- tendent. 4 : Institntion for the blind, New York ; William B. Wait, principal. 5 : State institution for the blind, Batavia ; A. D. Lord, M. D., principal. 6 : State institution for the deaf and dumb. New York ; Isaac Lewis Poet, principal. 7 : State asylum for idiots, Syracuse; H. B. Wilbur, M. D., superintendent. 8: State inebriate asylum, Binghamton ; Albert Day, M. D., super- intendent. 9 : House of refuge, Randall's Island, New York ; Israel C. Jones, superintendent. 10 : Western house of refuge, Rochester ; Elisha M. Carpenter, superintendent. 11 : State prison. Auburn. 12 : Asylum for insane convicts, Auburn. 13 : Prison, Clinton. 14 : Prison, Sing Sing. 15 : Erie county pen- itentiary. 16 : Monroe county penitentiary. 17 : Home for relief of sick and wounded soldiers. 18-22 : Normal schools, Brockport, Fredonia, Potsdam, Cortland, Oswego. 23 : State normal school. Cost to state, 1868—1: $16,458 98. 2: $67,873 41. 3: $124,300 49. 4: $60,188 29. 5: $156,279. 6: $95,877 28. 7: $29,200. 9: $48,750. 10: $35.0U0. 11: $208,839 53. 12: $19,136 24. 13: $420,008 31. 14: $303,364 36. 15: $4,506 33. 16: $1,887 14. 17: $68,058 90. 18--2 : $66,000. 23: $18,- 000. Orphan asylums : $59,945 47. Hospitals : $55,000. Dis- pensaries : $5,500. Special: $15,000. Total state expenditures, for benevolent institutions : $1,696,173 73. From this deduct $499,127 22, state prison earnings. Remainder, $1,197,046 51. The municipal charities of New York City constitute a second class. They are under the control of a city board of commission- ers of public charities, and are as follows : 22 : City prisons. 23 : Penitentiary, Blackwell's Island. 24 : Workhouse, do. 25 : Almshouse, do. 26 : Asylum for indigent blind. 27: Inebriate asylum, Ward's Island. 2S : Bureau fof out-door sick. 29: Bellevue hospital. 30: Morgue. 31: Char- ity hospital, Blackwell's Island. 32 : Fever hospital, do. 33 • Small pox hospital, do. 34 : Hospital for it)curables, do, 35 : Paralytic hospital, do. 36: Epileptic hosj^ital, do. b7 : Lunatic asylum, do. 3S: Foundling hospital, Randall's Island. 39: Childien's nurseries, do. 40 : Children's hospital, do. 41: Idiot asylum, do. 42 : Idiot school, do. 43 : Reformatory school. Hart's Island. 44 : Bureau for out-door poor. 45 : Labor bureau. 46 : Colored iiome. 47 : Colored orphan asylum. 302 APPENDIX. Cost to city, 1868—22: $58,614: 43. 23: $63,483 71. 24: $45,232 75. 25:68,510 59. 26 : $6,721 98. 27 : $144,472 40. 29: $118,232 33. 30: $1,570 90; 31-32: $115,292 55. 33: $360. 34: $9,280 37. 35-36: $15,077 17. 37: $132,373 26. 38-39: $68,790 44. 40: $149,037 46. 41-42: $36,293 22. 43: $84,594 72. 44: $122,1'28 63. 45: $94. 46: $16,61132. 47 : $6,588. The general expenses of administration, etc., added to the above, make a total footing of $1,032,169 69, OHIO. Population, 2,625,302. Tax valuation, 1868, $1,143,461,386. Revenue, 1868, $1,438,598 34. Institutions — I. : Central lunatic asylum, Columbus ; William L. Peck, M. D., superintendent. 2: Northern lunatic asylum, Newburg, Byron Stanton, M. D., superintendent. 3 : Southern lunatic asylum, Dayton ; liicbard Gundry, M. D., superintendent. 4: Longview asylum for the insane, Cincinnati : O. M. Langdon, M. D., superintendent. 5 : Institution for the education of the deaf and dumb, Columbus; Gilbert O. Fay, superintendent 6: Institution for the education of the blind, Columbus. 7: Institu- tion for the education of imbecile children, Columbus; Dr. Doren, superintendent. 8 : Penitentiary, Columbus ; Col. R. Burr, warden. 9 : Reform tarm school ; G. E. Howe, commissioner. 10: ISTew insane asylum, Athens ; huilcUng. Cost to state^ 1868. Institutions. 1. 2. 8. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10- Central insane asylum. Xorthern " " Southern " " Longview " " Athens " <' Deaf mute asylum . . . . , Blind " Idiot '• Penitentiary Reform farm school. . , Salaries and expenses. $72, 44, 47, 64, 437 50 229 15 570 00 OUO 00 38, 33, 25, 138, 44, 564 08 221 87 445 no 224 86 500 00 Building, nishing repairs. fur- and $5,645 00 66,512 00 92,987 00 23,077 01 134,685 26 1,725 00 101,131 58 22,021 18 6,500 00 Trustees' and other expenses. $417 00 496 28 581 00 819 10 4,866 38a $508,192 46 $454,285 70 $13,820 61 333 54^ ,307 31c a Printing and b:nding department. b Rent and insurance. c Principally for pay for overwork, and for rewards to convicts. Total cost of institutions, for one year, $976,298 77. APPENDIX. 303 RHODE IS'i.AND. Population, 21Y,356. Eevenne, 1868, $262,^99 24. Institutions — 1 : State work-house, on state farm, Cranston. 2 : House of correction, do. 3 : State asjlnm for the incurable insane. 4: State almshouse, do. 5: State prison, Providence ; Nelson Yiall, warden. 0: Reform school. Providence; James M. Talcott, superintendent. 7 : Brown universitj, agricultural department, Providence. Ap2^ropriatio7is — L: Expended, 1869, $86,567 76. 5: 1868, $5,050. SOUTH CAROLINA. Population, 735,000. Taxable propertj^ $190,000,000. Revenue, November 30, 1869, $2,084,911 44. Institutions — 1: State university. 2: Lunatic asylnm, Colum- bia; J. W. Parker, M. D., superintendent. 3: Asylum for tiie education of the deaf, dumb and blind, Cedar Springs; J. M. Houston, superintendent. 4: Penitentiary, Columbia; Gen. C. J. Stolbrand, warden. Cost to state— 1 : Auditor's estimate for 1870, $27,000. 2 : Received from appropriations, 1869, $14,984 55; balance un- drawn, $5532 18 ; total, $20,516 7^1 Auditor's estimate for 1870, $10,000. 3: $2000; estimate, 1870, $8000. 4: $86,300; esti- mate. 1870, for building, $75,000. \ TENNESSEE. Population, 1,258,326. Tax valuation, $223,862,213 98. Receipts, Sept. 30, 1869, $2,849,209 06. Institutions — 1 : Hospital for the insane, JSTashville ; T. H. Callendar, M. D., superintendent. 2 : Penitentiary, Nashville ; John Chumbley, warden. 3 : Blind school, Nashville. 4 : Deaf and dumb school, Knoxville ; Joseph H. Jjams, principal. 5: Hospital for colored insane, Nashville. Cost to state, 1869—1 : $38,888 59. 2 : $59,478 45. 3 : $12,- 375. 4: $25,550. 5: $3,859 11. 304 APPENDIX. VERMONT. Population, 330.236. Tax valuation, $1,082,151 34. Eevenue, Aug. 31, 1069, $822,361 84. Institutions — 1 : State prison, W indsor ; James A. FoUard, wardeu. 2 : Reform school, Waterbury ; William G. Fairbauk, superintendent. 3 : Asylum for the insane, Brattleboro ; William H. Rockwell, M. D., superintendent. 4 : First normal school, Castleton. 5 : Second normal school, Randolph. 6 : Third nor- mal school, Lamville. Appropriations — 2 : $13,000. 4, 5, 6 : $500 each ; total, $1500. To Vermont historical society, $250. WEST VIRGINIA. Population, 447,943. Tax valuation, $132,548,065. Revenue, Sept. 30, 1869, $611,411 29. Institutions — 1 : Normal school, Guyandotte. 2 : Normal school, Fairmount. 3 : University, Morgantown ; Alexander Martin, D. D., president. 4 : Hospital for the insane, Weston ; R. Hills, M. D., superintendent. 5 : Penitentiary, Moundsville ; G. S. McFadden, warden. Apj^ropriations—^: '$60,000. 5 : $20,000. To institution for deaf, dumb and blind, (at Staunton ?) $8000. Total, $88,000. WISCONSIN. Population, 1,052,266. Tax valuation, $455,900,700. Real value, one-fourth more. Revenue, 1869, $874,995 70, not including the school fund. Institutions — 1 : Hospital for the insane, Madison ; A. S. Mc- Dill, M. D., superintendent, 2 : Reform school, Waukesha ; Rev. A. D. Hendrickson, superintendent. 3 : Institute for the educa- tion of the blind, Janesville ; Thomas H. Little, M. A., principal. 4: Institute for the education of the deaf and dumb, Delavan ; Edward C. Stone, A. M., principal. 5 : Soldiers' orphans' home, Madison; W. P. Towers, superintendent. 6: State prison, Wau- pun. Appropriations— 1'. $99,450. 2: $32,000. 3: $47,800. 4: $34,176. 5: $40,000. 6 : $40,000. Total, $293,426. '■J "—Comolidated Financial Statement of the Pahlic Institutions of Illinois, preimred by the Board of State Commissioners of Pnblic Charities. TABLE I.— RECEIPTS FROM DECEMBER 1, 1868, TO NOVEMBER SO, 1870. Institution for Deaf Mutes . . . Hospital for the Insane . . . . Institution for tlie Blind . . . . Normal Unirersitj School for Idiots, etc Soldiers' Orphans' Home Industrial UniversiCj State Reform School Southern Normal University . Southern Insane Asylum Northern Insane Hospital.... Cash on hand DeceralKr 1 , 1868. $3,202 72 1,295 52 $7,746 77 16,000 00 4,148 37 1,296 06 Current. $109,687 60 176,000 00 48,750 00 18,000 00 40,000 00 90,000 00 Special. 1,600 00 ,500 00 .000 00 ,600 00 ,600 00 1,000 CO ,5110 00 ,000 00 ,000 00 ,000 00 135 60 4,036 28 3,569 05 275 90 i:l,5S7 61 65,071 74 181 81 9,996 63 3,118 17 2,832 48 3,395 IS 111,600 60 12,106 80 21,600 00 From State. Other Sour $138,048 27 212,795 62 63,750 CO 64,638 36 41,296 06 139,692 66 60,000 00 79,500 00 86,472 42 62,000 no 110,(100 00 510,798 11 59,898 28 23,091 49 9,996 OS 3,253 77 28,868 76 01,839 24 83,268 93 111,600 no 12,264 74 21,700 00 ?I48,844 38 272,693 78 76,811 49 04.633 38 44,619 83 168,661 32 124.839 24 162,763 93 196,^172 42 61,261 74 131,700 00 $299,007 21 $22,000 00 I $1,027,091 18 $129,473 33 $1,456,564 61 ncs, prepc )EEMBER 1, Fuel a! '^ l"—CoiisoUdaied Financial Stalemejit of the PahUc Institu/ions of I Hinds, prepared by the Board of State Commissioners of Pahlic Charities, t TABLE 11.— EXPEKDITOEES FROM DECEMBER 1, 1868, TO NOVEMBER SO, 1870. ■ Institution for Deaf Mutes . Hospital for the Insane. .. Institution for tlie Blind . . Normal University School for Idiots, etc Soldiers' Orphans' Home . . . Industrial University State Reform School Southern Normal Universitj Southern Insane Asylum . . . Northern Insane Hospital . $■7,746 77 37,616 90 2,027 01 42B 00 32,246 75 8,000 00 29,017 00 36,280 00 $1,105 02 4,903 91 34,069 39 487 28 4,070 31 66,506 70 26,236 28 69,452 67 178,778 40 23,439 69 90,236 88 Improvements and $15,827 01 30,066 19 6,138 01 4,764 85 1,233 24 8,044 89 2,611 62 Fuel and li"lit5. 2, '721 16 2,212 97 6,957 61 307 18 $26,972 76 84,996 95 9,261 01 10,696 79 31,654 23 $3,776 61 85,743 41 96 87 120 17 1,879 51 28,064 40 $10,612 98 27,876 63 1,666 09 1,834 78 2,916 73 3,511 96 $399 47 4,400 4^7 633 60 50 00 331 24 1,206 16 $J6,S8S 48 54,662 11 14,741 42 44,771 23 12,830 91 26,410 17 45,974 96 1,514 00 350 00 170 31 Books and Sta- 1,46S 58 643 97 2,526 66 604 62 1,214 88 10,708 58 96 60 173 75 175 76 57 00 Freight and Postage. $837 02 I $690 00 1,317 91 I 1,620 00 101 93 ; 450 00 649 03 259 42 148 00 801 16 ; I 1,025 66 1,124 78 I .i40() 00 01 80 j ; 42 20 62 25 1 i $816 00 1,096 40 424 73 998 60 210 00 1,103 80 3,967 14 3,275 15 10,472 42 14,429 26 672 7.1 1,427 61 1,708 73 1,917 73 ,279 S5 ,415 63 1,013 35 ,491 88 786 00 726 30 $142,933 77 318,009 62 73,022 98 62,740 40 44,472 99 179,916 IS 113,617 16 109,094 90 193,607 11 03,133 04 127,146 63 $99,343 42 $1,432,695 31 " l^^'—OoiisoVulaied Financial Skitement of tJic. Piihlic InditutioKS of I/linou:, pnp ircd hij the Board of State Commissioners of Public C7,arities. TABLE III.— ASSETS, LIABILITIES AS'D KESOUR ;ES, NOVEHBER 30, \i10. I.s.,..™.s. Assets, not cash. Lialiil ties. Resources. Balance. Real Estate. Personal Property. Funds, etc. Total, Salaries, ote., unpaid. Bills due. Borrowed Money. Total. Cash. Bills receivable. Undrawn appro- priations. In favor. Against. 1 $117,000 00 463,000 00 80,000 00 312,050 00 8,000 00 153,461 82 190,000 00 102,453 62 153,000 00 40,405 89 144,705 63 $27,081 00 41,015 40 7,000 00 $144,081 60 504,016 40 87,000 00 312,050 00 14,894 88 173,989 60 639,000 00 163,602 55 163,500 00 41,064 09 144,852 87 $5,910 61 1,184 29 1,818 61 1,792 93 76 84 1,770 13 11,222 08 63,669 03 3,364 63 $5,910 61 2 $1,651 50 2,065 00 $44,600 03 $44,500 03 1,551 60 3,066 00 $3,000 00 $35,316 74 3 267 01 4 1,000 00 100 00 5 0,394 88 20,627 08 25,000 00 368 03 600 00 658 80 147 24 76 84 n 4,962 65 6,282 26 $10,000 00 21,244 81 11,296 00 8,179 68 V Industrial Univorsilv $124,000 00 60,681 00 11,222 08 26,680 78 8,364 65 68,012 12 276 90 40,324 32 40,600 22 7,011 97 $5,600 00 Southern Normal University Southern Insane Asylum in 4,987 88 17,669 00 4,987 88 17,659 00 73,0110 00 15,000 00 4,653 37 2, 669 00 Total $1,764,076 86 $128,693 63 $484,681 00 $2,377,451 49 $8,864 98 $114,653 49 $10,000 00 $133,508 44 $85,362 49 $26,406 97 $■,13,500 00 $114,434 09 $47,426 44 Receipts, Table I $1,456,664 61 Bills Receivable 26,406 97 Undrawn Appropriations 93 , 600 00 $1,676,471 48 Expenditure $1,604,710 46 Cash receipts $1,456,664 61 Expenditures, Table U $1 ,432,695 81 Liabilities not stated in Table II 72,016 16 Resources $1,676,471 48 Expenditure 1,604,710 46,