3^/ "^ Duplicate- THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT Board OF State Commissioners Public Charities state of ILLINOIS. PRESENTED TO THE GOVERNOR NOVEMBER, 1876. SPRINGFIELD: I). W. I.l'SK, STATE PRINTER AND BINDER. 1877. "it I 5G0 C-1^p ,1. BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS. Frc-sldcnf, GEOUCJE f^. ROBINSON. Z. r.. LAWSON, Chesteriield. Term expires KS77. OEOROE H. HOLLISTER. Rocktoii. 'I'erm expires IsTs. OEORCiE S. ROBiNSON. Sycamore. Tonii oxpires IsT'.i. JOHN N. McCORD, M. J)., Vandalia. Term expires l.ssii. .T. ('. C'ORIU^S, M. I)., Mendota. Term expires issi. Sccrcfary. FKED. 11. WINES, Sprin-iiekl. 157313 STATE OF ILLINOIS, Office of Board of Public Charities, November 1, 187^ o. The said commissioners shall have full power, at all times, to look into and examine the condition of the several institutions, which the}' ma}' be authorized by this act to visit, financially, and otherwise; to inquire and examine into their methods of instruction, and the gov- ernment and management of their inmates, the official conduct of trustees, directors, and other officers and employees of the same ; the condition of the buildings, grounds, and other property connected therewith, and into all otlier matters pertaining to their usefulness and good management; and for these purposes tliey shall have free access to the grounds, buildings, and all books and papers relating to said institutions; and all persons now or hereafter connected with the same are hereby directed and required to give such information and afford sucii facilities for inspection as the said c(Mnmissioners may require. i^ 4. The said commissioners, or some one of them, are hereby author- ized and required, at least twice in each year, and as much oftener as they may deem necessary, to visit all the charitable and correctional institutions of the state, excepting prisons receiving state aid, and as- certain whether the moneys appropriated for their aid are or have been economically and judiciously expended; whether the objects of the several institutions are accomplished; whether the laws in relation to them are fully complied with ; whether all parts of the state are equally benefited by said institutions, and the various other matters referred to in the third section of this act; and report in writing to the governor, by the fifteenth of December, annuallv, the result of their investigations, together with such other information and recommenda- tions as they may deem proper ; and the said board of public charities, or one of them, shall make any special investigation into alleged abuses in any of said institutions, whenever the governor shall direct, and report the result of the same to the governor. ^ o. The said commissioners, or one of them, shall also, at least once each year, visit and examine into the condition of each of the city and county alms or poor houses, or other places where the insane may be confined, and shall possess all the powers relative thereto, as mentioned in the third section of this act; and shall report to the legislature, in writing, the result of their examination, in connection with the annual report above mentioned. § 6. Whenever any charitable or correctional institutions, subject to the inspection herein provided for, require state aid for any purpose other than their usual expenses, the said cominissioners, or some, or one of them, shall inquire carefully and fully into the ground of such want, the purpose or purposes for which it is proposed to use the same, the amount which will be re(|uired to accomplish the desired object, and into any other matters connected therewith ; and in the annual report of each year, they shall give the result of such inquiries, to- gether with their own opinions and conclusions relating to the whole su1;)je('t. § 7. The said commissioners, or any one of them, are hereby authorized to administer oaths, and examine any person or persons in relation to any matters connected with the inquiries authorized by this act. § 8. The said board of commissioners shall have power, and the}' are hereby authorized to appoint a clerk, who shall hold his office dur- ing their pleasure, with a salary not exceeding dollars per annum, who shall, when required, act as an accountant, from time to time, as th.ey may have occasion to investigate the financial or other affairs of any of the institutions affected by this act, or the accounts or oflicial conduct of any of their officers ; and when acting as such accountant, he shall, in addition, be allowed his actual traveling expenses. § 9. The number of the board of trustees of the "Hospital for the Insane," the board of directors of the "Illinois Institution for the Edu- cation of the Deaf and Dumb," the board of directors for the "Institu- tion for Educating the Blind," and the board of trustees of the "Sol- diers' Orphans' Home," respectively, shall, immediately after the pas- sage of this act, be, bj^ the governor, reduced to three. § 10. The said commissioners, or some, or any one of them, shall attend upon the session of the legislature whenever any committee of either house shall reijuire their attendance. § 11. Said board of commissioners shall be furnished by the secre- tary of .state with the necessary blank books, blanks and stationer}'. 1) § 12. The said commissioners shall receive no compensation for their time or services; but the actual expenses of each one of them, while engaged in the performance of the duties of their oflice, and any actual outla}- for any actual aid and assistance re([uired in exami- nations and investigations, en being made out and verified by the affidavit of the commissioners making the charge, and approved by the governor, shall be paid quarterly by the treasurer, on the warrant of tlie auditor of public accounts, out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise a])propriated; and the clerk of the board shall be paid in like manner. § 18. No member of the said board of commissioners shall be, directly or indirectl}^ interested in an}' contract for building, repairing or famishing any of the institutions which by this act they are authorized to visit and inspect ; nor shall any trustee or other officer of any of the institutions embraced in this act be eligible to the office of commissioner hereby created. § 14. The governor is hereby authorized to remove any of the trustees and directors of any of the institutions named in the ninth section of this act, whenever in his opinion, the interests of the state require such removal ; and in case of such removal, he shall commun- icate to the legislature the cause of such removal. § 15. No two members of the aforesaid boards of trustees or direc- tors of any of said institutions shall be residents of the same county, nor shall more than one trustee or director aforesaid reside in the county where said institutions shall be respectivel.y located. The principal of the "Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb,'' shall continue to be, e.r-nffirin, a member of the board of directors of that institution. § 16. All laws, or parts of laws, inconsistent with the provisions of this act, are hereby repealed. § 17. This act shall be in force from and after its passage. Approvkd April 9, 18Gi). v-^^ AN ACT To regulate the State charitable institutions and the State Reform School, and ty imjyrove their organization and increase their efficiency. Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, represented in the Genercd Assembly, That the state institutions hereinafter named, are hereby recognized and continued, and that they shall hereafter be known and designated by their respective titles, as expressed in this section, namely: CHARITABLE. The Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane, at Jacksonville. The Illinois Northern Hospital for the Insane, at Elgin. The Illinois Southern Hospital for the Insane, at Anna. The Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville. The Illinois Institution for the Education of the Blind, at Jackson- ville. The Illinois Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children. The Illinois Soldiers' Orphans' Home, at Normal. The Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, at Chicago. CORRECTIONAL. The Illinois State Reform School, at Pontiac. ^ 2. The trustees of each of the said state institutions shall be a body corporate and politic, for certain purposes, namely : To receive, hold, use and convey or disl)urse moneys and other property, real and personal, in the name of said corporations, but in trust and for the use and b}' the authority of the state of Illinois, and to control, manage ar.d direct the several trusts committed to them respectively, including the organization, government and discipline of all officers, employees and other inmates of said institutions, with power to make contracts, to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, to have and to use a common seal and to alter the same at pleasure, and to exercise all other powers usually belonging and incident to such corporations and necessary for the successful discharge of the obligations devolving by law upon said boaras of trust : Provided, that they shall not have power to bind the state b}^ any contract beyond the amount of the appropriations which may at the time have been made for the pur])oses expressed in the con- tract, nor to sell or convey any part of the real estate belonging to their respective institutions without the consent of the legislature, except that they may release any mortgage or convey any real estate which may be held by them as security for any money or upon any trust tlio terms of which authorize such conveyance : And, prodded, further, that tlie general assembly sliall have power, at any time, to amend, alter, 11 revoke or annul the grant of corporate powers herein contained or heretofore expressed in any and all charters previously granted to any of said institutions. S 3. The object of the hospitals for the insane shall be to receive and care for all insane or distracted persons residing in the state of Illi- nois, who may be committed to their care in accordance with law, and to furnish all needed medical treatment, seclusion, rest, restraint, atten- dance, amusement, occupation and support which may tend to restore their health and recover them from insanity', or to alleyiate their suf- fering : Provided, that the trustees shall have power to discharge patients and to refuse additional applications for admission to the hospitals under their care, whenever, in their judgment, the interests of the in- sane demand such discharge or refusal, and that in the admission and retention of patients, curable and recent eases shall have the ])refer- ence over eases of long standing, and that violent, dangerous or other- wise troublesome cases shall have the preference over those of an oppo- site description. ^ 4. The object of the institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb, and of the asylum for feeble-minded, shall be to promote the intel- lectual, moral and physical culture of the classes of persons indicated in their titles, respectively, and to fit them, as far as possible, for earn- ing their own livelihood and for future usefulness in society. ^ 5. The object of the soldiers' orphans' home shall be to provide a home for the nurture and intellectual, moral and physical eultui'e of all indigent children below the age of fourteen years, whose fathers served in the armies of the Union during the late rebellion, and have died or been disabled by reason of wounds or disease received therein, or have since died : Provided, that in special cases of peculiar inability of a pupil to support himself, or hersdf, the trustees may retain such pupih although above the age of fourteen years, and until such pupil has i-eached tlie age of sixteen, beyond which no pupil shall be retained. § 6. The object of the charitaljle eye and ear infirmary shall be to provide gratuitous board and medical and surgical treatment for all in- digent residents of Illinois, who ai'e afflicted with diseases of the eye or ear. >^ 7. The management of each of the state charitable institutions and of the state reform scliool shall be vested in a board of three trust- ees, to be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and eon- sent of the senate, and to be divided iuto three classes, and one class appointed every two years, to serve ^or six years from the first of March in each year bearing an odd number, as follows: Upon the taking effect of this act three trustee? shall be appointed for (:'ach charitable institution and for the state reform school, of whom one-thii'd shall .serve until the first of March, A. D. 1S77, one-third shall serve until the first of March, 1879, and one-third shall serve until the iirst of ]March, 1.S71, as may be determined by lot; and their successors, res])eet- ively, sliall serve for six years each, and in every case a trustee shall hold his office until his successor is appointed and qualified : Provided. that not more than one trustee for the same institution shall be appointed from or reside in anyone countv, and that no person shall be appointed or serve as trustee of more than one institution at one and the same time: And provixled furlher, that no superintendent or em- ployee of any of said institutions shall be trustee thereof. § 8. The governor shall have power to remove an}' trustee for iuefh- 12 ciency or other good and sufficient cau.'^e, and every vacancy occurring from death, removal, or otherwise, shall he filled for the remainder of the unexpired term in the same manner as prescribed in the seventh section of this act; but if the senate be not in session when such vacancy occurs the governor shall fill such vacancy, subject, however, to the approval of the senate at its next regular session. § 9. Every person appointed as trustee of any state institution shall, before entering upon tiie duties of his office, take and subscribe the oath prescribed in the twenty-fifth section of the fifth article of the con- stitution of the state of Illinois, which oath shall be filed in the office of the secretary of state. § 10. Each of the boards of trust appointed in accordance with the provisions of this act shall have charge of the general interests of the institution committed to its care, and shall have the power to appoint such officers and other agents, not herein otherwise provided for, as may be needed for the successful management thereof, to define their duties, to fix their compensation, to remove and discharge them when- ever in their judgment the welfare of the institution demands, and to make all necessary by-laws, rules and regulations for the government' of the institution and its inmates : Provided, that no person shall be appointed superintendent of either of the hospitals for the insane, nor of the institution for the education of feeble-minded children, who is not an educated and competent physician. § 11. The trustees shall receive no compensation for their services; but the actual expenses of each of them, while engaged in the perform- •ance of .the duties of his office, shall be audited by the board and paid out of the funds of the institution. S 12. The principal executive officer of each of the state charitable institutions shall be officially known and designated as the superinten- dent of said institution. He shall be the financial agent of the trustees, and shall have charge of the premises, property and inmates, subject to their direction. He shall, with the consent of the trustees, appoint all subordinate officers and employees, and assign them their respective duties, and may at any time discharge them from service. He shall see that all officers, agents and employees of the institution faithfully dis- charge their duties, and shall be held directly responsible to the trus- tees for the economy, efficiency and success of the internal manage- ment. In all institutions which furnish board to the inmates, the su- perintendent shall reside in the institution. § 13. The trustees of each of the state institutions shall appoint one of their own number to be president of the board and shall ap- point some person not a member of the board to be treasurer of the institution. The}" shall also appoint such person as they may select to be their secretary. § 14. The treasurer and superintendent, before entering upon the duties of their office, shall each give bond payable to the People of the State of Illinois, in such amount and with such sureties, not less than two, as shall he approved liy the trustees and by the governor, condi- tioned for the faithful ])orf(»vmance of the duties of their office, which bond shall be filed in the office of the state commissioners of public charities, at Springfield. i5 15. The books and papers ot the treasurer shall be open at all times to the inspection of any of the trustees of his institution, officers / 1?> of state, members of the general assembly, or state commissioners of public charities. ^ 16. The treasurer shall receive and be custodian of all moneys duo or belonging to the institution, whether deriyed from the state treasu- ry or from other sources, and the sui)erintendent, or any other officer into whose hands any money lightfull}^ belonging to the institution ma}' chance to come, shall pay overall such moneys in full to the treas- urer, at least once in every month. The treasurer shall not pay out any of the funds of the institution, except on proper vouchers, namely, on the order of the board of trustees l)y such agent as the board may appoint, and the original orders upon which said funds are paid out shall be returned from time to time to the trustees, to be tiled in the office of the institution and there permanently preserved, and the pre- sident of the board shall give his receipt to the treasurer for said or- ders when returned, showing in detail their numbers and amounts, which receipt shall be a final clearance of the treasurer from all fur- ther responsibility for said mone}' so paid. The treasurer shall keep an itemized account in a substantially bound book, sho'ving under ap- propriate heads, all the receipts and disbursements, in detail, with the date when and the parties from or to whom the same were received or paid, and also the current number of the order oi the trustees upon which eacli cash payment is made. ^ 17. The trustees shall hold regular stated meetings of the board, at the institution, at least as often as once in every three months, at such times as they may appoint, and called meetings at the request of any one of their number. A majority of the board shall constitute a ([uorum to'do business. At each regular meeting they shall ins})ect the institution under their charge, and they, or any one of them, may visit and inspect the same at any time. i^ 18. At each stated meeting of tlie board, the treasurer shall make a full report of all moneys received and paid out by him, accompanying the same with a copy of his itemized account, which account shall be verified by affidavit, and make settlement with the trustees. The superintendent shall present to the trustees an itemized statement of the kind, quality and cost of all articles purchased for the institution during the interval since the last regular meeting of the board, and a classified summary of expenses incurred, with which the report of the treasurer shall be compared. The trustees having examined said reports and accounts of the superintendent and treasurer, and the balance in the treasurer's hand, together with the amount of outstanding unpaid liabilities, shall indorse their a|)proval thereon and transmit the same, with duplicate vouchers accompanying, to the state commissioners of public charities, at Springfield, to be filed in their office for inspection at any time by the governor and by the members of the general assem- bly. And no installment of any appropriation heretofore or hereafter made by the general assembly shall be due or payable to any of the state institutions until the state commissioners of public charities sliall have certified to the governor the accuracy of the said statements and accom- panying vouchers, which certificates shall be approved by the governor, and delivered to the auditor of public accounts. >^ 19. All appropriations for the ordinary expenses of a state insti- tution shall be due and payable from the state treasury quarterly, in advance, unless otherwise specified in the act making said appropria- tions. But no appropriation, ordinary or special, nor any installment (. I 14 tliereof, shall be paid to or for the benetit of any institution, l)y the treas- urer of state, except upon the warrant of the auditor of public accounts, nor shall the auditor draw his warrant therefor except upon the order of the board of trustees signed by the president and attested by the secre- tary, with the corporate seal of the institution, accompanied by the certihcate of the commissioners of public charities, ai)proved b}- the governor, as specified in tlie eighteenth section of this act. S 20. No portion of any special appropriation for th& erection of any building or for the doing of any work, or for any purpose other than ordi- nary expenses, shall be drawn from the state treasury in advance of the work done or materials furnished, and then only upon proper estimates thereof, approved by the trustees, which estimates shall be filed in the office of the commissioners of public charities; and no portion of an}^ appropriation for any purpose shall be drawn from the state treasury before it shall be required for the purpose for which it is made; and no appro])riation wdiich is or may be made for one purpose shall be drawn or used for any other purpose; and if at any time hereafter the sum approi>riated by the general assembly for any specified purpose shall be found insufficient to complete and accomplish the purpose for which said appropriation is made, then no part of said sum so appropriated shall 1)6 expended or drawn from the state treasury, nor shall any lia- bility on the part of the state be created on account of said appropria- tion. j^ 21 . All moneys which have been heretofore, or which maybe here- after appropriated to any state institution for any purpose, other than for ordinary expenses, and Avhich remain in the hands of the trustees of such institution, and are not required for the uses for which the same were appropriated, shall be paid into the state treasury immediately on the taking effect of this act. ^ 22. No trustee, treasurer, superintendent or other officer or agent appointed by virtue and under the provisions of this act, shall be di- rectly or indirectly interested in any contract or other agreement for building, repairing, furnishing orsupplying said institutions. Any vio- lation of this section shall subject the ofi:ender, on conviction, to be pun- ished by a fine of not more than double the amount of said contract or agreem.ent, or by imprisonment in the penitentiaiy for a term of not less than one nor more than three years. i^^ 2o. In the matter of the purchase of supplies for an institution, the trustees shall cause such purchase to be made wherever the best grade of articles of suitable quantity can be bought at the lowest price, and so far as practicable, in large rather than in small quantities, and they shall, if in their judgment it can be done to advantage, advertise for proposals for staple supplies, such as meat, flour, sugar, coffee, tea, fuel, and other staple articles, and make contracts for the furnishing of the same in bulk or in quantities as may be needed for use: Provided, that the trustees shall have power, by themselves or by their financial agent, to terminate and annul such contract whenever the supplies furnished do not fully correspond in quality and (piantity to the samples previously furnished by the contractors, and to the letter and spirit of the proposals made by them : And, provided, further, that no drawbacks, presents, or secret discounts shall be given to or received by an}^ per- son whatever on account of any articles or materials furnished to or labor done for any state institution, and a violation of this proviso shall subject the offender, on conviction thereof in any court of record. 1/ 15 to a line of not more than one thousand dollars or imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term of not less than one nor more than three years. ^ 24. Ever}'- state institution shall keep a register of the number of officers, employees and inmates present each day in the year, in such form as to admit of a calculation of the average number present each month. § 25. Every state institution shall, so far as may be practicable, keep a record of stores and supplies, showing the amount of stores, etc., received and issued, with the dates and the names of the parties from or to whom the same were received or issued. § 2(). All residents of the state of Illinois who are or may become inmates of any of the state charitable institutions, shall receive their board, tuition and treatment free of charge during their stay. The residents of other states may be admitted to said institutions upon the payment of the just costs of said board, tuition and treatment : Provided, that no resident of another state shall be received or retained to the exclusion of any resident of the state of Illinois : Andj provided, further, that should any inmate be unwilling to accept gratuitous board, treatment or tuition, then an}- superintendent of a state chari- table institution is hereby authorized to receive pay therefor, and is required to account for the same in an itemized monthly or quarterly statement to the trustees, as donations, duly credited to the persons from whom they were received ; and if any superintendent shall receive an}^ moneys for the purpose of furnishing extra attention and comforts to any inmate of the institution under his charge, he shall account for the same, andfor the expenditures, in like manner, to the trustees: And, provided, further, that until July 1, 1877, superinten- dents of state institutions are hereby authorized to charge for board to inmates as heretofore authorized by law. § 27. In all cases where persons sent to the institution for the blind, the institution for the deaf and dumb, or tlie institution for feeble minded children, are too poor to furnish themselves with sufficient clothing, and pay the expenses of transportation to and from the institution, the judge of the count^^ court of the county where any such person resides, upon the application of any relative or friend of such. person, or of any ofHcer of his town or county (ten days' notice of which application sliall be given to the county clerk), may" if he shall deem such person a proper subject for the care of either of said insti- tutions, make an order to that effect, which shall be certified by the clerk of the court to the principal or superintendent of such institu- tion, who shall provide the necessary clothing and transportation at the expense of the county, and upon his rendering his proper accounts therefor semi-annually, the county board shall allow ai:d })ay the same out of the county treasury. i5 2S. On or before the first day of November preceding each reg- ular session of the general assembly, the trustees of each of the state institutions named in this act shall make out and transmit to the state commissioners of ])ublic charities, and they, if they find the same to be correct, shall deliver the same to tbe governor, a full and detailed statement of all their transactions and doings for the two years ending on the thirtieth day of September immediately preceding, showing, for the two years, and for each of them, separately, the number of inmates admitted and discharged since tlicir last report, the number 16 then remaining in the institution, the average annual attendance, the receipts, clisbiirsements and expenditures of moneys and other funds, the valuation of property in the hands of the trustees, the amount of each appropriation or fund under their control, and the balance thereof remaining unexpended in their hands or in the treas- ury of the state. The reports required by this section shall be accom- panied with a cash statement made by the treasurer of the institution, and such other information, financial, statistical or otherwise, in such tabulated form as the commissioners of public charities may prescribe and require : Provided, that the said commissioners shall prescribe forms of statements as nearly uniform as may be practicable for all the institutions, to the end that their accounts may be compared and consolidated for the information of the general assembly : And, j)ro- vided, further, that the said commissioners may call for and require special reports when, in their judgment, the public interest shall demand the same. §; 29. The number of copies of the several reports of the state insti- tutions named in this act, now or hereafter prescribed by law, shall 1)e printed and ]niblished under the supervision of the state commis- sioners of public charities, who shall have said reports printed, bound and ready for distribution to the members of the general assembly, Avithin ten days after the meeting thereof. >^ 30. The board of state commissioners of public charities, created by an act approved April 9, 1869, is hereby recognized and continued, and the jwwers heretofore granted to said board, of visitation, investi- gation, inquiry, counsel, recommendation and report, with respect to the management and affairs of the state and county charitable and correctional institutions, are hereby confirmed, and the same jurisdic- tion now exercised by said board over a portion of the state institutions is extended so as to apply to all penal institutions, all of which shall hereafter be subject to visitation and investigation by said board. 1^ 31. It shall be the duty of the superintendent of public instruc- tion to visit such of the charitable institutions of the state as are edu- cational in their character, and to examine their facilities for instruc- tion ; and the several superintendents of these institutions shall make to him reports, at such times, on matters educational relating to their institutions, and in such forms as he may prescribe. § 32. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed. ArpRovED April 15, 1875. ajv act To change tlie fiscal year of the State and designate the time reports shall be made to the Governor by the Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, State Treasurer, Adjutant Genercd, State Entomologist, Commissioncrf< of the Peni- tentiary, Trustees of the Industrial Univerdty, the Trustees of the Normal Universities, the State Board of Agriculture, the Trustees of the Reform School, the Board, of Public Charitie>i, and the Triixfees of the State Charita- ble In>ititutioni<. Section 1. Be it enacted, by the Peoyle nf the State oj Illinois, represented in the General Assembly, That the fiscal year of this stats shall comDienee on the first day of October, and close on the thirticthday of Septeni- ber. § 2. The secretary of state, auditor of public accounts, state treas- urer, adjutant general, state entoniolo2;ist, commissioners of the peni- tentiary, trustees of the industrial university, the trust(H'S of the nor- mal vuiiversities, the state board of agriculture, the trustees of the re- form school, the board of public charities, and the trustees of the state charitable institutions shall on or liefore the first day of November, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six, and biennially thereafter, make and deliver to the governor such reports as they ai'o now required by law or the constitution to make of their acts and doings, respec- tively, closing with the fiscal year preceding each resfular session of the general assembl}^, and no other annual or l)iennial report shall be made Ijy such officers. § 3. The commissioners of the penitentiary, the trustees of the nor- mal universities, the trustees of the industrial universit}', the state ))oard of agiiculture, the trustees of the reform scliool, and the trustees of the state cliaritalde institutions shall arrange their reports required by the second section of this act so as to show tlie acts and doings of each fiscal year separately. § 4. An account shall be kept l)y the officers of the executive de- partment, and of ill! tlie pu))lic institutions of the state, of all moneys received or disbursed ])y them, severally, from all sources and for every service performed, and a semi-annual report tliereof be made to the governor, under oath. Approved March 21), 1875. Vol. II— 2 FOURTH BIENNIAL RErORT. The General Assembly of the State of Illinois, at its last session, adopted an act, approved April 15th, 1875, changing the fiscal year of the state, so that it now ends on the SOtli of September, instead of the thirtieth of November, as heretofore. This law took effect July 1st, 1875. The fiscal year 1874-5, therefore, included only ten months, in- stead of a full year, and the whole period covered in the present re- port is twenty-two months, from the first of December, 1874, to the thirtieth of September, 187(5. JUKISDICTION OF THE BOARD. The General Assembly also adopted an act, approved Ai)ril 15th, 1875. to regulate the state charitable institutions, and the State Re- form School, to improve their organization and to increase their effi- ciency. By the terms of this act, as understood by the Commissioners of Public Charities, the jurisdiction over tlie Normal and Industrial Universities, formerly exercised by this Board, was taken away. Our opinion was confirmed by that of the Attorney General, given in writ- ing, at our request, on the 27th of May, 1875, and we have not, since the i^assage of the act, visited the Universities nor lield any official communication with their officers" or directors. On the other hand, tlie jurisdiction of the Board was extended to the State Reform School, at Pontiac. In the thirtieth section of the act, an effort seems to have been made to include the State Penitentiary also, in the words, "the same jurisdiction now exercised by said board over a portion of the state institutions is extended so as to apply to all penal institutions, all of which shall hereafter be subject to visitation and investigation by said board." But the omission of any reference, in the title of the act, to the contents of this section, was held by the Attorney General, to render its provisions null. This was our own view, and we have not exercised nor claimed any jurisdiction over the Penitentiary. . There arc, therefore, at the present time, nine institutions subject to the supervision of this Board, namely: three Hospitals for the In- sane, the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dunil), the- In- stitution for the Blind, the Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, the 20 Soldiers' Orphans' Home, the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infir- mary, and the State Reform School. We regard the act to regulate the state institutions, enacted by the last Assembly, as one of the best and most satisfactory laws, in its practical working, to be found upon our statute books. It has greatly facilitated our examination of their affairs; and the accounts and records in our office, in the new State House, will afford to the General Assembly the fullest and most certain means of investigating thoroughly any question which may arise respecting their financial manaeement. The law, however, did not take efiect until July 1st, 1875, so that we have no statements upon file for the first seven months of that year. At the expiration of the next two years we shall have statements for the full time embraced in our biennial report and we hope to be able to make a more complete exhibit of the transactions of this department of the government than has ever yet been made to the legislature of Illinois. AMOUNT OF MONEY TO BE ACtOrNTED FOR. On the first of December, 1874, there were, in the hands of the sev- eral treasurers of the institutions under our care, the following cash balances : — Northern Insane Hospital $6,661 38 Central Insane Hospital 1,878 62 Southern Insane Hospital 4,868 74 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 27,933 83 Institution for the Blind 1,492 98 Asylum for Feeble-Blinded Children 7,338 30 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 6,156 65 Eye and Ear Infirmary 2,393 23 State Reform School 1,163 77 Total $59,887 50 In addition to these balances in the possession of the institutions, they had, in the state treasury, unexpended balances of appropriations undrawn, to tlie amount of ^284,778 45, as follows : — Northern Insane Hospital $35,755 80 Central Insane Hospital 62,333 33 Southern Insane Hospital (Trustees) 26,168 4() Southern Insane Hospital (Commissioners) 34,422 58 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 43,214 16 Institution for the Blind 14,551 64 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children 14,247 29 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 30,022 26 21 Eje and Ear lulirnmry l),r){)() 00 State Reform School U,r)(i2 !):'. Total $284,77S 45 Of this unex})ended balance in the state treasury, $281,802 32 was for the ordinary expenses of the institutions until the first of July, 1875. The remainder, $52,97() lo, had hecn appropriated for specific uses. The last General Assembly appropriated, for the use'of these nine institutions, the sum of $1,376,830 00, which was apportioned among them as shown in the following statement: — Northern Insane Hospital $206,480 00 Central Insane Hospital 102,500 00 Northern Insane Hospital (Trustees) 125,800 00 Southern Insane Hospital (Commissioners) 158,500 00 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 181,750 00 Institution for the Blind 63,000 00 Asylum for Feeble-3Iinded Children 234,000 00 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 103,500 00 Eye and Ear Infirmary 24,300 00 State Reform School.". ,S7,000 00 Total $1,376,830 00 Of this amount, $884,500 was appropriated for the ordinary expenses for two years, from the first of July, 1875, to the thirtieth of June, 1877. The remainder of the appropriations, amounting to $492,330, were for special purposes, the larger portion being set aside for the erec- tion of the Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children and for the completion of the Southern Hospital for the Insane, namely, $185,000 for the for- mer and $158,500 for the latter. In addition to the income derived from appropriations, the institu- tions receive a minor income from the proceeds of sales of farm pro- duce, stock, and manufactured articles, from collections for clothing, etc. The amount of this miscellaneous income, during the past twen- ty-two months, has been : — Northern Insane Hospital $31,405 ()8 Central Insane Hospital 39,243 18 Southern Insane Hospital (Trustees) 10,142 24 Southern Insane Hospital (Commissioners) 269 08 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 13,175 55 Institution for the Blind 3,041 40 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children 5,053 57 Soldiers' Orphans" Home 1,144 91 Eye and Ear Infirmary 4,136 7G 22 State Reform School .S,7i3 67 Total $116,326 04 This, then, is the total amount to be accounted for in the present report, and in the reports of the institutions herewith transmitted : — Balances, December 1st, 1874 859,887 50 Former appropriations, undrawn 284,778 45 Appropriations by 29th General Assembly 1,376,830 00 Miscellaneous income 116,326 04 Total $1,837,821 99 It is evident that this amount must have been expended by the in- stitutions, or remain either in the state treasury, or in the hands of the local treasurers. SUMMARY STATEMP:NT OF CREDITS, TO ]?ALANCE THE ACCOUNT. The amount remaining in the state treasury, undrawn, September 30th, 1876, w^as $566,836 79 :— Northern Insane Hospital B()7,930 28 Central Insane Hospital 73,376 62 SoutherA Insane Hospital (Trustees) '. 44,172 34 Southern Insane Hospital (Commissioners) 103,427 29 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 57,238 31 Institution for the Blind 20,422 30 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children 118,422 56 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 38,756 36 Eye and Ear Infirmar}^ 9,667 30 State Reform School 33,423 43 Total $566,836 79 Of this amount, $333,750 is for ordinary expenses, until June 30th, 1877 ; $203,474 85 is for the completion of the Southern Insane Hos- pital and the Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children; and the remainder, $29,611 94, is for other speoiaFpurposes. The amount remaining in the hands of local treasurers, Septeniber .30th, 1876, was:— Northern Insane Flospital $6,108 48 Central Insane Hospital 21,913 68 Southern Insane Hospital (Trustees) 13,617 85 Southern Insane Hospital (Commissioners) 77 71 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 6,517 71 Institution for the Blind 2,972 95 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children 25 26 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 6,075 23 2:\ Eye and Ear Jnfirmarv 1,421 2(i State Reform School 8,460 10 Total $()2,1<)0 21) The cash dislmvseiiients ]>}■ the .state institutions, durin,^ the past twenty-two months, were : — Northern Insane Hospital S20(),2G5 22 Central Insane Hospital 200,064 83 Southern Insane Hospital (Trustees) 100,189 25 Southern Insane Hospital (Commissioners) 89,()80 6() Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 202.817 20 Institution for the Blind 58,090 78 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children 142T91 38 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 95,909 97 Kye and Ear Infirmary 29,241 48 State Reform School ;. 74,550 78 Total $1,208,773 o1 By adding these figures, together witli $21 43, the amount of former appropriations, which have lapsed hecause not drawn, we have as their sum, $1,837,821 99, the amount to be accounted for, thus : — Cash disbursements SI ,208,773 51 Cash balances, September 30th, 1870 02,190 29 Appropriations undrawn September ;>Oth, 1(S70 5(i(»,830 79 Appropriations lapsed 21 40 Total $1,837,821 99 The details of these receipts and disbursements will be found in the tables appended to this report and in the reports of the several insti- tutions. Of the entire amount of cash payments, $344,970 08 was paid prior to the first of July, 1875, and $803,803 43 since that date. For all payments made during the past" fifteen months (since the taking effect of the act to regulate the state institutions), receipted vouchers will be found, properly tied up in bundles, labeled and indexed, m the ofhce of tlie Board of Public Charities, where they are subject to the examination of the Ceneral Asseml)ly. oi'TSTANniN(i ixi)i:i;tj:i)NEss. There is a palpable distinction between cash disbui'sements and expenses incurred, which nowhere needs to be more clearly present to the mind than in the examination of accounts like those under con- sideration; and especially when the examination made is to determine the estimate and allowances for future expenses. We have endeavor- ed to impress upon the institutions and their officers the necessity of 24 not only living within their income, but of making full and final settlement with all creditors, before closing their accounts for the 3'ear and making rejwrt of their financial situation to the legislature. In this attempt, we have been partially but not wholly successful. At the date of onr last rejiort, the institutions reported outstanding indebtedness to the amount of more than thirt3'-five thousand dollars, which has all been paid, except one item of $2,332 34, due by the Institution for the Education of the Blind to the contractors who erected the centre building and put in the steam-heating apparatus. An application was made tothelast General Assembly for an appropria- tion for this purpose, but the bill failed to receive the necessary assent of two-thirds of the members, and this claim, which we believe to be just and lawful, remains unpaid. Leaving this out of the account, the outstanding indebtedness, on account of the expenses of the two years just closed, is only $1,889 90 and is divided among four institu- tions, namely : — Northern Hospital for the Insane " SI, 750 53 Southern Hospital for the Insane 97 45 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children 4 21 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 37 71 Total $1,889 90 The item of SI, 750 53 is the pay-roll for the month of September. The item of S4 21 is an old outstanding order which will never be presented for payment. The other two items are due on special ap- propriation account, and will be paid out of funds in the state treasury. We think this a very satisfactorj' showing. Although the appropria- tions for ordinar}' expenses have been materiall}^ reduced below the sums asked for by the institutions, no deficiency has been created, in consequence, and every institution reports a surplus on hand, after all indebtedness is liquidated. Upon this result, we congratulate the in- stitutions and the people of the state. EXPENSES, FOR TWEXTY-TWO MOXTHS. Th.' actual expense, for twenty-two months, has been : — Onli)i/(ri/ JExj^oises. Northern Insane Hospital $182,950 35 Central Insane Hospital 187,885 25 Southern Insane Hospital 89,888 41 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 135,0G6 89 Institution for the Blind 50,493 92 Asylum for Feeble Minded Children 49,714 63 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 90,203 15 25 Eye and Ear Inlirniary 22,039 OO State Reform School 54,547 74 Total ordinary $S62.7.S'.) SO Special Expemes. Northern Insane Hospital 823,808 95 Central Insane Hospital 12,770 58 Southern Insane Hospital (Trustees) 19,398 29 Southern Insane Hospital (Commissioners) 89,686 66 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 47,969 65 Institution for the Blind 8.196 86 Asylum for Feeble Minded Children 84,952 44 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 5,804 53 Eye and Ear Infirmary 7,201 47 State Reform School 1S,450 59 Total special 318,450 59 Total ordinary 862,789 80 Total expense $1,181,240 39 The figure representing the total expense, for twenty-two months, will not be the same as the total cash disbursements : because, first, a portion of the cash disbursements were for expenses of the year 1874; and second, the expenses of 1875-6 have not all been paid, as has been explained above. OliDINARY EXPENSES. The ordinary expenses of the institutions are j)aid out of the appro- priations made for that purpose, and from tlie petit or contingent funds derived from receipts from other sources than the state treasury. In the case of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, under authority of section one of the act for the completion of the school building, all un- expended balances in the hands of the treasurer on the first day of July, 1875, or so much thereof as might be necessary, were appropriated for that purpose. The balance of the petit fund, on the day named, was $10,796 85, and this entire amount was consumed upon the build- ing. In all other cases the petit fund is reckoned as part of the ordi- nary expense fund. For the information of the (rcneral Assembly as to the disposition made of the ordinary expense funds, we iurnish the following tables. 26 5: s ^•:^ ■fS* On 2 '-^ ^ ;5'i s S CO s ^ O CO 1 -* -^ I^ I^ CC 01 CO lO 0-1 C iCC I- ,_^ cocc 01 _. • c: i^ cc --C c» cr. o^ th ic ci co c-i 1-1 iM i^ i-h c^ ic it '""^ 1 ; 1- ic cc i^ cc 4 ^ »c ^c c^i 00 ^ c^ tc cc.-^ C-- ic e'- X *^ er, lo cc 1-- c>]^^^o r-^^oj cc oc ri 1-- CI -t* Ci lO Ci'^e r^^'^^^'^r*"- ;rp'cf c-f r-'"i-i' 0"-^" i-f Co" C-" ^ " "* ' Ai rH rH «> -f"^ "lO -:}» f-H CC1-- CC i.^ iC iC CO iCl- T-1 • • ^^l CO cc- '^ i^ *-( ic «-M cc CO LT S-. in II 01 ^ L^ ccM c^» ic 1^ cr. •i' i^i-i ,_, ■V CI ^ l^ iC 1^ TP t^ CCl'- I'* 3- CO Ci I- l- r- ^ r: T-H X CO ^ T c» CI l-i- ■»^\-'c.r ^- 00 .0' K^ *? „ __. i iVo «'.-• lo'oo o"o occ V:~ 1— < ^^1 ' ~iO -, 3 i^ »o ^ -^ -:r »c tr; 1^ ?-i Oi X 1^ ■^ -o c ^^ -M -j:: (M iC >C-i l^ ^^ -M OC 1^ — r I- ^] cc CcC .• i~ -a" =r. ir; cc ccM X o> X 1 03^ >. -T r- -.= 1-1 (N rt -1 ir: r-H ■'V ! ■=« -^- -T of 5j w ^ 1- •M~c/: -i I- e^'Ci "-T in'o C QC' -^ CO C~) !M rH 30 OC -^ -T .-H C^ « 1" 'O TT CO ■=^ 1 eg a; .2 3 s .-1 m i^ 1^ ■-' « ■— 1^ i^ 10 ,-1 ,-1 QC ^ !M l-l X I- 5t ■-= -.: 3 c: -~ C-< -r -f CI tC -M l~ !C r~ CC- X CJ X Z-l lO 1-1 r-l CO ^ ■a -5 C-fi-i'C-f-w'' CO 0' r-' 1-' ^ 'V^ O&W ^ rt 1- 't a^o -r oi rt -j; CO -i 1-1 -T in r-1 1- iH : i-T i^ co ic :-i 'X5 0"" I ■c l- X 1 g-g 1- cr. 1^ g t; ci ^; 1- r^ .5 : ffi ;o 2; ;p; r** 00 X ■-' "S 3 ^^Tc; -.";;-;" cf„-' ,0- " ; "^ „-m- '•2" u 1- o) : lO a «© ._.- '-' ~- S "^ S i£ "- 5 1" ? 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J y 1 "C 7 ^ .c. y ? _/ JI - - y c- ' C -5 3 c g S w '.rf « X Q S +-S « lC Total no. From the — Northern. Central. 1",) 1 Southern. ■1 4(1 discharged. 23 Central '.14 V2 140 4') IOC, 52 1 5U 1 208 These transfers resulted in bringing the patients much nearer to their friends, and so far as we know, afforded general satisfaction, After making the corrections indicated, the total nuinl)er of benefi- ciaries of the state of Illinois, in the eight charitable institutions and the State Reform School, during the past two years, was 6,345; a small army, who, if they could all appear before the General Assembly in one body and at the same time, would present an amazing spectacle, inexpressibly saddening, and yet one to awaken, in every humane heart, sentiments of gratitude and of hope. The number remaining and actually present in the institutions, September 30th, 1870, was : — Xorthern Hospital for the Insane 4(53 C'entral Hospital for the Insane , 4()() Southei'n Hospital for the Insane 241 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 315 Institution for the Blind 2 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children 86 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 252 Eye and Ear Infirmary 39 State Reform School 174 Total 2,038 Tliis is an increase of more than ten per cent, over the number present at the close of the year 1874; and it would have been much greater, but for the diflerent seasons of the year at which the two census were taken, the one in December and the other in September, when the school terms of the educational institutions had just opened, or, as at the Institution for the Blind, the time for them to open had not yet arrived. AA'EKAGE XUMCKIJ. In calculating the average number present during the year, eitlier one of two ends may be sought, namely, to ascertain tlie average amount of work done by an institution, or to find its average cost, as a basis upon which to estimate future expenses. In institutions which have no vacation, such as hospitals and jjrisons, one average serves both purposes. In those, on the contrary, which furnish an ethication to the inmates, and send their pupils home for the vacation, 42 we must be careful not to ecnfound the average number during term- time with the average for the year. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, for instance, had an average attendance, while school was in session, during the 2:>ast year, of rVi.S ; but the average for the year was only 25o. Since we are now concerned with the question of the proper amount to be expended upon the institutions, out of the state treasury, for two years, from the first of next July, we confine our attention to the aver- age for the year. This may be easily ascertained by dividing the number of days' board of inmates reported by each of them, by the number of days in the year. This we now show : tablp:. Institution. Days' board of inmates. I Average no. of inmates. 1875. 1876. I 1S75. 1S7G. Northern Insane... Central Insane Southern Insane.... Deaf and Dumb Blind Feeble-Minded Soldiers' Orphans'. Kye and Ear Ileforin School Total >«,400 169,501 j .-107 466 ' 142, .576 170,847 ' 470 4(>7 45,o:!:i 74,633 14S 204 i;r,,707 !t4,244 ; 2U) 2.57 is.si;:. 20,0.55 62 55 ■J4,.58n 2'.), 277 1 SI 1 80 J yo,:-n8 , 113,478 ; 297 :no 10,021 1 16,512 .S3 45 1 .54,112 05,880 i 178 180 545,075 7.54,427 1,795 2,(XU These are the averages for the past two years. For the next two years, they will increase by the natural growth of the population, and by the enlargement of several of the institutions. The asylum for feeble-minded children, in its new building, can accommodate two hundred and fifty or three hundred inmates — an average for the year of two hundred or two hundred and fifty. The completion of the south wing of the hospital for the insane, at Anna, will bring the capacity of that institution up to nearly five hundred patients, and the average number will probably be from four hundred and fifty to four hundred and seventy-five. The average number at the institution for ihe deaf and dumb steadily grows from year to year. For 1876, it was about fifty more than for 1874; and it will probably continue to grow, at about the same rate. By the extension of the laundry of the hospital, at Elgin, room for forty additional j^atients has been gained, at an ad- ditional cost of only thirty-five hundred dollars. As soon as the apart- ments, which have been vacated, are furnished, the average there will run up to five hundred. On the other hand, the average number of soldiers' orphans, at Normal, is diminishing. We estimate the average number of inmates of the state charitable institutions and for the State Reform School, for two years from the first of July, 1877, at probably not less than twenty-five hundred, or about twenty-five per cent, more than during the t;vo years just closed. 43 OUDINAKY EXPENSE — APPKorUlATIONS NEEDED. We are now prepared to enter upon the consideration of the esti- mates for the next two years. It has heretofore been our custom to- state first, in gross, the amounts rei^uested by the institutions for ordi- nary expenses and for special uses : and then to indicate the amount,, of reduction, if any, which the commissioners of public charities rocominend, but still, to state the sum for ordinary expenses in gross, without classification of items. In the present report Ave have adopt- ed a different method, which v»ill, we think, afford to the members of the General Assembly a surer means of forming their own conclusions as to the justice of the estimate. We propose to follow the classifica- tion given above (see page 26), and to indicate the sum required, in our judgment, for each item, in each of the institutions. Sonre of these items are but little, if at all, affected by the average number. This is the case with fuel and light, furniture, household expenses, salaries of the principal officers, wages of domestics, print- ing and advertising, apparatus, music, amusements, farm and garden,, expenses of shops, and machinery, which are governed rather by the size of the buildings and grounds than by the number of inmates. The expenses most directly and sensibly affected by the average number are food, clothing and bedding, laundry supplies, books and stationery, and postage. The outlay for medicine and for freight, including transportation of inmates, is somewhat affected, but not in proportion to the increase in numbers. We think that a fair, liberal estimate for the increased ordinary expenses of an institution, in consequence of the increase of number of inmates, would not exceed one hundred dollars for each additional inmate; that is, if the buildings are not enlarged, nor the general or- ganization changed. In estimating the cost for two years to come, we have based our cal- culations ujion the expenses incurred for six years past, whicli have come under our observation and scrutiny. We have taken into ac- count the great decline in values, but there is a limit to the possibili- ty of reduction, in this direction, in conseijuence of the fluctuations to which prices are always subject, so that it is iiuiiossiblc to ])rcdict that they will remain at the present low standard. It is implied in the remark just made that we have not, at least tO' any considerable extent, been governed, in the estimates of appropria- tions needed for ordinary expenses, by the requests preferred by the several institutions. The practice of the institutions in the matter of asking varies greatly, as we have learned by experience. Some of them over-estimate their expenses, in the expectation that the General .\ssembly will cut the appropriation down. They allow themselves a 44 margin as a protection against too great a reduction. Others make a very careful, close estimate, below which it is not safe to go, and if the legislature does not grant the full amount asked, the efficiency of the institution is greatly impaired. There is an economic limit to the curtailment of the cost of living, and our effort has been to find, if pos- sible, the golden mean between lavish ness on the one hand and parsi- mony on the other. The annual appropriations asked by the institutions, for ordinary expenses, are : — Northern Insane Hospital 8110,000 Central Insane Hospital 100,000 Southern Insane Hospital ' 90,000 Institution for Deaf and Dumb 86,300 Institution for the Blind 28,000 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children 72,000 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 50,000 Eye and Ear Infirmary 20,000 State Reform School.."! 30,000 Total $586,300 The increase, in the aggregate, for all the institutions, over the amount appropriated by the last General Assembly, would, if the re- quests preferred were acceded to, be $141,300 per annum — an increase much larger than we deem to be necessary or justifiable. We have included, in our statement, an item of fifty thousand dol- lars for the Soldiers' Orphans' Home; but at the time of w^riting, we have no information from the authorities of that institution as to their purposes or wishes, the biennial report haying been greatly de- layed beyond the time fixed by law. Fifty thousand dollars is the amount appropriated two years ago, and we assume that the applica- tion, this year, will be for an equal sum. The only other institution which does not ask for an increase of the ^>rdinary expense ap|)ropriation is the State Reform School. In the case of the hospitals for the insane, some increase will be necessary, in consequence of the abolition of the pay list, which will become a law of the state, unless repealed, on the first day of next July. The income from pay patients, heretofore, though not very great, has been quite an addition to the pecuniary resources of tlu; hospitals. For the j^ast two years it has been : — 1S75. 1870. Total. Xorthorn Insnnr' Hospital Cu>,tral Insane ]Ios]i)tLil Southern Insane Hospital $4,350 73 G,2S8 04 2,374 17 $r>,241 72, $10, 598 45 7,2Sl) 31 13,568 35 3,029 48 5,404 05 Total Sn3.018 94 m-'/obl 51 '$20, 570 45 45 The cessation of this incoino will ciitriil so iiuu'li additional ex- pense iii)i)n the state treasury. The provision of law, forbidding any further continuance of the practice of charging patients for board and treatment, ma}' be found on page 15 of the 2:)resent report, ia the twent^'-sixth section of the act regukiting tlie state institutions, and is in these words: — "All residents of the state of Illinois who aru or may become inmates of any of the state charitable institutions, shall receive their board, tuition and treatment free of cliarge during- their stay. ="• '■'■ Prnci(hd,furthrr. that uiitilJuly 1, 1S77, superiuteuilonts of st;ite institutions are ln'reby au- thorized to charge forinmites as iTcrotofore authorized by law.'" Whether the legislature perceived the application of the language used to the Eye and Ear Inhrmar}^, at Chicago, and the effect of it as respects that institution, we do not know. There is no doubt, howev- er, as to the intention of the (xeneral Assembly to discontinue the p'ly- list in the state hospitals for the insane. The question has been dis- cussed for several years, and the sentiment in opposition to the pay- list has grown steadily. The argument against it was fully set forth, on pages l.S and lU, of our last biennial report, and need not l)e here reproduced. The reason for not making the change before the- first of •July, 1(S77, was the desire felt by the last Asseml)ly, to make the taxes l('vieast two years ])r(>ves tliat an a])propriati()ii of one huudvfd tliousand "^ot50ioo O O O O 01 10 O O CO t.O, I'- lO lOi O Ol o ooojsrjrcjooooooooooo 009 5 _ _ r = 00300000 000 00= c — I- c ti X o lo CO -r o CO o 01 1-H 01 if? OOCOOOQOOOO 000000000 o = ocoooc;30o ooooooooooo=r: — r. c:cooo o ic o o 01 lO o 01 =; o 1-0 c: .0 c: :t i~ oi ^ ol S B2 03 a) 5 5^ 5 = 2 a =3 5 f ji c3 52 is very much higher. We have taken for granted that the heating apparatus M'ill be renewed, and have allowed a reduction of four thou- sand dollars on the expense for fuel in 1876 on this account. Should the appropriation for that purpose fail to be made, it would then b(^ necessary to increase the estimate by that amount. We have also increased the estimates for food, both at the Northern Insane Hospital and at the State Reform School. In estimating the amounts necessary for clothing, bedding, etc., we have deducted from the total cost of clothing the amount collected by the several institutions on this account, and have allowed only what we suppose to be a fair estimate of the probable excc-^.s of expendi- ture over income. We feel considerable hesitation in recommending the amounts sug- gested for farm, garden and stable expenses, but have based our esti- mates on the experience of the past few years. That the amounts sug- gested by us will be expended upon the farms, etc., appears, after an examination of the reports of the various institutions for several years past, to be probable. The item for freight and transportation includes, as has already been explained, the trans2)ortation of oftlcers and inmates, and the ex- penses of trustees. We have experienced some difficulty in n:iaking our estimates in consequence of the want of an accurate and thorough inventor}' of supplies on hand December 1st, 1874. Of course it is impossible to as- certain the actual consumption of supplies without knowing the amounts on hand at the beginning and at the close of any giveii pe- riod. We should feel more certain of the correctness of our opinion as to the amount of approi:)riaticns required, if wo had this infornja- tion. We have included in the table printed above only the expense which we suppose must be met from the appropriations. In case of any credit income accruing to the institution over and above the amount of the appropriations recommended by us, we have made al- lowance for it in our escimates, or have left it as a niargin for unfore- seen and contingent expenses. REQUESTS FOR SPECIAL ArrROI'RI ATIOXS. Northern lumne Hospital. The Northern Hospital for the Insane, at Elgin, asks for special ap- propriations to the amount of $41,4G1 85, as follows : — Repairs, $5,000 per rtnnw?7i $10,000 00 Alterations in heating and ventilation 10,000 00 New boiler house 6,897 85 Gradiftg and shrubbery, $1,000 per annum 2,000 00 53 New fence in front of hospital grounds 2,000 00 Straw barn 1,850 00 Sheds for young cattle 1,000 00 Refrigerating house 2,500 00 Sturtevant blower 700 00 Hydraulic elevator in kitchen 500 00 Cisterns for rain-water 2,143 00 Gallery in patients' amusement hall 79(5 00 Purchase of land (thirty acres) 1,075 00 Total $41,461 85 The amount asked for repairs is five thousand dollars per annum; this is in addition to the estimate for repairs included in our estimate of the cost of running, which is three thousand dollars per annum, making a total of eight thousand dollars per annum for improvements and repairs. There are some special repairs of immediate and press- ing necessity, as for instance, the renewal of the roof upon the south wing, and one-half of the roof of the centre building, which are now leaking badly. The estimated cost of this one item is two thousand, iive hundred dollars. A building so large as the hospital for the in- sane at Elgin, heated by steam and inhabited by a destructive class of patients, necessarily requires continual and expensive repairs. If the amount allowed annually for extraordinary repairs and improvements is fixed at five thousand dollars, we think that some of the special im- provements for which appropriations are asked by the institution, might be paid for out of this fund, and that these items might be stricken from the list of requests to be granted. Among the items for which, in our opinion, special appropriations will not in this event be necessary are the folllowing : — For Sturtevant blower $700 00 For elevator 500 00 For galleries in the amusement hall 796 00 For cisterns for rain-water 2,143 00 In all $4,139 00 The omission of these ap[)roj)riations would reduce the amount at the disposal of the institution for special rei)airs and improvements to about three thousand dollars per annum, which we regard as not un- reasonable. But if the amount allowed for repairs is fixed at only three thousand dollars a year, then it may be advisable to make some or all of the specific appropriations which we have recommended to be stricken out. Plans and estimates for all of them are on file in our office, for the information of the legislature. With regard to the proposal to make extensive alterations in the 54 3 o p OO o? 1 1-- 3^ ^ 2 o 1 S O ^ S i^ 2 S CO § -f c 3c;; co'co s s c> CO 6 C-. 1^ C<3 t~ l^ L- O 1-1 O !S r^ -0 -T CO Jl^^rH IC -T CO 3C C- CJ fS 1 s o C O TT >> o 3 cT § •^ i i 6 .-. 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O < .5 1 So. 1 ^ a 0) H a a a s H e a oj If r 5 < a a c c a b 0/ "3 g c '3 1 ^ X Q -i X "X « CI CC ^1 - C. « OC l^ 1^ cc ■ 1^ X c -i ir. -r iS ic •C^CCCCr^CCClC^ CCi— ' li i" £ ^r: ?: cc c o c: c: c c: o c-i r- r- u-: o -r -* m ct -^ i-l M CI I-) i-H r-i ?l i: I :o :o :cj 15. :c5 :-^05 : :o •i-ir-l • :cc •coooocco ■c -r -r o X -r o c-1 ooocooco ^ (C ac ~r -^ -^ tc T ectc-TXcccccci^ rH « .-I UC rH C-l (N M :^ :-r :o cs 00 -^ c-i : n t ;00 OO X ; cc X -^ tc 1^ • ec -^ CO ec CO rl CC ■-! ?! : I- >-l C O O X O C-) :£ to X CI X tr c C-' 1^ i-H "^ 1^ "^ -T cc 1-- -r lO T-l-^r-lCCi-l-TCCCC -^ d O tr O CI -.C CI fO - << E- r^ gi tL;fc JSfc. C~ 56 heating and ventilation, as recommended by Carlyle Mason, of Chi- cago, we are of the opinion that the expenditure suggested will prove in the end a real economy, and save thousands of dollars to the people of the state by reducing the amount of coal consumed. Mr. Mason has made a thorough survey of the premises and decided upon the changes necessary after careful study and reflection. A special report made by him to the trustees will be found in the appendix to their report, to which we call the attention of the General Assembly. Dr. Kilbourne, the medical superintendent, estimates the annual saving by making the alterations suggested at five thousand, nine hundred and sixt^^-one dollars and sixty cents. We believe that it will not bo less than four thousand dollaro. The adoption, by the Insane Hospital at Jacksonville, af the alterations suggested by Mr. Mason, some years ago, resulted, as he predicted, in a saving of expense for fuel of from three thousand to five thousand dollars a year. We have no doubt that his judgment as to the defects in the heating apparatus at Elgin is correct, and that no more competent oijinion on this subject could Jiave been obtained by the authorities of the institution. We believe that his estimate (ten thousand dollars) is reasonable and right, and wo recommend the appropriation of this sum for the purpose indicated. The adoption of Mr. INIason's plan will involve the erection of a new boiler house. The present boiler house, as stated by the trustees and superintendent, in their report, is too small, inconveniently arranged, and the space occupied is needed for other purposes. The erection of a new boiler house would improve the organization and efiiciency of the hospital. The amount asked for this purpose is six thousand, eight hundred and ninet_y-seven dollars and eighty-five cents. The plans are on file in our oflice, together with estimates by a competent me- chanic of Elgin, which we have submitted for criticism to builders elsewhere, and the estimate is pronounced extremel}' low. These two appropriations are part of one general plan, and if both are not granted neither should be. We favor both. With regard to the request for one thousand dollars a j-ear for grad- ing and shrubbery, we do not see how the institution can very well do without it. The grounds are extensive. A general design has been adopted for their ornamentation and is in process of execution, under the superintendence of an experienced and able landscape gardener. Trees grow while men sleep ; but it takes a long time for them to at- tain maturity, and wo think that what has been begun in this direc- tion should be carried out, and that ])romptly. The application f^v two thousand dollars for a fence we regard as un- necessary at the present time. It is proposed to build this fence along 57 tho front line of the ground.-:, next to the public highway, where there is already a very good fence, whicli will last for several years. As to the application for one thousand, eight hundred and fifty dol- lars for a straw-barn, we hardly know what to say. The design adopted by the trustees is very handsome, and vv'ould add much to the appear- ance of the premises. It would be of some advaritage to have the straw used by the institution for filling beds for patients under cover, protected from the weather. We think that a straw-barn will proba- bl}'' be built at some day, but whether it is necessary or expedient to build it at present we leave for the General Assembly to determine. The request for one thousand dollars for sheds for young cattle is based upon the purpose to utilize the large farm owned by the institu- tution, by raising stock to be slaughtered upon the premises for home consumption. We have not been able to give our assent to the expe- diency of this design. The farm is very large, embracing, as it does, four hundred and eighty aei-es. Tiie legislature some 3'ears ago direc- ted the trustees to sell all land not required for the uses of the hospi- tal. In the judgment of the trustees all the land owned by the insti- tution was required for its uses, and they retained the whole of it in their possession. During the ]iast year they have purchased thirty acres in addition, making five hundred and ten acres in all. We think that this farm is larger than can be profitably cultivated by the insti- tution. If it is to be retained, it may be that the raising of stock is the only mode possible of making it partially remunerative ; but our judgment is that there is a tendency, which is almost universal, on the part of superintendents of public institutions, especially of hospi- tals for the insane, to enhirge too greatly the sphere of their responsi- bilities and their cares ; and that instead of devoting their undivided eenrgies to the accomplishment of the main jmrpose of the institu- tion under tlieir charge, they are tempted to undertake too many out- side avocations. Instead of depending upon mechanics and farmers for work and supplies, they prefer that all work done for the institu- tion shall be done, if possible, upon the premises. Wo doub;; whether this policy does not entail extra cost, rather than prove, as they suppose, a saving of expense. As to the raising of cat- tle and slaughtering them for the use of the patients, it requires great skill and care on the part of a private person, tlie owner of his own farm, to make this business profitable. It is a matter of grave doubt whetlier it can be made profitable to the state, if attempted, and if not att(!mptcd, so large an appropriation for shedsappcars to us unnoc- <;ssary. The refrigerating house asked for, the cost of which is estimated at tv/o thousand five hundred dollars, is an improvement of more palpa- ble benefit to the institution, but still an expense which might for the 58 present be postponed, unless the (leneral Assenibly'shoiild feel that it can be built without too oreatly increasing the burdens now resting upon the tax payers. As to the request for one thousand and seventy-live dollars for land, in view of the fact that the trustees have already assumed this res})(in- sibility and made the purchase, and the land has been paid for, from the ordinary expense fund, no further aj^propriation for this purpose is required. The purchase was unquestionably a good one, and the price paid unusually low. On this subject, see the report of the in- stitution. Central Insane Hoapiial. The application for special appro2)riations by the Central Hospital for the Insane, at Jacksonville, are as follows: — Repairs, $6,000 per annum $12,000 Fire-plugs 1,500 Ironing-room *. 7,000 Amusement hall for patients 2,500 Repairs to portico and improvement of grounds o,000 Seed-house, broom-sho]) and conservatory 1,500 Summer-houses in patients' airing courts 1,000 Total 828,500 This institution had a cash balance in the hands of its treasurer on the first of October, amounting to twenty-one thousand, nine hundred and thirteen dollars and sixty-eight cents. The trustees desire permis- sion to use this balance for the purposes expressed above. Inasmuch as the funds of the institution have been economically administered, with this end in view, and our past experience has taught us that funds may be intrusted in the hands of the superintendent with entire confidence that the use of them will be judicious and advantageous to the institution, we think that this request may be safel}" granted. There is, however, a question which admits of discussion, as to the propriety of taking an ordinary expense balance and devoting it to other uses. On the one hand, if this should become the settled policy of the state, an inducement would be held out to curtail ordinary ex- penses at the cost of the comfort of the patients; upon the other hand, where such saving has been effected without detriment to the i)atients, the refusal of a request apparently so reasonable might operate to discourage superintendents from an economical use of the ordinary cxj^ense fund at their disposal. If the legislature should see proper to permit the diversion of this balance to the special uses indicated in the request j^referred by the trustees, no special appropriatioYi for these purposes will be necessary; but if the legislature should prefer that the ordinary expense balance 59 shall be used strictly for the defrayment of ordinary expenses, it will be necessary to make tlie appropriations asked for, so far as they may commend themselves to the judgment of the Genera] Assembly. Of these appropriations, those which we reutting in fire-plugs, erecting the ironing and sewing rooms and fitting up a suitable amusement hall in the rear Ijuilding are expended for these purposes, this will leave ten thousand dollars of the balance on hand, October 1st, 1S7(), for carrying on the work of renovation of the hospital, in which Dr. C'arriel has l)ecn engaged for sev(M'al years past, and which now approaches completion. We l)elieve that the expenditure of this sum will be judicious, if not absolutely neeessai'v. Southern Inmne Hosjutal. The special appropriations asked bj' the Southern Insavu"' Hosjjital at Anna, are as follows : — I mproveinent of the grounds $2,0(X) Finishing road from Anna 2,500 Coal-house 2,000 Carpenter-shop 400 Brick ])arn 4,500 60 Fire-pump and hose 1,800 Rotary oven 1,000 Dry closet 2,500 Improvements and repairs, $5,000 jjei' ai-imim 10,000 Total 626,700 The appropriation of two thousand dollars ^fr aniunn for repairs, for the past two years, i)roved insufhcient in amount to meet the demands upon it; but this was largely due to extraordinary accidents; with the completion of the south wing a larger sum will be necessary for repairs than heretofore. We think that three thousand dollars per le improvement; it will improve the quality of the bread, cheapen the cost of baking and will, in h short time, pay for itself. Such ovens are in general use by bakers who do business for themselves, and the one at Elgin has given complete satisfaction. V/e do not see that we can conscientiously recommend the striking- out or the reduction in'amount of any of the appropriations asked for by this institution. The total amount requested is small and the particular sums are not in excess of the actual cost of the improve- ments contemplated. J)iy,l.iliition for the Deaf and Dumb. The special appropriations asked for by.the Institution for the Edu- cation for the Deaf and Dumb, are as follows : — Erection of shops S19,931 25 Coal-house 1,941 OQ Ice-house 2,500 00 Converting old chapel into dormitories 831 67 Completing basement of dining liall 1,160 00 Repairs of area and stone steps 990 00 Stone steps for outside entrances 325 00 Stone flagging in boiler house ''80 00 Painting and calcimining 1,013 00 Extension of sewer 1,000 00 62 Gencnil re])airs, 8'),00() per annum 0,000 00 Pupils' library 1,000 00 Total $^57,071 62 With regard to these a})propriati()ns, we think that if three thousand dollavH per annum is allowed for general repairs and improvements, (and we recconrmend the appropriation of this amount), some of the special improvements asked for may he made out of the general repair fund. We should not, in that case, deem it necessary to make any special provision for the expense of converting the old chapel into dormitories, or repairing the area and stone steps, or laying stone ste})S for the out- side entrances and stone flagging in the boiler house, or for painting and calcimining. As to the repairs of the area, it appears to us that it would be not only cheaper but better to fill it up at once. It is of no use to the institution, and if repaired will require to be repaired again before many years. Filling it up will cover a large surface of fine cut stone work, but the stone can l)e protected by h5^draulic cement, and we regard this as the most feasible plan to pursue, under all the circumstances. The erection of an ice-house at a cost of two thousand five hun- dred dollars is not necessary at ihis time, as will be plainly seen when it is considered that the institution has been storing ice in an ice-house upon premises immediately adjacent, the use of which can be had for the next two years on the same terms as heretofore, namely; tfhe grant- ing to the proprietor of the privilege of using so much ice as he may require for his own domestic purposes. The institution alread}- lias an ice-house, but of limited capacity. Neither do we regard the completion of the basement of the dining hall as of immediate and pressing necessity. The institution has a room which it has used and can very well continue to use as an ironing room. It might l)e expedient to make an appropriation of an amount sufficient to finish oflT a suitable store-room in the basement for the reception and storing of supplies. Such store-rooms are much needed in nearly all the institutions of the state. "We l)elieve that a proper system of issuing supplies and keeping an account of their consumption would result in a saving of expense to the state : but the majority of the institutions are destitute of the suitable and necessary convenien- ces for the adoption of such a system. Tlie amount asked for the erection of shops (nineteen thousand, nine hundred and thirty-one dollars) is precisely the same as was asked for this pur])03e two years ago. The estimate of the cost was based upon the prices of materials and labor at that time. In view of the great reduction in the price of materials and labor, amounting, probably, to not less than twent3^-five jj^t cent., we believe that the shops can be g;5 eivctcd after the plans ovij:;iiially prepai-ed by the architect for a sum not exceeding fifteeu tliousand dolhirs, and wo cannot recommend the appropriation of any sum in excess of this amount. That sliops are greatly needed is very evident to any one who has seen tlie ])resent contracted and unsuita])le quarters how occupied by ^the industrial deiiartment of the institution. On this sul)ject we said in our last report to the General Assembly : — The erection of the dinning room, school builduis ami ehaiicl, in our jiulKineiit, rally commits the state to the logical results of that step and the readjustment which we predicted must follow in order to the efficiency of the institution. We do not see how the state can now refuse to do what- ever may he necessary to render the working of the institution in its enlarged form successful and creditable. The completion of the building already begun is a necessity, and the new shops asked for must sooner or later be provided. In the present embarrassed financial condition of the coun- try at large, however, the institution can manage to rub along reasonably well for the next two years ^vithout an appropriation for shops. It S(Hnns to US that fifteen thousand dollars will build very extensive shops, and we are not at all sure that the plans of the architect might not be so modified as to reduce the cost of this improvement below fifteen thousand dollars, without detriment to the interest of thr- insti- tution. A new coal-house is also very much needed. At jn'csent coal is stored in tlie open air, in a dilapidated wooden shed; Init we do not think that a new building of sufficient size needs to cost more than one thousand, five hundred dollars, the amount asked for this purpose by the Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, at Lincoln. The appropriation of five hundred dollars a year for the pupils' libraiy seems to l)e every way advisaljle and proper. As to the request for one thousand dollars for the extension of the sewer, the remarks made upon this subject in the superintendent's report, appear to us to be just and worthy of due consideration. We think that the appropriation should l)e made, but not without guard- ing it in sucdi a manner as to prevent theesta1)lishment, l)y the action now taken, of any ground for a claim on the part of any person thai the state is under oljligation to extend it to any ])oint l)eyond tliat now proposed. InstUntlon for the. Blind . Tiie institution for the Education of the Blind asks for s])ecial a[)- propriations t(» the amount of $5,832 ;>i, in three items as follows: — Repairs, $1,250 jm- annum $2,500 (K) Books and maps for pupils, $500 per annam 1,000 00 Balance due on centre building 2,332 M Total $5,832 34 We cordially recommend them all to the General Assembly. The ap'propriation of books for pui»ils is designed to be ex])ended as 64 heretofore in the purchase of bibles and other suitable books in the raised character, to be presented to pupils who leave the institution, in order that they may retain their facility for reading with the ends of their fingers, and may have some intellectual resource permanently at their command. Most of them are unable to meet this expense for themselves, and the charity, while it costs the state little, adds gre;it- ly to their happiness. The appropriation of S2,332 34 due to the contractors who erected the centre building and put in the steam heating for the same, ought in our opinion to be granted, as an act of justice to men who have honestly earned the amount due them, which still remains unpaid. The original aj^propriation, in 1873, for this centre building, was eighty thousand dollars, namely : seventy-five tliousand dollars for construc- tion and five thousand dollars for heating. The contract for building, with Messrs. Bruce and Loar, was for fift3--eight thousand, six hundred and seventy dollars. By a supplemental contract, the trustees agreed to allow them for pressed brick for the front of the building and lay- ing the same, five thousand eight hundred dollars. The trustees fur- ther agreed to buy yellow pine flooring, which Messrs. Bruce and Loar were to receive and lay down, and to allow thirty-five dollars a thousand for said flooring, as part payment on the amount due under the original contract. In May, 1874, the trustees were removed by the governor, and a new board appointed, who organized June 4th, 1874. At that time the old board had paid out, for the building and heating the same, the sum of sixty-two thousand, nine hundred and ninety- eight dollars and ninety-four cents, of which fifty-five thousand three hundred and fifty-eight dollars has been paid to Messrs. Bruce and Loar, twelve hundred and fifty dollars to the architect, eleven hundred and seventy-five dollars to the superintendent of construction, four thou- sand, three hundred and eighty dollars to Messrs. Pope and Co., and the remainder for various extras, such as a change in the smoke stack, building a drain, etc. The amount of this fund turned over to the new board was seventeen thousand and one dollars and six cents ; the amount due on the contract to Bruce and Loar was nine or ten thousand dollars. We said, in our last biennial report : — The present trustees very properly disclaim any responsibility on building account. The former trustees, on the other hand, claim that they would have refused to allow some of the "extras" charged by the contractors, and would have insisted upon some "deductions" for alterations, which would have brought the cost of the building within the appropriation. It is not improba- ble that the deficiency is due to the change in the management taking place prior to the fin-.l set- tlement with the contractor. To this we add that one of the contractors has been obliged to pay ten per cent, interest upon the amount due him for more than two years past, and to secure the loan by a mortgage on his residence, an expense and a risk which he is entirely unable to afford. If there are any questions in this connexion which require investigation by the G5 lcgi«l;itiin', we trust that such invcsti^Mtictn will he niiulc This set'iiisj to be the ri^lit of the claimant. Asi/lu)u for FcMc-Mliuled CliUdren. The Asykuii lor Feehle-Minded Children aski for the followiuij; special appropriations: — Furnishinij new building at Lincoln $o"),(M)0 Twenty additional acres of land 4,000 Fou r hu ndred re kIs of fencing 1 ,o('>0 One hundred and fifty rods of Avalks for pupils GOO Scales and scale-h ouse 400 Enclosing covered passage ways 1 ,000 ('ompleting, heating and furnishing basement 1(),(>40 Barn and cow-stable 4,500 Coal-house 1,500 Icediouse 1 ,700 Thirty cows 1,2CX) Two cisterns, capacity 150 barrels each 1,100 Total SOi),000 With regard to the appropriation of thirty-five thousand dollars, for furniture, we believe that the estimates in details have been verry care- fully prepared by the superintendent, and that they are })roba}>ly nearly correct. They are based upon tiie assumi)tion that it will be neccessary to provide in the institution for three hundred children. It is not likely that the number of pujdls in the asylum at the o})ening of the new building will be so great, but it is quite probable that before the ex)»iration of two years from the first of next -July, the number will be three hundred, or even more. And as the api)ropria.tion is made for a j)eriod of two years, and cannot Ije drawn under the law, faster than is required for use, we think that it will lie advisable to make a grant of money enough to provide for that rnnnber. The princi})al conunittees of the legislature will have an o})}xtrtunity to see and examine tiie estimates in detail, and if any reduction of the total sum is ])ossible, this can be ascertained. We judge tliat an appropriation of thirty- five thousand dollars will not be much, if at all in excess of tlie actual neccessities of the case. The ap})lication for four thousand dollars for the i)urchase of twenty additional acres of land lying between the forty acres alnatty pui'chased and the I. W. and AV. R. 11., we think ought to be granted without doubt. Forty acres is too small an amount of lands to meet the necessities of the institution for grounds, garden, pasture and fields in which to exer- cise and d(;v(>lo}) the faculties of the male pupils. The purchase; of the other lands desired by the board of trustees, as will be seen by reference Vol. II— 5 m to tlu'ir report, u'ould, we think, be advisable, but jieriiaps not ;it tlie present time. It the ( Jeneral Assembly will pureliase the twenty aeres asked for, further additions may be deferred for tlie action ot future Assemblies. We have no doubt as to the propriety and expediency of makina; the appropriations asked for fencing, walks, scale and scale-house, and enclosing the covered passage-ways from the wings to the dining room. Platform scales will enable the institution to test the weights of coal, ha}', etc., and will operate as a check upon any attempted fraud in this respect; and it will be economy in the end to protect them from the weather. The passage-ways referred to will be used three times a day, at meal time, by the pupils, and should be warmed to prevent undue and dangerous exposure of their health, which cannot be done unless they are enclosed, which was not provided for in the original contract. But we cannot fully agree to the necessity for completing the base- ment at this time. It is true that it could probably be finished more cheaply now than in the future, and that it would be a great addition to the Asylum. But the original plans contemplated no Ijasement, and the institution could do as well for the next two years without a basement as it would have done had the original design l)een adopted. The appropriation depends, we suppose, on the amount of tlie tax levy and of the demands upon it. We certainly do not object to it, if the General Assembly can make it without injustice toother appli- cants. ]')ut we cannot taks the responsibility of recommending it. The remaining appropriations requested are all iieeded, except per- haps the ice-house, the erection of which might be postponed for two years. The estimates of four thousand, five hundred dollars for a l)nrn and fifteen hundred dollars for a coal house are founded upon ])ro]>osals by practical mechanics to duplicate the barn and cow-slieds at the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, with some additions, and the coal house at the Central Hospital for the Insane, without excavation, for the sums named. The cisterns will certainly be needed; and the cows, though possibly a smaller number than thirt}' might answer. We suggest that the item for an ice-house l)e stricken from the list, and that the appropriations for cows and for cisterns be reduced respective- ly to one thousand dollars eacli. SOLDFKKs' OK'PirANs' HOMK. The special approin-iations asked for by the Soldiers" Orpbans' Home, at Normal, are as follows : — Sewer !?1,00() Hospital building S,(X)0 Repairs and improvements, $1,500 per annum l:*>,000 New roof on main building 1,2(X) (>7 (^irponter work, imiterial for lloors, etc 1,2()() Paintinp; roof and cupola 27") Paintino;, ropriation of fifteen hundred dollars a year jbr general rc- pairs, is we think necessary and proper. The requests for special improvements contained in the list as given above, also commend themselves to our judgment. Tlie applications are leased upon mechanics' estimates, after survey of the j)remises, and the demand for them is real and not fanciful. These estimates, how- ever, were not actual l)ids, and in competition lower offers can doubt- less be obtained. Four thousand dollars would ])robably do the entire work projwscd. Instead of two thousand dollars for furniture, we reconnuend an aj)- propriation of fifteen hundred dollars, and that this bejnade payable at the rate of seven hundred and fifty dollars per annum. The application for an annual appropriation of two hundred and fifty dollars for the ])urcliase of additional l)ooks and so forth for the lil)rary, we api>rove. Wherever, as in the InstitDtion for the Deaf and I )uml», the State Reform School and the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, a great number of children of tender years and of average intellectual ca})acity are assembled together, Ave think that some provision for their mental aliment is almost as essential to theii- hcaltli and |)rosperity as the food wliicli goes u])on their tables. As to the ap})ropriation fortho liospital building, while we believe that su<'h a building would be of great advantage to the institution and is needed, the request referred to is too vague in form for us to take any action ui)(»n it at present. No ])lans oj' the ))i-o])(ised build- ing have been prei)ared, and of course )io estimate of the amount iiec- essary for this purpose is j)ossible. An inexpensive frame structure, eosting much less than the amoun.t askt^d, would in unr opinion meet ;dl tlie necessities of the case. C'hantahli' Eijc and Ear Iii/inudrt/. The Eye and Ear I nlirmary, at Cbicago, asks for fifteen hundre, 01)0 per anmtm. .Mterations in heating and ventilation Kew boiler-hduse (Jrading and slunibbery, $\ ,()m per amntm.. New fence in front of hospital grounds.... Straw-barn Shcd.s for young cattle Refrigerating-house Sturtevant blower Hydraulic elevator In kitchen Cisterns for rain-water (lallery in patients' amusement hall Purchase of land (thirty acres) 10.000 00 10,000 00 (1,897 S.') 2,000 00 1!,000 00 i, 441 00 2..''>a) oo m\ 67 1,160 00 990 00 S25 00 :«0 0 200 00 ' 100 W Total ?213,000 OOi $166,360 00 }S-4(i,040 00 >^oldier.i' Orphans' Home. Ordinary expcn.ses, two years SIOO.WX) 00 $90,000 00. S10,000 00 1,000 00 ; l.OtX) 00 Hospital building . .. ,s.(iOO 00 8,000 00 3,000 00 :'.,ooo 00 1,200 00 Carpenter work, material for floors, etc Painting roof and cupola Painting.grainiirg and varnishing, in main btillding and school 1,200 00 275 00 1,. 500 00 4,000 00! 1,075 IX) 400 00' ,500 00 1 2,0(K) 00 1,.500 00 500 00 Total 5119,075 00 J9,s,,500 tX)! ?;20,575 00 Ei/e and Ear Infirmary. Ordinary expenses, two years $40,000 00 $34,000 00 Itepairs, ?l,5ii0 per a/mum 3,000 00 3.000 00 Additional furniture 3,000 00 3,000 00 s;6,o(Xi oo ■■46,000 00 S-10,000 00 SO.OtK) 00 state Refoi-m School. Ordinary expenses, two years $i;0,(H)0 (K) SiM,000 00 Repairs and improvements, $3,000 per aji/ium 6,000 00 6,000 00 I'upils' library, $'250 per anmtm 5ii0 00 .'lOO (H) For family building, in addition to former appropriation :'.,.500 On :'.,500 no Furnishing the same 500 00 .500 00 -$4,000 00 Total ^Increase, 71,000 00 $74.. 500 00' *$4.0(X) 00 The total reduction suirgested by us, is Sl(>"2,0r)0 U2. Witli the re- marks and explanations already suggested and with the reports of the institutions before them, the Cfoneral A.ssemblv can readilv form an 71 opinion us to the proiniety or impolicy of our suggestions. As to tlie general argument for the appropriations for state institutions, it was fully stated on the forty-first page of our last biennial report, to which we refer any who may desire to sev> it. The peo}>h' of tliis state un- doubtedly take a pride in their institutions and wish tliem liberally supported, but without ostentation or waste. The total amount of appropriations asked by the nine institutions subject to our inspection, is $1,388,241 11, less $28,500, (balance of the ordinary exi)ense appropriation of the Central Hospital for the Insane). The amount recommended by us, if the funds at the disposal of the General Assembly admit, is S1.22o,29{) 10. THE MEW KE(ilLATlN(i ACT. The act to regulate the state charitable institutions and the state reform school, to which reference has already been made, requires the keeping of a set of books in the office of the board of public chari- ties, a description of which will here be in place : A uniform blank • has been prepared for the quarterly financial statements made to the trustees of the several institutions by their respective superintendents, in which a certain classilication, uniform for all of them, has been adoj)ted. Under certain general headings and subdivisions the names of all the principal articles included in each class of su])plies are enu- merated, and the amount of each article purchased, the price and the total cost carried out in separate columns. The aggregate figures of the institution-accounts for the (juarter, together with the figures taken from the treasurer's ((uarterly statement showing the receipts, pay- ments and balances of each fund in detail, are entered upon the jour- nal of the board of charities and subsequently posted into a large ledger in which accounts have been opened with each appropriation, each in- stitution and each treasurer, and also with miscellaneous income, or- ders, quarterly statements, vouchers and commissioners of public chari- ties. The ledger is kept in such way as to enable the commissioners to ascertain at any moment how much money has been received by each institution, during each ([uarter, from all sources; how much has been paid out : how much remains to the credit (/ the institution, in the hands of the local treasurers, or in the state treasury ; how many and what orders upon the local treasurers, if any, are outstanding and unpaid; and ho\v much of the indebtedness of each institution re- mains unli([uidated. Also what vouchers have been filed in the oflice of the board, and the number of vouchers still due. All these various accounts, at the time of closing the ledger, are car- ried to the "state of Illinois," which account stands for "stock," or "proprietor," in an ordinary set of books. Besides the journal and ledger, certain auxiliary books are employed for keeping track of the expenditures. These are, First : A voucher list, in which the vouch- ers for each appropriation are entered in their numerical order, and the amounts footed up to date. Second: An index of vouchers, in which the amount of every indi- vidual account each quarter is entered in its proper place, and the ag- gregate for the A-ear carried out on the right hand__column of the page. This book serves two ends : it enables the book-keeper to put his hands on any particular bill at a moment's notice, and it shows the extent of the transactions with the institution of every one of its creditors. Third : A book of prices ; and Fourth : A book of amounts. I n these last two books the quarterly statements of expenses are copied so as to show, in parallel columns, the amount of each article purchased and the price paid, by each of the institutions, during each quarter. By glancing over these columns it is easy to make the necessary com- parisons between the several institutions, in respect to their financial management. Under tlie system adopted by us, any committee or any member of the general assembly can without difficulty, and without the loss of much time, visit the office of tlie board in the new state house, exam- ine the books, count out the voucliers, and ascertain whether the money appropriated for the benefit of the institutions has or has not been satisfactorily accounted for. This system operates in two ways: In The first ])hice it is a check against extravagance or fraud on the part of the institutions, because any mismanagement is recorded in such a manner that it will bo certain, upon investigation, to come to light, and the record is permanent. A strong inducement is held out to the institutions to the exercise of the most careful economy and of absolute integrity. On the other hand, the institutions are protected by the record against unjust aspersion and criticism, arising from ignorance or from suspicion. The thorough examination of tlu' finances of the institutions made l>y us, since the new law went into effect, has revealed some de- fects in their accounts which still require attention and remedy. We are a>; yet unable, for instance, to state with confidence the financial result of farm labor, and of the various industries carried on in the in- stitutions. Within the next two years we intend to introduce such a system of farm and sho}) accounts as will enable us hereafter to ascer- tain to what extent tliese industries are remunerative. In order to do tins, it will l>e necessary to kec}) a fair and strict record of the value of all farm products consumed by the inmates, and of all labor in the shops done for the benefit of the institution, from which no cash in- come is derived. The amount consumed ujKm the premises does not appear upon the books of tlie treasurer, but is an addition to the cost of running the institutions which should be considered in any esti- mati! of their expenses ; but this has never been done. 73 Another defect in tlie accounts of the institutions is the hick of any complete system t)f record of the issue and consumption of supplies. In all large concerns, such as nianufacturing cstahlishments, hotels, etc., as perfect a record is kept of the disposition of stores as of the ex- penditure of funds, and such records oi)erate as a check against })etty theft and against waste. We shall endeavor to secure the introduction of a proper system of recxjrds of this character, hntween now and the time for making out our next hiennial report. THE INSPECTION OF HOSPITALS FOR THE INSANE. In the rej)orts of the northern and of the central hospitals for the insane herewith transmitted, will be found a series of resolutions adopted by the American Association of Medical Su])erinten present system of caring for the insane is very far from realizing the highest ideal possible of at- tainment. No mode of treatment whatever can obviate the suffering incidental to the character of the complaint, no surroundings, no comforts, no amount of patient and persistent kindness, can prevent the majority of insane people from enduring great torture through the irritation of their nervous sensibilities. Thc}^ suffer at homo, they sulTer in the in- sane lu)S])itals; and in tlie majority of cases nothing but deatli will re- lieve them of their sufferings. When they are brought together in large numbers, and placed under the care of liired attendants, it is im- possible that there should not arise among them difficulties between one patient and another, or between patients and attendants, the issue of which is always unpleasant and often unfortunate. The same would be true if they were at home. The tendency of the insane to entertain sentiments of suspicion and of ill will towards their imme- diate relatives, is very generally known and unaerstood, and one rea- son for removing them from their homes to hospitals provided for their reception is that they usually manifest less opposition to surveillance and restraint on the part of strangers than on the part of those near friends from whom they imagine that thcv have a right to expect diff- erent treatment. But our hos]>itals for the insane are very costly ; and the desire to reduce their cost leads to the aggregation of larger numl)ers of insane persons under a single roof, than can be cared for individually by the offieers in charge, with that degree of thoroughness which is desir- able. The time of the superintendent is necessarily taken up in at- tending to the general affairs of the hos])ital — the oversight of the finances, the management of the_emplGyees, the discipline of the in- stitution, correspondence with friends, the reception of visitors, the administration of the organization, etc., etc. We believe that the usual practice of superintendents is to visit the Avards in the hospitals under their charge, only once a week, except in special cases, and the responsibility of medical care and treatment is thrown almost entirely upon the assistant i^hysicians, subject, of course, to the presiding con- trol of the superintendent, who is consulted whenever his advice and counsel seem to be required. The assistant physicians are paid small salaries, and to each of them is assigned the care of from two to three hundred insane persons, in from six to ten or a dozen separate wards. The assistant physicians go through the Avards once and perhaps twice a day, looking, c^uestioning and prescribing for patients. Dur- ing the remainder of the time, the patients are in the charge of at- tendants, who are selected from a multitude of applicants, and are paid but a meagre compensation. It is impossil)le for the superinten- dent to be aware at all times of what transpires within the wards. ^\'here difficulties anddisturl)ances arise or unnecessary violence is used in handling a refractory patient, the fault lies, not so much in the supposed incapacity or inefhciency of superintendents, as in the system of oversight and control. That it is very desirable to find some ])etter way must, we think, bo conceded by all fa ir-mindc(l and humane men: but destructive criti- cism, that kind of criticism which tears down existing institutions without suggesting something better to take their place, is certainly unwise. On the other hand, fair-minded, appreciative, sympathetic criticism of the management of hospitals for the insane, by those who have their welfare and the welfare of their inmates really at heart, cannot fail to be productive of great good. The resolutions adopted by the Association of Medical Superinten- dents, while they are aimed at that kind of criticism which we deprecate, as they do, are not worded with sufficient care to enable a casual reader to Dreceivo that there was in their mind anv discriinina- f> tion as to this point. They ure suscei)tible of an interpretation which probably their author and tho gentlemen who voted for thein did not perceive at the time of their adoption. Wo have a great respect for the superintentlents of insane; hospitals, and believe that their opinions, when formally and deliberately ex- pressed, are entitled to much consideration, and that all weight which really attaches to them should be given to them. But while they are brought directly in contact with the insane and have better oppor tiinitics than any other class of men for forming an accurate judgment as to their condition and necessities, it may be doubted whether out- siders are not quite as competent to judge of the results of treatment and of the effect upon the community as the superintendents ai'e ; and we do not think that they should be allowed to dictate legislation, nor do we believe that it is good policy for them to oppose intelligent and honest supervision and inspection by legally constituted authority. We do not care to discuss these resolutions at length. Both Dr. Carriel and Dr. Kilbourne disclaim any purpose upon their part of attacking the system of supervision of public institutions in this state, and declare that on the contrary their experience has taught them that the kind of supervision exercised by the Illinois Commis- sioners of Public Charities has been beneficial rather than prejudicial to the management of the hospitals and the condition of the in.sane patients. We hope for the day wlien the wisdom of mankind will l)e able to devise such improvements in the methods of treating insanity as Avill result in the arrest of the evil, the restoration of a much larger ratio of insane i)erson.- to the ])Ossession of their rational faculties, and the increased comfort of the incurable insane, while at the same time the great burden of their nuiintenance at public expense may be to some extent reduced. We believe that in this desire the superintendents of insane hospitals fully sympathize. The ditliculty with tlioui is that they are attached to the present system, which they have learned to administer, and the beneficial effects of which they have seen in their own ex])erience, and they can scarcely realize the extent to which a. certain dissatisfaction with the result exists in the mind of tlie (-om- munity at large, nor perceive that there is a possil)ility that this dis- satisfaction may not be wholly without foundation. The necessary in- novations are not very likely to originate; with thcui, and the intlu- ence of the association is perhaps to discourage bold anligcd to make additional provision for hos])ital treatment at puljlic expense. In the report of the superintendent of the Central Hospital for the Insane, the suggestion is made that it would be clie'aper to do this by adding wings to the present hospitals, rather tlian by the erection of an 77 additional hospital at some new point ; but this argument appears to us to be falhicious, and th(! tendency of it, so far as it meets with' any degree of public favor, is injurious to the real interests and wel- fare of the insane. We have already said that in our opinion the number of insane congregated under a single roof istoo great, and that this evil calls for a remedy. With these views, we cannot give our as- sent to any increase of tlie number of patients now under tlie control of any of the superintendents in this state. While it may appear, at first blush, that the enlargement of the present institutions would be- an economy, a more careful investigation will demonstrate that in the end the total expense will not be diminished, but rather increased. The first cost is not the only cost. The first appropriation will neces- sitate further a[)propriations. Any change in the general organiza- tion will open tlie door to a long series of changes, and when the con- sequences of enlargement are taken into account, it will be discovered that the state Avill, in the end, sufter pecuniary loss by the adoption of Dr. Carriers suggestion, which, it will be observed, he does not ])ress with any earnestness. But the great objection to enlargement is the opposition whicdi we feel to any increase of the responsibilities of superintendents, and our desire that the patients may receive a larger amount of personal atten- tion than they are likely to have if their number is increased. DISTRICTS FOR THE INSANE. There is another point to be considered in connexion with this ijuestion, which is the system of districting the state for insanity, adopted by the last General Assembly, according to whicli certain counties send their insane to the hospital at Elgin, others to Jackson- ville, and others to Anna. The southern district is already very mucli larger relatively to the entire area of the state than either of the other districts, and this for two reasons — because the population in the southern portion of the state is more sparse, and because the ratio of insane persons to the entire community is smaller. The completion of the new .south wing will nearly double the capacity of the Southern Hospital for the Insane and will compel the re-districting of the state or some cliango in the present law. We are not prepared to suggest what that change should be, nor to mark out anv geographical lines of division. This can best be decided by ilu! members of the (ien(>ral i\sscmbly, who know or can ascijrtain the wishes of the counties thej represent in this matter. Wo hope that somi; agreement satisfaetory to all })arties may be ariivcd at. But the erection of a fourth hospital whenever the projier moment comes, when the demand is imperative and will brook no further do- lay, and when the financial condition of the state is sucli as to justify 7S the necessary ex})('udiUife, would jnake a iiiucli more satisfactory re- districting of the state possible. In this respect it would seem to be a wiser policy to erect a fourth hospital, rather than to enlarge one or all of the existing institutions. We do not know what the present Gen- eral Assembly will be disposed to do in this matter ; and we have no positive recommendation to make, other than to advise against tlie enlargement of any of the present hospitals. We call attention to the inadeciuacy of the present provision for the insane of this state, and leave the subject to the consideration of that body which is imme- diately and directly responsible — the General Assembly itself. XUMIJEU OK REPORTS PRINTED. The law relating to state contracts (R. S., page 1,000, item r2th,) pre- scribes the number of copies of reports of the several institutions which the commissioners of state printing are authorized to publish. Tlie number named in the law is uniform for all the state institu- tions, and is insufficient for the uses of most of them. They are, therefore, .obliged to publish separate and extra editions, at their own expense, in order to distribute reports to the newspapers, physicians of the state, the families of the inmates and to residents of other states, who may desire the information contained in these documents. It would be cheaper to increase the number of reports printed by the state printer, under his contract, rather than to pay a second time for their publica- tion. The law forbids the publication of any but the biennial reports. 8ome of the institutions desire to publish annual reports. The insti- tution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb did print, last year, an annual report — })robably without noticing the wording and efitect of the statute upon this subject. This is a question which may very properly engage the attention of the General Assembl}-. rilE EVE AND JCAK INFIRMARY. There are some changes in the act to regulate the state eharitable institutions, which may perhaps be advisable. On the whole, the ope- ration of this law has been even better than was anticipated by its framers and supporters ; and contrary to our expectation, it has met with the favor and sui)port of the state institutions themselves, v/ho have felt its good etYect, as an aid to systematic and tliorough manage- ment of their finances. No opposition to it exists, so far as we know, anywhere, l^ut the language of the seventy-sixth section respecting the board and treatment of all residents of the state of Illinois, wlio are or may become inmates of the state charitable institutions, free of charge during their stay, is so broad as to prevent the collection, after the first of next July, of any charges for board from residents of this state who mav seek treatment for diseases of the eve or ear at the Char- 7.) itaba' Kve ami Ivir Intirinary in Chicago. \\'e «lt» not tliink Ihat tin- General Asseml>ly intended this ix'snlt. The Eye and Ear Jnfirniary occupie.s a different relation to the state and to the peo))le of the state from that of any other state institution. The misfortune which it is sought to relieve through its agency is temporary rather than perina- nent. and the recovery of sight or hearing is so great a pecuniary advantage to the person recovered as to justify the [)aymcnt of a reas- onable charge for board during the time of his sojourn in the inlirmary. The charge would in any case be very slight and the income derived from this source would relieve the state from a portion of the expense. This institution has always been aided to a greater or less extent by private l)enefactions. The oljligation of the state to treat diseases of the eye and ear gratuitously is not so obvious and demonstrable as the neces- sity for caring for the insane, the deaf and dumb, the blind, the idiots and the orphan children of deceased soldiers. We think that a dis- tinction between the institutions exists, which would justify the state in requiring all inmates of the infirmary, who are able, to pay the just and reasonable cost of their living, while there for treatment. THE soldiers' orphans' HOME. We have no further suggestions to offer respecting the state institu- tions, at present, except to mention the fact that under the operation of the law passed by the last General Assembly the scoj^e of the Illi- nois Soldiers' Orphans' Plome has been so enlarged as to allow the su- perintendent and trustees to receive as beneficiaries of that institu- tion not only the children of soldiers who died in the service, or from disease and wounds therein contracted, but of all soldiers of the Union army who have since died, whether or not their death was attribut- al)le to their military experience. Under this law the Home has filled up with a new class of children, more destitute, i)robabh% than any who have bet'n inmates during its former histor\', most of them of tender years, and the character of the Home has been complet(dy changed. This fact will no doubt have a bearing upon the ijUestion heretofore discussed as to the time for closing that institution. Under the new law it may continue for many years to come, so long as any soldiers still living are in the possession of their manly vigoi-, and cliildren are born to them, and left at their death in an orplian and destitute condition. I'.O.NDS AM) OAl IIS |-ll.i:i). The fourteenth section of the act to regulate the .^^tate institutions re(|uires the treasurer and superintendent of each of them, before (Al- tering on the duties of their ofIic(,', to give bond i)ayable to the people of the state of Illinois, in such amount, and with such sureties, not less than two, as shall be apjiroved by the trustees and by the gov- 80 ernor, conditioned for the faithful performance oPthe duties of their office, which bond shall be filed in the office of the state commis- sioners of public charities, at Springfield. In accordance with this section, the following bonds ha\'e been filed with ns. By the superintendents: — E. A. Kilbourne, M. D., 810,000; J. C. Bosworth and J. C'. Carpenter. H. F. Carriel, M. D., $10,000; Marshall P. Ayres, J. B. Turner and Ed- ward P. Kirbv. A. T. Barney M. D., $5,000; J. I). Hullam and R. D. Noleman. Philip G. aUldLM.D., $10,000; A. C. Wadsworth, Edward Lambert, W. H. Broadwell and L. W. Brown. F. W. Phillip.^, M. D., §3,000; Samuel M. Martin and Joseph T. Ma- thers. a T. Wilbur, M. D., 85,000; Wm. Thomas, E. V. Kreider, 0. D. Fitzsim- mons and H. C. Wiswell. Virginia C. Ohr, $10,000; George A. Tryner and Charles W. Holder. George Davenport, $2,000 ; W. Irving Culver and Edward L. Holmes. J. D.Scoxdlcr, M. D., $5,000; Joseph F, Culver, James A. Caldwell, Ben- jamin E. Robinson and William R. F3'fe. By the treasurers : — S^/vester S. Ma^in, Elgin, $50,000; Alfred D. Mann, D. S. Hammond, W. L. Pease and M. C. Town. Benjamin F. Beesley, Jacksonville, $50,000; 0. D. Fitzsimmons, William 0. Rear, John Gordon, Isaac L. Morrison, W. F. Huntle}' and John Robertson. William N. Mitchell, Anna, $25,000; John M. Young, Charles M. Kern, J. M. Burkhart, R. M. Hundley, R. M. Allen and Z. Hudgens. William N. Mitchell, (supplemental bond dated 1;Tif:s. We have not during the past two years been able to visit the county jails and alms-houses, as required by law, for the reason that the ap- propriation made by the last General Assembly was insufficient to meet the expense of such visitation. We think that thei-e is no part of our Avork which is more important, and wliich promises to yield greater retuin in the direction of inaugurating necessary reforms and reducing the amount of taxation for the support of criminals and of paupers, than this county visitation. The commissioners themselves are, however, unpaid for their services and cannot afi"ord to leave their homes and l>usiness, for this purpose, for the length of time necessar}' in order to make a tliorough inspection and a full and trustworthy re- port to the legislature and the public. The law needs to be amended, so as to admit of the visitation of the counties by the secretary of the board, who is paid for his services, or by some other authorized agent. We should regard any change in the law which dispenses with the ob- ligation of sueh visitation and inspection as exceedingly unfortunate and a step backwards. But the necessary expense must of course bt; defrayed from the public treasury. It would not probably be necessa- ry to make this tour of inspection oftener than once in two years, in- stead of every year as now required by law, and the total cost would probably not exceed ten or fifteen hundred dollars for the two years, while the advantage to the people of the state would very iiiuch more than compensate for the trifling outlay. We have at the moment a mass of statistics and other information upon this subject, in our oflice, which we have not l)een able to bring before the General Assembly, for the want of sullieient clerical force or the means to employ it. TiiK Work ok tuk r.oAT:n. A full account of the history and past transactions of (lie Illinois Board of rublic Charities will he found in the appendix to this rej-jort. We need not here enlarge upon that topic. The work of the board has prrown upon its hands ever since its or- ganization, and the services of a single secretary ai'c not sulHcient to enable it to perform that work to its own satisfaction. The secretary's time is so much taken up with the routine of mere oflice-work, which could be equally well performed, under his direction, by a book-keeper or a clerk, at less expense, that he has little leisure for professional study or for the examination of a multitude of (juestions Avhich re- quire attention at his hands, in order that the board may be in a posi- tion to make such suggestions and recommendations to the General As- sembly as the experience of this and other states and communities would warrant and render advisable. There are many questions con- nected with the administration of public charities and of criminal law, which require for their elucidation tlie most proforiud thought and patient investigation. If the legislature would allow tlie board to employ, at a moderate salary, (say twelve or fifteen hundred dollars 2^C'' annum), a competent clerk, capable of keeping the books and records of the otlice, and of making statistical and other calculations under the direction of the secretary, the additional expense would result in very much more than doubling the present efficiency of the board. It is injustice to the secre- tary to expect of him the extreme labor involved in the preparation of the financial statements necessary for the information of the General A.ssembly, witliout assistance. visiTiNf; A(;kncy. In Massachusetts and some other states, the board of charities is allowed to employ a visiting agent, whose duty it is to go to the places from which the inmates of state charitable institutions come, and to make an independent investigation and inquiry as to their condition and circumstances and the necessity for state aid in their ca.se ; also to tind homes in private families, as far as may be desirable or possible, for destitute and homeless children who are beneficiaries of the state. It is plain that home life is ordinarily better for a child than the best form of institution life can be; and that wherever the state, having a child under its care, can find a suitable home for that child, it would be wi.=!e policy to enlist the interest of a private family in its maintenance, nurture and education, thus relieving the state treasury of a burden, and promoting the future welfare of the child so cared for. We do not ask for the employment of such agent ; ])ut if allowed to employ a clerk, and such legislation is adopted as will au- thorize the use of such clerk, or of the secretary of the board, as a visiting agent, in cases where special visitation is necessary, we might 84 save the state expense and arrive at a surer basis for our conclusions as to the necessity for state aid in special cases. APPROrRIATIONS NEEDED. The amount of appropriation necessary in our judgment for the next two years, to enable us properly to do the work entrusted to us, will be seven thousand, five hundred or eight thousand dollars a year, and we ask that the aiDpropriation be increased sufficiently to allow the employment of a clerk, as suggested, and of the continued visitation of county jails and alms-houses, under the authority of the board; also of making such special investigations as to the necessity for relief in individual instances as may be desirable. CONCLUSION. In concluding this report, we desire to acknowledge gratefully the confidence, interest and support received b}' us, in our work, from j'our Excellency. We have aimed to merit confidence, by the exercise of an unbiassed judgment and a strict devotion to the interest of the public ; but it has been not the less gratifying to us to feel that our motives have been understood and our labors appreciated. We trust that we may be able to render such service to the General Assembly as they desire ; to furnish them all needed information, but in noway to impede their free and deliberate action, in accordance with their own convictions of right and of duty. APPENDIX 1. Centennial History of Charitable Legislation in Illinois. 1 1. The County Jail System. Til. Pauperism and its Treatment. IN'. Statistical Tabl^. APPENDIX I X CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF CHARITABLE LE(;iSLATION IN THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. I'AUPEKIS.M. In the year 1818, the state of Illinois was admitted, by joint resolu- tion of Congress, into the Union. The number of white inhabitants, at that early da}-, was about fifty thousand ; and they were organized into fifteen counties, namely : Bond, Crawford, Edwards, Franklin, (J al- latin, Jackson, Johnson, Madison, Monroe, Pope, Randolph, St. Clair, Union, Washington, and White. The population of the state was principally along the lines of the Mississippi river, south of St. Louis, and of the Wabash and Ohio, south of Vincennes, tlius illustrating the general principle of emigration, that population follows the natural or artificial lines of communication, which were, in the early settle- ment of the western territory, water courses, but now are railroads. The territorial history of pauperism, prior to the year 1819, is neces- sarily meagre and uninteresting. In 1819, the First Genei'al Assembly of Illinois enacted its first statutes, among which was one for the re- lief of the poor; and with this we begin our history. This statute, which is too long to ([uote, exhibits a spirit of intoler- ance of pauperism, either borrowed from legislation elsewhere, or born of necessity and designed for self-protection on the part of a commun- ity too poor to bear any additional burden. It provides for the aji- pointment, by the county commissioners of each county, of two sub- stantial inhabitants of every township within their respective juris- dictions, to l>e overseers of the poor of such toAvn.'^hip. In the third section of the act, it is made the duty of the overseers of tlie ])ooy in each and every township "Yearly and every year, to cause all poor peisons, wholiave. or shall become a public charge, to be farmed out at public vendue or outcry, to- wit : On the first Monday in May. yearly and every year, at some pub- 88 lie place in each township in the several counties in this state, re- spectively to the i)er8on or persons, who shall appear to be the lowest bidder or bidders, having giving ten days previous notice of such sale, in at least three of the most public places in their respective town- ships, which notices shall set forth the name and age, as near as may be, of each person to be farmed out as aforesaid." The successful bidders are in the act entitled "farmers of the poor," and are authorized to keep all poor persons under their charge at moderate labor, but in case of fliilure to provide the common neces- saries of life, or of any ill-treatment of their charge, on complaint and proof made to the overseers, tbe overseers are empowered to withhold any part of the compensation agreed upon, not exceeding one-half. Pauper children are ordered to be bound out, during their minority, as apprentices. The overseers are forbidden to enter the name of any ^person "on their books" without an order from two justices of the peace. In the tenth section, an attempt is made to secure a complete registration of paupers, by townships. The funds for their support are raised by special tax, the levy by the county commissioners to be equal to the amount of the several sums for which the poor of the several townships in each county shall have been sold. But gifts or devices of moneys or other property, by private persons, to or for the benefit of the poor of any township, to an amount not exceeding in the whole the yearly value of twelve hundred dollars, are made legal, and the overseers in each township are constituted a perpetual body corporate and politic for the purpose of receiving, holding and admin- istering such gifts or bequests. The act then defines what constitutes a legal settlement, and en- titles its })OSsessor to public relief in case of necessity. "If any person who shall come to inhabit in any county or j)lace Avithin this state, shall, for himself, and on his own account, execut(> any public office, being legally placed therein in the said county or place, durhig one whole }'ear; or, if an}^ person shall be charged with, and pay his or her share of the public tax or levy of such county, for two years successively, or if any person shall, really and bona fide, take a lease of any lands, or tenements in said county or place, of the yearly value of twenty-five dollars, and shall dwell in or on the same for one whole year, and pay the said rent, or shall become seized of any freehold estate, or any lands or tenements in said county or place, and shall dwell in or upon the same for one whole year, such person in any of these cases, shall be adjudged and deemed to gain a legal settle- ment in the county and place, where such person shall so execute an office, be charged with and jiay taxes, take such lease or own any such freehold estate, and dwelling therein as aforesaid. Every indentured servant legally brought into this state, shall obtain a legal settlement 89 in the county or plact.'. in which such servant shall have lirst served, with his or lier master or mistress, the sitaci- of sixty days, and if afterwards such servant shall duly serve in any other place for the space of six months, such servant shall obtain a legal settlement in the county or place, ■where such service was last performed, either with his or her first master or mistress, or on assignment. Every married woman shall be deemed during coverture, and after her hus- band's death, to be legally settled in the place where he last legally settled, but if he shall have no legal settlement, then she shall be deemed, whether he is living or dead, to be legally settled in the place where she was legally settled before the marriage." Without undertaking to furnish a complete abstract of this act, wliich is in many respects crude, as laws are apt to be in new coun- tries, W'here men of divers antecedents and not yet familiar with their new relations (to say nothing of the absence of any general high edu- cation or culture in such communities) come together and are com- pelled to borrow or invent statutes but poorly adapted to the wants of their time and place, it will be sufficient to call attention to one or two other provisions of a seemingly harsli character. Not only is the riglit of removal of paupers without settlement to the places wdience they came vigorously insisteil i^pon, but severe penalties are indicted upon private persons, charitably disposed, who extend assistance to destitute strangers, without duly notifying the overseers, in order that snch strangers may be immediately removed. In case of the protracted illness or death of a stranger thus entertained, the imprudent indi- vidual whose kindly feelings overmastered his sense of obligation to the law must, at his own cost, defray all the expenses of such sickness and burial, provided the pauper was too ill to bear removal, and this expense may be collected by the supervisors by process of distraint, or in default of his aliility to meet it by the sale of all his goods, he may then be committed to prison, '-there to remain without bail or main- prize until he or they shall have paid the same, or until he or they shall be discharged by due course of law." The statute of which the foregoing is a condensed summary was re- pealed in the year 1827, but constituted the seed of that magnificent system of public charity, the boast of the state of Illinois in this cen- tennial year, which, though faulty and incomplete in many particu- lars, has yet not been surpa.ssed in liberality of aim and spirit by that of any state in the Union. In 1821, the legislature made provisions for the case of sick persons non-residents, or other persons not paupers, but destitute, for their burial, in case of their death, by the overseers of the poor, at the ex- pense of the several counties in which they might be overtaken bj disease. 90 In 1'S27, as lias been just said, the pauper act was materially modi- fied. The act of that year dispenses entirely with township overseers, repeals nil former provisions respecting settlement, and leaves the matter of the relief of suffering occasioned by poverty entirely to the discretion of the several boards of county commissioners, who are authorized to grant relief to any person not capable of earning a live- lihood and devoid of relatives of sufhcient ability to maintain such a one, and the commissioners "ma}' either make contracts for the neces- sary maintenance of the poor, or appoint such agents as they may deem necessary, to oversee and provide for the same." They are em- powered to bind out paupers under legal age, as apprentices, and per- sons receiving the services of such apprentice are required "to furnish said apprentice with comfortable board, lodging, washing and clothing and Avith so much scho<^ling and compensation as shall be dv^emed right." From this time forward, the word '•settlement" does not again occur in any statute relating to paupers, and the question, which, for some of the older states, is of such importance, has never occasioned any prac- tical difficulty in the poor-law administration of Illinois. No further change of consequence occurs in the law, until the year 1833, when it was enacted that before extending relief, the commis- sioners should obtain from the applicant satisfactory evidence that he, she or they, have resided in the county for twelvemonths immediately preceding the day upon which such application is made. In case of failure to furnish the required proof, the applicant may be removed from the county to his former place of residence, or he may be notified to remove himself, and after service of such notice as aforesaid, no pauper or paupers shall be entitled to such relief from such county, any law or custom to the contrary notwithstanding. In this year also, county workhouses for paupers were for the first time authorized ; and a fine of one hundred dollars is imposed upon every person who shall knowingly bring or leave any pauper or paujiers in any count}' in this state wherein such pauper is not lawfully settled. In 1839, the pauper system of the state underwent a radical change. 1 1 will be remembered that the charge of the poor was originally en- trusted to township overseers, then to the county commissioners. We now see it vested exclusively in the justices of the peace in each jus- tice's district, in conjunction with such person as may be appointed by the county commissioners' court in the several counties. A further advance in the charitable spirit of the law is exhibited in the second section of the act of 1830, which makes it the duty of the iiwticeii dili gently to inquire after all auch. persons as are unable to earn a liveliluwd in consequence of any bodily infirmity, idiocy, lunacy, or other unavoid- able cause, and to provide for them tiie necessary comTorts of life, by 91 confiding tlie care of such poor person or persons to some moral and discreet householder or householders, in the district, of sufficient ability to provide for them. Nothing is said about a lowest bidder. It is further made the duty of the commissioners to make such appropri- ations as will justify the jjcrson having the custody of any poor person in affording to him, or her, suitable clotliing and comforts. But the act proceeds to authorize them to take to the county, by grant, devise or purchase, ary tract of land, not exceeding six hundred and forty acres, and to erect, thereon, a poor-house, provided that the special tax for this ])urpose, in any one year, shall not exceed one-fourth of one per cent.; anil whenever a poor-house is established, in any county, the authority conferred upon the overseers of the poor, shall cease ; but the county commissioners may grant out-door relief, at their discretion, in special cases. The act of ISoo is continued in force, but the time of residence, in any county, necessary to entitle a poor person to county relief, is reduced to six, instead of twelve months. At the next session of the General Assembly, in 17 Bureau 7S4 Maij^hall 4()5 Carroll 253 McHenrv 1,923 Copk 3, .349 Ogle ■. 984 DeKalb 7.>1 Peoria 2,12t) DuPage 772 Pike 1,246 Fulton 2,ias Stephenson 874 Grundy.... 30G Tazewell 2.S2 Hancock 694 Will 1,407 Kane Winnebago 1,612 Kendall Lake 1,689 Total number counties 2r> 1850. Vermilion 487 1851. Whiteside >!2 1852. -lo Daviess l,3:«;Stark 270 Knox 2,064] 1853. Brown iSehuvler 519 Kankakee 4.")7i Warren Mercer .=i-23| 1854. d into a single act, vvitliout inatei'ial chanfijc. Thirty days in a town or county j^ivcs a pauper a residence tlierein. All paupers are supported llrst l)y their relatives, and if their relatives are not of sufiicient ability, tlien l)y the county, or by the town, as the ease ma}' be, but each county adoptti one system or the other, and no county which has not now the system of township support can hereafter adopt it, while those counties which have it may abandon it by a formal vote, at any time. In counties with township organization, tlie supervisors are ex njfirio overseers of the i)oor; but in counties with county organization, the county court designates some justice of the peace, or other suitable person in each precinct to act in this capacity. Tlie county boards may establish and maintain county farms and alms-houses, })rovided that they shall not expend over three thousand dollars for the farm and house Avith- out a. two-thirds majority vote of all the board. In counties witliout a county alms-house, the overseers of the poor commit the care of the I)aupers under their charge to "some moral and discreet householder in the town or precinct," and make a, written contract with him. Temporary relief may be granted, subject to such limitations as may be i:)rcscribe(l l)y the county board. A strict registration and return of paupers is required, but only to the county clerk, not to any state official. No provision is made for transient paupers or "tramps," ex- cept in case of their sickness and death. In life, they are su])posed ]jerj/etually to move on. Vagabonds and idle persons who go about begging may, under the criminal law, be committed to jail for a term not exce(;ding six months, or to the county work-house, or house of corr(>ction if such there be : ))ut as there are no work-houses and no remunerative or other cmi)loyinent in the county jails, this provision is a dead letter. The exi)erience of mankind has proved that il is not legal systems alone which reveal the life of a communit}', but it is rather the ni'ethod of administration of the law which it concerns us to know, in order to judge of the real civilization of a state. In Illinois, there are coni- I)aratively few paupers to claim supi>ort. The soil is so productive, the settlement so recent, the ])0pulr.tion so dilfusedover a large extent of territory, and the wealtli of its citizens so subdivided, that the cen- sus of 1870 shows a population of •2,.");V.),8!)1 ; a total estimated valuation of $2,121,680,579, (equivalent to $835 00 for each man, woman and child in the state), and the total number of ])au]>ers lepoi-ted, June 1st, is only 2,-3G3, or for the entire year, (5,054. The comparative liglitness of the burden to be borne nuikes it comparatively easy to carry, though in some counties, such as Cook, (in which is the city of Chicago), St. Chiir, (opposite the city of St. Louis), and Alexander (at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers), tlie number both of paupers and criminals is greater relative- ly than in other counties not similarly situated ; and these coun- ties have each to employ an agent to attend to the business of reliev- ing the poor and preventing the undue inlluxof paupers. The county of Alexander, which is small in population and wealth, was indeed at one term of the General Assembly (1869) relieved entirely from the state tax for two years, on this account. But the total cost of in-door and out-door relief, by towns and counties, in 1870, was estimated by the State Commissioners of Public Charities at only about $750,000, or three-quarters of a million dollars, while the population of the state was two and a half million souls. Of the one hundred and two counties of the state, nearly all have county farms and buildings for the care of the poor. The farms var}' in size from one acre (Effingham) to six hundred and forty acres, or one square mile (Montgomery). The oi'dinary size is one hundred and sixt}' acres, which is a C|uarter section. The buildings erected (or bought with the land) are of every description, from a rude log cabin, by the ^yay of the country farm-house of frame or brick, to large, well- planned and organized institutions comparing not unfavorably with those erected by the state. The best of them have a centre building with wings, are heated b\^ steam, properly ventilated, and furnished with nearly all the modern appliances for handling easily large bodies of dependent persons. These are generally fitted \ip with special apartments for the insane, resembling but inferior to those in the or- dinary insane hosijitals of this country. Receptacles for the insane are common in all our larger alms-houses, but for the most part they are utterly unfit for their purpose, as they only serve to hold the pa- tient in restraint, without proper oversight, diet, medical care, asso- ciation, amusement, or even ordinary phj'sical comfort. Some of them arc filth}' in the extreme, cold, cheerless and cruel. The policy adopt- ed by the state is to do away with them altogether, by making better provision and enough of it, at the expense of the state, without cost to the counties, except for clothing. The inmates of our alms-houses who are not insane or idiotic are, with few exceptions, disabled and incapacitated for labor, either through disease, accident, infancy or old age. Their condition in the various counties differs greatly, partly owing to the difference of com- munities in intelligence and cultivation ; partly on account of the dif- ference between counties, both in wealth and in the sj^irit of humani- ty ; partly because of the greater or less number of paupers aggregated together, and the varying character of the keepers into whose hands 97 they are entrusted. Their discomfort is for the most })art largely in- evitable, and arises from their enfeebled and sullering physical state, their friendlessness, their intellectual and moral degradation, the men- tal distrust occasioned by severe poverty, and also from the lack of many physical comforts, which it is considered impracticable or im- politic to furnish them. They who have had much to do with tlie hopelessly poor know that ihey cannot ordinarily be satisfied, l)ut arf* like Job's seven daughters of the horse-leech, whose cry is give ! give I continually: and we need not be surprised if the mental ry all proi)er and feasible means, tbe intellectual, moral and i)hysical culture of that unfortunate portion of the com- munity who, l»y the mysterious dispensations of Providence, have been born, or by disease become deaf, and, of course, dumb, and by a judi- cious and -well adapted course of education, to reclaim them from their lonely and cheerless condition, restore them to the ranks of their species, and ht tlicm for the discharge of the social and domestic duties of life;" and provision was made for the gratuitous board and tuition (so far as the funds of the institution would admit) of indi- gent deaf mutes, on the certificate of any two justices of the peace in the county in whicli such pupils reside. In aid of the funds of the asylum, the auditor of state was required, annually, before making an apportionment and distribution of the interest upon the school, col- lege and seminary fund among the several counties, to pay over to the directors, out of said interest, a sum not exceeding one quarter of one per cent, upon the whole amount of said school, college and seminary fund. \The fund referred to Avas donated to the state of Illinois by congress, in the organic enabling act of 1818, and consists of three per cent, of the net proceeds of the public lands in said state sold by congress from and after January 1st, 1819, together with the entire proceeds of the sale of tliirty-six sections, or one entire township, in addition to the sixteenth section in each congressional township, known as the seminary lands. This fund was invested by the legisla- ture, in 18H5-7. in the state debt, and the interest, at six per cent., set apart forever for the uses contemplated in the enabling actH It amounts, in round numbers, to nearly $825,000. The "asylunlv^'^the title of which was altered in 1849 to "institution." received from this source a little over eighty thousand dollars, prior to tlie year 1873, when the whole of the interest on said fund was made jmyable to the state normal university, at Normal. The legislature reserved to itself the right to alter or amend the act of corporation, and ]ias materially modified the plan of organization, in the last thirty-five years. The oiiginai boai-d of directors organized on the •29th June, 18o0, by the election of (lovernor Joseph Duncan, Carlin's predecessor, presi- dent of the board, and Samuel D. Lockwocd, who had been attorney general, secretary of state, and associate justice of the sui)reme court, the vice-president. A portion of the original site, wiiich was })ur- chased by the citizens of Jacksonville and given to the institution, was bought of Judge Lockwood, who subsequently, in 1849 an I 18ol, sold it twenty acres more. The directors seem to have taken no decisive steps in the matter of the organization until February, 1842. when the citizens of Jackson- ville agreed to pay nine hundred and seventy-nine dollars and fifty 101 cents to tlie treasurer of the lioai'd, to lie iii)[)lie(l to the pureiiase of a lot of land to l)e selected by the donors, on which to place the asylum. In April, 1842, the board agreed to erect ''a brick buildintr, with stone foundation, eighty-six feet long, fifty feet wide, tliree stories and an attic in height, divided into thirty-two rooms, so arranged that most of them may bi' subdivided by sliding or folding doors." The contractor succeeded in getting the building under cDVcr in June, lS4o, when he retireiennial and annual cntalogues show- that there were, in addition to the princi])al, in 1(S40, one teacher; in 1848, three ; in 1850, five : the same in 1852 and 1854; in 18(i6, six; in 1858, eight : in 1860, nine ; the same in 1862 ; in 1864, eleven ; in 1866, only nine; in 1868, fourteen; in 1870, fifteen ; the number re- mained the same until and including the year 1874, but in 1S7() it has increased to nineteen. The first female teacher -was employed in 1856, and was regarded at the time as an experiment only. The institution has been fortunate in retaining its teachers for long terms of years, in most cases, vary- ing from three or four to ten, twelve, fifteen, eighteen, and in one case, twenty-eight, Mr. Selah Wait, a deaf-mute and the oldest teaclier now in the school, having entered on his term of service in the year 1848. Several of tliose who have left have gone to take higher posi- tions elsewhere, and two of them, JNIessrs. Jenkins and Brock, resigned because they had been chosen princijials of like establisliments in Kansas and Arkansas. With the advent of Mr. Philip G. Gillett, from Indiana, to the su- l^erintendency, in 1857, the institution entered upon a new career of vigorous growth and expansion. His energetic spirit has driven the school, the public and even the legislature before him. When this has been impossible, he has sometimes gone in advance himself and waited for the rest to come up. As has been seen, the institution, at the outset, was expected to live on the interest of the school, college and seminary fund, and on the receipts trom pay-pupils. The income from pupils ])ractically amounted to very little. Sixty sr.ch are reported in 1847, wlio were charged eighty dollars a year for board, washing, fuel, lights, books and tuition. The receipts from pay-pupils in 1849-50, two years, were onl}^ fifteen hundred and fifteen dollars; in 1851-2, two thousand, one liundred and eighty-four dollars and fifty cents ; in 1853-4, two thou- sand, one hundred and fifty-six dollai's and sixty-five cents. These were from pupils outside of the state of Illinois, who paid one hund- red dollars a year each. The general assembly abolished the j)ay-list for Illinois as early as 1849. The interest on tlic school, college and seminary fund was less tlian three thousand dollars a year. From the beginning the legislature was compelled to make irregular and fitful appropriations for the support of the scliO(»l, as well as for land and buildings. In 1851, a special fund was created for the education of deaf-mutes, consisting of one-sixth of a mill upon each dollar's worth of taxable property in the state, to be taken from the tax of two mills 104 on the dollar authorized to be assessed and collected for paying the. or- dinary expenses of the government. This law was repealed in 1855. The total receipts from this fund, while it lasted, were about sixty-two thousand dollars. During Mr. Gillett's administration, the sole in- come, except the petty receipts from sales, etc., and for pupils' cloth- ing, has l)(>en fiom a|)propriations by the legislature, and these have been unremitting. Right noble has been the resjDonse made by the legislatun; to the appeal for aid, as is shown by the fact that from the year ISoi) to the close of 1876, the date of the last biennial report, th(! receipts from the state amounted to one million, two hundred and thirty-six thousand dollars. The appropriations for current expenses have risen, with the increase in the number of pupils and in the cost of living, from S20,000 per annum, in 1855, to $22,500, in 1857; $27,- 000 in 1859; $28,500 in 18G1 ; $45,000 in 1865; $56,250 in 18G9; $58,- 250 in 1871; $70,000 in 1873; and $75,000 in 1875. Part of the in- ert^ased cost is undou1)tedly due to the improvement in the comfort of the ]mpils and their better instruction than in former years. Draw- ing, for instance, is now taught to a large numl)er, both of the boys and of the girls. Printing has l)eon added to the list of industries taught. Since the year 1S6S, instruction has been given to certain si'lected ])Ui)ils in articulation. r>ut this sul>ject deserves a separate paragrajih. The reader need not be reminded that signs are the natural language of the deaf and dumb, who employ them as do hearing and speaking persons whose native tongues are dissimilar, when communication is necessary aud no other mode of communication is practicable. But in the organized institutions for deaf-mutes, the sign-language has been developed artificially, and by common consent many conventional signs, more or less expressive, have come into general use for the representation of abstract ideas. These conventional signs are readily under.-^tood and appropriated by those to whom the sign-language is, as has l)een said, vernacular. But all written language is, to the congen- ital mute, as much a foreign tongue as Greek or Hebrew to an Anglo- S;ixon ; nay, more so, for the language of signs knows neither number, case, tense, mood nor i)erson, and is destitute of all or nearly all pre- positions or other particles. The education of the deaf-mute is there- fore twofold. He has to master the elements of knowledge, and this he has to do in an unknown tongue which he is learning at the same time, but with how much labor one not initiated into the craft can scarcely imagine. An Ajnerican or Englishman in France learns F'rench unconsciously, as it were, as a child learns it. by hearing it constantly s]>oken around him and in his ])resence. The external world, to the mute, on the other hand, is a silent world, in which no hum of human voices over breaks upon the dull ear. His acquisi- 105 tioiis in langua.irt' are tlie result of the severest toil, on his own }).".rt and on tlie part of his teacher. He is deprived of the ojiportunity of correctinye(i, to enable the pupil to uuilerstaufl the dill'ereuce hetweeu opening tlie moutli to emit or draw a mute breatli, and the utterance of a sound. This the i>upil is soon made to ix^rceive by phiciui; one liand upon his teaclier's throat, and one upon his own, and causing him to feel with his own hand the vibra- tions in the tradiea, whicli result from the .sounding of the voice, and also to feel tho.«e emissions of breath which arc caused by the i)rodnction of certain sounds. The pupil having been encour- aged to utter a .sound, is then taught to observe that the trembling motion felt when the sound is uttered, varies in degree or intensity, with the varying positions of the facial muscles, the muscles of the throat, and the emission of the breath, and he is prompted to imitate these variations. Tlie names of the letters ai'e not tauglit, but tlie powers. 'I'lie letters of the alphabet are clas.si(ied, and the labial, guttural, dental and nasal sounds, and those wliich are combinations of two or more of these, arc taken in such order tliat the impilmay discern diflercnccs in tlieir similarities. The con- sonants are classified so that the pupil may know whether a breathing is reijuired, as in f, p, s, th, sh, or a murmuring, as in v, ■/., b, d, g, m, etc., care always being taken not to to call them by their ordinary alphabetical names. Each sound of the vowel a, is taught separately, till it is acquired, and so on with the otlicr vowels. The letter h is the most easily taught : this is done by breathing upon tlie i)upil's hand, and teaching him to breathe Ujiou it himself. Wlien he can do that he has the jwwor of the letter h. then the other letters are selected whose jiowers are easily learned. "After they have mastered the powers of all the letters, the combinations follow; first, those in which consonants are jihK^cd licforc the vowels, then those in which they are placed afirr the vow- els, and simple words, which are pronounced by the ccmibinations, although spelled differently: at the same time simple sentences are tauglit in which these words occur. ICvery new word, every new sentence learned, seems like a new conquest, and makes then more eager to be able t<» express themselves in spoken language. Their intense desire to learn to speak, after it has onco l/rought its fruits, insures all the attention which alone makes it possible to the teacher to instruct llioin. When they want to know or tell any jiartieular thing, they look as though their sotils wero a blti7,ing torch within them, which shows itself in their expressive eyes." But no words can describe what is indescribable. If an intelligent, sympathetic man desires a new sensation of admiring astonishmr-nt, let him visit the class-room of any institution for the deaf and dumb in which ai'ticulation is successfully taught to deaf-mutes. A jirinci- 106 pal aid to thi' learner is a looking-glass in the pui)irs hands, in which, after ot)serving the movement of the teacher'f! voeal organs, he can discern, by reflection, the motions and appearance of his own. But the chief and most valuable assistance is derived from Bell's so-called "Visible Speech," a system too complicated and abstruse for elucida- tion in this essay, but which is really a new alphabet, and the only truly scientific, philosophical alphabet which the mind of man has ever invented, an alphabet based on the analysis of sound, and repre- senting each sound pictorially, l:)y a sei:)arate emblem, bearing a hid- den resemblance to the position of the vocal organs when that sound is produced. Notwithstanding the admiration which one feels, however, for the genius which triumphs over obstacles so great, it may yet be doubted whether the s3^stem of instruction by articulation is of so much im- portance or value, in practical use, as is claimed for it by its partisans. The deaf-mutes are divided into two classes, known as "congenital" and "semi-"mutes, of whom the first are born deaf; the others have lost their hearing, after birth, from disease. Of the latter class the majority have learned to speak, and many of them have practised speech for from five or six to twelve or fourteen years. It will readily be believed that the latter have much less difficulty in regaining the lost art of articulation, which is often only partially lost, than the congenital mute must experience in acquiring an art of which he has not the slightest conception. To this observation another must nev- ertheless be added, as a counterpoise, namely, that the greater exer- tion put forth by the congenital mute, in the articulation class, fre- (][uently results in a degree of progress on his part more satisfactory to his teacher than that made by a semi-mute of equal age and capacity. But after repeated visits to institutions for the deaf and dumb, both in the east and in the west, in which the most candid, faithful en- deavor has been made to form a true judgment as to the results of training in articulation, by personal attention to the voice of scores or hundreds of pupils in process of training, with the back turned and with my eye upon the pupil's lips, the writer is compelled to testify that, wonderful as the actual result is, yet the pronunciation of deaf- mutes is so constrained and unnatural, that in nearl}^ all cases it ])ro- duces the effect upon the ear of English spoken by a foreigner, and in the majority it is really unintelligible to any casual or ordinary hearer. It is not so to the teacher, because th^s teacher knows the pe- culiarities of each voice and is prepared to supply all deficiencies by his own imagination, just as the mother comprehends the half-formed utterances of her baby who is just learning to talk. It would not be so to the members of a mute's family circle, and the power of speech, in tlic home circle, must be not onlv delightful to tlie affections, but 107 might often be inestimably useful, as in caat or sudden ])eril, where an intelligil)le outcry is essential to safety. It must be admit- ted that there are exceptional instanc-cs, in which the toners of the voice are clear, correct and even melodious. But such instances are rare. Even where the enunciation is correct, precision and variety of inflexion, intonation and emphasis are for the most part lacking. These are not easy to impart by signs to one born deaf. It is safe to say, that in a world where even educated women can- not always understand tbe Irish brogue of their domestic ser- vants, the degree of facility in articulation attained hy most deaf- mutes, even after long drill, is probably insufhcient to make this f is aware ; and some teachers have even fallen by the wayside, veritable martyrs to their calling, over whose graves we ought to erect a cross crowned with a wreath of j^assion-flowcrs and immortelles. These considerations have prevented, and are likely to prevent, the emploj-ment of articulation in the Illinois institution, except as a val- uable accomplishment for pupils of certain capacity to acquire it. Avho are culled from the mass. The writer trusts that the reader will excuse so long an apparent digression from the history, as in fact the spirit, methods and aim of deaf mute education are brought more palpably into view by the dis- cussion of this question, than in any other way. No other school for deaf-mutes has existed in Illinois, except a day- school in Chicago, established by D. Greenberger, in 1870, and discon- tinued since the great Chicago fire. It has been revived, and is under the care of the Board of Education, but the numl)er of pupils is small. THE INSANE. In January, 1847, that eminent philanthropist, Miss D. L. Dix, pre- sented to the Fifteenth General Assembly an able and eloquent mem- orial, setting forth in vivid language the prevalence of insanity, the possibilit}'' of its cure, the advantages of hospital treatment, and the wretched condition of many lunatics, as she had found it by personal observation, in the alms-houses and private dwellings of Illinois. In resjionse to her repeal, the act establishing the Illinois Hos- }»ital for the Insane, the twentv-eightb in this country, was approved, b}'- Governor French, March 1st, 1847. Nine gentlemen, all residents of Morgan county, named in the second section of the act, were ap- pointed trustees, with power to select a site, purchase land, erect suit- able buildings for the accommodation of two hundred and fifty patients, appoint officers, and make by-laws for the government of the institu- tution. The act provided funds for the purchase of land, erection of buildings, and improvement of property, by ordaining a special tax, to be continued for three years, uj^on all the taxable property of the state, of one-fifth of a mill on each dollar of valuation. The trustees were directed to charge for medical attendance, board and nursing, no more than the actual cost, which Avas to be collected from the patient, or in case of his inability to ])ay, from the count}' sending him. The law further prescribed, that the admission of insane patients from the several counties of the state should be in proportion to their popula- tion, and that in admitting patients, the indigent insane shall always have precedence. The board of trustees organized, March 20th, 1847, by the election of Judge Lo(dvwoo(l as their president. 10!) On the iii>t of May, tlu; l)oar(,l agreed uj)on the site, one mile and a e given March 1st, 1848. A ])uilding committee of three was appointed, June -Ith; a plan for the building, copied after that of the Indiana asylum, was adopted July 10th; and work ujwn the foundation was commenced during the following autumn. In Xoveml)er, a code of by-laws was adui)ted, in which it was ordered that the medical superintendent should superin- tend and direct the construction of the building, make the necessary contracts and pay tlie contractors, under the direction of the board, oi- by the advice of the building committee. Pending the appointment of the medical superintendent, however, these duties devolved upon the steward, ]Mr. John Henry. In August, 1848, after a severe strug- gle and numy ballots, Dr. J. M. Higgins, of Griggsville, was elected superintendent, l)y a l)are majority over several opposing candidates for the position. The work of construction proceeded slowly. By the close of the season, in 1848, the walls of the main l>uilding and of the east wing^ were ready to receive the first story window frames, and part of the range work was in position in the west wing. In the following year, the entire basement story was carried up to the belt course. During the 3^ear 1S.50, the walls of the east wing went up. In 1851, two wards in the east wing were so far completed as to admit of occupa- tion, but not until the close of 1852, after five years' vexatious delays, was this wing completed. It may serve to illustrate the mode of building, in these days, to mention the fact that the expenditure of about $80,000, up to this time, liad re<[uire. and an entire reorganization of the board of trustees. The rej)ort of the joint connnittee contained one suggestion of national interest, namely, the recommendation of "an annual congress of the superintendents of the difierent lunatic usyluins in llic Union," 'wliich was supported Ity tlic arjzunient tliat ''l)y this means each would l)CCome ]iossessor of the united experience of all, from which it is believed the most beneficial results would <-ns\U'."" In 1858, on the fourth of June, the new board discharged the former superintendent, who declined to leave, and did not leave, until after the ([uestion of his right to remain had been passed upon by the su- preme court of the state and decided adversely' to him. On the 22d March, 1854, a committee of the trustees was authorized to make a journey to the eastern states, in search of a suitable successor, and meanwhile Dr. H. K. Jones, who had been assistant ])hysician under Dr. Higgins, discharged the functions of superintendent nd interim. The organization of the hospital was, at this time, faulty in this, that it^]Boasle(I Wo heads, a medical superintendent and a steward, whose powers and duties to a certain extent coincided and therefore conflicted with each other. The same evil existed in the institution for the ileaf and dumb, but was finally cured by an enactment of the general asseml)ly, in 1857, forever abolishing the ofiicc of steward in any of the then existing charitable institutions of the state. On the seventeenth of May, the committee rei)orte(l, and Dr. xVn- h gas (Uirinut the west wintr was at last, by dint of a, subsequent appropriation in ISGT, iinished and occupied. The hospital v/as thus twenty years in building. The building alone had cost nearly four hundred tliousand dollars. It was then claimed that its ca])acity was five hundred ; later, four hundred and fifty; Init the present oflicers say less than four hundred, which, without overcrowding, is j)robably the more correct estimate of the three. There have l)een, at some dates, nearly five hundi'ed and fifty patients in it at once. The prcisent average^is about four hundred and fifty. Tlu^ h((spital passed through otlier severe trials, about the same time. In years of drouglit. such as wore 1v's resiLniation he be- 112 came sole assistant for a time. But in Juno, ISfi/), Dr. S. 8. Emerj'- was added to the staff. He remained only a year, and his place was then taken by Dr. H. A. (oilman, who still remains. Dr. Dutton left the institution in lS6i). tie was followed hy Dr. E. C. Xeal. To make the record complete, it may be added here, though somewhat out of place, that after the retirement of Dr. Neal, in 1875, Dr. F. C. Wins- low, the present second assistant, received the appointment. Whether two assistants are enough properly to discharge the responsibilities attending the medical oversight of four hundred and fift}^ ])atients, is a serious question, which must sooner or later attract the attention of our public officials. Before passing to the later history of the hospital, let us retrace our steps for a moment, to consider certain points not yet alluded to, but of importance. One of these relates to the mode of support of the in- stitution. Funds for the purchase of land and erection of buildings were at first provided l)y a special tax upon all the taxable property of the state, of one-fifth of a mill upon the dollar, which was increased, in 1851, to one-third of a mill, and continued until 1855, when it ceased, under the operation of the eighteenth section of the genernl appro- priation act. ' For the maintenance of the patients, it was proposed, in the act of incorporation, to make the institution self-supporting, by charging county patients the actual cost of medical attendance, board and nurs- ing ; and private or pay patients -x profit upon the same, at the dis- cretion of the trustees. But in 1851, before opening the hosjiital to the public, the require- ment that counties should pay the costs and charges attending the treatment of insane i3au])ers was repealed; and it was provided, in- stead, that so much of the "fund for the insane,'' raised by taxation, as might be necessary, might, after the completion of the buildings provided for in the original act, be used in defraying the expenses of the institution, but that not more than one hundred and tifty dol- lars per annum might be paid for each "state patient." By state pa- tients were meant all patients, residents of Illinois. In 18G1, after the legislature had declined to make, in 1859, the appropriation required in order to occupy the new west wing and com- plete the new cast wing, the trustees induced the new assembly to change the policy hitherto pursued. The act of that year (1861) au- thorizes and directs the trustees to collect, from such patients as are of sufficient ability, the just charges for their support, and instructs them to report to the next general assembly the sums so collected and the names of the patients on whose account such collections are made. The luttei' instruction was treated with cool disregarJ, \vith()ut even an exi)hinati()n of the reasons for non-eonipliance. From tlie year ISo"), the h'*!;isL'ituie has uniformly made apjiropria- tionsof a definite sum, botli for current and for extraordinary expen- ses, at e:ich session, upon the application of (he trnstei's, for (lie suc- ce(Kling two years. In 187-"). in the act re-i-ulatins; the state charitable institutions, it is ordained, with some provisos, that after the first of July, 1N77, all resi- dents of the state of Illinois wdio are or may become inmates of any of the state charitable institutions, shall receive their board, tuition and treatment free of charge during their stay. The residents of oth- er states may be admitted to said institutions upon the payment of the just costs of said board, tuiti(jn and treatment : Prodded, that no resi- dent of another state shall be received or retained, to the exclusion of any resident of the state of Illinois. The argument against the continuance of tlie pay-list in the state hospitals for the insane is, that if the rich i)ay their share of taxes for the support of the hospital, thc}^ are entitled to their share of the benefits accruing from it, one of which is admission to the hospital, in case of need, without extra charge. The duty imposed upon the superintendent, under the former law, of infjuiring into tlie })cculiar ability of each applicant to pay for board and treatment, was one of great delicacj' and very disagreeable to both parties ; and it was impossible for him to ascertain the truth, as some persons, nnwilling to rest under the stigma of pauperism, represented themselves as more able to pay than they really were, while others were avaricious and falsely pleaded poverty as an excuse for i)ay ing less than they were actuall}^ able. 1 1 was impossible in the hospital to graduate the amount of attention given in proportion to the amount paid; the brand of pauperism upon the ma- jority of the inmates was unkind and often unjust ; the })resence of pay- patients created an artificial class distinction ; and a comparison of thc^ amounts paid by diflerent individuals created outside dissatisfaction. All the other state institutions are free. The amount received by the hospital from private ]»i'rsons has been too small to comj)ensate for the evils indicated. Another of the most important questions relating to the treatment of insanity, is that of the mode of commitment to the hos])ital, which in this state has been repeatedly altered by legislative enactment. The act of LS47 authorized county connnissioners' <'ourts to tend to- the institution such insane paupers as they may deem proper subjects ; courts of the state, to send insane criminals; and circuit courts, to send such other insane persons as are, l)y reason of (heir insanity, un- safe to be at large, or sufiCering from unkindness, cruelty, hardshij) or exposure. Vol. 11—8 114 The act of 1S.')1 conferred upon the county courts concurrent juris- diction, in all cases of insanity; and authorized the superiutendent to receive and detain married women r.nd infants, without the evidenci^ of insanity required in other cases, on the recjuest of the lrasl)and of the woman, or parent or guardian of the infants. The act of 1.S53. gave the county courts exchisive jurisdiction, and prescribed the forms of trial, hut without repealing the provisions of the act of 1er association of patients. Of the first and second counts, the committee entirely acijuittcd the institution. The third charge they sustained in part. Concerning the fourth, they claim that the evidence shows that al)Out forty ])atients, whose names are given, and about twenty, wliose names are not remembered, have been abused by attendants, and al)out twenty- five attendants, whoso names are given, have been guilty of these abuses. No fault was found by the committee with the by-laws of the hospi- tal, nor with the restraints in use (the shower-bath and strait-jacket having been formerly discarded from the list); they praised the ability, culture and integrity of Dr. jMcFarland; l)ut they held him account- able to tlie public for the conduct of his attendants, ])ron()unced his government of patients too severe and his discipline of attendants too mild, disapproved of his classification of patients, and i(>commended an immediate change in the office of superintendent. This decision was felt by the superintendent and trustees to be un- just, and the trustees, on the 7th A])ril, 1SG8, in a special report of more than a hundred printed pages, controverted the conclusions ar- rived at ])}- the committee. In their report, they complain of the conduct of the connnittee, in advertising in the newspapers for evi- dence ; in sitting with closed doors: in admitting the testimony of discharged i)atients whose recovery was more than doubtful, and of emi)loyees, either directly discharged for misconduct, or who precipi- tately left; to avoid the other alternative ; and in refusing to allow the superintendent counsel or the right to testify in his own behalf. Con- cerning the main issue, after a lengthy review of tlie evidence, they say: " We do not concur in the conclusions to which the legislative committee have arrived. * * We entirely dissent from their rec- ommendations. We claim that the h()S})ital will (Himpare favorably, in all respects, with any similar American institution. We regard Dr. McFarland as eminently qualified for the position of superinten- dent, and believe that his removal or retirement would be a great loss 117 to the state. We not only do not Uflicvo that he h;is Itecn y;uilty of abuses, or neglect of duty, hnt we liave a settk'd eunviction that ho has been honest, vigihmt, humane, and intelligent; and tiiat what- ever of improvement tlie ex];)erieiK'e of other institutions has furn- ished, or whatever his own large experience and thorough education have suggested, have been promptly adopted to promote the interests of the institution and the humane treatment of patients in all the de- partments of his administration." When the report of the investigating committee was laid before the. next general assembly, and referred to the ai)])ropriate committees, the conclusions arrived at were ado])ted l)y the committee of the house, but in the committee (»f the senate, the abstract of evidence al-one was adopted, and the n>port sul)mitte(l for the consideration of the senate itself, who took no action tliereupon, ncti- did the house. The new board of trustees of the hospital retained Dr. McFarland in his position, and he did not resign, until com])elled to do so by ill health, wdien, in IH'O, he was succeeded by Dr. 11. F. Carriel, the present superintendent. The amount of internal their duty in regard to those who ^\•ere so obviously and palpably insane as not to hee;i]ia1ile ol" knowing whether they wanted a trial or not, submitted a case of that kind to the supreme court, in session at Ottawa. In accordance with its decision, all such were tried at asubscHpient sitting of the county court. In all these cases the same verdict was rendered as in the former ones. Painful as the events above desci-ibed must have been to tlie parties immediately concerned, to whom the memory of them is still a rank- ling fiore, and for this reason they have been passed over as lightly as 116 classified the complaints against the management of the hospital under foui' heads or counts, namely: — 1st. l*]xl ravagant expenditures of mon(\v in the management, aiu! a want of i)roper sanitary regulations. 2d. Retaining patients not insane. 8d. Admitting patients without the ])roper legal evidence of their insanity — such as a trial and proper certificates and security, as r^'- (juired by law. 4th. Abuse of patients Ijy officers and attendants by blows, by neglect, and by appliances not necessary to their proper restraint and government, and by an improper association of patients. Of the first and second counts, the committee entirely accjuitted the institution. The third charge they sustained in ])art. Concerning the fourth, they claim that the evidence shows tliat about forty ])atients, whose names are given, and about twenty, whose names are not remembered, have been abused by attendants, and about twenty- iivc attendants, whose names are given, have been guilt}' of these abuses. No fault was found by the committee with the by-laws of the hospi- tal, nor with the restraints in use (the shower-bath and strait-jacket having been formerly discarded from the list); they praised the ability, culture and integrity of Dr. McFarland; but they iield liim account- able to the public for the conduct of his attendants, pronounced his government of patients too severe and his discipline of attendants too mild, disapproved of his classification of patients, and recommended an immediate change in the office of superintendent. This decision was felt by the superintendent and trustees to be un- just, and the trustees, on the 7th April, 1S68, in a special report of more than a hundred printed pages, controverted the conclusions ar- rived at l)y the committee. In their report, they complain of the conduct of the committee, in advertising in the newspapers for evi- dence ; in sitting with closed doors: in admitting the testimony of discharged patients whose recovery was more than doubtful, and of employees, either directly discharged for misconduct, or who precipi- tately h-ft, to avoid the other alternative ; and in refusing to allow the superintendent counsel or the right to testify in his own behalf. Con- cerning the main issue, after a lengthy review of tlie evidence, they say: " We do not concur in the conclusions to which the legislative committee have arrived. * ='^ We entirely dissent fi'om their rec- t)mmeudations. We claim that the hospital will compare favorably, in all respects, with any similar American institution. We regard Dr. McFarland as eminently qualified for the position of superinten- dent, and believe that his removal or retirement would be a great loss 117 to the stati-;. We not only do not ht-lieve th;it lie Inis Itecn guilty of abuses, or neglect of duty, but we bave a settled conviction tbat bo lias been bonest, vigilant, buniane, and intelligent; and tbat wbat- evcr of improvement tbe experience of otber institutions bas furn- isbed, or wbatever bis own large experience and tborougb education have suggested, bave l)ecn promptly adopted to promote tbe interests of tbe institution and tbe bumane treatment of patients in all tbe de- partments of bis administration." Wben tbe report of tbe investigating eonunittee was laid before tbe. next general assembly, and referred to tbe appropriate committees, tbe conclusions arrived at W(M-e ado])ted by tbe committee of the bouse, but in tbe committee of tbe senate, tlie al,)stract of evidence al-onc was adopted, and the report submitted for the consideration of the senate itself, who took no action thereupon, nor did tbe bouse. Tbe new board of trustees of the hospital retained Dr. McFarland in bis position, and he did not resign, until c()mi)elled to do so by ill health, when, in 1870, he was succeeded by Dr. II. V. ('arriel, the present superintendent. The amount of internal disturbance and friction, in the institution, o(;c.asioned by this investigation, may be inferred from tbe fact tbat the conniiittee, on the 24tb, '2oth and 2(Jtb of -luly, made a personal examination of every patient, in whicli examination they were as- sisted by Drs. R. .1. Patterson, of Batavia, and II. A. Johnson, of Chi- cago. There were then in tbe hospital three hundred and thirty-six }»atients. All but al)out fifty or sixty were so insane as to require l)ut a moment's notice. The examination by tbe committee followed closi- on the heels of that made by tbe Morgan county court. The ]ier- sonal liberty act of 18()U provided tbat all persons now coniined in the hospital for tbe insane at Jacksonville, who have not been tried and found insane or distracted by tbe verdict of a jur\', shall be permitted to liave such trial. All such persons shall be informed by tlie trustees, in their discretion, of the provisions of this act, etc. As soon as pos- sible, after tbe passage of tbe act, tbe county court of Morgan county ])roceeded with tbe trial of all ap])arently includ(Ml within its terms. A verdict of insanity was rendered in i-egular form in all Ibese cases. The trustees being in doubt as to their duty in regard to tboso who ^verc so obviously and palpaldy insane as not to becapabl(;of knowing whether they wanted a trial or not, subniitt('(l a case of thai kind to tlic suprcMUC court, in session at Ottawa. In accordance witli its decision, all such were tried at a subse»iuent sitting of tlic county court. In all these cases the same verdict was rendered as in tlie former ones. Painful as tbe events above described must bave been to tJie parties immediately concerned, to whom the memory of them is still a rank- ling sore, and for this reason tliey bave been i)assed over as lightly as 11-8 tlie truth (it" history will a(hiiit. they yet bore miicli excellent fruit, and the uood will remain when the evil is forgotten. The committee was eiiilihatic in its declarations that Illinois was, at that date, much be- hind many of her sister states in her provision for the insane ; that the condition of the insane, out of the hospital, was for the most part truly deplorable ; and that additional provision for the insane of this state must soon be made. The wisdom of their suggestion, that in making such i^rovision, regard should be had to the separation uf curable from incurable cases, is more questionable. As to Mrs. Packard herself, probably the inajority of those who know her, are convinced of her insanity in the past, if not at present, and this opinion is confirmed by a letter written by her to Dr. McFarland, while in the hospital, bearing date January 19th, 1863, wnich it is in- conceivable that any woman in her right mind should have written, nor do her explanations before the committee, June 8th, 1876, relieve her of this presumption. In her present mission, as a self-constituted advisor of legislatures, relative to the treatment of insanity in insane hospitals, she cannot be regarded as a safe counsellor, though it may be well believed that the future improvement of the hospital system lies in the direction of increased personal freedom, a larger amount of industrial employment for the inmates, more life in the open air, and a less artificial discipline, together with some modification, more or less radical, of the growing tendency to aggregate great num- bers of insane in a single institution and under a single roof. But no evidence has, as yet, been adduced to show that in the United States any considerable number of persons are held in confinement against their will, on the ground of alleged insanity, which does not, in fact, exist ; nor that the abuses, whose existence does from time to time occur, in spite of the vigilance of superintendents, who feel themselves to be, even in their beds, asleep on the brink of a volcano, are other than the inevitable outgrowth of human nature and of the present system of hospital construction. The general assembly, in 1S60, inaugurated a new policy of hospital exjiansion in Illinois. Two acts were passed, one to establish the Northern Illinois Hospital and Asylum for the Insane: the other to locate, erect and carry on an Asylum for the Insane, which it was understood was to l:»e in the southern end of the state, though not so expressed in the bill. The original apj»ropriation for each was one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. At the same session, the legislature created for this state a Board of State Connnissioners of Public Charities, like those in Massachusetts, New York- and Pennsylvania, and reduced the number of trustees of the hospital for the insane, the institutions for deaf mutes and for the blind, and for the soldiers' orphans" home, to three each. The appro- 110 priations for various iiiijir(i\ ciricnls wei'c liberal. The new board, with the new superintendcMit, Dr. 11. F. (Jarriel, formerly ast«i.r agree, in all respects, for the two institutions. This is especially noticeable as respects the provisions relating to their location. In the <-ase of tlie northern asylum, tbe location was entrusted to nine com- missioners, to whom instructions are given in the act, and their func- tions ended as soon as the site was selected. The adoption of plans and the erection of tlic necessary buildings was confided to the trustees, their successors. In the other case, a commission of five was created, who wer(> not only to select the site, but to erect buildings and pre- ])are them for occupancy by i)atients. They were further empowered to continue to act, but in an altered capacity and and witliout pay, as trustees, until tlie meeting of the next sessi(M'i of the general assem- bly thereafter. The compensation allowed tlie latter board, was the t^ame as tliat of tlie state-house commissioners, five dollars a day; both tlie coiimiissioners and trustees of the northern asyhim were allowed two dollars a day. Another imi)ortant difference in the two statutes related to the length of time for Avhich the medical superintendent shoubl !>!' appointed by tbe boards of direction, namely, in tbe south- f'rn institution for two years, but in the northern for the same time as provided by the laws then in force and governing the hospital at Jack- sonville, which is t(Mi years. The location of both asylums was ert'cctcd during the summer of 1869. The two sites selected liy the respective boards were Elgin, in the north, and Anna, in the south. Ijotb connnissions were directed, in making a cboi(*e, to consider the i|uestions of an ample supply of water, convenience of access., and tbe value of lands and other property which might be donated bv the citizens of the Icjcality chosen. 121 The ?ite chosen at Elgin \va^> given to the statt' by tlK' citizons of that town, and consisted of ii farm of one hundred and iilXy-live acres, upon the west iKink of Fox river, running down to the water's edge, together with a spring of water about tiiree (|uarters of a mile west of the farm, and supposed, (but erroneously,) to ))e never failing, and the perpetual right of way to said spring. The valucof the entire donation, as expressed in the title deeds, was .$14,7oO. A promise Cwhich was never fulfilled), was also made o\' freight over the Illinois Central railroad, to the value of three thousand dollai-s. Tlie amount of land being deemed by tiie trustees to he insufficient, they ])urchased, in 1870, one hundred and thirtj^-one acres in addition, and in 1871, one hundred and ninety-four more, all at the uniform jiriee of one hundred dollars per acre, making a farm of four liundred and eighty acres, which cost in all about forty-live tliousand dollars. Tliis purcduise was not authorized by law. but made on the responsibility of the trus- tees, out of the original appi'opriation. The building, it may be men- tioned, stands not on the site oi'igiiially selectf^d. but u]»on the addi- tional [)urchase. At Anna, the farm sekn^ted contains two liundre*! an.I ninety acres, and cost twenty-two thousand, two liundred and sixteen dollars, (a price far above its actual value), of which the citizens of Unidu county {)aid one-fourth ])art, or twenty dollars 2)er acre, as a donation. The situation is inaccessible, and the expense of obtaining a relialde su[)- ply of water has been ver}'' great. The ground itself, though it com- mands no such extensive view as that at Elgin, is broken, wooded and picturesque. Xo institution in the state has a site which offers equal opportunities for the disjilav of the art of the landscape gardener. The trustees of the Islgin institution advertised for plans from ar- chitects, to be submitted for competition; the connuissioners of the in- stitutii n at Anna adopted a different course, and went to the east in a bod}', to inspect existing hospitals for the insane and decide which of them possessed a plan most worthy of imitation. Tlie former body called in experts, namely, His. Patterson, of Batavia. and McFarland, of Jacksonville, to their aid ; the others did not. Nine plans were submitted to the Elgin trustees, from which they selected that offered by Mr. S. V. Shipman, of Madison, Wisconsin, which is virtually a copy of the CJovernment Hospital for tbe Insane, at Washington. The .\nna board brought back with them a plan, resembling that adopted at [''anville, Pennsylvania, whidi tbey sul)mitted to Messrs. Walsh and Dilger, of St. Louis, foi- development. The event has proved that the I']lgin plan is vastly su^jcrior to that at Anna, which had to be changed for tlic south wing, before the legislature would vote the funds for its erection. The plans for the northern asylum were adopted December 28th, 1869; for the southern, not until the spring of 1870. 122 At tlie suggestion of (iovernor Palmer, the newly appijinted com- missioners of public charities, who entered on the duties of their oiiice in April, 18()9, made it one of their first duties to investigate the actual number of insane and idiotic persons in the state of Illinois. Fifteen years before, a similar investigation had been made, in Massachusetts, by Dr. Edward .Jarvis. Dr. Jarvis had fully dcmionstrated theuntrust- worthiness of the ordinary census returns. Following his method, a blank was prepared by the Illinois commissioners, with space for the names, post-ofiice address, county, sex, color, birthplace, age, civil con- dition, occupatior, supposed cause of insanit}', form of insanit}", dura- tion of disease, number of attacks, treatment in hospital or not. cura- bility or incurability, pecuniary ability, and method of care, of twenty persons. A copy of this blank was sent to each of four thousand, seven hundred and seventy-three physicians in the state — all who>;e names and residences could be in any way ascertained. About three hundred of these were found either to have died, removed from the state, or re- tired from the practice of medicine. About tAvo thousand, seven hun- dred and fifty failed to respond to any communication sent them. After' three successive eftbrts, answers were obtained from seventeen hund- dred and twenty-eight. The results of this investigation were pub- lished, in tabular form, in the first report of the commissioners, in 1870. After collating the returns and carefully purging them of all known or suspected duplicates, the numl)er of idiots reported by name was found to be seventeen hundred and thirty-eight, and of insane, two thousand, three hundred and sixty-seven. It was believed by the commissioners that even these figures, which were in advance of those given in the census, were too low; and so it subsequently appeared, when in 1872 a further comparison of the board of charities' list of in- sane with the list filed in the census bureau at Washington resulted in the addition of six hundred and thirty-eight names to those previously reported by the physicians. The number reported in the census of 1870 was one thousand, six hundred and thirty-four; the number on the list of the board is three thousand and five. If a correct return of idiots were possible, which it is not, for the reason that in infancy idiocy is not always recognizable, the result would be still more aston- ishing. Having ol)tained an approximate estimate of the number of in-^ane in Illinois, the commissioners of pulilic charities, at the suggestion of the trustees of the Anna institution, issued a call in October, 1809, for a conference of the oflicers of tlie state, and of the three insane asylums, with the commissioners of pul»lic charities, to assemble, at the state librar}', on the tenth of November, 1869, to consider the respective merits and demerits of the two systems of organization, known as the congregate and segregate or family systems, with a view to determining which of tlicm should be adopted in the new institutions. 12:'> Prior to the a.s.scmbling ol" the conference, every known .superinten- dent of an insane asylum in tlie country was addressed, by letter, and requested to state his views upon tliis impctrtant question, in writing, to be submitted to the meetinji-. The majority pron)ptly and frankly responded. An examination of their replies discloses a wide diflference of opinion amon<;- expert?, where agreement might liave been expected. A general conviction was expressed of the possibility of further improvements in the treat- ment of insanity; and man}^ even of those o})po,sed to the cottage sys- tem, in tlieory, said tliat they hoped it miglit receive a full and fair trial, in this state. The })rincipal address at the conference was mad<' by Dr. -McFarland. w'ho traced the history of the treatment of insanity through its three successive leading phases — cure by exorcism, by drugs, and by restraint. The latter system he regarded as e([ually fallacious with these which preceded it. The amount of restraint in our modern hospitals is exces- sive; it irritates patients iinnecessaril}^, abridges their sources of recreation and of useful emj^Wment, promotes secret vices, is extrav- agant in its cost, prevents any association of the sexes, and needs to be reformed. Not altogether, perhaps; restraint and non-restraint might exist side by side, restraint for those who need it, freedom for those who do not. He believed that the breaking up of the insane "monas- teries," with their long corridors of cells, into detached buildings, bear- ing a closer resenddance to the ordinary residences of sane men, would modify favorably the life of the patient, aflbrd better opportunity for an industrial basis for tlie entire organization, reduce the expense, both of building and of carrying on tlie institution, make the classifica- tion of patients more complete, and would rather protect than weaken the close supervision which a good humanitarian purpose dictates. The institution would, he said, under the new system, be like a regi- ment marching by companies, each under command of its own compe- tent oflicer, while, at present, it is like the same regiment marching in platoons, with no subordinate otlicei- in command. He acknowl- edged the difHculty of successful innovation, but believed that the experiment, in spite of the opposition of medical supeiintendents, would certainh' be tried, and, if successful, the new system would be called by the name of the state or nation wliich is the first to adoi)t it. The name "cottage" he disliked. The action taken by the conference consisted in the ado])tion of resolutions : — RcHolvnd, Tliat ill the judsinent ol' tins confcroiioe, so I'lir sis iiracticulili', a comhiiiutinn, in iiisano asylums, of tlie cottage s.vstein with that at present in vogue, is dcsirabk'. Rrtsolved, That there are weighty reasons for the belief that such a coiuhiiiatioii is imicticaMe,. and that it would increase both the economy and etlicieiicy of asylums for the insane. No immediate result followed tliis conference. I^oth the now insti- 124 tutions were built, organized, and are administered on what Dr. Mc;- Farland calls " the monastery plan." It was indeed doubtful whether tlie language of the law resi)ecting the southern asylum is not imper- ative : ''the main building shall be constructed npon the most aj)- proved plan for use, and shall be of sufficient ca})acity to accommodate ut least three hundred inmates, with the officers and necessary attcnd- Jints, and so planned that wings may be added." The " cottage" plan of organization seems to be here excluded, whether intentionally or not, from consideration. The language of the statute relating to the northern asylum is very difierent in its tone : " whatever plan shall be adopted — whether that known as the 'cottage system,' or that known as the ' central edifice with wings,' or a combination of the two systems — the work shall proceed by sections, or other structures of sufficient capacity to accommodate one hundred and fift\' patients «hall be first erected and brought into use, so that practical benefits may be s(H'ured at the earliest ])Ossible period and at the least expen- diture of njoney : Provided, That such sections or cottages shall l)e free fi-om ex [tensive architectural decorations," etc. Notwithstanding this plain hint of a desire on the part of the framers of the bill to see soni(3 attempt at a modification of the existing system, the defects of which arc admitted by many of the ablest superintendents in this <;ountry ; and notwithstanding that the trustees in their first (un- published) report, justified their exercise of discretion in the purchase of so large a farm, on this ground among others, that they "were of the ojiinion that the best interests of the state and of the unfortunate insane recjuired that both the congregate and the cottage systems should finally be adopted, for while the majority can be much better iind more cheaply cared for in the congregate arrangement of an iisylum, there is another and a large class who should receive the more ids for the construction of the nortliern asylum wei'e opened April IGth, 1S70; for the southern on the 14th of July, 1870. For the entir(i north wing, there Avere. at Elgin, eight bids ; at Anna, fifteen. The Elgin biy W. F. Ikishnell & Co.), to one hundred and seventy-nine thousand, three hundred and seventy-three dollars ; those received at Anna, from one hundred and fifteen thousand dollars, (by 125 ILicliurd Shinnick ),totwoliundredandseventeeii thousund doUar.s. Tlit average of nil the bids was, in the farmer case, one hundred and fifty-six thousand, eight hundred soventy-tivo dollars ; in the latter, one hund- red and fii'ty-three thousand, six hundredandsixtydollars. Inhotli cases, there can be little cjuestion that the boards transcended their author- ity, in ado])ting plans and making contracts for buildings, on a scale calculated to accouiniodate not less than four hundred and fifty pa- tients, whereas tlu; acts under wliich they acted contemplated pro- vision for only three hundred, in each of the two institu- tions. The legislature, however, passed over their action in this re- gard without criticism or ol)jection. The coijipletion of the northern institution, to date, has require") 00 Water-works ' 7,397 OO Reservoirs, sewers, etc 15,150 00 Fire apparatus 1,600 00 Lightning rods 1,250 OO (Jas fixtures 2,675 00 Railroad track (for distributing food) 350 00 Stock, carriages, and improvement of farm, etc 15,220 00 Furniture...^ 38.110 00 Library 1,000 (K) Freights 6,000 00 Architecfs commissions (part) ().125 00 Expenses and ;)ct diem of trustees, whiU' building 10,060 00 Total 8639,357 2(> Much renudns still to be done, especially in the matter of outside im- 12t> provenients. to bring the hospital up to the standard which it ought to reach. The amount appropriated for the completion and fitting of the s:outhcin asylum and grounds has been six hundred and thirty-four thousand, eight hundred dollars. A similar statement of items cannot be given, for the reason that the appropriations were for the most part unrestricted in their application. A portion of the j^er diem of the building; commissioners is not included in the above figure, but was paid out of the general fund of the state. The work of building is still in progress. At Elgin, the north n'ing and the rear Imilding were completed in January, 1872. They would have lieen ready in the month of October ■or November, 1871, but the great fire in Chicago, October 9th, delayed the work. On the 2d February, the formal opening and inspection by the governor and legislature occurred; and on the od April, the neces- sary furniture having been secured and put in place, the first patient was admitted. The medical superintendent, Dr. Edwin A. Kil- bourne, of Aurora, had been elected by the board in September, 1871, and ])i-. Richard S. Dewey had received an appointment as first assist- ant physician, in December. Patients would have been received as early as March, 1872, but for the sudden and unexpected failure of the 3IcElroy spring, which compelled the institution to go to the river, only eight hundred yards distant, for its water supply. Among the first patients admitted were twenty-one from the Cook county asylum and forty from .Jacksonville, all of them clironic cases. The general assembly, in 187o, Avisely made all the appropriations necessary to complete the construction of the principal buildings, and to put them in readiness for occupation. The contract for construction Avas let .Tune 18th, 1878, and for the steam-heating on the oOth of October. The centre building was delivered to the trustees in April, iind the south wing in July, 1871, four and a half months prior to the •date stipulated in the contract; tlie whole work, to the value of nearly two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, having been finished in little over a year. The centre l)uilding was at once furnislied and occupied, but the south wing stood empty until after the assembly, in 1875, had appropriated funds for the maintenance of the additional number of patients who were to use it. At Anna, the progress of events was less rapid. Up to tlie time of the change in the board of building commissioners, which occurred May 2d, 1871, only ninetv-two thousand dollars of the original appro- priation of 18()1) had been expended, and of tliis amount not more than fifty thousand dollars had been expended directly upon the build- ing and ])aid into the ccuitractor's hands. The rest had gone for land, plans, expenses of tlie board, and commissions to the arcliitect. Tlie 127 Wascnient story was thoi not yet iinishcd. On the 2")tli of Julw 1.S71, tlie commissioners, seeinu; no prospect of an early completion of the building, or a compliance by the contractor with the terms of the con- tract, notified the contractor's securities to meet them at Anna, on the first of August, and either furnisli means foi' a more rapid prosecution of tlie work, or surrender tlie contract. The securities chose to furn- ish the necessary funds and to appoint an agent for their disburse- ment. In August, 1.S72, the board jjassed an order that thev would pay no further estimates, until the final setth^ment, and the securities thereupon took the building in hand and finished it at their cnvn cost. The nortli wing was completed and a final settlement made with tliem, in March, 1873. The estimated cost of this wing is about one hundred and twenty-eight thousand, five hundred dollars. The contract for the rear building and tine basement stoi-y of tlie centre, was awarded to \. L. Wickwire, of CJairo, on the 18th of .June, 1.S72, for sixty-eight tlious- and, seven hundred and eighty-two dollars. The amount paid him, in- cluding extras, was seventy-four tliousand, eight hundred and sixtv dollars and eighty-eight cents, and the final payment was made in June, 1.S74. The appropriation for the centre building was made May 3d, l'S7o, but through an error in tlie wording of the act, instead of its being payable from the levy of 1872, as designed, it was liiade payable from the levy of 187;'), and so was not available for use before 1874, which occasioned a delay of one year in tlie commencement of work under the contract. The contract, which was let in May, 1871), to Richard Shinnick, was for eighty-four thousand dollars for the entire building, except the finishing of the fourth story. The amount paid him was ninety thousand, one hundred and scvcntN'-nine dol- lars and thirty-seven cents, which included the work originally omit- ted in his contract, and the last i)ayment was made in September, 187'). Thus the north wing was two \-ears and eight months in building; the real' building, two yc;ii's; and the centre, about one year and a lialf. The appropriation for the south wing was made in April, 1S7"), and the contract let in the September l))llowing. The building is now enclosed and the work of finishing the inside is in progress. The north wing having been eoiii|ilete . rob a in;in of hope, his last consolation hi the presence of any ill. 3. Of whom notliing is expected, nothing will bo obtained. If it is understood by the superiii- teridont antj by tlie public that his patients are lioyond the reach of hope, the greatest slhnulus to exertion on his part will be removed, and the result will be laxity of discipline, ineflicient nnrinns' and medical care, S'Cneral deterioration in the management, and. in the end, disgraceful failure. 4. In an institution designed for the incurably insane alone, the frequent comnuinication witli the outside world secinvd by the constant discharge of recovered patients, would be lacking, and thus an important safeguard against the growth of abuse would be removed. .''i. It would not be pos.sible to prevent the admission to any hospital or asylum of patients from tiie immediate vicinity, who were curable, and, if possible, it would not be desirable. 6. All experience shows that the presence of chronic cases of insanity in any institution ha- a happy influence over tlie newly insane, ;«ud is an aid not only to discipline, lint to recovery on their part. 7. If the separation of the i!)curablc from the curable insane is the riuestioii to be ileterniined, then tl>e form of the inquiry sliould be, not whether to make separate provision for the clironic iu- Bttne, but whctiicr we shall make separate provision for recent cases; for tlie recent cist's are the less numerous of the two. For tliese and other reasons we advise, not the erection of mammoth poor-hou.sos, understate supervision, for the outcast insane of Illinois; but the erection of additional lio.spitals, \vh( uc cr Uie condition of the finances of the state will admit of it. In addition to tlie state institutions fur the in.'-anc, tliciT aic in Illinois thr(;e other hospitals or asylums for their benefit — oiif in {^ook county, in connexion with the county alms-house, at Jeflerson, which will accommodate, when, the ne\v wing now in process of construction is occu])ied, probably not less than four or fivCghundrcd iuinatcs ; and two private institutions, one owned and superintended by Dr. R. J. Patterson, at Batavia, in Kane county, and one owned by ;i corjiovation and conducted by Dr. McFarhmd, at Jacksonville. Tiie institution at Batavia is for women only, and accommodates about tliirty jiatiimt.'?; that at Ja(;ksonville receives both sexes, but its capacity is not tjuite so large. All of these, like the state institutions, are subject to th(! su- pervision and inspectiiin of the state commissioners of ])ubli(.' cliaritics. THE r.i.r.M). Th(^ third of the state institutions organized in Illinois was that for the education of the blind, which, like the two that preceded it, wan also located at Jacksonville. For about one year i)i'evi()us to its incor- poration, a small school ft)r the blind had been taught in tiiat city, then u village, by a blind man, formerly of the Ohio institution, named Samuel Bacon. The act. of incorporation was appi'oved by tlie gover- nor, Augustus C. French, on the 18th Januarv, 1840, and on the ord February the board of trust(;es, five in number, elected Judge Lockwood their president. They appointed Mr. Bacon tujjcrintendent of tho new institution, and at once issued circulars announcing that th« school would be opened on the first Monday of Aj^ril, 1849, and that scholars would then be received, educated and provided for at their expense. The legislature Iiad appropriated three thousand dollars for the erection of a suitable building, and had also ordered that there should be paid to the trustees, fur the use of the institution, the pro- Tol. II— 9 ('corls of a tax of oue-tentli of a mill u]H)n every doUar's worth of taxable property in the state — a tax largely in exeef^s of its actual needs. The trustees (lid not wait for the l)uilding to be erected liy the state, but openey tiie close of the lirst term. .July lOtli, bSoO. (there liavinu- lieen no vacation granted for lifteeii montlisi. tlie number of ]>upils was twe\ity-three, — a htrger numbei' in ])roportion to the population of the state than in 187'*. twenty years hiter: the ]troiH)rtion in ISoO being one pniul to 20.1«)4 inhai)itants. and. in ISTO, one to iVi.oSii. Foi- twenty-one or two acres of land the hoard paid eiglity -. M. D.. succeeded to the •superintendency. The s})ecial tax tor the blind was rep<'aled in ]X')'k and an annual ap})ro))riation foi' current expenses was voted instead. ^\ ith the ex- ception of two ai)j)ropriations for repairs, in 18f)7 and !>«()*,>. all the ex- penses of this institution were defrayed out of the cuirent expense fund, until the year IST:'). In this particular, its financial history is uni(jue among the institutions of this stat(\ all the rest having been The objects of reiteated and ahwost constant special appropriations. In the year ISd"). (he institution was involved in litigation before the courts, in the following manner: The .lark-onville and CaiTollton Hailroad, a corporation chartei-ed in is."il. h.nl. in ix.")7, ol)tained and entered U])on. for its own u-e, a stri{i of giduud about thirty fei't in width and nearly one thou-^and feet in length, belonging to thi' insti- tution, on the W{-st side of the tract occupied as a site for the building. They obtained ])ossession by a verdict of condemnation by a commis- sion aj)pointed for that iiurpose. The right claimed l)y the com[)any ti> condemn land owni-d by the institution was based upon a clause of an annmded charter, changing the name of the road to the .lackson- ville, Alton and St. Louis Railroad, which passed the (ieneral Ass<>m- blv in 1S.")7. The clau-e refi.M-red to is in tlie lliinl section and reads, '•All ^-uch lands, niatrrials ;iiirivil('iic<. [lu'ccssary fur tlic coiistruo tioii, ooiiiplrtinii. altering, maintaining, jjrcstTving and coiniJctt' ope- ration of said vo-m}^ Ixiongi)!!! to l/ic .^ta/r are hereby granted to said cor- poration for said i)ur])oses.'" in 1S(;;',. a new road, called Ibc St. I.onis, Jacksonville and Cliicago Ilaili'oad. was formed l)y Ihc consolidation of the road already mentioned witii the Timica and Petersburg road, and it is declared in the lirst section of the act in aid of the new road that the consolidated eompany '"shall enjoy, ])ossess and exereise all the' i»rivileges, immunities and .franchises which w alrearoposed to erect a new track, turnouts and depctts, and all buildings suital»le tbr railroad ])urposes. It also <'lainied that it was under' no obligation, under the terms of the grant ipioted al»ove. to make any e(ini[)cnsa.tioii to the state for the land which it ]»i'oposed to occupy for its own use. and profit, and which was vej-y valuable, being worth ]>robal)ly not less than one tliousaml dollars an acre. After a nieeting of the trustee.'^ with the ofiicers of the road, in November, ISd"), at which they were unable to come to any agreement, the i-oad commenced a prtxteeding against thunty. Pending the decision of tlie suit, the trustee-^ a|>pe;ilc(l to the legis- lature for )>rotection, wh u'h promptly ri'si)onde(l l)y an act i»assed in 1807, declaring that the lands of the state institiit ions shall not be catered. a})pi\i|»riated or ux'd l>v lailroad or other companies witlxnit the previt)us consent of the general assembly : and that without said (•onsent, courts shall not have or enteiiain juiisdict ion in proceedings instituti'd for the purpose. Tlu! circuit court of Sangamon county ([uaslied the proceeding of the commissioners. wliereu|ion tlie road took the case liy appeal to the supreme court of the slate, wliicb allirmed the iudgmeip, of the lower court. The O] tin ion of the coui-t was delivered by ( 'bief .1 ust ice Walker, and its essential point was, that although the hintfuage oi' the enact- ment resjHH^ting tlie .Jacksonville and Cai-rolton road would liierally embrace the right to ap|)ro}iriate any pro|»erty owned l)y the state, even the buildings enicted upon the land. yet. failing to grant any property specifically, it cannot be inicrred that property owned and alii'ady appropi'iated by tlie state to permanent and specilic purposes, could be taken. But this pro])erty had been i>erniancntly appropriated lo the use of a state institution, and Avas in u«e for that purpose. Accordini^ly, in 1869, it was ordered b}- the legislature that upon application of the St. Louis, Jacksonville and Chicago Kaih'oad Com- pany to the governor, he should appoint three disinterested appraisers, who should view and appraise the parcels of land described in the act, anvl that the appraised value thereof should be paid into the statu treasury. This was done, and the amount realized by the state was iive thousand, seven hundred dollars. The conflagration on the 20th April, 18G0, by which the original institution was destroyed, occurred, fortunately, at ten o'(;lock in the morning, so that no lives were lost, nor any personal injury sustained b}' any one, in consequcn.?o. The fire is supposed to have originated from a defective flue in the attic, and to have been smouldering for several hours before the flames broke through the roof. The pupils woi'e all cared for by the citizens of Jacksonville, who received them into their own houses, where they remained for a few da^'s. Through the liberality of Mrs. Eliza Ayers, who owned the "Berean college" building and grounds, across the street from the institution, and placed it, without solicitation, at the disposal of the trustees, the school wad at once reopened, and the session eontinu(Mi without intcrruyition until the 1-4 -June, the usual time for vacation. A spirited controversy ensued as to tlie polu-y ol' re-building on tho original site. It was claimed on the one hand that the proximity of the railroad depots, tracks and switches, and of the (h-inking saloons around the depot, together with the value ot the land i'or general bus- iness purposes, constituted a suflicient reason for the sale of the prof)- erty by the board and the purchase elsewhere of a site less valuabli3 bub better adapted to the wants of the institution. On the other hanjl, it was contended that these so-called disadvantages were in fact no disadvantage ; that the trustees had no power to change the loca- tion; and that a called session of the legislature would be necessary- in order to enable them to act. It was finally decided not to remove the institution. The trustees had at their disposal five thousand dollars ■especially a})propriated for improvements and repairs, and tv/onW thousand dollars received from insurance companies, v,itli which to rebuild. They adopted a plan embracing a centre liuihling and two wings, and for thirty-four thousand and sixty-nine dollars and tliirty- nine cents, they erected tlie west wing, using for this juirjiose nino !»>•> and catit wiiip;, at an estimated cost of oiu; huiulreil and twonty-livo thousand dollar?, and adopted plans for that pur])ose submitted by Messrs. Dilger and Jungonfeldt ; but deferred action U[)on the Bubject, on account of the unsettled condition of the (|uestion of a suflicient water supply, the people of Jacksonville having refused, at a popular election, to vote for the construction of a system of city water works. In 1873, the general assembly a])propriat'ed seventy-five thousand dol- lars for the centre building, and five thousand dollars additional fur heating it by steam. On the 14th of July lr. Phillips entered upon the duties of his ofTice, August 21st, in tliat year. Dr. Rhoads, the retiring superintendent, has sinc(> died, full of years :ind leaving behind him an unblemish(;d name. rUK IDIOTS. The experimciitul scliool for idiots and foeble-mindrd cliildron (the eighth institution of its cla.ss in the United States, and the lirst in tlie northwest, was created l)y an act approved February ir)th, 1805. It was an outgrowth of the institution for the education of the deaf and dumb, to which idiots are sent every year, under a mistaken im- pres.sion on the part of their parents, that their silence results from ii:ability to hear. The first action in relation t<» the estahlishmenr, of an institution of this kind in the state of Illinois, was taken by tlie State Medical So- oiety, at their annual meeting, held in Bloomington, June r)th, 1855. A committee of three of its members, consisting of Drs. 1). Prince, K. II. Roe and J. V. C. Blaney, was appointed -'to memorialize the legis- lature with regard to additional provision for the insane, and the es- tablisliment of an institution for idiots." This committee was con- tinued during four years, and presented a written memorial to each of the two succeeding general a-ssemblies. The first memorial was printed. i;>4 Dr. A. McFarl.-iud, in liis lifth biennial ivjjort, in IHFA'k referriag to to the exclusion of idiots from the hospital for the insane, su^g.^sted an inquiry l)y the legislature into their number and needs. Mr. Phil- ip G. Gillett, in his first report, (the sixth biennial, in I80G,) also call- ed attention to the same subject, and has renowcdly i)rossed it upon ilic legislature, in various reports, since. J>y the act of 1865, an anniuil appropriation of live tliousand dollars was placed in the hands of the directors of the institution for the education of the deaf and dumli, to wlu)m was conunitted the chargf^ of the m-w enterprise. They immediately rent(>d the mansion and grounds belonging to the widow of the lamented Governor Dunoan, in Jacksonville, and appointed Mr. Gillett ex officin superintendent, with- out com[)ensation, until a permanent superintendent couhl be engaged. He acted in this capacity until tlie sixteenth day of September, 1S&3, when he presented his resignation, and nominated, as his sucupils, May 2oth, ISfJo. 1 n 1.S(j7, the legisUiture granted tlie direetoi's aii appropriation of three thousand dollars, for the erection of an additional building for school, gymnasium, be J and wash-rooms. The cost of this building was seven thousand, one hundred anu})ils, and the gymnastic exercises from the school proper, constrained them to enjct a cheaj) Iniilding, containing a di :ing- room, gymnasium and boys' dormitory. These improvements were all of a cheap character, combustibl',', and ill ada])ted to their necessary uses. The j)i-en^.ises, aft (M- their erection, presented the appearance of a badly planned establishment for the maintenance cf })aupers at the expense of some economically-inclined county. They were merely a make-shift, and the constant peril of lire, which, had it occurred at night, might have resulted in much loss of life on the part of the helpless inmates, caused the officers no littL^ loss of sleep through their anxiety. The invcf^tigation iiitt» tin' numlMTol' insan*.' and idiots in the .-^Latt'. nuide by the coniinis^idncis n|' )»uhlic charities, in IN(li), demonstrated the existence of one tlxiusMnd, seven hun(h-ed anelection of a location was entiusted, unv im])risonment, or by both, at th(! discr<.'tion of any court in which conviction of the same may be obtained and had." The com- missioners were also rei|uired to cause to be prepai'cd suitable plans and specifications tor the building, at a cost not exceeding one hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars. Tlu' letting of the contracts an. Latham a tract containing forty acres, in the south-west corner of the town, foi- which hey paid seven thousand, five hundred dollars. In .\ugust, they adopted, from several plans submitted to them, that of 11. C. Furness, of Otta- wa, but agreed that the trustees slmuld modify them, as might ]>rove necessary or desirable for tiic benefit of the state and of its feeble- minded children. In accordance with this permission several materi- al changes wvre made in the plans originaly prepared. On the oOth October, 1875, the contraiH fox- the ncAV building, includ- ing the centre, rear, both wings, also for the boiler and engine-house, fully complet(.'d, except the plumbing and heating, was let to T. E. ('ourtney, of Chicago, for the sum of one Imndred and twenty-four thousarid, seven hundred and seventy-five dollars. The centre i> tiiree stories in height; the connecting wings, two; the extreme wings, jKirialel with the centre, three; the rear building and boiler-house, part one and part two. The extreme length is three hundred and tyveiity-lbur feet. The general style is modern gothic, with slate roof, dbriiier windows, and towei-s. The centre building is for ollii-eis and aitartments for officers and teachers: tlie first story of the. nuun building is for school rooms and gymnasia; the second and third stories include the dormitories and the chapel; the water-closets arc in detached towers; the dining rooms and Avork deparment are in the rear building. All the dormitories are so arranged as to admit of an altendant slee]>ing witli each gi'oup of children. Tire nuiirber of pujiils Vihoni it is designed to accommodate in the iirstitution is two hundred and fifty. Tlie contract for ])lumbing, gas fitting and stcam-heatiirg was let, January 18th, 1870, to John Davis an I Co.. of Chicago, for twenty-nine thousand, four hundred and thirty-four dollars. Tiie total c(X-t, therefoiv, exclusive of extr-as. will lie one hundred and lifi.y-foirr thou-^and, two hirndred and rrine dollars. Tire building is now enclosed and ]>art of the inside work has been done. For the information of persons wholiave never seen a scliool designed especially for idiotic and backward children, a brief description of the principh's and methods of training ado})ted may her-e be added. The daily routine is as follows: The pu})ils rise at Wve o'ch>ck ; t..ko breakl'ast at lialf-past six in summer an.l in winter ut seven. At nine o'clock all assemble, and go to the school roonrs, where they renrain until liah'jiast twelve, with a recess of half an hour*, at eleven. The hour for dinner is half-past twelvcv Afternoon school commences at two, and lasts until four o'clock. At five the supper bell rings, and by eight all the pupils are in bed — the younger being sent oil' at seven. During the intervals between meals and school hours, the pupils take walks in t'ne grounds with their attendants ; the girls assist m tli" internal Work of the establishment : the lioys do out door Inbor. The first aim of the astablishnrent is to jireserve and im])rove the jJiysical health of these unfortunate chiklren. They are furnished with an abunilance of j)lain but hearty food, exercised systematically in the open air, regularly bathed, sent earlv to b(>d. sent to the hospi- tal whenever they are ailing, and all thoiv little indispositions and ailments attended to every morning. Pupils recjuiring extra care, on account of debility or f)eculiarities of j)hy8ical condition, receive it. Dr. Wilbur's weight-book, in which the weiglit of each })upil is re- corded monthly, shows that their average growth is between five and six ])onnds ea.ch, during a term of ten months, from September to Next to tlu; hi;a.lth, the ti'aining of the body receives attention. Calisthenics and the light gymnasticts form the basis of theedu<'a.tion given. These exercises are accompanied by music oh a .{)iano and by singing, in which the children join. On one evening in every week they ordinarily have a dance in the gymnasium, lasting one hour, from seven t-o eight, which they gr»!atly enjoy. For peculiarly dull children special apparatus has been provided, designed to compel the fixing of the attention. They are rcMjuircd, for instance, to walk, placing their feet at each stt-p upon the floor between the rungs of ladders, so con- structed as to make each successive step a little more difficult. They are trained to walk upon a narrow plank, elevated a few feet from the floor; to go up and down SLef)s ; to hang susjiended from a ladder fastened to the ceiling; to walk in a circle, placing their feet in cer- tain spots and in a certain position. \\y a multitude of similar con- trivances the feeble intellect and will ai-(> gr.idnally aided to gain the niastery over t!ie movements of the body. (ireat can^ is al.lay, during the early ycax^ of childhood. The sports of eri:"ldreu;iie an unconscious development of .their faculties, physical and mental; a trial of strength, an. acrpiisition of skill, an education of the senses, of the memory. f)f the judgment, of the reason, of the con- science, and of the will. Their curiosity is natural, it needs no aw^ak- ening, and it leads them on, from day to day, to a higher level of in- 1:^8 fonnatiou and of thought. But itliocy is nrrested dvvelopiufnt, ;ind the idiot must he taught to play ; he must he instructed in the mean- ing and purpose of cJuldish sports: tlie results of pla^' can oiily be communicated to him by intelligent eitbrt from outside the sj^h 've of his own personality; his curiosity must be provoked, and he must be encouraged to satisfy it. An idiot school differs from an ordinary -rhool in this, that a backward {mpil. associated with those who ave brighter, is an object of scorn and even of abuse to Ids fellows, and of iu'lifier- once or dislike to his teaclier. Tlie jirogress of liis chiss cannrjt be retarded for his benelit ; he cannot i-eceive the am<)unt of patient individ- ual training which he requires ; he is \e(t !,)ehind; he becomes discour- aged, timid, and he fails to make t'vcn that degree of attainment of which he is capable. The asylum lor feeble-minded children supplies the needed individual instruction, and saves the pupil from becom- ing an object of ridicule, while it allows him all the time necessary for overcoming in their natural order the obstacles which hinder hig intellectual growth. r>ut an idiot school al.so differs from an ordinary scliool, as has been said, in its method of instruction. It is, su to speak, a cross between the .school and the nursery, and the teachers employed occupy relations to the pu])ils somewhat reseml)ling tli.vse of a governess rather than a teacher. The visitor to Dr. Wilbur's institution, ui)on entering the school- room, tinds scarcely anything to remind him of a school, exce}'t the blackboards around the wall, and sonn- maps hanging here and there. Instead of desks, he sees tables; and instead of books, toys, suoli as dissected pictures, wooden blocks, marl)l(*s, strings of beads or butccms, painted wooden cups and balls, and other ap])aratus designed to convey to the slumbering mind its lirst conception of color and of form. lie Bees girls engaged in jjlain sewinu, or in enjbi'oidering j»ertbjated pajxn- book-marks; he sees classics marching, counter-maro:;ing, clapping hands, and going through a manual of gesticulation. Here and there a pupil is at the blackboard, imitating the (bi'ms of ler.ters, or drawing rude, simple pictures of familiar ol")jects. A few are labor- iously i)erforminir the rudimentary processes of arithmetical cali.'ula- tion. Possibly a class may be standing with (Mrds in hand, learning to read by wdiat is known as the "word-method,"' in which words are taught before the letters of wdiicli they are composed ; or it may be be- fore an outline map, slowly learning the names and positions of the prominent rivers and towns of the state or of the United States. In a word, he finds himself in a veritable "infant S(diool,'" in which object teaching is the only method employed : but it is a truly scientiiic oltject teaching, having for its aim the (-(lucation, in the strict signification of the word, of the mental powers. The object whi(-h occupies tbe 139 attention is not ('nii)loye(l as n tcxf. hut it is itself tiic suWicct oi" an intense thought as can he awakened in a mind so duH. Of course education has for its ulterior aim not siin})ly mcntai dc- vtdopment, hut, in addition to that, the a(.'<|uisition ol' inl'ormation. In an idiot school instruction has to he suhordii\ated to education. however; educati(jn naturally precedes instruction ; aniym is necessarily small. It extends in some cases to i-eadin"-, writin-^-. and tiifi rudiments of arithmetic and geography. The three prominent characteristics of this scIkioI aic. that the training is first })hysiological : second, it is individual : and third, it is by the use; of visible ol)jects as the instrument for its accompiisli- mcnt. iJefoi-e all, it is individual ; the education of each pujiil being a battle b(^tween the teacher and himself, which can only Ite won by strategy, and the victory is gained by devising some ])eculiar, and it may be a novel plan for removing or surmounting the partit^ular difficulty in the physical or mental organization of the awkward cliild. The results of training may be Ijrielly summed up as follows: Jt has been alre:idy stated tliat bad habits arc broken up : the body trained to properly co-oi'dinated motion ; the muscles taught to ol)ey the en- feebled will ; and the pu))ils instructed in domestic and fai-m labor, with a view to titting them to earn a partial, if not a complete sup- ]M)rt, and t<> make them less burdensome to society at large. In sorno cases education may be cai'i'ied to a liigher point. The annual numl)er of mw applications for admission of pu]*^^ to the in-titution since its organization, has l)een as follows; — ■ ]K(V> m I 1S72 S7 18iW t;i j 1878 lOO 1867 fiO ! 1K7-I V.O ]S(W :?1 ! lS7i> W IWIO 17 ' ]S7(; 60 1870 38 ' 1871 ~2 I Aii'^ieaiUr iiiiniln.>r 80;! This C(>mi)rises only those ajiplications which have hei'U made ;;i a formal manner, fully complying with the re(niiremcnts of ll;c institu- tion by describing the cases minutely upon a bhnik designed Icr the purpose, which contains, also, the certificate of a jihysician giving a medical history of the cases; but does not include a large number which have been made by letter, no further ettbrt being mad(^ ■when th(i fact was understofid that the institution <'oulil not ininnMliatel / ac- commodate them. There have been admitted, from the a[tplications tiled, tlie InJlD'iMg number of pu{)ils : — Ill) 1S7J M 187^ : 42 1875 35 187;i i:{ 1871; 12 ISK 22 18G0 21 18C7 26 1868 14 1869 24 1870 12 , 187] :;] . Total iiinnbcT 290 The average age of the foregoing eight liuntlred and three appli- cants is twelve years. The ascrihed causes of idiocy in tlic appli(;auts, were as follows : — ii'ever i; Spinal afteetions, 3 llereditary ;5 Oaloniel 2 Consanguinity of parents 2 Fright 2 Typhoid fever ^ liiiinine, deaf mul*, sunstroke, mumps, rat-bite, bilious intermittent fever, insjinity, mastur- bation, chorea, rachitis, cerebro-spinal meningitis— each one 11 I'lilinown 8 Total f^nn It is very evident that two-thirds of this number were congenital idiots. The rutio of ejiileptics to the entire number is so small, that the superintendent confesses that he has been surprised at the result siiown by these statistics. In tlic cases ascribed to convulsions in early eliildhood and from teething, the history indicated that the con- vulsions were of short duration — varying from one single spasm to oc- casional spasms for several months. Where convulsions occurred for a period of years the cases were numbered among the epileptics. Epi- lepsy is often associated with congenital idiocy. The result of this in- vestigation would seem to indicate that congenital idiots arc far more numerous than any other class. Congenital idiocy furnishes the most improvable subjects for the school room, and for training in useful occupations. The majority of "them, in the degree of mental deficiency, stand upon the plane just below the lower grades of ordinary intelligence. Tlie history of the cases revealed the fact that the applicants were the First children in ^.j crtses >^cond •■ " 140 " 'j'i>'i'lood-relati(ni existed between tlie parents ; in one luindrod and lifty-tlircc cases, tliere did exist such relation ; in one hundred and t\vent\'-six cases, the facts have not been ascertained. In one hundred and forty-three cases, some infirmity of body or niind had characterized some near relative of the idiot chihl. The trustees, in their tenth annual report (1874) say : — The experience and the investigations of the board of trustees of this and similar institutions, as well as of the state board of public charities of this and other states, have established the foilowini^fact.'^- Fint — That idit^ts exist in civilized communities in the ratio of .at least one to ovevy eight hundred inhabitants. Second — That there is no evidence of a tendency to a. (]eci('a.s(> of idiocy in its ratio to the popidation, but on the contrary, statistics in- dicate its increase. Third — That idiots without instruction must be maintained al, th'r expense of others, for they are unable to provide for themselves. Fourth — That their condition, whether in private families or in ])ul)- lic alms-houses or jails, is deplorable, and the dictates of humanity aeccKsitatc some decided chanpje for the amelioration of that condi- tion. Fifth — That wlien maintained sinaly in ]irivatc families or in small numbers in county poor-houses, jirovided they receive proper care, the tosi per capita must be greater than when they are congregated in in- stitutions and asylums. Sr.cfh — That a large ])erccntagc of the number of idiots in any state cAxn be rendered capable of some degree of useful occupation, thus com- pensating in whole or in part for the cost of their maintenance, if trained and instructed at the proper age. Seventh — That almost all can, by training, be made decent in tluur habits, and to assist in ministering to their own personal wants. THK SOLDI E lis' OliPIlANS. The liomo for tlie children of deceased soldiers, of which Mrs. Vir- •fini.'i ('. Ohr, ;i soldier's widow, is the superiuLcndeiit. was f^t;ih]i.sl»ed bv tho twontr-fourth gcnoral usscmhly, in ISC*,'). Nil!'.' trui^tf'es wrre constituted a corjioiation, tun-feive subscriptions and doiKitions, and to organize and caiTv on the institution. The ob- ject of the incoi'iKtration was dechired to l)e, '•to provide a Home, for the nurture and e(hii'ati(_)n. without duirge, oi" all indigent children of soldiers who liave s(M-ved in tlie armies of the Union, during tlie present rebellion, and have been disabled, from disease or wounds therein, or have die<■'<> Total ^40.220 The values here given are ne-rely nominal and are largely in ex- cess of the actual value. The language of the (h'cd< conveying the site, and some of the other pieces of real estate belonging to the "Home." reads. '-Jn nynmhimion of the }>n-iivinruf lornfion of ihc Sohliir^' Urji/inn>'' I Iain'." etc. The ambig- uity of this expression, (which might be interi>reted to nu^an, either that the i»roperty conveyed reverts to the donors, whenever it ceases to be used for its ])resent purpo.se: or that inasmuch as there will be no soldier.-' or] ihans, after the lapse of a few years, and this was known wdien the convevance was m.ade. the use uf the property, as longastlio 14;J necessity exists for such ;ni institution, constitutes ;i "inTniancnt loca- tion," and the title of the state is ahsohite;, occasiouetl a refusal, by the lo,a;i.slatLire, in ISyi, of ;iny further ai>i>ropriations, until the defect in the title, if any existed, should he cured hy a (|uit-elaini deed to the site at least, whicli was iiivcn hy Jutltic David Duvis, withont ot>iee- tion. txccpt the expression of a \\ish that the pro})ei-t\- nii^dit never be used for an insane asyhun. an idiot school, or a reform school. Pending- the eri'ction of the necessary huildinus. a temporary lioino was opened in Ulooininiiton, in August, l.SdT. A second temporary home, also in Bloomington, was opened in October. In I'^ehinary, i.SOS, the two existing homes proving to he of insullicient eapaejty. ;i ihii'd was opened in Springtiidd. T\\r {)rincipal hnilding, at .Normal, was completed and (K'cupjcd on the iirst day ot' J une. lS()'.t. The original estimate (tf its cost, made by master-builders, was sixty-eight thousand dollars. 1 ts actnal cost wa.s not far from one hundred and thirty-live thousand dollars. Its plan was very defective and was the subject of mueh criticism and eonii)laint on the part i>f the superintendent ;ind other oHiccrs. .\ portion of till' defects complained of have been since remedit'v nor adapted to the use to which the\- wer(! put, as S<'hool-i-ooi;)-, and altogether too -mall either i'')i' health. en. The chief of the dillicnlties eonlcnded with during the summci- uas the want of water. The only method of ohlaining a sujtply of water was l»y hauling it in ^\■agons from the towii of N'ortnal, a mile and a half dit-tant. r>y " pros])ect ing" around the firm, however, what appeared to be a lamning stream underground was discovered, a well M4 Bunk, a wind-mill erected, and pipes laid to a tank in the iittic, whicl! for a time obviated the evil. It furnished, during tlie .^nnitnt-r of 1870, not less than two hundred barrels a day, and was deolarc'd by the trustees to furnish "an inexhaustible. supply." In 1871, tliis ir.s';x- haustible well failed, and the institution was then compelled to "-o to the stock-yard well of the Chicago and Alton llailroad, which «till continues to afford all the water that is needed. ■ In November, 1869, serious charges of- cruel, inhuman treatment of the children and general bad management of the affairs of the Houif, appeared in the Chicago Times and Springfield Register, wdiich seemnd to demand uitention. By direction of the governor, the board of trustees investigated the charges referred to and pronounced them groundless. A counter report was filed witli tlie governor by Mr. Jesse A. Willson, one of the trustees. During the winter of 1809-70, the heating apijuratus jiroved a fui!- ure. Tlie trustees say : " It became nocessai-y to remove the furnaces intended for warming the building, and to substitute stoves for tem- porary use. The furnaces wholly failed to fulfil their object; and wo state the fact without reflection upon formei- trustees, who introduced the heating apparatus. It promised well at the beginning, but at no time during the winter season did it answer even a tolerably good puri)ose; its flues burned out rapidly in such a manner as not only to defile the whole building with coal smoke, but to endanger its destruc- tion. To provide against fh'e, it became necessary to cmj^Ioy a watch- man, day and night, and yet witli all this care, initial fires occurr(.vfl two or three times, which cnnte near resulting in the destruction of tlie building, and a greater calamity to the inniates." Tlie filthy appearance of the building, after an entire winter of coai- sraoke, necessitated a thorough overhauling^of the premises, the fol- lowing summer. The walls were calcimined, the halls and rooms on the second floor papered, and many outside improvements made, such i\£ laying out roads and walks, planting trees, constructing fences, building a barn, a carpenter-shop, coal-house, stock-pens, etc. Th(5 trees then planted nearly all afterward died. At the close of the yoar 1870, the trustees reported a deficiency of twenty-one thousand, two hundred and forty-four dollars and eighty-one cents. They asked the general assembly for appropriations to meet this deficiency and also to improve the organization cf the Home, by tlie erection of school- buildings, a kitchen, laundry and boiler-house, and by the introdu(,'tion of the system of heating by steam. The^ie requests were cheerl'ully granted. The deficiency reported was attributed to the necessity for making the improvements above mentioned and to the existence of a previous unre])orted deficiency, in 1868. Tlie trustees say: "the de- ficiency for which we now ask an appropriation, occurred principally 145 before the last a]i})ropriations for the Home, but Avas not included in the estimates." In fact, the deficiency, at the close of the year 1868, was only two thousand, two hundred and fifty dollars. In the act ai)[)ropriatin,!i twenty-one thousand, two hundred and forty-four dollars and eighty-one cents, to pay the deficiency of 1870, it was provided that the amounts due shall be paid directly from tlie treasury to the i)i'.rties to whom they were due, and that no indel)ted- ness should be p;'id from this fund except that accruing before March 1st, 1871. From the semi-annual report of Dr. John Sweeney, the new treasurer, made to the governor, June 1st, 1871, it appears that out of the current expense appropriation, he had paid, before the passage of the act just re- cited, on the indebtedness accruing prior to December 1st, 1870, six thousand, eight hundred and seventy-five dollars and eighty-three cents. During the progress of this payment, he discovered that the indebted- ness of the institution was largely in excess of twenty-one thousand, two hundred and fort3'-four dollars and eighty one cents, the amount reported by the trustees. With the consent of the trustees, he brouglit all the books and papers of the institution and ])laced them in the hands of the secretarvof the board of ])ublic charities, the Rev. Fred. H. Wines, for ex- amination and report. The treasurer had discovered that there were, on the first of December, 1870, orders on the treasurer outstanding, in the hands of creditors of the institution, to the amount of fifty-three thous- and, three hundred and eighty-two dollars and ninety-six cents,on which u few partial payments only had been made. On the ninth of June, 1871, Mr. Wines submitted a report to the governoi-, setting forth the loose manner in which the finances of the Home had been adminis- tered, and that the indebtedness (deficiency) on the first of March, 1871, was, on all accounts, sixty-three thousand, seven hundred and tvvent3'-nine dollars and ninetv-one cents. The governor laid this report before the general assembly, and on the sixteenth of June, he approved an act ])roviding for the appointment of a joint committee of investigation, consisting of two senators and three representatives, with powci- to send for jiersons and papers, administer an oath, and audit and report U]>on all outstanding claims. The members appointed on the investigating conimitfce were Messrs. Reddick and Flagg, of the senate, and Shaw, Vockc, and Cloud, of tiu- house. They met July Gth and organized by electing the Hon. James Shaw their chairman, met again July 2rjth, and continued in sersion at Springfield, Bloomington and Normal, until August 4th ; and on the twenty-fourth of August, met for the last time at Springfield, to con- sider and agree upon their report, Avhich was tiled with tho governor on the day follow Iu't;. As to the indebtedness, the committee suljmitteJ with their report Vol. II— lU 146 a schedule showing tlie amount unpaid, on account of outstanding orders and bills, prior to March 1st, to be sixty-two thousand, one hundred and one dollars and thirty one cents ; interest to Januar}^ 1st, 1872, eight thousand, four hundred and t^venty-t^^ o dollars and one cent ; total, seventy thousand, five hundred and twenty-three dollars and thirty-two cents. Deducting the twenty-one thousand, two hundred and forty-four dollars and eighty-one cents previously appropriated, which had not been drawn, on account of its being inadequate, the balance to be provided for was nearly fifty thousand dollars. Concerning the general management of the Home, the}' reported the present condition of the institution satisfactory and worthy of commendation, but the mistakes of the past had been serious. Two individuals were singled out for especial censure : the one. Col. John M. Snyder, a trustee, and formerly financial manager of the temporary house at Springfield, whom they found a defaulter in the sum of about three thousand dollars ; the other, John S. Clark, the former steward, whom they believed to have been dishonest, and who had been dis- missed from his stewardship in April, 1871, for taking improper liber- ties with some of the little girls in the institution. The result of this report was the immediate resignation of Col. Snyder and the ap])ointment of Dr. Sweeney as his successor. No fault has been found with the financial management, from that day to this, nor has there ever again been any deficiency at the close of the year. Tne total appropriations by the general assembly, to place the institution again upon its feet, and wipe out its indebtedness, amount- ed to eighty-two thousand dollars. The general assembly, in 1871, provided for the better organization of the institution, by appropriating fifteen thousand dollars for "school building and. dormitories; twelve thousand dollars for steam- heating apparatus, with boiler and all attachments complete; and six thousand dollars for kitchen, laundry, bakery and boiler house." These buildings, with the exception of the dormitories, were erected for the sums appropriated; the dormitories were not built, but the entire ap- propriation was expended upon the school building. Together they constituted a very great addition to the comfort and efficiency of the Home. In March 1873, an epidemic of ccrebro-spinal meningitis occurred in the Home. Of about sixty cases, only two died. On the fifth of August, 1873, twelve girls who had passed the age of sixteen, the extreme limit prescribed in the law, were discharged, but allowed to remain in the Home as servants, and to attend the Normal University — their services out of school hours being accepted as an equivalent for their board. 147 In 1874, the logislatiuv aj^propriated a little more tlian ten thouf^and dollars for the purchase of additional furniture. The number of children received into the Home, from the inception of the enterprise, has been a few less than one thousand, of whom there were remaining;, on the thirtieth of Se})tember, 1S7(), two hun- dred and fifty-two. The number of new admissions, during; the past two years, is one hundred and nine. For these orphans a great work has been done. In spite of all errors in the management, whatever they may have been, and notwithstanding a certain percentage of failure incident to all human undertakings, the state, as well as the immediate recipients of its favor, has reason to be proud and grate- ful in view of the results accomplished. Ths Home originated in a most jjatriotic impulse, on the part of the people, to fultil the pledge made to ihe gallant soldiers who imjieriled their lives on the field of battle, during the dark days of the civil war, that if they fell in the fight, their widows and children should be ■cared for, after their death. The state went even farther than this; it opened the doors of the Home not only to the orphan children of deceased soldiers but to the children of living men who were disabled from disease or wounds contracted in the armies of the Union. The benefits of the Home were limited, in their application, to children under fourteen years of age, except in special cases, but in no case were the trustees authorized to retain a child beyond the age of six- teen. The war closed in 18G-5. By the year 1876, it is evident, there would be naturally few children remaining in the institution, of the ■class for whom it was originally designed. But the general assem- bly, in 1875, changed the law regulating admissions so as to admit all indigent children below the age of fourteen years, "whose fathers serv- ed in the armies of the Union during the late rebellion, and have died or been disabled by reason of wounds or disease^ received therein, or have since died.'' Of the cliildren now in the Homo, probabl}^ not more than eighty, or about one-third of the entire number, were living at the time when the war closed. Their average age does not exceed ten years ; and more than one hundred of the present inm ites are un- der that age, of whom many are not more than live or six years old. It appears from this statement, that the Home is undergoing a gradual transformation of character; that it has entirely lost its original char- acter as a " home for the orphan children of deceased soldiers," and its peculiar relation to soldiers' children tends soon to be obliterated ; when, if continued, it will become, Avithout interference on the i)art of the legislature to prevent such an issue, a gcnerul home for neg- lected and abandoned children — the Avaifs and strays of society, the little ones whose fate is the sjtort of foitune, for whose souls no man seems to care. 148 But whatever may be the future of this institution, its existence is a tribute to the patriotism of the age in which it had its birth, and an encouragement to deeds of valor, wliile time shall last; for it holds out to the soldier the hope, founded on experience, that the men for whom he lays down his life, w^ill not abandon his family to destruction. Thus it has been and will be at once a monument and a beacon. JUVENILE OFFENDERS. In the 3^ear 1855, the city of Chicago opened, in the old poor-house buildings of Cook county, about six miles south of the court-house square, a reform school, W'ith seven inmates, under the charge of Rev. D. B. Nichols as superintendent. Originally, boys were tried by courts for minor ofiences, and comnjitted as criminals, under sentence of one year each; but it was soon found that such a short terra of sentence led a boy to look forward to his release, instead of co-operating in his reformation, and that habits of character which had been forming for years could not be rooted up in a single day. From time to time the operations of the school were changed by legislation, until finally boys were sent before one of the judges of the superior court for examina- tion as to whether they could be benefited by being placed under the care of a reformatory ; and if so, they were, without any charge of crime, taken from places where the}' lack proper parental care, and sent to the reform school during minority, or until they should be deemed worthy to go out into the world again and do for themselves. The institution was constructed upon the family plan, each family consisting of from thirty to forty boys. At the commencement of the year the buildings were all destroyed by fire, when the school, num- bering sixty boys, occupied for a short season the olJ pncking-house owned by Charles Cleaver, situated near the school grounds. In De- cember, 185G, they removed to a new wooden building provided for them on their own g^'ounds, since which time additions and improve- ments have been made each year, until at last nine buildings were in use, mostly constructed of brick. In the year 1859, Mr. Nichols resigning, George W. Perkins was appointed superintendent, and has since been in charge of the institution. No organized system of labor had been pursued until the year 18G0, when Mr. Perkins, believing that without some reguLir habits of industry, all other teachings must fail, began to introduce different branches of mechanical art. About the year 1865 or 1866, the state teachers' associaticjn began to move for the establishment of a state reform school. Their ef- orts, in 1867, were crowned with success, by the passage of an act for the reformation of juvenile offenders and vagrants. The act provided, among other things, that the number of trustees should be seven; that they should select a site at some suitable place 149 in or near the central i)ortion of the state ; that they should take into consideration all bids for the location; that the site selected should in no case cost the state more than five thousand dollars; that no plans for building should bo adopted at an estimated cost of more than lifty thousand dollars; and that any donations made to the school should reduce the amount of the appropriation made, to the extent of said donations of land or money. The last provision cited was repealed in 1869. No api)ointmcnt of trustees under this act was made until the latter part of February, 1869. In the biennial report of the Hon. Newton Bateman, state super- intendent of public instruction, presented to the governor, in Decem- ber, 1868, the objections urged against some of the features of the law of 1867, by the friends of the proposed institution, are summed up in eight suggestions, as follows. To epitomize the oi)jections to the act authorizing the reform school, as offered by the friends of education and reform, it is respectfully sug- gested : 1st. That no boy over sixteen years of age should be committed to the reform school. (Section 1.) 2d. Children and youth should not be committed, for detention or punishment, to the county jail. (Section 16). od. Parents or guardians should be permitted to commit their chil- dren to the reformatory by the authority of the circuit judge, subject to the discretionary detention of the board of trustees. 4th. That the judges of the circuit courts be authorized to hear and try summarily, in vacation, such juvenile offenders as would be suit- able subjects for the reform school. 5tli. That no record be made of the crinuj for which a child is ar- rested, and that the judgment of the court be, that it is a suitable sub- ject for the guardianship of the trustees of the reform school. (Sec- tion 16). 6th. That when a child is to bo sent to the reform school, he shall be detained until his reformation is deemed complete, or until he is eighteen years of age. (Section 17). 7th. That the term "convict" should not l)o used to apply to any child in the reform school. 8th. Tliat convicts from tlie i)resent ])enitentiary may be removed to the new penitentiary when com})lete, but not to the reform school. No modification of the law, however, in any of these i:)articulars, was made by the legislature of 1869. An act was ])assed, at that ses- sion, curing a defect in the former statute, which, singularly enough, 150 had authorized the trustees to receive bids for location, hut had omit- ted to authorize inunici])alities to make proposals to them. On the 2odof March, 1869, the trustees organized by the election of the Hon. Samuel W. Moulton president, and Mr. William J. Yost secretary, of the board. Tho}^ at once advertised for proposals for a site, and on the 29th June opened all bids received. It appeared that offers had been made b}'- the counties of Sangamon and Livingston and the cities of Peoria and Bloomington. After a personal and official examination of the sites offered, except Peoria, the board decided to place the institution at Pontiac. This decision was made July 8th, 1869, and the following was the donation which led to it : — Livingston county bonds $50,000 Bonds of the town of Pontiac 25,000 Chicago and Alton R. R. freights 5,000 Lands (given by Jesse W. Fell) 10,000 Total $90,000 Mr. Valentine Jobst, architect, of Peoria, was employed to prepare the necessary plans for building, and in September, the contract for the stone-work was awarded to the Illinois penitentiary, for eleven thousand and eight hundred dollars, and for the remainder of the work to the Bloomington Manufacturing Company, for sixty thousand, five hundred dollars. The land given by ]Mr. Fell was a tract of sixty-four acres, adjoining Pontiac on the south, and east of the Chicago and Alton railroad. The board purchased one hundred and forty-six acres in addition, for which they paid twenty-two thousand, two hundred and fifty dollars, or one hundred and fifty dollars per acre. It was paid for out of the donation. From the report of Mr. Jonathan DufF, treasurer of the reform school, made December 1st, 1870, it appears that the bonds of Livingston county and of the town of Pontiac, were issued, according to :!gree- ment, and he charges himself with seventy-five thousand dollars, on their account ; but he also accredits himself with a cash balance on hand, of fifty-three thousand, six hundred and sixty-nine dollars and three cents. By Mr. Duff's failure, with the funds of the institution in his hand, this balance was almost wholly lost to the state. Nothing was realized b}' a suit brought against his bondsmen; and the bonds of Livingston county, which have passed into the hands of other parties, were, as will presently appear, subsequently declared by the su- preme court of the state, to have been illegal and therefore void. About three thousand dollars have been collected from the assignees of Mr. Duff, of which two thousand, six hundred dollars has been paid into the state treasury. In June, 1870, the contract for heating was let to Kinsey and 151 Mahler, of Peoria, for nine tliuu^and di)llar8 ; in Septeml)er, the board let the contraet fur the rear building to Mr. Jt)hn II. Bryant, of Blooniington, for nineteen thousand, five hundred dollars. The failure of Mr. Duff necessitated an ai)i)licati()n, in 1S71, for a deficienc}' ap- propriation of thirty thousand, three hundred and twenty-four dollars and thirty-two cents, and a second, in 1872, of twenty-one thousand, nine hundred and seventy dollars and twelve cents, which, with an appropriation of two thousand, live hundred and sixty-two dollars and seventy-three cents for interest, made the total deficiency fifty-four thousand, eight hundred and fifty-seven dollars and seventeen cents, a sum slightly in excess of the supposed balance in the treasurer's hands. During the } ear 1870, an event occurred which aflected this insti- tution, though not directly. On the 9th of September, a mittimus was issued by the clerk of the supreme court of Cook county, by the order of Judge William A. Porter, committing to the Chicago Reform School one Daniel O'Connell, " whose moral welfare and the good of society" required " that he should be sent tc said school for instruc- tion, employment, and reformation." Michael O'Connell, the father of the bo}^ applied to the supreme court of the state for a writ of habeas corpus. The decision of the court, which may be found in Freeman's 111. Reports, lv.. 280, was, in brief, that the acts of the general assembly of this state, which purport to authorize the com- mitment to a reform school of juvenile offenders, " who are destitute of proper parental care, or growing up in mendicancy, ignorance, idleness or vice," but who may have committed no crime, to be there "kept, disciplined, instructed, employed and governed," until they shall be reformed and discharged, or shall have arrived at the age of twenty-one years, are contrary to the bill of rights and therefore void. In the opin'on, which was delivered by Mr. Justice Thornton, the court asks, "What is proper parental care?" It declares that " ignor- ance, idleness and vice are relative terms." "The parent has the right to the care, custody and assistance of his child. * * But even the power of the parent must be exercised with moderation. * * If a father confined or imprisoned his child for one year, the majesty of the law would frown upon the unnatural act. -'- * Can the state, as parens 'patriiv, exceed the power of the natural jiarent, except in punishing crime ? * * There are other rights besides the rights of the father. The welfare and rights of the child are also to be con- sidered. ='= * Even criminals cannot be convicted and imprisoned without due process of law\" These (juotations sufficiently indicate the scope of the decision. It was ordered that Daniel O'Connell be discharged from custody. Without disrespect to the supreme court, the decision in tins case 152 is somewliat extraordinary, not because the doctrine maintained is novel in itself, but because this very plea has been again and again overruled by the supreme courts of other and older states. There is scarcely a state in the Union, in which there are not one or more re- form schools : there is not a reform school which is not based upon the contrary doctrin:e, that juvenile offenders should be dealt with for their reformation, not for punishment; that the responsibility for crime in a minor rests largely on his natural parent; that where pa- rents I'iiil to do their duty, the state iXQ parens patriae is is bound to ful- fil the obligations of a parent; that it does this by establishing be- tween the neglected child and the officers of the school a relation an- alogous to that of a guardian and his ward; that the establishment and maintenance of this relation is, on the part of the state, an act not of vengeance but of tender pity; and that it is further justified, if need be, by those considerations of public policy which spring from the right of every organized community to protect itself, especiall}^ from the inroads of crime — and how can crime be most surely reduced to a minimum, if not by its prevention, through the reformation of juvenile offenders? The supreme court of Pennsylvania held, in a similar case, that "the house of refuge is not a prison, but a school, where reformation, and not punishment, is the end," and that "the right of })arental control is a natural, but not an inalienable one. * * We know of no natural right to exemption from restraints which con- duce to an infant's welfare." In the words of the Hon. J. R. Ingersoll, "The error on which the objection (that punishment is inflicted with- out the ordinary preliminaries of trial and conviction) is founded is twofold. First, in supposing that the mere commission of crime is the reason for admission into the house; and secondly, in imputing to the consequences of that admission the character and name of pun- ishment. * * Instead of being subjected to, the inmates are saved from imnishment." The su])reme bench of Baltimore city declared that "in contemplation of law, the state of minority is a state of cus- tody, and when (questions affecting the condition of minors arise upon habeas corpus, the inquiry is not, shall the minor be set at liberty, but to Avhose custody shall he l)e committed ?" The decision of the case of Daniel O'Connell, by our highest judi- cial tribunal, has i)laced the reform school of this state alone among institutions of its class, in the United States, and made it, in its rela- tions to the law, not what its originators desired and intended, but, to quote again the language of the supreme court, in another case, "an infant penitentiary," "a penitentiary on a small scale," "a neces- sary evil, the neighborhood of which decent people desire to avoid." Such expressions from such a source, have greatly injured the moraleand 153 utilitN'of the institution, and tend to cast an irremediable blight ujion its inmates. In September, 1870, Mr. George W. Peikins, the former sui)erinten- dent of the Chicago reform school, and subsequently the warden of the Illinois state penitentiary, was elected superintendent of the new in- stitution. The school opened June 1st, 1871. Mr. Perkins soon after resigned his position, and was succeeded by Dr. J. D. Scouller, a liative of Scotland, who had been formerly employed as physician and assis- tant superintendent, in the St. Louis reform school. At the close of the year 1872, application was made to the general asseml)ly, for funds with which to erect four family buildings, in addi- tion to the main building, the number of puj)ils at that date being one hundred and sixty-five, and raj^idiy increasing. The application was denied; but the legislature, in 1873, revised the law relating to the school. The most important omissions and alterations were such as to bring the statute into harmony with the opini(ni of the supreme court above cited. The right to sentence during minority, was taken from the courts, also the right to commit for want of pro})er parental care, mendicancy, ignorance, idleness or vice ; the right of guardianship, including the right to bind out the inmates and to discharge them on ticket-of-leave, formerly given to the trustees, was revoked. The word guardian is n^tained, but in the sense of custodian. Instead of this, it is provided that whenever any boy between the ages of ten and sixteen years is convicted of any crime, which, if committed by an adult, would be punishable by imprisonment in the county jail or peni- tentiary, such juvenile offender shall be committed to the state reform school, for a term not less than one year nor more than five years. (Discretionar}' power is given to the courts to pronounce jail-sentences, in case of minor offences). The trustees are reijuired to detain all juve- nile offenders conmiitted to them, until the expiration of their resi)cc- tive- sentences, less whatever "time" they may earn by good behaviour. At the adjourned session, in 1S74, the trustees were authorized to "lease the lal)or" of the inmates, but only for six hours a day. It has been diflieult to carry out this law, for the reason that six hours is so short a time as to render tlio contract unprofitable to the contractor, while a longer period would be excessive and injurious to the boys, who are, many of them, of tender age. Before the passage of the act, the board had made a contract, on or about April 1st, 1873, with Ever- ett and Clement, of Chicago, lor the labor of fifty boys, who were to be employed seven hours a day, in making shoes. In January, 1874, a similar contract was made with Clark and Hill, alsoof Chicago, for the labor of fifty boys, in making brushes. Both of these contracts have been dissolved, and a considerable amount is due the srhool from ^lessrs. P^verett and Clement, which is still in litigation and unpaid. 154 Since the dissolution of the contracts, the boys, or a part of them, have been cane-seating chairs for the Bloomington Manufacturing Com- pany, under the direction of the officers of the schooh Allusion has been made above to the issue, June loth, 1809, of fifty thousand dollars in bonds by Livingston county, under authority of the act of 1869. After the issue and sale of these bonds, the board of county supervisors by whom they were authorized, levied, collected and paid the interest upon them for one year. Their successors, elect- ed the following year, filed a bill in chancery in the Livingston Cir- cuit Court, asking for an injunction upon the county treasurer, forbid- ding him to pay out any moneys upon the bonds. It -was alleged in the bill, that they had been fraudulently and illegally issued. The circuit court dissolved the injunction and dismissed the bill. The supervisors thereupon appealed the case to the supreme court. The supreme court reversed the decree of the court below and remanded the cause, with directions to grant the prayer of complainant's bill. The points of law on which the supreme court rendered its decision, may be briefly stated as follows : 1st. The tax paid by every person and corporation must be "in pro- portion to the value of his or her property." But the taxable inhabi- tants of Livingston county are required to pay a tax for the use of the state, out of proportion to the value of their property. 2nd. Counties may, how^ever, assess and collect taxes "for corporate purposes." What is a corporate purpose ? Only such as are germane to the objects of the welfare of the municipalit}', at least such as have a legitimate connexion with these objects, and a manifest relation there- to. It is not a corporate purpose to provide a location for a state in- stitution. 3d. It was the duty of the general assembly to determine, for the whole people of the state, the necessity of a state reform school; and the enterprise, if necessary, should be prompted by the resources of the state. On this head, the court makes some just and admirable remarks on the degrading position assumed by a state boasting of its sovereignty, its wealth and its unbounded resources, in offering to re- ceive donations, as if it were a pauper. Such legislation has not re- flected honor on the state, nor should it. 4th. But it is said the county has paid one year's taxes on these bonds, and this gives them vitality. The reply to this is, that the people, at the first opportunity afforded them, repudiated the action of their representatives. 5th. But the bonds are in the hands of innocent holders. No, when the action which gave them birth was illegal, and contrary to the constitution, there can be no innocent holders. 155 This opinion n'as delivered on the l.Sth of June, 1874. In the case of Burr vs. the City of Carhondale, the strong statement that "it is not a corporate parpose to provide a location for a state institution" is (juali- fied by the additional remark that this has reference to a tax imposed in invituvi, compulsovily ; and the former action respecting the reform school bonds is further explained. A distinction is drawn between the Lfvingston county bonds and the Carhondale bonds, in two par- ticulars, namely, first, that a university is a benefit to the locality which possesses it, while a prison is not ; and second, that the Carbon- dale bonds were authorized by a vote of the people, which was rot the case in the issue of the Livingston county bonds. The inequality of tlie act authorizing sul)Scriptions in aid of the reform school is appar- ent in that the voters of townships, towns and cities were given a voice in the decision of the question of a special tax for this pur- pose, ]>ut the authorities of counties were authorized to impose such tax without reference to the voters. It was this legislation whicli was attacked and its validity denied. Upon this fact and upon the other fact that the location of a school for vagrants promoted no corporate interests of the count}^, lay the stress of the argument and reasoning of the court in the Livingston county case. In the Carhondale case, on the other hand, the issue of the bonds of the city in aid of the es- tablishment of an institution of learning, giving character and noto- riety to the place of its location, and in a greater or less degree en- hancing the value of property there, was declared to be taxation for a legitimate corporate purpose, germane to the welfare and best inter- ests of the municipality imposing the tax ; while no exception could be taken to tlie manner of its imposition, which was authorized by a direct, ])opular vote. The court re])eats its criticism upon the mode adopted by the legislature to locate the university, which does not comport witli the dignity of th(! state, but declares that it has never said oi" entertained the opinion that such legislation, however improp- er, is unconstitutional. The latter opinion, it may be remarked in passing, had, as will be apparent to all who are familiar with the educational history of Illi- nois, a direct bearing upon the question of the validity of the bonds of Champaign county, in aid of the Industrial University. In 1874, the general assembly made an appropriation of ten thou- sand dollars for the erection of work-shops, fence, etc., and live thou- sand dollars for enlarging the wash-room, laundry and ai)i)aratus for heating. The improvements were made for the sum api)ropriated. The contract for building was let to Valentine Jobst, of Chicago. The workshop erected is of brick, one hundred and twent3'-four feet in length, by foriy-eight feet in width, and three stories high ; the laun- dry, two stories high, and forty feet long by eighteen in width. 156 The fiirm belonging to this institution is underlaid by quicksand. The well from which the engine is supplied with water is only six feet deep, while the supply is inexhaustible and never-failing. The presence of this quicksand has rendered a large expenditure necessary for drainage. The amount appropriated for this purpose and for the purchase of stock, in 1874, was three thousand dollars; and in 1875, five thousand dollars. With the former appropriation a ditch seven feet deep was dug, running north, west and north, along the west side of the farm and thence to connect with the ditch of the Chicago and Alton Railroad. With the latter, a more substantial improvement was made — a sewer, extending thirty-five hundred feet to the river ; and twenty thousand feet of underdrainage, b}^ tile, of the farm and premises. The farm is believed to have appreciated fully fifteen per •cent, in value, in consequence. The legislature, in 1875, also appropriated money for a barn, which has been built. EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY. The association for founding and maintaining the Chicago Charita- ble Eye and Ear Infirmary was organized in May, 1858. At that time Chfcago, although a city of about eighty thousand inhabitants, had no public hospital. The "Mercy Hospital," under thecareof the "Sisters of Mercy," then so small, now possessing a magnificent structure, was perhaps the only one in the county, except the U. S. Marine Hospital for sea-faring men. It w^as far inadequate, however, to the wants of the sick poor, even at that time. There was scarcely a physician in the cit3^,who had taken sufficient in- terest in opthalmologytoexamine the brilliantdiscoveries in thisdepart- ment of medicine, which had been made during the previous few years. Opthalmology was almost entirely ignored in the only medical college in Chicago. There was, therefore, an unoccupied field for some one who would labor to found an eye infirmary for the gratuitous treatment of the poor afflicted with diseases of the eye, and also to offer opportuni- ties to students of medicine, for the clinical study of diseases of the eye and their treatment. In May^ 1858, four medical gentlemen met several wealthy and be- nevolent citizens of Chicago, who together organized a board of twelve trustees, with two consulting and two attending surgeons, under a constitution and by-laws. The general financial depression of the countr}^ and the excitement during the earlier period of the late M'ar, rendered it very difficult to obtain funds for the purchase of real estate and the erection of a suitable building. Hence it was deemed exi^edient to conduct tlie institution at first as a dispensary. Consequently, a single room, at the northeast corner of Michigan and North Clark sts. was opened for the treatment of the poor. During the first year, near- 157 ly one hundred and fifteen patients were under treatment. At tlie end of nearly four years, the dispensary was removed to a room, No. 28 North Clark street, where it renuiined till July, 1864. W. L. Newberr}', president of the association, donated for a term of ten years, the lease of a lot of land, Nos. U! and 18, East Pearson street, upon which was placed a large two-story wooden building, |)urehased for two thousand dollars, and removed from a neigliboring block. The first patient requiring board in the institution ap])lied before a single room had been cleaned and furnished. For two nights he slept on a blanket, on the fioor. The njoms were furnished, as the gradually increasing number of patients required. In a few months the number of applicants, especially of soldiers with diseases of the eye, supported at the infirmary by the Northwest- ern Sanitary Commission, and by the governors of Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, rendered greater accommodations absqluteh^ necessary. The building was therefore raised, a brick basement constructed under it, and the attic divided and finished into three large sleeping rooms. In the fall of 1869, additional accommodations became necessary, and were obtained by the construction of a large building in the rear of the lot. The funds required for the original purchase of the i)uild- ing, and for the various improvements above mentioned, were advanc- ed by members of theboard of trustees and surgeons, till subscriptions could be raised to repay the amount. This sum, at one period, wa.s six thousand dollars. Since the fall of 1864, the infirmary has always been open for medi- cal students and practictioners who desire to pursue the clinical study of diseases of the eye. The fees for the courses have been devoted to the support of the infirmary. It would be difficult to estimate the good which has thus l)een ac- complished in training students in the diagnosis and treatment of di- seases of the eye. Numbers of such students have located in various portions of the state, and acquired reputation in the communities where they practise, for skill in the treatment of diseases of the eye. In 1865, the legislature granted the infirmary a special charter, and in 1867, appropriated the sum of five thousand dollars a year, for two years, for the support of such poor patients in the state as desired tr^,atment at the infirmary. This apjiropriation was renewed in 1869. Poor patients from other statrs could receive gratuitous treatment, on paying the cost of their board. By the new constitution of 1870, appropriations in aid of institu- tions not owned and controlled b}' the state were made illegal. The legislature, tlierefore, in 1871, unwilling to relinquish its fostering care of the infirmary, received it into the circh; of state institution^^ 158 by a special act. Tlie governor was authorized to receive, in accord- ance with a form of conveyance approved by him, all the property, records and accounts of the Chicago charitable eye and ear infirmary. The board of trustees w'ere required, in case of their acceptance of the act, to enter on tlicir records a minute to that effect, transferring all the property of the infirmar}' to the state of Illinois, a certified copy of which minute, approved by the governor and filed with the auditor of public accounts, is declared to be and constitute a transfer of the said propertv. Thereupon the name of the institution was changed by tlie substitution of the word Illinois for Chicago. It is further provided, that whenever the general assembly shall cease to make an ^appropriation of five thousand dollars per annum for the support and use of the institution, the property conveyed to the state shall revert to the trustees or their successors. The endowment fund of the insti- tution, under this act, could be used for the purchase of a^ site for a building. On the 9th of October, 1871, occurred the great fire of Chicago, which swept away the old infirmary on Pearson street. There were twelve inmates, totall}' blind, in the house at the time. Fortunatel}'^, no injury was sustained by any of them. It became necessary to make provision for them; and the assembly, at its adjourned session, in 1872, appropriated funds for the rent of a suitable building for two years, and also for the purchase of new furniture, which was all that the trustees requested. In the year 1873, the legislature, after continuing the aj^propriation for rent for another year, made a further appropriation of twenty-eight thousand dollars in aid of the erection of a permanent structure for the use of the infirmary, and an additional appropriation for furniture. The institution then had a fund of fifty-three thousand dollars of its own, derived from insurance on the old building, and from gifts, the chief of which was a donation of twenty thousand dollars from the Chicago relief and aid societ}-. An eligible site, at the corner of Peoria and Adanis street, had been purchased, in 1872, for eighteen thousand dollars. The estimated cost of the new bailding was forty-eight thousand, five hundred dollars ; it was actually erected for forty-two thousand, eight hundred and forty-three dollars and fifty-nine cents, and was completed and occu- pied in tlic summer of 1874. It is of brick, with stone trimmings, four stories in height, besides the l)asement, is one hundred and five feet in length hy forty-seven in width, well heated, well ventilated, well jilanned and well built in every respect, and will comfortably accommodate one hundred patients. A brick barn was added in 1875. The good accomplished b}'' this infirmary in the past twenty-eight years, is incalculable. From its establishment until the thirtieth of 159 September, 1875, thirteen thousand, three lumdred and ninety-eight patients have been gratuitously treated l)y its physicians, (who serve witliout charge), in the house and in the dispensary. Objections have been repcvatedly made to tlie continuance of state appropriations for its support, on the ground that all other diseased persons are equally entitled to public relief; but the answer which has always overcome this objection, is that the eye and car require surgical treatment, which general practioners, especially in the country, cannot ordinarih' give, and that the salvation of the e^^e of a ])Oor person, through skillful treatment, by saving him from blindness, saves him at the same time from paujierism, thus relieving the community of a prospective and permanent l)urdcn. THE BOARD OF Pl'BLIC CHARITIES. Reference has already been made to the creation, in 1869, of the "Board of State Commissioners (;ents of the legislature and the governor. To the governor and the legislature, on the other hand, they are tlie representatives of those institutions, and tlio spolicsmeu of tlie ehxsses for whom they are specially provided. In a word, they have two objects to accomplish by their action, namely: to insure to the depend- ent and .suffering a just measure of relief, and to guard the public at large from extravagant de' mands in the name of charity. Their function is to give simplicity, unity and increased elhciency to the system of state aid ; to secure the largest results at the least relative cost ; to diminish, as fay as it is in the power of the government to diminish, the sum of suffering and of crime within the limits of the state. By the test of success or failure in the accomplishment of this aim, tlie board is willing to be judged. The board has adopted for its own guidance the following principles, by which to regulate its oflicial action. The board conceives that the true spirit in whicli to approach tlie various institn. tions subject to its inspection is that not of distrust, but of confidence, which will not be withdrawn until it is forfeited ; that minor faults of administration oi'.uht not to 1)e made the tliemeof injurious animadversion : that complaint, even of serious errors and of positive wrongs, should in all cases be made first to the officers in cliarge ; that it is the duty of the hoard to know the entire inner life of each institution, and to communicate to the governor and to the legislature every fact which, if known, would aft'ector modify their official action ; that such communications may be made pub- licly or privately, as the public interest may .seem to require; that all recommendations made by the board should be based on actual knowledge of the facts ; that in case of any apparent conflict of interests, the lesser interest must give way to the greater ; and tliat success in the work entrusted t > the commissioners depends upon the careful avoidance of all encroachment upon the legislative or administrative functions of other state officials, and upon a thorough, accurate, systematic acquaint" ance with the dependent classes, their character, condition, wants and relations, togetlier witli the methods of dealing with them at home and abroad, and their respective results. At the request of Governor Palmer, the Board of Public Charities, upon its organization, decided to pay attention first to the subject of insanity and idiocy. The question first to be answered related to the extent of the evil. Dr. Jarvis, of Massachusetts, had shown, in 1854, the unreliability of the ordinary census returns, and had j^ointed out a surer mode of arriving at correct results, through the medium of correspondence with physicians. The enumeration made by the Illinois commissioners and the results reached have already been noticed, (see page 122). But it may be ad- ded here, that in the compendium of the ninth census, in a foot-note, (page 360), the superintendent of the census disputes the correctness of the figures originally obtained by the commissioners; but since the publication of the compendium, after a personal interview Avith Mr. Wines, the secretary of the board, General Walker, in writing, volun- tarily withdrew the argument alluded to, and acknowledged that it Avas founded upon a misapprehension. Mention has also been made on page 123 of the conference on insan- ity held in the state library, November 10th, 1869, and the action there taken. In the second biennial report of the board was published an analysis of the statistics of misfortune, as they appeared in the census of 1870, and the obvious deductions from such an analysis were stated and illustrated by a reference to the figures in the census returns. The conclusions drawn were briefly as follows : — The aggregate number of unfortunates enumeiated falls short, in every instance, of the actual number; but this fact does not prevent us from discovering the laws which govern the distribution of misfor- tune, because those laws reveal themselves in any sufficiently exten- sive enumeration of individuals. The order of numerical prevalence for the whole country, is insanit}^ first ; then idiocy, blindness and deafness — insanity being the most prevalent and the condition of deafness and dumbness the least prevalent, so far as the census figures show. There is, however, a source of error in the enumeration, aris- ing from the fact that congenital idiocy and congenital deafness are not readily recognized during the years of infancy and extreme youth. If it can be supposed that a sufficient number of congenital idiots and deaf-mutes are not reported, from this cause, to affect the order, it would in that case probabl}^ stand : idiocy, insanity, deafness, blindness. The influence of nativity, of sex and of age, is very considerable in its amount. The foreign population of the United States is very much more liable to insanitv and somewhat more liable to blindness, than 1&5 the native iDoi^ulation ; Init on tlic contrary, it is very much less liable to idiocy and to deaf-mutism. The negro population is more liable to blindness and idiocy than the Avhite population ; but on the contrary it is less liable to insanity and to deaf-mutism. Persons of advanced age are more liable to insanity and to blindness, in proportion to their age, than those who are younger; but idiocy is more common in mid- dle life than in old a;^e ; and deaf-mutism at two ages, namely, between ten and tliirty, and again between sixty and sevent3^ (The explana- tion of this anomaly probably is, that the census-takers have confoun- ded the hardness of hearing incidental to advanced years, with deaf- rautism. The impression made liy the census returns is not correct). The largest i)roportion of deaf-mutes is between the ages of ten and twenty; and of idiotic (exce})t in extreme old age) between twenty and thirty. With respect to the geographical distribution of misfortune, this is explained in part by the influence of nativity, age, etc., Init is also aff"ected by climate. The tendency to insanity, as appears from the ninth census, is greatest in the north-eastern states, and upon the Pacific coast ; and is least in the extreme southern and western states. The tendency to idiocy is greatest in the extreme north-east, and in the central and what were known before the abolition of slavery as the border southern states. The tendency to blindness is greatest in the southern states. The tendency to deaf-mutism is so variable that it can be scarcely reduced to a formula. The proof of the foregoing statements is given in detail in the com- missioners' second biennial report. This report is also illustrated by some interesting statigra})hic charts, upon a new principle, of which a full set was prepared, but the cost of engraving proving too great, they were omitted from the report and subsequently published in the Statistical Atlas of the United States. The publication and the method of this atlas, a work of emin(;nt value, which has attracted world-wide notice, and made a great reputation for its author, General F. A. Walker, the superintendent of the census, was first suggested and urged upon the attention of the government of the United States by Mr. Wines, the secretary of the Illinois board of charities. The action of the commissioners, in inquiring into the extent and the relations of insanity and of other tonns of misfortune, will serve to indicate a function of the various boards of public charity in the United States peculiar to these organizations, namely: the investiga- tion, from an official and legislative point of view, of the general and l)articular questions related to the subject of charital)le relief; the col- lection of statisti(,-s, tlio examination of the experience of other com- munities, the comparison of methods of relief and their results, and the effect of relief upon other public interests. Sucli examinations 166 cannot be made by local boards of trust, nor by connnittces of the general assembly; demanding,', as thoy do, laborious and continued re- search. Another subject to which the Illinois board of charities devoted much attention, was the history and the present condition of the statutes afiecting the state institutions directly or indirectly. These they found to be crude, undigested, and in many particulars defective or incongruous. They examined carefully the operation of the laws, as- certained the degree of obedience paid to them by the institutions and their managers, and c|ualified themselves to give sound advice as to the changes necessary in the statutes. They dwelt upon the sub- ject £it some length in their second report ; in the third, they printed in the appendix si full abstract of all laws then upon the statute-books of the state, relating to the state institutions. It happened that the general revision of the statutes was at that time in progress; the reports made by the commissioners met a present want ; and the out- come of the discussion was the passage, in 1875, of the act to regulate the state institutions and the state reform school, to improve their organization and increase their efficiency. In the framing of this act, the legislature was greatly aided by the knowledge of the defects in existing organization obtained through the persevering labors of the board. The act is so to speak a charter or written constitution, by means of which the institutions are placed upon an cqunl footing be- fore the law, the general principles of their organization are defined^ and a thorough system of oversight and of accountability is introduced into their management. The short experience thus far gained of its practical working aftbrds ground for a reasonable expectation that the good resulting will be permanent anil greater than was originally anticipated. In the matter of appropriations, the commissioners have exercised great pains to reduce the aggregate expenditure of public funds as far as possible without injury to the unfortunates, for whose benefit the institutions have been established and maintained. Their critical remarks upon the requests for state aid preferred by superintendents and trustees, have, in many cases, prevented extravagant appropria- tions, while they have assisted the general assembly to connect con- clusions respecting the relative importance of the appropriations asked. The reductions suggested by theboard, in 1870, amounted to$l,402,276 41; in 1872, to $894,313 23; in 1874, to $183,966; and in 1876, to $162,950 92. In addition to the saving to the state treasury, resulting from the cutting off of excessive or unnecessary appropriations, there has been a great reduction in the expenses incurred, in consequence- of the intro- duction of more system and economy into the general management. It is impossible to ascertain and state the amount of pecuniary benefit 107 accruing from the new ^■\•^;tenl of oversight and control; but it in;iy be safely estimated at not less than one-lialf million dolhirs in the past eight years. No great work was ever accomplished without opj^osition and con- flict. This is especially true of enterprises to which attaches the characteristic of novelty and experiment. The trials of tlie commis- sioners began with the very lirst session of the general assembly, after their aprjointment. They had, in their first report, spoken of the lack of a sufficient water supply at Jacksonville, of which complaint had been made in the ])rinted reports of the state institutions there situated, for many years previous. At the very moment when the commissioners called attention to the netd of water for the institu- tions, the citizens were discussing the question of constructing city water-works. But this they had refused, by a vote of the jieople, to do. The board took the ground that if no way could be found to sup- ply the institutions at Jacksonville with water for all purposes, it would bo better, instead of rebuilding the institution for the blind (then burned down) and enlarging the institution for the deaf and dumb, to remove the lattter to some other point and turn the build- ings over to the former institution. Fortunately, the citizens of Jacksonville have since constructed a system of water-works which has given complete satisfaction, and they are now supplying the state institutions, which formerly supplied themselves by their own works. But at the time, the recommendation of the board created a great stir, and excited the bitterest hostility on the part of those who deemed their reputation and interests to have been assailed. This was in 1870. In 1871, the opposition to the board was re-enforced by the discovery of the deficiency in the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, to which reference has been made on page 144. The investigation which ensued was long and painful. It was difficult for the authorities of the Home not to feel themselves assailed ; and there was a certain natural reaction against those who were supposed to be their assailants, which after- wards died away, when it was found that tlie ultimate result was ben- eficial to the institution, through the improvement of its manage- ment. Then followed the controversy over the Illinois Industrial Univer- sity, in 1873, whether the trustees had the right to use any portion of the building fund nominally to pay freight bills over the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad, but really for ordinary expenses; in which was involved the deejHn- question of the relation of the university to the state, and the right of the state to the control of its affairs. The general assem- bly sustained the position taken by the commissioners of ])ublic charities, and re-organized the universitv, reducins; the numlier of 168 trustees, etc.; l)ut the discussion was unpleasant and cost the board some friends. At the same and at the subsequent session in 1874, occurred the dis- pute respecting the enlargement of the institution for the deaf and dumb. The commissioners of public charities favored the division of the deaf and dumb, and the establishment of a second institution. The legislature granted an appropriation for enlargement, but limited the cost of the new buildings to sixty thousand dollars. The trustees contracted for buildings to cost eight}- thousand dollars, The commis- sioners of public charities reported this fact to the legislature, at its adjourned session, and an investigation followed, which resulted in the re-organization of the trustees. This also gave offence to some per- sons and led to renewed attacks upon the board. The opposition arising from these specific acts was strengthened by two auxiliary forces; the desire on the one hand to remove from the way an obstacle to extravagant appropriations, and on the other the working in some minds of an aversion to all expense the immediate utility of which is not at first sight apparent, forgetful of the adage that one must often spend money, in order to make or to save it. But in spite of all attacks, from various quarters, the board has been sus- tained by the legislature. A comparison of the record and experience of all similar boards in other states shows that not only have they originated in the same sense of need, but they have all passed through the same struggle for existence. In no case have the}^ been allowed to live without vindicating, by their acts, their right to live. These boards are to a certain extent an experiment in government. The issue of the experiment is closely watched. They hardly know them- selves what they are expected to do or will be allowed to do. But there appears to be a strong likelihood that in a country where the helpless are regarded as a public charge, and among a people whose views upon all subjects are practical and business-like, the end will be that the business of caring for the insane, the blind, etc., will be con- centrated under a single efficient head — a commissioner, or boards of commissioners, as the case may be — and that this will be recognized as a permanent department of the government. The present organization of the public charities of Illinois is emi- nently systematic and thorough. It is susceptible of improvement and will improve, year by year. It is flexible, self-adjusting, provided with all necessary checks and counter-checks, and affords to the people of the state a sufficient guaranty of economy and honesty in the ad- ministration of the trust. The great end ever to be kept in view by the almoners of public relief is to reduce the suffering occasioned by misfortune to a minimum, without feeding the evil which it is sought to hold in check, to such an extent as to increase its amount and make 169 the burden resting upon the community heavier than it needs to be. The present commissioners are thoroughly imbued with this thought and purpose. It remains to say a word respecting the other department of the work entrusted to the board of public charities, i. e., the visitation of the counties. It is greatly to be regretted that the funds at the disposal of the board have never admitted of any thorough prosecution of the inquiries prescribed by the law. The state institutions are highly or- ganized, well officered, and receive tlie funds necessary for their sup- ])ort from the state treasury; but the county jails and alms-houses of Illinois are for the most part in a wretched condition, and without state insi^cction they are not likely to im})rove. For this reason, the commissioners have always regarded the county visitation as of more real importance than the inspection and oversight of the institutions belonging to the state. During the first two or three years of their of- ficial existence, they districted the state, assigned a district to each member of the board, and faithfully traveled around from county to county, on their melancholy errand. In their first biennial report they gave a brief account of the condition, at that time, of every county jail and alms-house in Illinois, together with some statistical tables containing much valuable information. They found that the average valuation of a jail was about fifteen thousand dollars, and of each cell about nineteen hundred. The}' estimated the per capita cost of provi- sion for the care of criminals at from six to nine hundred dollars, and the total amount invested in these oounty prisons at one million and a half. The average valuation of the alms-houses was less than that of the jails, being about twelve thousand, five hundred dollars; and the per capita cost of provision for the care of paupers somewhat less than two hundred and fifty dollars. They estimated the investment in county farms and alms-houses at one million. The annual cost of maintaining paupers, at county expense, was supposed to be three quarters of a million, which is thirty cents a day for each pauper sui)ported. The inferences drawn from the statistics collected and tabulated by them were as follows : — First, the principal expense of the county jail system arises from tlie delays in the ailrainistration of justice. The number of criminals undergoing sentence, in the jails, at any one time, does not average one to a county. The i)rincipal use of jails is as houses of ilotention. Kighty-tive per cent, of the inmates, at the time of visitation, were awaiting trial. Second, elementary education appears to be of less value, as a preventive of crime, than is ordin- arily supposed. Ninety-one per cent, of the pri.sonors confined in the jails of this state are able to read, and eighty per cent, can both read and write. Third, intemperance and crime are clo.sely related to each other. More than one-third of the prisoners visited by tliis commission were ascertained to be habitually intemperate. Fourth, crime begets crime. It tends to reproduce itself. Nearly or (juite ten per cent, of the inmates of our jails have been in jail before. Fifth, the foreign element in our population is far more apt to lapse into crime and i)auperism, than the native, .\bout thirty per cent, of our county prisoners, and nearly fifty per cent, of our county paupers are of foreign birth. A large proportion of the renmindor are of foreign jiarcntage. 170 As between the Irish and the Gcrmjins, who form the principal part of the foreign population, it may be said that the Irish are more apt to become paupers, while the Germans exhibit a larger relative proportion of criminals. Sixth, crimes are infrequent, in proportion to the energj' with which they are resisted. Thus crimes against property are four times as conimou as crimes against the person ; and of crimes against property, more than two-thirds arc larcenies. Seventh, pauperism tends to become pei-petual. Four-fifths of the inmates of the almshouses are classed as permanent paupers. Eiahth, that nine hundred and forty-eight out of eighteen hundred and seventj'-eight paupers reported, are idiotic, insane, deaf, blind, crippled, sick, or bed-ridden, and that two hundred and seventy-seven are minors, shows that the county alms-house system is not greatly abused, at present, in this state. Ninth, the tendency of education to prevent pauperism, is more apparent than its tendency to prevent crime. Estimating the pauper children at one-tenth of the whole number, and leaving them out of the calculation, forty per cent, of the inmates of the almshouses could not write, and twenty-five per cent, could not even read. Tenth, paupeiism and crime are so closely allied, that the same individuals belong to both fra- ternities. Five per cent, of the county paupers acknowledged to have been in jail. The same man is a criminal or a pauper, according to circumstances. He steals, when he cannot beg ; he begs, when he cannot steal. The board asked for the passage of a L'lw compelling the registra- tion of county paupers and criminals, upon a uniform sj'stcm. Such a law was passed in 1872, bat although the registers were prepared by the commissioners and procured by the counties, no returns were ever made to them by the county clerks or sheriffs; in many counties the books remained without a single entry ; in others, the entries were fitful and imperfect ; and the law proved almost a dead letter. It would have been otherwise, had the board been in a position to en- force it ; bat the time of the single clerk allowed them was already taken up, and they had no means or authority to employ the addi- tional assistance required. The law was repealed, at the time of the revision, in 1874, but some of its features were retained. Since the first report, no statement of the condition of the several jails and alms-houses has been made, because it has been impossible. It soon appeared that the commissioners, whose services were wholly gratuitous, could not afford the time required for visitation ; the sec- retary endeavored to supply their place, but he could only, with his other duties, make partial and occasional tours of inspection ; and, although a great deal of material has been accumulated and much of it is in shape for publication, yet its incomplete condition and want of clerical force to do the office-work as it should be done, have pre- vented it from seeing the light. In the second report of the board, however, there appeared an elab- orate though brief discussion of the subject of crime and criminals and of prison discipline. To this was ajDpended a declaration respect- ing the count}^ j^iils> unanimously adopted at a conference of the Illinois Board of State Commissioners of Public Charities, the Wiscon- sin State Board of Charities and Reform, and the Michigan State Board for the Supervision of Charitable, Penal and Reformatory Institu- tions, held in Chicago. This declaration is as follows: — 171 Declaration. "The object of the imprisonment of criminals is conceded by all to bo two-fold — the protection of society and the reformation of the criminal himself. The protection of society is effected in part by the segregation of the oftender, and in part by the deterrent influ- ence of punishment upon others who are tempted to commit crime. "A minute and careful examination of the jails of Illinois, Wiscon- sin and Michigan, by kindred commissions specially appointed for this purpose, reveals the fact that as proper places of punishment, they fail to accomplish the object of their creation. They are for the most part defective in a sanitary point of view ; many of them are inse- cure; they are frequently so constructed as to compel promiscuous association of the young and the old, the guilty and the innocent, the hardened villain and the novice in crime, and in some cases even of the sexes. In none of them is there provision for the employment of the imprisoned inmates; and there are few in which any attempt is made either at their moral or intellectual culture. In the aggregate, they cost large sums of money for their construction, and are a great annual expense to- the community, without adequate return for this expen- diture. "The finest and most costly of them all, however superior in archi- tectural construction, exerts as little reformatory effect as the poorest. Their condemnation may be pronounced in a single sentence : They arc an absurd attempt to cure crime, the offspring of idleness, by making idleness compulsory. The failure of the jails is due, not to the character of the officers who have charge of them, but to this radi- cal defect in the jail system itself, which originated in the primitive condition of our national history, and was then the only thing pos- sible. It has been blindly copied and extended with the growth of the country, in consequence of the difliculty of effecting any change, after the investment of so much money. We are satisfied that for enforced idleness the state should substitute enforced labor. We are also satisfied that no remunerative system of labor can be introduced into county jails, on account of the very limited number of persons in each. The only remedy for the evils of the present system consists in the substitution of houses' of correction in their stead. The county jails should be remodeled, and simply used as houses of detention. One or two prisons in each state of a character intermediate between the jail and the penitentiary, might be so organized and conducted as to diminish the cost of crime, and to diminish its amount The cost of original construction, would be diminished by the substitution of a single capacious edifice for fifty or sixty smaller ones. The cost of maintenance of criminals would be diminished by the aggregate amount of their earnings, while enforced labor would benefit the pris- 172 oner himself, and exert an increased deterrent influence upon the criminal class at large. The modern facilities for transportation of criminals hy rail remove, to a great extent, the ol)jection arising from distance. "We believe that the time has come for an earnest effort to call atten- tion to this subject, and to prepare the way for a great public reform. In this efibrt we invoke the aid of philanthropists, believing that no one, who has seen what we have seen, can fail to adopt the conclusions which have been forced upon our own minds." The board urged the adoption of these conclusions by the general assembly, but for the time being without effect. The influence of the visits paid to the counties, few in number as they have been, has been very apparent in many of them. The num- ber of new jails and alms-houses erected is large; the insane are better cared for; more use is made of the state institutions; and the condition of the paupers has been improved. If this institution was made thor- ough and constant, the good which would result is incalculable. CONCLUSION. The hurried and imperfect review of the history of public charity in Illinois, Avhich is here given, shows that from the beginning to the present moment the unfolding of the system has been natural and regular, each step following the preceding in an obvious and predeterm- ined order, in accordance with a fixed law of development, or of cause and effect. The interest of the public in the subject has grown stead- il}'; the provision made for the unfortunate has kept pace with the increase in population and in wealth ; and as the system has become larger it has been better organized; while the magnitude of the sums required for its maintenance has necessitated and compelled the intro- duction of an element of more rigid surveillance, and more thorough accountability. The questions which remain for time to settle, are : the further pro- vision necessary for the insane of the state ; the future of the institu- tion now known as the soldiers' orphans' home ; the continuance of state aid to the eye and ear infirmar}'-, at Chicago ; the propriety of establishing in Chicago a school for deaf-mutes; and the future rela- tions and resposibilities of the state board of public charities. But above all these, at the present moment, rises the prison question: involving the discussion of the entire system of dealing with crime ; the princiijles of criminal jurisprudence and of prison discipline; the means necessary to arrest the increase of crime and to prevent its development in young criminals; the reformation of prisoners; the pardoning power ; the care of discharged prisoners ; the proper organ- ization of the prison system of the state ; the abolition of county pris- ons for convicts, and the employment of all sentenced prisoners at hard labor. The })ublic mind awakens slowly, but it is surely awakening to some just conception of the importance of the problems connected with the treatment of the criminal classes; and there are few steps which the legislature can take in this matter which will not be stejis in advance. The history of the past gives assured promise of better things in the future. We can only go forward, and leave the result to God. APPENDIX II. THE COUNTY JAIL SYSTEM. The contrast between the ideal and the actual, characteristic of all human experience, again presents itself for consideration, whenever, from any point of view, we approach the subject under discussion in this paper — the treatment of crime and criminals. In the ideal prison system, not the offense but the offender, the man by whom the offense is committed, is the primary object of attention. The criminal character is regarded as the source or fountain from which crime flows. If the sources of crime can be stopped, the stream of crime will cease to flow. The watchword, therefore, of all enlight- ened prison reform is — cure! Diminish the volume of crime in the community by the reformation of the criminal ! The hope of a cure is the motive held out to the criminal to induce him to co-operate in the attempt to effect that cure; and belief in the possibility of cure nerves the philantropist to continued effort for reform in the face of repeated defeat. In the actual })rison system, on the contrary, as laid down in our written and unwritten codes and administered by the courts, the re- gard paid to the offender is secondary. Primarily, the attention of the law and its officers is directed to the offense. Not the reformation of the criminal, but the punishment of the crime, is tlie end chiefly sought ; punishment not for the offenders' sake, but from regard to the real or fancied security of society ; and i^unishmcnt is meted out to offenders, not according to their character, which it is not possible for legislatures to judge, or for courts to determine, but according to an arbitrary yet variable standard, by which the degree of guilt attacli- ing to each criminal act proved to have been committed is supposed to be approximately weighed or measured. The fundamental idea of the criminal code seems to be exi)iation. In a word, the attempt is made to dam up the stream of crime in the world and turn it back ujion itself, while the fountain from which it i)roceeds is loft to flow un- checked and without cessation. 176 Witliout entering into any discussion of the reasons for the existing system of dealing with crime, which would involve a somewhat ex- tended account of the successive stages in its development, historically considered; and without undertaking, in the present paper, to con- trovert the arguments hy which the system is maintained, and justified, though much might be said as to this point, I remark that it is not in our courts, but in our prisons, that the fundamental defect of the system, already indicated, is brought to light and most clearly appears. This is only another way of saying that the judgment of the executive department of the government, respecting the effect of any given legislation, is more immediate than that of the legislature or judiciary. The thought just expressed will bear a somewhat fuller expression. After the more or less accurate definition of crimes and their respec- tive penalties, by the legislature, and the judgment, more or less equi- table, passed upon the ofi'enderby the courts, the criminal passes into the custody of the criminal officials, to whom is assigned the execution of the sentence pronounced against him. There, for the first time, the criminal himself becomes the object of assiduous notice, more or less discriminating. By day, by night, in all his hours of toil and of idle- ness or recreation, in all his varying moods of good and bad temper, of remorse, contrition or defiance, the prisoner is watched, studied, ex- perimented upon, compared with his fellows, contrasted with his oppo- sites, and some approximately accurate estimate formed of his charac- ter, dispositions, tendencies and capacities. The intelligent and humane prison officer is compelled to see that the theory of expiation on which the criminal code is based, however admirable in theory, is inadequate in its application as a principle of prison discipline, to secure the best results; that it cannot be equitably enforced ; and that the influence of any attempt to enforce it is brutalizing and debasing. The imper- fection of the code is forced upon his attention : first, by the miscel- laneous, heterogeneous assortment of characters in the prison ; then by the want of uniformity in the sentences pronounced by different courts for the same or like offenses; by the disproportion, in number- less instances, between the guilt of offenses and their actual punish- ment ; by the absence of any fixed relation between the nature or de- gree of an offense committed and the character of the man by whom it was committed ; and finally, by his own sense of the lack of author- ity or power to correct, appreciably, either by increased severity or by the mitigation of the penalty prescribed, the prior mistakes of courts and legislatures, however obvious. It necessarily results that an experienced prison officer is inclined, very much in proportion to the degree of his intelligence, to favor such a reform in the criminal code as will bring the actual morecloselv into 177 harmony with the ideah His point of view is not the same as tliat of the legishitor or the judge. He perceives what they may not; that a complete criminal system must look forward as well as backward, must have regard to the criminal, as well as to his crime, must he not simply expiatory but reformatory also, and that it should have in it a certain flexibility of application, according to the revelation and de- velopment of character by the prisoner under observation and disci- pline. It may be said that this flexibilit}' is imparted to the system by the provision of power, lodged in the executive department, to grant pardon.s. But every prison officer complains that the expecta- tion of a pardon for reasons disconnected with the character or con- duct of a convict in custody, universally entertained by convicts them- selves, is a principal obstacle to discipline in the prison and a formida- ble barrier to the prisoner's reformation. And it is further to be said, that a pardon wisely granted merely terminates the period of punisk- ment; it in no wise regulates the force of punishment, nor does it affect the nature of the discipline within the prison walls. Now when we come to examine the county jails of the United States, from the point of view of a prison officer, and in the light of their influence upon criminal character, Ave see in them one of the worst features of the actual as opposed to the ideal prison system. For the most ])art, the jails escape notice from the public, for the reason that in the majority of counties they are small structures, in which few prisoners are confined, and those for short periods. But if we re- flect upon the great number of jails in the country, and remember that all criminals of a higher grade pass through them to the peni- tentiary, while the number of prisoners scattered about in all the jails at any one time is perhaps equal to the number of convicts undergo- ing sentence in all our penitentiaries, we must recognize the iinport- ance of the complicated question which the jail system offers for our determination, and the evil likely to result from that system ; if bad, as it unquestionably is. The county j;iil is not illogically connected with the theory of expi- ation embodied in the criminal law, though it will presently appear that it is not a necessary logical consequence, even of thattheory. The law proceeds upon the ground that a crime is a wrong, an injury done ; that the extent of the injury can be ascertained; that injuries must be either repaired, compensated or expiated ; and that the expiation required must be proportionate to the degree of injury inflicted. h\ carrying out this theory, crimes jmnishable by imprisonment are divi- ded into two gieat classes, major and minor, or felonies and misde- meanors. Those of the lower grade are deemed to be expiated by short sentences to a county jail, usuallv witliout labor; while crimes of a Vol. II— 12" 178 higher grade can only be expiated by confiniment for a longer period, at hard hibor, in a j^enitentiary or state-prison. Hence the jaiL It is the county jail because, in the United States, the county is the onh^ universal unit of political organization, under the state, and the county, being limited in its area and sustaining originally a limited population, is a convenient subdivision, both of territory and popu- lation, for the purposes of the criminal law. But it is evident that there is no inherent necessity why our inferior prisons must be county prisons ; they might be city })risons or district jjrisons, and still, in their organization and discipline, conform to the spirit of the crim- inal law, as it is. In the early historv of the country, to be sure, when the population was sparse, and means of communication slow and infrequent, when long journeys were made a-foot and on horse- back, it was essential, not only for convenience but for security, that the local prison be not too far removed to be easily accessible. Thus we see not only the logical but the historical origin of these ex- crescences upon the body politic, which having long survived the necessary occasion of their existence, and having outlived the period when the function for which they were created could best be per- formed by this primitive and rude organism, may now be called, in the Darwinian sense, rudimentary — "'of such slight service to their present possessors, that we cannot suj^pose that they were developed under the conditions now existing." The railroad and the telegraj^h have swept away much that belonged to a former civilization; they have rendered it possible to exchange the once needed county prison for something better suited to the necessities of a more enlightened age. The county jail, then, is an offshoot of the S3'stem of classification of crimes contained in the criminal law. It may be admitted that the analysis of crime has been carried to a very high degree of perfec- tion, by the wisdom of the ablest men, for a long series of generations, and that the comparative evil desert of criminal acts, under a great variety of circumstances and conditions, has been as well defined as it is possible for man, with his finite intelligence, to have done. The principles of retributive justice have been tolerably well ascertained and settled. But it must be obvious to any one who will reflect for a moment, that the classification of crimes, from the point of view of the law, according to the magnitude of the injury done, and the class- ification of criminals, from the point of view of the jirison officer, according to the depth, extent and persistence of the criminal character, are only remotely correlated to each other. A man but slightly crim- inal in his character may commit an offence of the gravest nature, such as manslaughter ; while a habitual criminal may be arrested, tried and sentenced for some offence absolutely trivial. 179 The question at once. arises, upon which principle of classification ought Ave to grade our i)risons? which is the more important, in pri- son discipline? shall -we have separate prisons for men who have com- mitted different crimes ? or shall we have separate prisons for men of different criminal character ? It would seem as if to ask this question Avere to answer it. But the actual SA'stem recognizes only two classes of prisons, the jail and the penitentiary, (for the house of correction is simply a jail with labor added, -while the reform school is not strictly speaking a prison) ; and the distinction hetween the two is made to rest not on the distinction between criminals, but on the distinction l)etween crimes. Why only two grades? why not three, or more? The Irish system for the treatment of felons onh', as developed by Sir AValter Crofton, includes three grades of prisons, Avith a distinct dis- cipline for each, varying from the severe regimen of Mountjo}- to the almost nominal imprisonment at Lusk. It may almost be said to in- clude a fourth, for the ticket-of-leave is not a final discharge from cus- tody. Under this, Avhich is the ideal SA'stem for Ave contend, there is no limit to the possible number of grades, except the number of convicts proper to be confined in each prison, and the total number. Convicts pass from one to the other according to their character and their amenability to reformatory influence. The classification of prisoners is natural, not arbitrary, and is made^^to minister to discipline instead of hindering it. No argument is needed to convince the offi- cers of prisons of the superiority of the Irish over the American sys- tem. Our system, on the contrary, recognizes only one grade for pris- oners of the higher, and one for tliose of the loAver class. Having shoAvn that the verA' idea of the county jail is antagonistic to the theory of reformation of criminals, because it springs out of the theory of retribution, and involves classification on the basis of the crime proved, rather than of the individual character of offenders, let us now inquire, hoAv are our jails constructed, organized and man- aged? What is the observed influence exerted by them upon prisoners? What is their moral effect upon the community? These are questions of fact, and do not involve for their dt'termination the theoretical considerations ])rcscntcd above, lait are indcjiondcnt of them. Happily, the means for such an in, as base souiinaries of crime, as are to be found in any civilized community." And again: "In our jail system lingers more barbarism than in all our other state institutions together." In an elaborate report on crime and prison economy, made by the Pennsylvania Board of Charities, in 1872, the commissioners informed the legislature and the public, that in the average county jails and city loGk-ui)s, "the grossest abuses kee}) unin- terrupted carnival. Bad construction, bad ventilation, bad management, reckless treatment, indiscriminate mingling of prisoners— with no separation at all, except that of the sexes, and not always even that — intolerable crowding of cells, no kindly sympathy, no inoral or religi- ous instruction or influence, disregard of health and cleanliness, no provision or opportunity for labor, the practice of all petty tyranny ; these are their characteristics. And the people love to have them so, or 181 pass by tlicm on the other side, or look u})on tliem as ])laces too low, rough and foul to be approached or meddled with. Few besides the sheriff, the policemen or the alderman — and the inmates — know any- thing about their interior condition or history'; and these officers, even though endowed with much natural goodness of heart, grow so thoroughly accustomed to the abuses and abominations that reign around them, that they become hardened to the scene, and lose all idea of the possibility or desirableness of reform. And as for the keepers, they must often be not much superior, either in intellectual or moral character or culture, to those who are placed under their care." In New York, the committee on prisons of the constitutional conven- tion of 1867, reported that "there is no one of the sources of crime which is more operative in the multiplication of thieves and burglars than the common jails of the state, as at present organized." The New York prison association has repeatedh'^ testified to the same con- dition of things. In Massachusetts even, the secretary of the state board of charities, in the report for 1872, declares that "our county prison system is quite unsatisfactory in its results, whether regard be had to its financial or reformatory aspect. It is very expensive, and it does not reform. We have nineteen jails and fifteen houses of correc- tion ; in all there are twenty-one different institutions. Some of them arc expensive buildings, and others are of quite an inferior character; confinement in some of them is a luxury to many convicts, while sen- tence to others is a genuine punishment; no two of them are managed alike, either in general or in detail. The system is wasteful of time, of opportunity, of money, and the worst of it is that it cannot possi- bly be made satisfactory to those who clearly see what ought to be accomplished by imprisonment for offences against social order. We shall not bring about such resylts from our minor prisons as we ought to reach, until we abolish this system and substitute for it one based on the principle of state control." You perceive that all the authori- ties agree, there is no dissent. Ex uno (Usee omnes. The reports for differ- ent states, so far as heard from, might be exchanged for each other and no injustice done to any body. In Elaine, it is true, a very consider- able advance has been made, and a system of classification and labor partially introduced. In Pennsylvania, in some of the county prisons constructed on the Pennsylvania system of separate confinement, the prisoners are isolated and are also punished with constant and profita- ble employment. Where else is there any bright spot visible? Many even of the so-called "model jails," like those of Boston, Baltimore and St. Louis, are about as far removed from the ideal of a })rison designed to aid in the reformation of prisoners, as the worst jail in the land. The best jail in the country is inferior to any good house of correction, 182 such as those in Detroit and Chicago, or those of Allegheny count}', Pennsylvania, and Albany, New York. The construction of a county jail varies indefinitely, according to its location, the date of its erection, the population of the county, its wealth and the liberality of its citizens, the amount of taxation to meet indebtedness on other accounts, and man}' other circumstances less directly influential. The material, whether hewn logs, sawed timber, brick, stone or iron, is such as can be procured with the least effort and expense and most nearly corresponds witli the ideas of architectural fitness prevalent in the surrounding region. The size of the jail is for the most part an accidental event. Local pride, or private interests, wielding political power for personal ends, may occasion the erection of a magnificent structure four or five times as large as necessary. Or a niggardly spirit, averse to improvement be- cause improvement involves expense, may insist upon the continued occupation of a building so inadequate to the altered needs of a grow- ing community as to compel the confinement of four, five or six men in a cell originally designed for one. The plan is almost always de- fective, because neither the architect nor the building committee adequately understand what is wanted. In remote districts, indeed, n-D architect is employed; and in earlier days, the employment of an architect was something unusual. Hence we often see the clum- siest possible contrivances for holding prisoners securely; dungeons under ground, jails entered by a trap-door and a ladder from the story above, prisons without windows, prisons with no separate cells, solid wooden cell-doors with a square or diamond-shaped hole for light and ventilation, cells absolutely dark and with no ventilation at all, etc., etc. It is not uncommon to see a jail built as an appendage to a court house, in the top story, or in the basement, and if the basement is not drained the floors are sometimes covered with water, so that loose plunks will float about on the surface. As to proper light, heat, ventilation, sewerage and water supply, with facilities for bathing, a jail above criticism in these respects is a rare spectacle. The vault for excretions is very often underneath the prison, with an opening into each cell, and the eflfluvium constantly arising is so fetid as to be nauseating. I almost hesitate to speak of those jails in which there is no vault, and in which the floor of a vacant cell or of the corridor is made to serve the same purpose. Jails of this description are often allovVed to go without cleaning for a year or more at a time. Some jails are not heated at all, through fear that the fire, if furnished, will be used by the prisoners to burn the jail down ; and prisoners not convicted spend long winters covered in bed with blankets, in cells where water left exposed in a bucket will freeze. Many jails are so dark, that a person coming into them from outside requires a lamp or 183 a candle, at noon, to enable him to see his way ahout. The walls, especially the partition walls between cells, are so constructed, jiar- ticularly if of wood, as to furnish a safe and inaccessible retreat for innumerable generations of vermin. Thus the sheriff of Clinton county, Michigan, reports the condition of the jail " same as last year, only bed-bugs are more numerous and more corpulent." If the walls are of brick or stone, and under ground, they drip with moisture. The ventilation of the cells is often so bad as to force the inmates to strip themselves, in summer, of all their clothing, and healthy sleep at night is impossible. It is not at all a rare sight to see a row of prison- ers with their heads protruding from the holes in their'cell doors, trying to catch a breath of cooler, fresher air. Nor are these hap- hazard and exaggerated statements. There is not a man in the United States, wdio has been called by official obligations or by motives of humanity to visit any considerable number of common jails, who will not recognize the literal accuracy of the descriptions given and recal personal experiences illustrating some or all of them. There are many jails, it is true, of modern design and construction, or built by wealthy counties, which are not open to these purely architectural criticism ; but such are comparatively few in number. The idea most prominent in the mind of an ordinary jail committee is that of security. Strength is the only necessary ({uality of a good prison, in the estimation of many ignorant or thoughtless people. But how' often even this prime requirement is lacking, even in the most costly jails! through forgetfulness of tlie maxim that no prison is stronger than its weakest part. I have known a general jail-delivery to occur in a jail costing thirty thousand dollars, with massive stone walls of great thickness, suggesting to every spectator the idea of im- mense strength, and that within a week after its occupancy, simply because the builder had failed to dowel the stones together, and the prisoners immediately discovered the defec tin construction, (as they always do), slipped one stone out of the wall, and left in a body through the opening thus made. The whole wall had to be lined with boiler iron, at great expense. I knew another jail, of solid exterior, which was broken by the use of one of the iron cell-doors as a battering ram ; the cell-doors having been swung on hinges so made that they could be lifted off. These incidents and others like them illustrate another principle of security, namely, that it is not walls nor bolts and bars which successfully restrain determined, desperate men, but rather the courage, fidelity and ceaseless vigilance of their keepers. There is no jail which cannot be broken ; but a simple dead-line, like that at An- dersonville, is sufficient to hold even a large body of prisoners, if it is certain that death will l)e the immediate result of crossing it. A principal fault of most jails is the absence of any absolute pro- 184 vision for the separation or classification of prisoners. At this point, we pass from what is external, to consider the moral influence of this class of prisons. The county jail being a place of detention, conve- niently accessible, is commonly used not merely as a place of punish- ment, but for miscellaneous purposes, such as the detention of accused persons, of witnesses, of debtors, of insane men and women, of drunk- ards and vagrants, and occasionally of county paupers. All of these are sent to one and the same prison, share the same quarters, the same fare, the same discipline, utterly irrespective of their criminality or non-criminality. Often they are thrown together into the same apartments, and do not even occupy separate cells. The association of insane with sane prisoners is of such frequent oc- currence that the injustice and hardship of it are almost overlooked. The wrong done is to both. The condition of the insane in jails is indescril)ably dreadful. When the Wisconsin commissioners of public charities made their first tour of inspection through the counties, they found in one jail "an insane man on the stone floor of the corridor, in a state of nudity, save a blanket thrown over him ; in another, four insane and an idiot, with five other prisoners, one of whom was a va- grant "who occupied a bunk in the hall at night, while a bunk in the other end of the same hall was occupied by one of the insane wo- men ;" in a third, an insane man "who had been there for nine or ten months ;" in a fourth, five out of six inmates were insane; in a fifth, an insane man "chained in the court-house yard." Of fort NJ'-nine jails visited and described, seventeen contained insane inmates, and the to- tal number of insane reported is thirty-four. Two years later, they report one jail with three insane, of whom two, in the month of Oc- tober, were without clothing save a shirt, occupying cells without beds. In another, an insane woman was locked in a cell, which wss "in a most filthy condition," "dark and gloom}', and the stench through the barred doors was almost intolerable." In still another, one of the prisoners remarked that he had considerable care of one of the in- sane men, and often found it necessary to punish him with a strap. The commissioners of other states mention many other similar cases. Reference has been made to the association of the sexes. Compara- tively few jails are pro^'ided with a separate department for women. The female prisoners are ordinarily locked in separate cells, or open- ing into a common corridor. Prisoners of both sexes arfi often allowed to run together in the corridor by day, and occasionally by night also. In jails with no cells, but consisting of a single apartment, prisoners of both sexes are sometimes associated promiscuously, for whatever may b:^ tho term of their respective imprisonment. Several such cases have been reported in Illinois; and in one county, a white man 185 and H black woman, taken up on the charge of adultery, were given the liberty of the entire jail, with no other inmates. Even where the sexes arc nominally separated, it is only by an iron grating or some similar contrivance, which leaves them in sight of each other, and at perfect liberty to carry on uninterrupted conversation, often of the lewdest description. Into these abominable receptacles are cast not merely the guilty, but the suspected and the innocent as well. It is commonly supposed that the mass of "jail-birds," as they are called, are convicted of crime. Such a supposition is the reverse of the truth. Debtors, in states which still maintain the practice of imprisonment for debt, may, of course, be as spotless in their private character as was Goldsmith's Vicer of Wakefield. Witnesses are not necessarily criminals. I once saw, in the Chicago jail, a young unmarried woman, against Avhom there was no charge whatever, who had been held in prison for more than a year, as a witness in a murder trial, in which her evidence was essential to conviction, but which was postponed from term to term, and during all this time she had been compelled to associate in a com- mon corridor with the vilest women and with thieves and other crim- inals of both sexes. But even of alleged oftenders, comparatively few are found guilty when their cases are tried in court. Thus, in Michi- gan, in the years 1873 and 1874, of seventeen thousand commitments to the county jails, thirteen thousand, or more than three-fourths of the entire number imprisoned, were released without conviction. What proi)ortion of those thus released were of criminal antecedents and character it is impossible even to guess, but it is safe to say that some thousands cf innocent victims of malice or unjust suspicion were subjected to the hardship of confinement for a longer or shorter period. In Pennsylvania, in 18G8, the prothonotaries, or clerks of criminal courts, re])ort that of five; thousand, six hundred and fifty bills ti-ied, two thousand, eight hundred and nineteen, or about one half, resulted in a verdict of acquital. Statistics for other states are not accessible, or not at hand. But these are sufficient to indicate the es- sential fact of the }>romiscuous mingling in the jails of the innocent with the guilty, and that upon a scale much la,rg(M- than the general public has ever imagined to l)e possible. The moral atmos])here of these prisons is necessarily foul. No fouler exists anywhere. It is loaded with moral contagion. The con- tact of the inmates with each other is painfully close, their intercourse unstricted, their conversation abominable. In the very nature of things, there can be little or no discipline exercised except to prevent escapes, enforce certain general rules of order, and repress the tendency to make more noise than can be borne. In the smaller counties, the sheriff has no occasion to employ a jailor, he himself is at his office in 18G the court house, and the prisoners are left to themselves for the prin- cipal part of the day. Where a jailor is employed, he is often a man of the lowest instincts, habits and tastes, but little better than those of the inmates under his charge. But whatever his character or ca- pacity, he sits ordinarily in an outer office, separte from the jail prop- er. The jDrisoners have no employment; they do nothing from morn- ing to night, except to amuse themselves the best they can. Much time is spent in playing cards — in gambling, if any of the parties possess anything which they can stake upon the issue of the game ; or else a sparring or wrestling match is resorted to; or they draw pictures on the wall ; or they sing camp-meeting hymns ; or some one dances a clog-dance ; or they pound on the plates of which their cells are con- structed — anything, to pass the weary hours and drive serious thought away. Books they have none, newspapers occasionally. As to reform- atory^ influence or any attempt at it, it rarely happens that any one thinks of it; the clergy, as a class, take no interest in prisoners, and the laity in this respect faithfully follow the example set them by the clergy. In some places, religious services are regularly held every Sunday in the jail by some band of voluntary workers in this depart- ment of christian labor, but this is an unusual occurance. The Illinois commisssoners of public charities, in their report for 1872, say : "It is this association in idleness, which is the curse and condemnation of our present jail system. The effect of association is to increase the num- ber of criminals, and to develoj) their criminality. The innocent and the comparatively innocent are corrupted by the example, the conver- sation and the direct teaching of more experienced transgressors. The lessons taught in the county jails are, contempt for authority, human or divine ; hostility to law and to its officers ; the delights of vicious indulgence ; the duty of revenge upon society for imaginary wrongs ; the necessity of violence, of daring, and of sullen submission to punishment ; the hopelessness of all efibrt at amendment ; and the best methods of success in criminal undertakings. Past exploits are here recounted ; future deeds of darkness are planned. The history and character of noted criminals, and of well known officials, are dis- cussed. Every jail is a school of vice. More than one hundred such schools are maintained in Illinois at public expense ; and the public furnishes an education in crime, at its own cost, annually, to hundreds of criminals, in this state alone. AV'e admit the necessity for prisons ; but are we not right in asking A\hether prisons of this particular class do not Avork as much harm as good to the community." One of the most painful features of this dreary picture is the large number of young peo})le, of both sexes, who are subjected to the con- taminating influences of such a life. In Michigan, the returns for 1873 show 377 commitments of boys and 100 commitments of girls un- 187 (ler eighteen years of ago, during the year. In Oliio, in ISJl, fifty- live out of eighty-eight jails^ reported 182 boys and 29 girls during the vear. In Massachusetts, in 1870, the total number of minors commit- ted to the jails and houses of correction was 2,029, namely 1,831 males and 198 females. Of these, 231, namely, 222 boys and 9 girls, were under fifteen years of age. The number of minors committed in 1874 was 2,247. The tendency to prefer complaints against very young chil- dren is shown by the report of the visiting agency established in con- nection with the state board of public charities. The visiting agent reports that he received notice, in 1874, of nineteen hundred and nine- ty cases, of which 1,868 were boys and 122 were girls. Out of the en- tire number, 1,592 cases resulted in conviction. Of these[l ,990 cases, 270 were complaints of children of ten years old and under. In any state except Massachusetts, all or nearly all of these would probalily have passed through the county jails. But in Massachusetts the law humane!}^ guards against so great an abuse. The foregoing sketch of the existing jail system in the United States is merely an outline. If filled up in detail, as it might be, but for the fear of trespassing upon your patience, it would stand out in even more hideous proportions. Much that is known cannot be writ- ten, and can only be spoken in private, to ears prepared to receive the revelation. In the dark recesses of human depravity, there are depths almost fathomless, and to a novice almost incredible. And now, to return to our first thought, the contrast betwen the actual and the ideal, Iratween a system purely vindictive and expia- tory and a system in which the paramount aim is reformation, let us ask ourselves the question whether the demands of retributive justice require the commission of such an outrage upon men who may be innocent? Is this the form which even the reaction against crime should take? Do the statesmen and jurisconsults who uphold and defend the criminal law, as it stands, without modification in the di- rection of reformation, justify and approve the perpetuation of the existing county jail? Can no other prison system be devised, which will equally secure the satisfaction of justice, without shocking so terribly the best instincts of human nature, and involving such a train of evil consequences to society at large? For we must not over- look the fact that in the jails, all the seeds of criminality in any ])risoner's constitution are developed and transformed into the ripe fruit of transgression, by a soil artificially enriched and an atmosphere artiiicinlly heated, and this not by a single imprisonment, but by re- jjeatcd incarcerations. If one of the ends of punishment is the pre- vention of crime by deterring men from committing it, through fear of the law consequences, the jails almost wholly fail to accomplish the desired result. Strange as it may appear, there are multitudes of de- 188 praved natures to whom the polluted moral atmosphere of the county prison is so congenial, and who are so averse to honest labor, that the}' actually commit minor crimes, in order to obtain from the courts, -especially in the winter season, a brief jail sentence. They are thus relieved from all occasion to exert themselves for their own support, and are read}', when the winter is past, to renew their depredations upon society, and live by crime or beggary as opportunity and in- ortion as the number of prisoners is smaller. There is some point in the cant word for a jail, on the lips of the people — the " Hotel de Russel "' or " de Jones.'" Evident- ly it would be unreasonable to expect of the counties that they should be at the additional expense of introducing a reformatory discipline,, including laljor, together with intellectual and moral culture. In larger prisons, owned and controlled by the state, the means of labor would be an essential part of the organization, and the exj)ensc of in- struction could be met from the proceeds of such labor, while the actual cost of maintenance would be materially reduced. But in most coun- ties it is utterly impracticable to provide employment for ])risoners : the number under c()nfin(,'ment is tiK) small and too variable to make it worth while. Here and there a prisoner may find work for himself, like the tailor in one; of the southern staf.es, who advertised in the local nmvsjiaper that as the county furnished him board and lodging gratis, \ii thought he coidd adbrd to work chcajjcr than anv of his comi)etitors, and tlierefori; invited the custom oi the jjublic. I remem- ber seeing a very re^<})ectable looking German woman, in jail for selling- 190 l)e('r, a beverage Avhich id by the evil. Vol. II— 1 a 194 To recapitulate, in a few words, the leading thoughts which have been presented for your consideration. 1st. The present jail system, for reasons sufficiently indicated, is hopelessly, irremediably bad. 2d. The evils complained of grow out of the fact tliat few coun- ties are strong enough in wealth and population to maintain a prison conducted upon the reformatory, as opposed to the expiatory idea. 3d. The remedy must lie in the discharge by the state of its proper responsibility respecting the criminal class, by assuming the imme- diate custody and control of all convicts. 4th. The state ought to a (minister its prison system with constant reference to the extirpation of crime by the reformation of those who constitute the criminal class. 5th. One element of anv rational and practical administration of that sj'stem is the gradation of prisoners, for different classes of prison- ers; this gradatiim to be based not upon crimes committed, but upon the criminality of character manifested by those Avho commit them. 6th. The only prisons to be maintained at the expense of the coun- ties, should be houses of detention for the suspected or accused. 7th. Houses of detention ought to be constructed with separate cells for the solitary confinement of the inmates. It is tod much fo hope that the reform for whicn I have contended will be immediately accomplished. But this year, 1876, the centennial year of our national independence, a time when the nation is engaged in calm reflection upon the experience gained 'during the past cen- tury, and in noble resolution for the century to come, is of all other years a year in which it would become us to commence the work ; and the great popular revival of the spirit of honesty, shown in the real and pretended indignation against all proved or suspected fraud, especially in public life, may encourage us to hope that among other projected reforms the reformation of our prison system Avill not be for- gotten or overlooked. If the people knew and could realize the deplor- able evils which I have sketched, they would not endure them for one moment longer than is unavoidably necessary. Note :— The foregoing article was prepared by the Rev. Fred. H. Wines, the Secretary of the Illinois Board of Public (Uiaritics, and was read by him at the national prison congress, held in New York, in May, 1870. APPENDIX III. THE TREATMENT OF PAUPERISM. The problem of pauperism, approach it as we may, from the theoret- ical or from the practical side of the question, is, and we may, at the outset, frankly confess it, insoluble. It is not like the problem of perpetual motion, to which there is no answer, so that the student, after years of research, is as far from the goal of his thinking as ever. It is rather like the squaring of the circle, a problem which admits of an answer, but we cannot find terms in which to express it. We con- tinually approach nearer to a correct mathematical expression, but the final solution forever recedes in the distance. Poverty and prop- erty are correlative terms. The possession of property by a portion of the community involves its non-possession by another portion. The causes of the unequal distribution of wealth lie deep in the founda- tions of human nature and of the social organism. Not onlj^ is it true to-day, as it was eighteen centuries ago, that the poor are ahvays with us; we may go further, and say that the nature and extent of the claim to relief, on the part of the poor, have not been and never can be fully or accurately stated. In the words of M. Thiers, the dis- tinguished president of tiie French Republic, who for eleven years of his life directed the most extensive charitable administration in Europe: " Nothing has been finished, and we predict that to the end of time no one will ever enjoy the honor of completing the work." The diliiculty to be surmounted is threefold. It consists, first, in the difficulty of finding the right mean between two extremes, the extreme of too nnich relief and too little; second, the difficulty of discriminat- ing between worthy and unworthy subjects of charity; and finally, the difficulty of defining and determining what constitutes worthi- ness or unworthiness, in this respect. The history of the administra- tion of charilj' is the record of a j)erpetual series of mistakes in judg- ment. No system of public aid, no private benevolence, will ever be free from similar errors, on one side or the other of the line which divides the warm impulses of human sympathy from the colder Vol. 11—14 / 196 deductions of political economy. As a wealthy citizen of Cincinnati, noted for his lib3raUty, once said, speaking of th3 resaUo of hia own experience in repeated attempts to administer his gifts wisely and well: "It is easier to make a fortune, than to give it away." He could not decide the doubt which existed in his mimd, whether, on the whole, he had done more good or more evil by giving, but he inclined to take the darker view. This may seem to be a very discouraging introduction to the dis- cussion of the subject which now engages our attention. As we proceed, however, we shall see that enough is known of pauperism to serve as a guide through the morass. We may not find our way out, but we need not be submerged by the mud and water. The ancients did not know the extent of the world, but they had some excellent maps of the Roman Empire. In all ages, the greatest minds have busied themselves with inquiries into the cause and cure of existing social ills, and this question of pauperism has not been beneath the notice of such illustrious rulers as Charlemagne. Louis the Four- teenth and Napoleon Bonaparte. In the capitularies of Charlemagne, we find a pithy direction to the effect that no one need take thought about giving to mendicants who labor not with their hands. Louis XIV. attempted to dry up the sea of pauperism by the establishment of charitable institutions, and forbidding all persons to give alms to beggars in the streets or public places, all motives of compassion, pressing necessity or other necessity notwithstanding. He forbade landlords to harbor or lodge beggars on their premises. But instead of drying up the ocean, he fiiiled to diminish it by a single drop. When, in the time of the French Revolution, the National Assembly under- took to "eradicate pauperism," they assumed that the duty of provid- ing for the subsistence of the poor is not less sacred than that of se- curing the prosperity of the rich ; and a committee rejjorted that "every man has a right to his subsistence. The relief of indigence is a debt due by the state." Without qualification, the doctrine thus boldly enunciated is full of peril to the state. Napoleon blotted the act declaring this principle from the statute book. But although he wrote to Neckar, the minister of finance, "I attach a great importance and a great glory to the plan of destroying mendicity," and he imag- ined that all the details of such apian could be agreed upon in a month, he was defeated, as others had been, by a combination of forces inherent in society and beyond the control of human sagacity or resolution. The "eradication of pauperism" is a feat as impossible of execution as the abolition of disease and death. But the physician does not, in the presence of an enemy whose superior strength none knows better than himself, relax his efforts to beat back the great destroyer and postpone his triumph, if it be but for a few brief moments. Nor do we lose our 197 respect for the medical profession, because there are diflerences of opin- ion among medical men as to the nature of diseases and the proper remedies to be employed for their cure. Pauperism and all other forms of evil are indeed a stone of Sisyphus, and mankind is Sisyphus himself. The stone which we roll up hill continually rolls back upon us ; but we may and do, by our exertions, prevent it from rolling over us and to the bottom. In the distribution of property among men, we may distinguish four grades or conditions, which are not sharply distinct from each other, but whose edges or outlines, so to speak, melt into one another; name- ly : wealth, competency, poverty and pauperism. Wealth consists in the possession of a superabundance ; poverty in the lack of means suffi- cient to m'aintain life comfortably; but pauperism is a lower deep than poverty — it is poverty become chronic and incurable. It is poverty so great that its unhappy subject can no longer maintain life at all, by his own exertions, but must perish, without assistance, and the assistance given must be ]:)ermanent in its nature. The amount of property in the possession of an individual or of a family is governed by two factors, accumulation and expenditure. All life is motion in one or the other of these directions, and there is no life without both, which are tb each other what the ebb of the tide is to its flow, or what the systole is to the diastole of the pulse. All life is rythmic ; it is pulsation. It needs not the genius of a Micawber to teach us that an excess of accumulation is growth, and an excess of expenditure is decline. When we seek to account for the riches of one man, and the poverty of another, we find the explanation, therefore, in the relation in his case of expenditure to accumulation ; and this again is determined by the same two elemental influences which give shape to all events, namely, constitution and circumstance, or what it is fa.shionable in those days to call " the environment." Whatever cause deprives any man of the ability in himself to obtain possession of property, or of the ability to hold it, when in his possession, tends to impoverish him. His nature, his personal characteristics, his intelligence, his desires, his habits, his force of will ; how is it possi])le that these should not affect his status with respect to property, and- this in two ways, by increasing or diminishing both his earnings and his savings? But, on the other hand, something more than capacity is requisite, in order to the accumulation of property, and that is opportunity. Circum- stance, and circumstance alone, often decides destiny. The ability to earn money, joined with al)ilit3^ to keep it, will avail a man nothing^ if circumstance deprives him of access to the sources of wealth, or com- pels him to expend all that he receives. And circumstance includes everything — nature, Providence, chance, fate, the organization of the 198 universe and of human society. So deep are the roots of pauperism in ]ife. But we may and must take yet another step. To both of these fac- tors, constitution and circumstance, a certain hereditary character at- taches. The researches of modern science bring daily more clearly into view the nature and extent of the links which bind the present to the past. The present is the child of the past ; the succession of cause and effect is eternal ; each effect is in turn a cause ; and all pro- gress is simply the unfolding of an organism, all whose parts and their functions were, in a sense, wrapped up in the germ from which the whole sprang into being. The great law of heredity is identit}", that is to sa}', like begets like. The variations observable between in- dividuals and their progenitors, are partly the result of the multipli- cation of ancestors, and partly of the altered conditions of life. But so strong is the impress of heredity upon the nature of individuals, that it more than counterbalances the influence of training and edu- cation. When we contemplate the pauper, we must reflect that he is the product of along succession of causes, of parental influences Avhich have been at work for generations. If it required man}' generations to evolve, from the mass of men, a Shakspeare, many generations also conspired to produce a Margaret. "The curse causeless shall not come;" and the question of the Jews, '"Master, who did sin, this man or his parents, that he was born blind ?" was a very proper inquiry, except in so far as it implied the conception in their minds that blindness is a judgment for sin. In reading Christ's reply, the emphasis should be placed on the word "sin." "Neither did this man sin, nor his pa- rents." But if bodil}' and mental peculiarities are thus transmitted from parent to child, and our constitution is predetermined for us, through the operation of ante-natal conditions, what shall we say of the time, place and circumstances of our birth and subsequent career? The Irishman's remark, "I was born in Cork, but sure an' I might have been born in Dublin, an' I had a mind," whimsically expresses the absurdity of the supposition that we can alter or determine for ourselves that situation in life to which the event of our birth con- signs us, Avith its attendant limitations or possibilities. Such reflections as these, which force themselves upon the mind of every thoughtful man, will aid us not only in accounting for pauper- ism, but in its analysis and definition. The fundamental difficulty in the practical administration of charity is, as Ave have seen, the diffi- culty of distinguishing. We have to distinguish the proper subjects of relief, the kind and method of relief, and the extent of relief. The subjects of relief are the truly poor, to whom it is a necessity. But shall Ave consider, ought Ave to consider, not simply the question of present distress, but that of the causes Avhich produced such dis- 199 tress ? IIow can we help considering it ? It is true that, in a general wa}', humanity and duty require us to relieve all suffering, so far as such relief may be within our power, "Do good unto all men, as ye have opportunitj'." We are commanded to imitate our Father in Heaven, who '•maketh His sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust." We cannot, however, extend the same S3'mpathy to the man whose sufferings are the result of his own improvidence and vices, as to the man who is the victim of some misfortune which has arisen independently of his own ngency. So, in the apostolic constitutions, to the words, "Give to him that asketh thee," this comment is added, 'that is to say, provided he is actually in want;" and Basil, the Christian father, commenting upon the same precept, calls attention to the example of the apostles, mIio distributed from the common stock "to every man as he had need." Only thus, he remarks, can we put a stop to the abuse of begging. The knowledge that a man has brought his wretchedness upon him- self will necessarily tend to check the disposition, whicli we might otherwise feel, to grant him aid. Yet even here, we are met by the question, how far the improvidence or the vices which excite our indignation may have been an unfortunate inheritance from his pro- genitors? and if we are not plunged into a metaphysical fog respect- ing the existence of any moral responsibility whatever, we must feel, at least, the difficulty of justly apportioning such responsibility, so as to pass judgment upon our fellow men. Our first duty, in granting charitable relief, is to inform ourselves as to the necessity for it. It seems needless to say that the story of the applicant is as likely to be false as true. More likely, for the worthy poor are slow to reveal the fact of their destitution, unlikely to a})ply to strangers for assistance, and often unable to attract attention ; while the professional mendicant has the oily tongue of a practised liar, who has thoroughly felt the public pulse, and knows every art likely to secure, from the credulous, sympathy or credence. Aid granted to impostors is so much money taken from the fund which ought to be devoted to the relief of actiud suffering. It is also a premium upon beggar}'-, unjust to the honest laborer, who ])erhaps earns less in a week, by his labor, than the beggar obtains in a day by deception. Relief is unnecessary in citluM- of two cases: First, where the appli. cant is not suffering ; and second, where he has the ability to help himself. Suffering may be and is simulated, in a great number o ways, known to beggars, to physicians and to poor-masters. Relief should never be given to one who is detected in any falsehood ; nor to a professional beggar; nor to one who refuses honorable work, which he is capable of jjerforming; nor to a stranger without inquiry, if inquiry is possible; nor to any stranger, by a private person, if public 200 provision has been made for the care of such. These rules are not without exceptions, but the exceptions are rare. A vast amount of pauperism would be blighted in the bud, if the investigation of alleged cases of destitution were more common, and if, where investi- gation is impossible, the aid solicited were uniformly refused. It should always be remembered that beggary is a trade. We cannot, however, pass this portion of the subject without remark- ing that men sometimes err in supposing that physical strength is all that is necessary in order to secure a livelihood. The appearance of strength may be deceptive. But how many able-bodied men are, from intellectual or moral infirmity or the want of proper instruction, actually incapable of self-direction. How man}- lack tools with which to labor, or are incapacitated on account of some peculiarity of char- acter, or some unfortunate association, from finding employment, or if found, from giving satisfaction to their employers. Do we not all know men who seem to need a master? There is no doubt that there are men who are aware of the fact, who become desperate, through repeated failure, followed by inevitable loss of self-respect; and, in their desperation, if they do not commit suicide, they drift into the army or into the penitentiary, according as they are or are not criminals in their character or disposition. We must distinguish between paupers who are and who are not able-bodied. It is a just rule, that if any will not work, neither shall he eat. While we extend, to the man who cannot work, the loving sympathy which we should desire for ourselves, were we in his situa- tion, the man w^ho will not work, when and where he has the oppor- tunity, is little better, often no better, than a criminal. A little starvation will do him no harm, but a great deal of good, and he may even need some severer punishment to rouse him to action. Having thus set the impostor on one side, as unworthy of sympalhy or assistance, we turn to the truly needy, who may be paupers, in the absolute sense of the term, or who may be only victims of poverty, which may not be permanent or irremediable. Poverty is incipient pauperism. Since the great evil which afflicts communities is not poverty, but pauperism, it is to poverty that we should first direct our attention. The prevention of pauperism is better, easier and cheaper than cure. The relief of the distress incident to poverty is not always necessa- ry or desirable, for the reason that the hardships which poverty en- tails are often the very discipline required to strengthen character ; and they tend, by their severity, to compel their victim to exertion on his own behalf, with a strong probability in his favor that he will overcome the obstacles in his path, and emerge from n condition which is only temporary, as a boy outgrows his youth. The aid extended to 201 the poor may be material or mural, but moral aid is far the more im- portant of the two. Pecuniary assistance often relaxes the fibres of the poor man's nature, teaches him to depend upon others rather than upon himself, accustoms him to a habit of expenditure beyond his means, demoralizes him, pauperizes him. What he needs is rather encouragement to believe that he will yet shake off the burden which weighs him down; a kind word, a friendly grasp of the hand, some token upon which his self-respect may fasten and feed. He needs in- struction, also; advice respecting his course; information as to the ways and means of success in life; a chance to succeed, and help to avail himself of it. Above all, he needs employment and fair wages. There Avould be less poverty in the world, if there were less avarice. The liberal expenditure of money by those who can afford it, is one of the surest, most efficacious preventives of pauperism. In times of gen- eral distress, like the present, we hear on every hand the cry of re- trenchment, economy, the husbanding of resources. In a restricti d degree, this advice is right and even necessar}''. It is undoabtedly true, that a nation cannot repair the waste occasioned by a ftivat war, ex- cept through the curtailment of its expenditure; thao^men in debt can relieve themselves of debt only by the exercise of a strict personal econoni}'- ; that the settlement of debts by private persons, and the as- surance ot an ultimate settlement of the national debt, is the only practicable mode of restoring public confidence and putting an end to the existing financial crisis ; that the uncertainty in men's minds re- specting the future is a barrier to the safe investment of capi- tal, and that this is the reason why the capital of the country is to so great an extent unemployed. But it is also true that the non-employment of capital involves the non-employment of labor, for labor and capital must unite, to make either the one or the other productive; and the expenditure of monej^ just now, by those who have it to spend, would afford instant relief to many who are sinking down to destruction, to become a perpetual burden upon the resources of the country. The country needs nothing to-day, so much as a res- toration of confidence, and the unlocking of the vaults in which the money of the country is locked up as the grain of Egypt was stored in the granaries of Pharaoh, at the time of the seven years' famine, when the people sold themselves to Pharaoh for bread. In this respect, that is, in respect of the organization of society and of the laws, with a view to the prevention of poverty by preventing the undue accumulation of wealth on the part of the few, the insti- tutions of the great Hebrew law-giver were remarkable for their wis- dom. He founded the Jewish state not upon commerce, but ujion agriculture ; he ordered " that the national domain sliould be so divided that the whole six hundred thousand free citizens should have a full 202 property in an equal part of it, and, to render this equality solid and lasting, the tenure was made inalienable, and the estates, thus origin- ally settled upon each family, were to descend by an indefeasible entail, in perpetual succession ;" he forbade interest upon money lent; and he instituted the year of jubilee, which terminated every contract, set free every slave, canceled every debt, and restored to every man his family inheritance. Without asserting that the theocracy of that age is a model for us in the present day and generation, yet these provis- ions of the Mosaic code illustrate the principle, that the barriers against poverty must be found, if anywhere, in the social and legal organization of the commonwealth; that the laws and usages relating to property directly aflFect the condition of the poor; and that the relief of povert}'- by almsgiving, public or private, is essentially incomplete and temporary, though it mny, in many cases, lift the poor man out of his poverty and place him on his feet. That the incipient and lighter stages of jioverty are more effectually ameliorated by private than by public charity seems to be bej'ond dis- pute. Priv;/tej charity is less formal, less systematic, less ostentatious, and it afford.^ room for the play of personal feeling upon both sides. It is this interchange of sympathy and regard, which renders it more eflicient for good to the beneficiary, while, on the other hand, it opens the heart of the giver. The great evil of public relief is that the intervention of the public officer, who is a mere functionary, an agent for others at their cost, not his own, sepJirates the parties, prevents them from knowing each other's condition or feeling, dries up the springs of charity and of gratitude within their souls, reduces charity from an impulse to an art, robs it of the attribute of spontaneity, and makes it resemble the throwing of a bone to a dog. In these respects, private charity has greatly the advantage of it. So far from discour- aging private charity, when its objects are deserving, it should be encouraged, and the aid of the municipal authorities should be invoked simply to sustain and supplement it, where it fails to accomplish all that is demanded. But pauperism is an evil too great, too wide-spread in its extent, too far-reaching in its consequences, too minute in its ramifications, to be left to the hap-hazard of individual caprice. The whole community is too deeply interested in its suppression within the narrowest pos- sible limits, by every possible means. Unless its growth can be arrested, it is, like a cancer, a fatal disease. The expense which it entails is a burden of which every tax-payer may rightly be compelled to bear his sliaie. It springs up in so many ways, it assumes so many forms, it touches society at so many vital points, that the state can not affin-d to ignore it, to let it alone, nor to entrust its oversight and treatment to incompetent hands. 203 The state may, indeed, interfere for the prevention of pauperism, by the relief of poverty before it reaches its final stage. This it does, la vts care of orphans and of unfortunate children. It does this, when- "^SE^z^^ter ii grants from the public treasury what is known as "out-door" relief, that is, the payment of the board, or doctor's bill of a poor per- son not a pauper, without requiring of him that he shall take up his abode in the alms-house or become a permanent charge upon the pub- lic. There can be no question, that this form of relief, properly ad- ministered, is speedier, cheaper and more effective than any other. But the difficulty lies in the administration of it, which, in the hands of private persons, at their own cost, is safe enough : but in the hands of officials, it tends to grow, out of all proportion to the demands of charity, and to degenerate into a costly favoritism. Sometimes, it is even employed as apolitical engine for the advancement of aspirants to popular favor. It is easy to be liberal, at other people's expense ; it is not easy to say "No!" to an applicant, when one has the power to say "Yes !" Numerous instances have occurred, accordingly, in which counties have found it necessary to a])olish all out-door relief, for a longer or shorter time, and refuse aid, except in very extraordi- nary cases, to any who refuse to receive it at the hands of the alms- house keeper, and on the premises. Pauperism proper is ordinarily most satisfactorily treated in insti- tutions, rather than in private families. The system of leasing paupers to some farmer or other person, who offers to take care of them at the least cost, has been thoroughly tried, and the results are so un- satisfactory, that it is now almost entirely abandoned. The manage- ment of county alms-houses is a subject, however, upon which I do not design to enter, now and here; and I j^ass it, with the single remark, that if proper discrimination is exercised as to the admission of paupers, neither humanity nor policy require or justify harsh treat- ment of tlicse admitted. Nor need a county farm, under good manage- ment, be a very great expense to the county, while the paupers, if they raise their own provisions, are entitled to the very best which they can raise for themselves. In a word, the whole art of managing paupers consists, first, in discrimination, in the refusal of help to those who do not need or deserve it ; and then, in giving prompt, effective, am i)le aid to those who do. The public does not desire that the paupers whom it chooses to support shall be starved, to keep those whom it refuses to support away from the poor-house. The responsibility for discrimination rests upon the overseers of the poor; let them assume it, instead of shifting it upon the paupers, and compelling them to pay the penalty of their own official indolence or incompetency. We come, now, to consider another variety of joaupcr — so-called — the vagabond or tramp, comprehending, in the language of Dogberry, 204 all "vagrom men." The tramp is, comparatively speaking, a modern invention, but the evil is wide-spread and growing rapidly. In its present extent, it has undoubtedly been aggravated by the pressure of the hard times and the great number of men out of employment. No one annoyance is attracting more attention from the American people. But the real nature and probable outcome of the evil is very imperfectly understood. We must not confound the tramp with the traveling mechanic in search of employment. It may happen to any man to be out of work and out of money at the same time. If, in such a situation, he cannot obtain work at home, he must seek it elsewhere. At present it is not easy to find. The search, therefore, may require him to make long and distant journeys, mostly afoot, during which he must subsist on charity or on the scanty earnings accruing to him from an occasional job. All the trades recognize the right to make such journeys, and the claim of the journeyman to succor in his condition. In the ma- jority of such cases, however, inquiry would probably reveal the fact that this temporary destitution might have been avoided, had its vic- tim been as industrious, as stead\-, as economical as other men of his class. Neither is the traveling w^orkman likely to beg from door to door. If he is an honest man, he is honestly searching for work, not an applicant for charity, and he naturally looks up, in every town which he visits, the men of his own guild, who will most truly sym- pathize with him, and are most able to advise and help him. In the middle ages, Free Masonry was a great boon to labor, because it fur- nished the laborer with a non-transferable certificate of his qualifica- tions for labor. Then, when the art of printing was not yet invented, when the ability to write or to read writing was a rare accomplishment, the initiation of a working man into the brotherhood enabled him to travel at his ease, because the grips, signs and passwords of the order, of each degree, were taught him only as he was qualified by his skill as an artisan to receive them. They were a passport to employment, and entitled him to support from the members of the order, while on the road. The progress of civilization has rendered this feature of masonry not only unnecessary, but inoperative. Our loose system of employing any man, without respect to his qualifacations for perform- ing the work entrusted to him, and w'ithout inquiry into his antece- dents, associations or record, has opened the door wide to imposture; and impostors, at a time like this, recognize their opportunity and make the most of it. Of the vast number of men who run up and down the country, asking for meals at every door, there is reason to believe that an immense majority are not working men, as they rep- resent themselves to be, but are paupers, vagrants and tliieves, who 205 perceive that the hard times afford a phiusiLle pretext for their vaga- bondage and importunity. It is a great error to suppose that tliere is not a real charm in such a life, for men who are so constituted as to be capable of enjoying it. The wants of human nature, in its ]irimitive condition, are few and simple. Travelers in savage lands tell us that the average amount of happiness among uncivilized tribes is as great as among civilized nations. The difference is one of education, comfort and convenience, which are not essential to happiness. Let a man strip himself of his artificial tastes, engendered by the experience of civilization ; let him bid defiance to public opinion and cultivate the spirit of independence both of men and circumstances; let him be indifferent as to the esti- mate in which he is held by his fellow men and devoid of all ambition to improve his condition ; let him, turning his back upon all man- kind, throw himself on the bosom of nature for sustenance and solace, and he will find nature open to him sources of enjoyment sealed to the man of society and the denizen of towns, the dweller among men. The great pleasures of all human life are the bounteous gift of nature, which cost nothing and are independent of human interference. That was a great speech of Diogenes to Alexander, when the Emperor, admiring his genius, asked him what he could do for him, and the ragged, unwashed, unkempt philosopher, from the mouth of his tub replied, surlily, " Nothing, but to get out of my sunshine." Even the man bereft of reason, who wanders, cursed and jeered at, the victim of a nervous restlessness wdiich he canrot control, is soothed by the tender touch of the winds, the smile of the sunshine, the sympathetic tears which fall from the clouds. The verdure of the earth, the rich painting of the sky, the song of birds and the cries of animals, the inanimate sounds which now reverberate through the vaulted heavens and now breathe soft and low as the echoes of a gigantic whispering gallery, combine in the recesses of his fevered brain to form the brightest images and the richest harmony. Every mood of nature finds its responsive chord in the human soul ; every passion and senti- ment of humanity finds expression in the varied movements of na- ture. Man and nature were made for each other. How deeply the vagabond feels this truth he will never tell us, and we can only divine for ourselves from his acts and choice. The restlessness whicli char- acterizes certain types of insanity is the native inheritance of the vagabond. It is a part of his being. Were the tramp a man of property, he would be a traveler, an adventurer, an explorer or a soldier. lie will not work ; but this is not from want of a certain energy. Not indolence, but the scorn of labor, is at the bottom of this apparent indifference to offers of employment. He will })ut forth more effort to avoid work tlian would o;ain him a comfortable subsis- 206 , tance by means of work. He is in love with his life and revels in its fancied freedom, as the butterfly flits gaily about in the summer sun- shine, ignorant or careless of the coming winter. This aversion to labor is a recognized trait of the criminal character. It is one of the inciting causes to crime. There is accordingly a close connection between the pauper and criminal classes. Everywhere we find the evidences of an alternate generation, crime born of poverty, iind })0verty begotten in its turn by crime. Everj'where we find a close sympathy between paupers and criminals — the result of a com- munity of experience and ideas. The same man becomes a beggar or a thief, according to circumstances and his conception of his own interests. He begs when he cannot steal — he steals when he cannot beg. He presents himself to us as a suppliant, but is easily trans- formed into an assailant. The fear of violence at his hands procures for him many a fiivor granted which was not prompted by charit}'' nor due to his merits. Treacherous, cowardly, brutal, he is often capable of robbery, arson or miUrder, and so marches from farm to farm, from village to village; an impostor, to be sure, but in a small way a con- queror also, a brigand, who enforces tribute by the awe which he in- spires. Defenseless women and timid or easy-going men buy his good will at the cost of public security and to the detriment not only of honest labor, but of honest poverty and misfortune as well. The law accordingly recognizes vagrancy as itself a crime. What- ever right to consideration may attach to the victim of misfortune, the vagrant, especially the able-bodied vagrant deserves none. On the contrary, sound public policy demands the most vigorous measures for his extirpation. He embodies in his person the principles and spirit of the French commune. He is the seed of a great, impending disaster, the reaction against civilization, the retrograde movement in the direction of barbarism. He is a standing menace to the perpetuity to our free institutions. He may yet prove to be the coming man, and in that event, his appearance upon the stage of political life will be heralded by the red light of rapine and revolution. If you would know the deeds of which he is capable, read the hsitory of the reign of Louis XIV, when 30,000 mendicants, in the city of Paris, were able eight times in a single year to kindle the flame of civil war. We need not go back so far even as the French revolution. Read the his- tory of the late siege of Paris. That the communistic movement has found a foothold in this country, we know. That it is at present in- significant in its extent, we know also. But it has a strong vitality and wonderful power of irregular organization. The most alarming oharacteristic of the vagrancy which we see springing up to-day, is the tendency which these tramps manifest to go in gangs. In the 'Central part of the state, they have gathered in groups of one hundred 207 or more, have boarded railroad trains and ridden insolently, wiflioufc the payment of lUre. Some of the roads have been compelled to arm their employees in defense against them, and where they have been re- fused transportation, they liave torn up the tracks and wrecked trains. In Springfield, not long since, one of them, apparently an educated man, made a speech upon the streets, half in jest, half in earnest, in which he eulogized vagrancy, declared himself to be the king of all the tramps, and avowed that a secret organization exists among them with signs, grips, pass-words and regulations. That they have secret modes of communication with each other has long been known to the police, both of Europe and of the United States, and certain mysterious chalk-marks upon the walls of houses in London and New York, or upon the pavements in front, are said to indicate to the initiated the prospect of successful beggary or of rebufT. But when we ask the question. What are we to do with theni ? it is not so easy to say. The heroic treatjnmt recommends itself to some natures, who admire the exposure of infants by the Spartans, and the Esquimaux practice of building a hermetically sealed hut of ice around one's aged father and mothei', whenever the family medicine- man pronounces that their infirmities and diseases are bevond his power to cure. But the spirit of modern, civilized life is averse to the exercise of undue severity, which indec^d, as experience has shown, defeats itself. The milk and rose-wan.M- treatment, advocated by senti- mentalists like Victor Hugo, is equally irrational and impracticable. Vigorous measures, confined to limited districts, accomplish nothing, except the dispersion of the virus, which finds new channels and new localities for its undiminished activity. The common practice of paying their fare to the next county, in order to be rid of them, is a weak temporization. The true remedy undoubtedly lies in the direc- tion of the recognition of the criminality of voluntarv pauperism. But our system and method of dealing with crime in this country, are so imperfect, so inefficient to accomplish any satisfactory reformatory results, that without great reforms in the criminal law and its admin- istration, the mere transfer from the ranks of pauperism to the ranks of crime does not hold out to the i)hilanthropist and statesman any very bright hope of the elevation of the pauper. The statutes of Illinois provide that "vagabonds, idle and dissolute persons who go about Ix'gging, * * * may be confin^'d in the county jail, or in the w(jrkdiou.'--e, if there be any in the county, or in the house of correction, if an}' there be in the county, to which the county has a right to commit any person, not exceeding six months." [R. S., p. 393.] They confer u]);)n county boards the right and power "to cause to be erected, or otherwise provided, a suitable work- house, in which persons, convicted of oTenses punishable by irapris- 208 omnont in tlie county jail may be confined and employed." [R. S., p. 307]. The same jtower i.? conferred upon tiie city council in cities, and Uu' pre.'^ident and board of trustees in villages: ''To establish and ei'cct * * work-houses, for the reformation and confinement of vagrants." [R,. S., p. 222]. It is also provided that "an}' person con- victed "•' * of any crime or misdemeanor, the punishment of which is confinement in the county jail, may be sentenced by the court * '^- to labor for the benefit of the county, during the term of such imprisonment, in the work-house, house of correction or other place provided for that purpose by the county or city authorities." [R. S., p. 413]. The law respecting the establishment of houses of correc- tion is contained in Chapter 67, of the 'Revised Statutes. In the chapter relating to cities, villages and towns, is the following addi- tional provision : "The city council or board of trustees shall have power to provide, by ordinance, that every person so commited [to the count}' jail or the calaboose, city prison, work-liouse or house of correction] shall be required to work for the corporation, at such labor as his or her strength will permit, within and idthout such pri.son, work-hoase," etc. [R. S., p. 224]. These extracts show that the law contemplates the establishment, in Illinois, of work-houses, for whose organization and government no specific directions are given. Cities are given the power, not granted to the counties, to employ prisoners at hard labor, outside the prison walls, on the roads or streets, to work out their fines, at the rate of two dollars a day for each day's work of not exceeding ten hours. In some of our larger towns, advantage is taken of the latter provision, but no city or county has established a work-house. The reason probably is, that it is not economical for a single county to act by it- self in this matter; and there appears to be no authority for joint action on the part of counties lying adjacent and contiguous. The same diflicnlty has been experienced in Michigan ; and at the last an- nual meeting of the superintendents of the poor, at Coldwater, Gov- ernor Bagley, of that state, advocated the establishment of district poor-houses. Whether this system would be best for us in Illinois, is problematical ; but if the system of district prisons were adopted, with facilities for labor, vagrants of the baser sort might be committed to them, and there is little doubt that the result would be a decline in the amount of vagrancy. Meanwhile, it would seem to be entirely practicable for cities in- fested with tramps to provide a stone-heap in the yard of some suit- able person employed as poor-master, and to feed tramps, at the ex- pense of the city, only on condition that they perform a stipulated amount of work. The stone might then be used for paving streets. Citizens might be advised of the arrangement made, and urged to de- 209 cline the granting of assistance to suspicious or d()ul)tful clmracters. Without the adoption of some such system as that here proposed, the evil seems likely to grow until it assumes formidable dimensions. It must be understood that in all that has been said, the distinction has been kept clearly in mind between the deserving poor, whether settled in a given locality or compelled to travel in search of employ- ment, and the professional beggar, the vagrant, who is also a criminal and must be treated as such. 211 APPENDIX IV STATISTICAL TABLES. [ A. ] LIST OF INSTITUTIONS AND SUPERINTENDENTS. There are at i^resent in the state of Illinois thirteen public institu- tions in actual operation. We give their names, location, and the date of their respective creation. Name. Location. Created Correctiunal. Joliet 1827 lllinoi.s suite Reform -chool I'oiitiac 18G7 Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Charitable. Instilntion for tlic Education of the Deaf and Dnmb ^Jacksonville., Central Ilosjiital for the Insane j " Institution for the P^ducation of the Blind " Soldiers' Urplians' Home iNormal Asylum for l>"eeble-Minded Children I Lincoln Charitable Eye and I':ar Inlirmary IChicago Northern Hospital for the Insane". jElgin Simthern Hospital for the Insiine JAnna Educational. Normal University iNormal Inchistrial University Urbana Southern Normal Uiiiversitv Carbondale . 1839 1847 1849 18(ir) 1865 1865 18()9 1809 1857 18C9 List op Superintendents. Name. Superintendent. CorrcctioJial. Penitentiary R. W. McLaughry. Reform School J. D. Scouller, M. t>. Charitable. In.stitution for the Deaf and Dumb Philip G. Gillett. LL. D. (.'cntral IIo.spital for the Insane Henrv F. Carrit 1. M. D, Institution for the Blind Rev. F."W. Phillips, M. D. Asylum for FeelileJHnded Children Charles T. Wilbur, M. D. Sold'ers' Orphans' Home Mrs. Virginia C. Olir. Eye and Ear Intirmary George Davenport. Northern Hosjiital for'the Insane .E. A. Kili)ourni», M. D. Southern Hospital for the Insane A. T. Barnes, M. D_ Educational. Normal University E. C. Ilewett Industrial University John M. Gregory, LL. D. Southern Nonnal University Rev. Robert Allyn, D. D. Vol. 11—15 212 [B. 1 LIST OF TRUSTEES OF THE STATE INSTITUTIONS, (^Except the Penitentiary and the Universities), with the duration of their terms of service, respectively. Northern Hospital for the Insane. C. W. Marsh DeKalb March 1, 1877. Edwin H. Sheldon Chicago " 1879. G. P. Lord Elgin '• 1881. Central Hospital for the Insane. Daniel R. Ballou Millington March 1, 1877. William H. Ellis Greenfield " 1879. H. G. VVhitlock Jacksonville " 1881. Southern Hospital for tlie Insane. 1. C. Boyle Sparta March 1, 1877. Amos Clark Centralia " 1879. C. Kirkpatrick Anna " 1881. Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Isaac Lesem Quincy March 1, 1877. Stephen R. Capps Jackson\-ille " 1879 Melvin A. Cashing Minonk " 1881. Institution for the Blind. Hannibal P. Wood Wataga March 1, 1877. John H. Wood Virginia " 1879. John Mathers Jacksonville " 1881. Asylum for Feeble- Minded Children. Graham Lee Hamlet March 1, 1877. C. R. Cummings Pekin , '• 1879. A. B. Nicholson Lincoln " 1881. Eye and Ear Infirmary. Daniel Goodwin, Jr Chicago... Julius C. Williams .■ Joliet S. P. Sedgwick Wheaton. State Bcform School. Joseph F. Culver Pontiac... Obadiah Huse Evanston. Solon Kendall Genesee... Soldiers^ Orphans^ Home. James M. Beardsley Rock Island... George W. Holloway Georgetown... John McNulta Bloomington. March 1 1877 " 1879 1881 .March 1 1877 " 1879 1881. March 1 1877. " 1879. " 1881 213 [C] LIST OF APPROPRIATIONS, 1837 fo 1874. The following is a complete list of all appropriations made by the state for the establishment, maintenance and support of the public institutions subject to the supervision of this board. Year. 1839 Nature of Appropriation. Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Per an'm S3, 000 00 5,367 50 10,000 00 20,000 00 Specific. In order to aid the funds of the asylum, one quarter of one per cent upon the wliole amount of the school, college and seminary fund, an nually. 1S47 In aid of the funds of the asylum 1849 Ordinary expenses For twenty acres of land Building workshops Smoke-house, wood-house, etc Clothing indigent pupils Erection of additional building 1851: Ordinary expenses Completion of centre building JTwelve acres of land 1855| Expenses and repairs [Repairs on main building 185": Ordinary expenses ! Repairs and improvements I jNorth wing and centre building ' 1 Lighting with gas ! [Furniture , [Heating apparatus 1 I Completion of building I 1859 Heating and lighting I I Deficiency I ! Ordinary expenses — one quarter \ I Insurance 300 00 Renairs 500 00 Orriinary expen.ses 27,000 00 1S61 Onlinary expenses I 28,500 00 ; Repairs j 1,5(H) 00 ! Insurance 500 00 [Barn ' ,500 00 18fi3 1865 1869 Enlarging cabinet shop Ice-house Coping and iron railing Wells and cisterns Ordinary expenses Ordinary expenses Furniture Insurance Improvements and repairs Land — seven and a half acres Ordinary expenses Repairs Insurance Smoke-house Water supply Ordinary expenses Repairs and improvements Furniture Printing press, etc Deficiency 28,000 00 15,000 00 500 00 1,000 00 15, 0(H) 00 2,000 00 500 00 SI, 600 00 1,500 00 600 00 300 00 10,000 00 10,000 00 1,000 00 56,250 00 2,000 00 ' 5,000 00 700 00 6,508 13 2,000 00 1,500 00 9,000 00 5,000 00 8,458 12 16,000 00 4,500 00 2,000 00 1,500 00 1,000 00 2,750 00 1,000 00 3,000 00 '3,50006 1,.'S00 00 1,800 00 2,500 00 4,0t)0 00 7,746 77 214 Year 1873 1847 1851 ia55 1857 1859 18G3 1865 1873 1875 Nature of Appropriation. Ordinary expenses Repairs and improvements Insurance Pupils' library Relaying floors , Rebuilding south wing Ordinary expenses Repairs." Renewal of bedding Renewal of roof Renewal of floors Repainting wood- work Ereotion of ehapel, dining-room and school building Erection of boiler-house, etc Erection and fitting up of laundry Ordinary exiienses Rei)airsand improvements Pupils' library ("ompleting the school building Heating and lighting said building Furnishing the same , Rebuilding I'ear wall of main building Ckntkal Hospital for the Insane. Peran'm.; Specific. 358, iW 00' 1,000 001 500 00 70,(H)0 00 2,000 00 75,000 00 1,.500 00 500 00 30,000 00 30,000 00 40,000 (X) 45,000 00 45,000 00 Building and improvements Completion of building ._ Current expenses .' Additional buildings Current expenses Current expenses Completing additions Furnishing west wing Fire-proof roof Current expenses Completing west wing Completing rear building Kitchen and laundry fixtures Water supply Removal of privies Lightning rods Inclosing private grounds Current expenses Repairing water works ,... Current expenses j .55,000 00 Completing Cii^t wing | Furnishing east wing i Completing east wing j Current expenses ! 70,000 00 Completing east wing Funiishing east wing Repainting old building Enlarging of sewers Finishing chapel Current expen.ses Fireproof corridor * Improving ventilation Improving water works Ne^v cooking ranges, etc Patients' library Insurance ! Deficiency Current expenses Repairs and improvements Furniture Boilers, boiler-house and laundry Insurance 1,500 00 Librarv 90,000 00 750 00 100,000 00 Additional reservoir.. Ordinary expenses.... Repairs and improvements. Ordinary expenses Repairs and improvements., Boiler Institution fou the Blind. To commence building 100,000 00 8,000 00 90,000 00 5,000 00 215 Year Nature of Appropriation. 'Peran'm. Specific. To oompletc building > Ordinary expenses ?14,000 00 14,000 00 12,000 00 12,000 00 12,000 00 20,000 00 20, 0(H) 00 :,0(io 00 25,000 00 85,000 00 Repairs Ordinary expenses.. Repairs Ordinary expen.ses Erection of centre building Heating or furnishing t Furnishing new building Increaseil expenses Ordinary expenses Repairs and improvements Books, maps, etc., for pupil.s Engine and boiler-hou.se and extension of steam-heating.. 20,000 00 17,500 00 5,000 00 25,000 00 1,000 00 500 00 75,000 00 5,000 00 10,000 00 5,000 00 5,000 00 AsYLi'M FOR Feeble-minded Cuilduen. Ordinary expen.ses 5,000 00 " ■ " I 14,000 00 Additional l)uilding Ordinaiy expenses 20,000 (X) 2;!, 000 00 Insurance 500 OOj Ordinary expenses 24,(H)0 ool Insurance and furniture 500 (X){ 1875 Ordinary expenses 24,500 (H)] Site, farm, main building, with wings, and plumbing, heating and ven- tilation of the same 3,000 00 SoLDiEKS' Orph.\n-s' IIo.me. ia"),o(X) 00 1867 Deserters' fund ;!0,400 00 Land and huililing ]i and tools " " tiglit board fence " '• improving grounds " " stock and carriage " " reservoir " " road from Anna £00,591 05 18,500 00 140,000 00 100,000 00 4,000 00 4,000 00 1,500 W 2,(KK) 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 2, two tM) l,.50O 00 1,000 00 2,(K)0 00 2,000 00 1 , 800 00 2,000 00 $344,801 OG 222 Dr. ILLINOIS INSTITUTION To amount drawn— For ordinary expenses to July 1, 1875 " " " since July 1,1875 ' ' boiler-house, etc ' ' laundry ' ' chapel and school building, appropriation 1873. 1875.... " heating and lighting school building '' furnishing scliool l)uilding ' ' rear wall, main building " repairs and improvements ' ' pupils' library To balance undrawn Oct. 1, 1875 — Ordinary expenses 8131,250 00 •Chapel, etc Heating and lighting Furnishing Rear wall Repairs and improvements Pupils' library To balance undrawn Oct. Ordinary expenses Heating and lighting Furnishing Repairs and improvements... Pupils' library 1875. $40,706 30 18,7;50 00 581 91 5 64 1,920 05 14,772 55 1,293 69 3,008 85 1,977 45 3,706 31 1,000 00 1,391 15 3,000 00 1,000 00 143,324 91 56,2.50 00 173 44 38 32 252 30 524 25 1876. 75,000 OC 1,977 45 3,. 532 87 961 68 1,391 15 2,747 70 475 75 Total. 57,238 31 8224,963 90 8143,324 91 $224,963 90 840,706 30, 93,7.50 00, 581 91 5 641 1,920 05 16,750 00 4,8'26 56; %1 68 5,000 00, 2,747 70, 475 75 57,238 31 Dr. ILLINOIS INSTITUTION To amount drawn— For ordinary expenses to Julyl, 1875.. " increased ordinary expenses ' ' ordinarj- expen.ses since July 1, 1875 " repairs and improvements ' ' books and maps for pupils " engine and boiler-house To balance undrawn, Oct. 1, 187.5 — Ordinary expenses Repairs and improvements Book.s and maps for pupils Engine and boiler-house 1875. $14,551 65 5,000 00 6,250 00 To balance undrawn, Oct. 1, 1876- Ordinary expenses Repairs and improvements Books and maps for pupils 843,7.50 00 2,000 00 1,000 00 5,000 OO! 51,7.50 00 18,7.50 00 1,000 00 672 30 877,551 65 25,0CO 00 1,000 00 327 70 5,000 00 20,422 30 $51,750 00 Total. $14,551 &5 5,000 00{ 31,2.50 00] 1,000 00 327 70. 5,000 00 20,422 30* 877,551 65 Dr. ILLINOIS ASYLUM FOR To amount drawn— 1875. 1876. h Total. For ordinary expenses to July 1, 1875 813,9.56 52 6,125 00 290 76 9,962 64 $217,912 36 813,956 52 30,625 00 290 761 84,952 44 118,422 56 $24,500 00 '' insurance 74,989 80 118,422 56 To balance undrawn October 1, 1875— Ordinary expenses Land and buildings $42,875 00 175,037 36 To balance undrawn October 1, 1876— Ordinary expenses Land and buildings 818,375 00 100,047 56 8248,247 28 $217,912 36 $248,247 28 223 FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. Ck. By balam>cs of former aiippropriutions, remainiuj; in state treasury, un- drawn December 1, 1874 — Ordinary expenses $40,706 5") Chapel, ete 1,920 05 Boiler-house, ete 5K1 92 Laundry o 01 By appropriation, April 8, 1875, for ordinary expenses, two years " '' " I' " repairs and improvements, two years ' •' " " " pupils' library, two years " " April 9, 1875, " oompletinf; school building " " '' >' " heating- and lii,diting school building " " •' " " furnishing scliool bnililins.' " ', '' " " rear wall, main building $-i:i,'2U 16 150,000 00 3,000 00 1,000 00 10,750 00 5,000 00 1,000 Ot) 5,000 00 FOR THE BLIND. Ce. By balance of appropriation, 1873, for ordinary expenses, remaining in the state treasury, undrawn, December 1, 1871— By appropriation, Ajn-il 8, 1875, for increased ordinary expenses " " ■ . . . ordinary expenses for two years " " .' .1 repairs and improvements, two years., " " " " books and maps for pupils " .\pril 9, 1875 " engine and boiler-house SI -1,551 64 5,000 00 5U,0i I' cisterns 830,022 26 100,000 00 2,000 00 500 00 1,000 00 5133,522 20 AND EAR INFIRMARY. Cr. By balance of appropriation, 1873, for ordinary expenses, remaining in state treasury, undrawn December 1, 1874 By appropriation, April 10, 1875, for ordinary expenses to July 1, 1870 to July 1,1877 " " " " " for repairs and improvements for two years... " " " " " for furniture, from levy of 1874 " " " " " " " " " 1875 " " " " " " surgical apparatus " " " " " '■ barn 8".>,r)Oo 00 5,000 00 10, .500 00 2,000 00 3,000 00 1,000 00 300 (M) 2,500 1)0 533,800 00 226 Dr. ILLINOIS STATE To amount drawn — Fov ordinary expenses to July 1, 1?75 For ordinary expenses since July 1, 1!S75. For workshops, etc., appropriation, lf^73., For laundry and heating, " " . For drainage and farm " " . For repairs For barn, corn-cribs and sheds For construction of sewer For library For renewal of roof For renewal of heating For new boiler For fixtures for kitchen and laundry For school furniture To balance undrawn October 1, 187 Ordinary expenses Repairs Barn, etc Sewer Library Renewal of roof Renewal of heating New boiler , Additional building To balance undraw-n October 1, 1875- Ordinary expenses Repairs Renewal of roof Renewal of heating Additional building 552,500 00 4,513 17 218 03 3,521 42 500 00 2,000 00 868 41 2,000 00 s? Si I I I W S *J l^ d « 0) o 03 .H O-O' S =0000000 oooooooo SOOO OOOiC o O O lO !.-> t~ O 1~ o lO iC 1.-7 ^ l^ CO it^ 00 iT? i-"i» t-^o CO 00 1~ r- c-T CO -^ CO lO i-HrH O? o o o c-i o OOOiCi-O-f^Ot-C Ol 3^ O I> C^^ C^ lO c I CO CD O lO 'M ^ ■ c: o CJCOOOOr-li-tOOO CCC0'X>rf00OiCOC o o ofToTio o c^ ai cT o X ?:i ic c-i c^ '^ C4 S8S^ c^ o o o o o o I-': o f-TcTo" o"'^ 0*0 ir:: o" CTi X O O O T O r-t O occxno-^c^oo aOCO-^iC:DiOO~ gs iocCiXi'-OT-.!S "S tl (MO OO r- l^ O T-roO(M' 1^ O* l> » O I'- l^ «50i-o , ■-, o -^ i^ CO ci X if7 ir^ r* 00 i.o f-< CO CO cc d c-i L'^ ai -i*"crcrir^30iC'^' 00 1> 4^ i-iCO I> o sgs o S 1 -roiM i m -S< (N "S?] o ■Ni-O s ogoggoggoo 8 OOOOOOQOOO COOOOOOQOOO C-4 uO so iC l^ O O vC' CC O 1 lOC^i-OOOOtDtQi-l<:OC'l K i It! *- '=^ c? . ' ?>c» ^ S 3 ^ "^ "^ >.jd c- ti 03 3 <^ 3 go "S ^ 'S ft 1^5 230 B ES UME. 1874. Dec. 1. 1875. July 1. Sept. 30. 1S76 Sept. 30. 1874. Dec. 1. 1875. Julv 1 ORDIXARY EXPEX.SES. Balance of former appropriations remaining in state treasury ; Amount appropriated in 1875 ' Amount drawn in fiscal year 1875 1 Amount drawn in fiscal year 1876. Balance undra^\^l Errors in payment KEPAIR.-^. Bitlance undrawn. Amount appropriated in 1S75 Sept. 30. Amount drawn in fiscal year 1875.. 1876. I Sept. 30. Amount drawn in fiscal year 1876. Balance undrawn 1874. Dec. 1. 1875. July 1. Sept. 30. 1876. Sept. 30. 1874. Dec. 1. 1875. July 1. Sept. 30, 1876. Sept. 30. OTHER SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS. Balance undrawn Amount appropriated in 1875 Amount drawn in fiscal year 1875. Amount drawn in fiscal year 1876.. Balance undrawn Lapsed Errors in payment ALL APPROPRIATIONS CONSOLIDATED. Balance undrawn Dr. §237,802 32 9 JO, 7.50 00 8G Cr. S362.678 18 442.125 00 333.750 00 SI, 138, 553 IS 51.1-^8,553 18 5,170 00 28,000 Oo' 5.687 02 17,500 43 0,982 54 S3;;.17U OU, S33.170 00 841.806 151 448,080 00 1 5111.441 98 155,317 14 223,104 75 22 26 02 .*,mount appropriated in 1875 Amount drawn in fiscal year 1875., Amount drawn in fiscal year 1876. Balance undrawn Laused i;rrors in payment $489,886 15 5284,778 47 1,376,830 00 84 if 1,661, 609 31 $489,886 15 479,807 19 614.942 .57 566,837 29 22 26 81,601,609 31 231 Table shoirlnr/ amount-^ coUcrtcd fr(ym each county in the state, hy sir State Institutions, between the 1st day of December; IS'74, and the 30th day of September, ISTo. Countit'.s. Northern Central Insane Insane Hospital.! Hospital. Southern Insane Hospital. Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Feeble- Minded Children. Total. ?13 401 S469 25 104 15 57 15 S23 00 ....!:!:.!!:i::z:::::::::::::::::;::;::: $717 72 104 15 Bond . 10 S.') 03 05 137 05 j 10 70 34 95 90 80 .52 25 140 54 10 70 95 21 04 85 195 01 90 80 40 io' 1 17 35 . . 1 1 109 76 140 .54 210 99 79 15 27 10 21H) 14 Christian 112 40 139 50 Clark Clay 1 8 70 10 80 574 38 40 10 15 SO 1 ■-■" 40 35 89 15 Coles 1 i53 33 4«8 39 27 50 179 93 272 97 190 09 1,520 43 Crawford 27 ,50 i , DeKalb 58 21, 54 70 24 85 110 00 09 37 61 04 1.S2 28 DeWitt 8(; 49 45 78 1 206 93 1 101 78 DuPage i 260 93 Edwards 37 10 80 40 20 65 1 37 10 Effintihani I 23 .50 17 80 100 04 84 30 48 31 39 00 198 24 1 209 94 Fayette i 122 75 Ford 1 48 31 Franklin .::....:.:::::: :::::::;:::::: 18 80 j 57 80 Fulton 151 40 1 349 04 Gallatin 24 35 24 35 Greene 48 70 102 10 21) 00 00 05 34 60 13 80 97 10 Grundy 18 3.->; 16 75 137 20 Hamilton 1 20 00 Haiico('k 73 43 i 133 48 1 Henderson 17 10 117 60 523 00 1 17 io Henry 180 82' 71 75 . ... 1 85 65 17 32 390 t)7 Iroquois 012 07 Jackson 150 25 7 75 150 25 Jasper 38 90 40 05 Jeflerson jersev 195 70 33 70 40 42 242 12 Jo Daviess *.... 225 22; 51 00 309 92 Kane 3.50 03 96 14 ::::::::::::"::::::"::;■ :::::::::":::r::":::":::: 350 03 Kankakee 64 45 i:50 73 19 00 22 30^ 42 91 356 53 Kendall 19 60 Knox 77 .')3 48 47 1 1.53 05 12 35 143 04' Lake 00 82 LaSalle 229 15 229 15 Lawrence Lee 215 01 28 81 112 40 22f) 50 225 00 319 89 240 25 284 10 .30 54 '■<•> 1.S 410 73 Livingston 142 00 397 31 Logan 21 35 16 70 240 35 Macon 70 70 61 50 18 82 36 35 52"76 407 29 Macoupin 360 45 Madison 2 70 15 75 305 68 Marion 52 10 Marshall 77 27, 75 20 47 75 18 .55 1.52 47 Mason 48 40 96 15 MiUisac 18 55 MeDoHough ,s9 95 102 84 5 80 198 59 232 Table "G"— Contiimed. Counties. Northern Insane Hospital. Central Insane Hospital. Southern Insane Hospital. Deaf and Dumb. Feeble- Blind. ! Minded I Children. Total. «2.'j 36 36 60 $16 25 26 75 $134 63 83 90 i $212 81 83 24 193 89- 21 30 55 85 34 70 135 91 89 25 235 2C 19 00 96 21 Mercer 19 05 3 25 30 90 53 75 139 16 9(i 80 603 97 197 03 107 01 86 27 132 50 216 95 164 28 1,003 45 197 03 Oele 107 01 7 33 172 55 285 22 266 15 Perrv 48 20 465 92 Piatt Pike 354 90 44 20 217 95 572 85 12 15 56 35 Pulaski 21 26 17 05 87 00 125 31 1 25 1 25 1 25 Richland 81 06 110 62 82 31 46 25 140 55 140 40 270 70 69 75 52 10 66 33 19 10 3 75 44 05 137 45 297 42 Saline 11 00 151 40 18 20 33 61 202 82 78 37 45 00 491 72 11 00 43 77 2:^6 50 Scott 97 10 Shelby e.'S 59 2 32 16 95 148 87 Stark 1 21 42 St. Clair 39 25 5 00 29 79 91 40 379 14 10 05 82 84 91 88 232 38 Tazewell 516 59 45 40 45 40 70 30 46 55 88 00 32 30 237 15 Wataash 1 70 1 70 83 80 117 60 201 40 White 39 15 1 39 15 Whiteside .. . . 24 57 130 43 40 40 28 25 26 25 19 80 11 20 59 45 163 20 j 124 42 Will 79 35 401 23 26 25 Winnebago 107 96 74 50 82 70 210 46 85 70 Total $2,763 97 $7,700 68 $905 88 $6,459 92 $126 05 $994 37 $18,949 87 233 [GG. ] Table shoicing amonnts collected from each county in the sfede, by kIx State htstitutions, between the ht day oj October^ 187o, and the MHli day of Sep- tember, 1876. Counties. Northern Ini-ane Hospital. Central Insane Hospital. Southern Insane Hospital. Deaf and t,,.-,-,^ Dumb. 2'"'*^- I Feeble- Minded Childred. TotxU. Adams $22 49 $578 65 $31 15 30 55 38 20 861 92 113 90 $20 97 l}715 18 Alexander 144 45 Bond 43 25 81 45 Boone 7 00 7 00 Brown 1.52 80 27 95 19 35 152 80 Bureau 342 40 24 25 394 60 Calhoun 19 3.5 Carroll 74 75 3 10 77 85 Cass 40 60 878 45 40 60 27 40 68 27 474 12 Christian Clark Clay 51 45 35 90 21 05 15 15 100 00 151 45 Clinton 16 00 89 SO 508 70 11 37 63 27 Coles 29 02 437 54 »25 55 138 60 lf)5 42 Cook 4,667 52 172 91 5,940 4a Crawford Cumberland 36 85 36 85 DeKalb 60 35 60 35 DeWitt 24 47 .56 90 100 80 15 50 42 35 82 32 Douglas .56 90 DuPage 100 80 Edgar 124 11 124 11 Edwards 9 50 43 25 3 40 31 80 131 35 5 25 41 ;w Effingham 46 12 220 72 Fayette 5 20 13 85 Ford 167 61 40 00 27 60 79 55 207 61 Franklin 27 60 Fulton 273 69 79 05 432 29 32 30 80 65 32 30 Greene i72 90 27 25 8 00 71 00 253 56 Grundy 143 30 46 10 20 67 237 32 Hamilton 40 30 48 30 79 53 88 68 239 21 Hardin 11 85 11 85 Henry 397 83 172 13 4 30 6 02 27 65 408 15 Iroquois 199 78 Jackson 94 65 9 75 13 05 107 70 20 07 29 82 Jefferson Jersey 249 90 9 55 60 95 44 65 101 75 9 25 259 45 30(i 59 37t) 79 44 65 Kane 600 18 3.50 47 22 35 50 75 61 20 20 45 773 13 Kankakee 40 00 53 32 .504 99 Kendall 22 35 Knox 390 71 107 30 176 36 19 90 94 59 9 60 505 20 Lake 29 45 77 95 146 35 LaSalle 8 25 14 50 277 06 Lawrence Lee 226 60 743 00 58 21 83 00 11 38 29(i 19 Livingston 218 00 172 45 92 30 10 65 1.54 25 11 05 136 30 70 55 13 85 14 00 8 20 1,0.58 00 84 03 30 00 264 68 Macon 122 .30 Macoupin 13 75 52 45 ' 24 40 Madison 206 70 11 05 Marshall 42 76 179 0« 70 55 Massac 27 10 40 95 McDonough 51 82 50 25 102 07 234 Table GG. — Continued. Counties. Northern Insane Hospital. Central Insane Hospital. Southern Insane Hospital. Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Feeble- Minded (;hildren. Total. McHenrv S137 18 114 25 S151 43 McLean »41 95 117 95 10 50 120 90 85 10 127 30 56 40 245 30 17 80 41 95 Mender 12 50 53 85 21 00 130 45 Monroe «50 75 115 10 Montgomery 102 74 $n 75 26g 39 Morijan 144 43 2''9 53 127 30 Ogle 174 28 9 51 230 68 31 60 8 92 $2 30 88 08 376 79 Perry.... 119 05 145 77 Piatt Pike : 153 90 21 47 13 70 189 07 Pope. . . 25 55 3 25 25 55 Pulaski 3 2.5 Putnam 50 30 14 10 46 80 111 20 Randolph 16 00 16 00 45 35 329 15 30 70 • 477 05 102 63 42 37 101 39 :::::::::::::::i::":"":::::: 45 35 Rock Island '5507 35 34 18 80 383 29 Saline 47 45 78 15 36 00 568 12 Seiiuyler 9 05 111 68 Scoit 1 42 37 Shelby 59 08 S3 83 6 75 227 22 Stark 83 83 St. Clair 157 35 38 00 303 92 05 00 93 89 2li(i'26 182 30 57 35 98 55 211 00 24 50 65 65 34 70 468 70 376 70 50 30 489 50 Tazewell 47 62 351 54 73 10 ifi'oo 138 10 Vermilion Wabash 2S 40 69 62 40 50 5 11 2;^6 52 46 (K) 87 14 353 34 Washington 182 30 2 25 60 00 White 170"()7 402 21 18107 98 55 15 70 sfsii 77 25 Z'Z'.'.'.'Z'. 11 05 71 40 62 00 257 77 Will 63 24 527 45 11 05 37 12 73 SS 84 92 334 41 in 13 $11,050 3S §7,010 71 UM-i 75 $2,155 27 §•380 50 »1,242 38 I $24, 095 99 235 [ H. ] Table >:/toivin(i balances due xix State Institutions and not yet collected, on the oOth day of September, 1S7G, from each county in the state. Counties. Central Insane Hospital. Northern Insane Hospital. Soutlicrn Insane Hospital. Deaf and DuinV). Feeble- Blind. ; Minded Children. Total. 20 1221 95 1 25 $53 11 265 95 mo 05 : »85 01 |f)8 36 Alexander Bond ■14 ,S() 580 9)i 46 05 $1 00 1 00 Brown 16 90 35 95 l(i 90 35 96 Calhoun .51 00 51 60 Carroll 18 75 18 75 Cass 71 20 43 10 114 30 Champaign Christian 32 98 14 22 107 08 4S J 5 69 85 113 30 Clarli 122 SS 127 77 132 15 !"!"!"!!!!!! 4 (io 250 65 Clay 147 75 MO 70 70 40 35 350 60 53 65 Coles 1 17 60 20 9.38 49 126 86 15; 17 95 Cook 1 17 94 956 43 Crawford 116 ,53 14 25 15 65 23 50^!!!"!!!!!!!! 2.59 04 37 75 DeKalb 63 61 93 30 35 59 1". !!!!....... 4 68 1.56 91 DeWitt 40 27 Douglius DuPage Edgar Edwards ■>« tK) 28 90 171 81 171 81 497 74 60 50 27 75 32 95 55 70 21 25 36 25 8 63 a;0 87 27 75 Effingham Fayette Ford ' S 65 115 l.s ^i J" 15 70 114 03 48 28 53 69 59 63 9 00 57 65 6 90 18.5 28 279 11 Franklin 5 40 !!.'.'."."!".'.'.'.'.'.! "i8"i'5 95 34 Fulton , 77 78 Callatin 40 40 (Jreene 38 05 .38 05 (Jrundv 6 85 5 55 80 84 5 27 12 12 Hamilton 1 84 20 89 75 Hancock 133 71 Henrv 9 85 37 25 12 90 18'77 7 TO ::::::::::::::: 54 80 !.'.'.'.'.'.7.r.'.!'. s'oo 12 90 Jackson 1 36 50 48 35 16 00 20 55 4 05 28 30 21 10 42 10 Jasper I 67 12 Jeft'er.son 1 1 16 00 Jersey .58 10 75 37 !!!7!!!""j 1807 ir>4 02 Jo Daviess 22 12 .Johnson 8 70 t 37 00 Kane 525 01 '.!....!!.....!. 7 98 .546 11 Kankakee 7 98 Kendall Knox 7 20 37 98 18 05 211 92 ! 45 18 172 26 4 14 40 190 31 La Salle. 1 85 204 40 ' 6.58 17 Lawrence 107 10 ! 14 90 32() 40 Lee 26 30 37 20 j 10 75 '27"26| 8".53 1 68 66 37 05 Livingston 1 37 20 130 43 93 50 86 45 288 27 10 m 9 20 175 36 Macon 162 16 Macoupin 24 46 41 90 16 25 1 00 128 16 Madison 50 00 29 30 380 17 39 90 Marshall 37 60 23 03 223 25 68 60 106 20 17 75 40 73 McDonousli 78 40 35 22 85 324 50 3S McLean 1 643 20 77 90 89 07 26' 84 837 01 236 Table "i/"— Continued. Central Insane Hospital. Northern Southern Insane I Insane Hospital.! Hosdital. Deaf anclj Dumb. I Feeble- | Blind. minded Children.! Total. Menard Mercer Monroe Montgomery. Morgan Moultrie Ogle Peoria Perry Piatt Pike Pope Pulaski PutnaiQ Randolph Richland Rock Island . Saline Sangamon ..., Schuvler Scott Shelby Stark St Clair Stephenson .. Tazewell Union Vermilion Wabash Warren Washington . Wa^nie White Whiteside .... Will S29 05' 2.-j|, S38 30 »77 70 ; 217 67 13 05: 193 58 iw'sd' 813 60 : 271 29 56 57} 25 55] 32 65 1 $25 51 32 94 33 95: 32 22 743 75 "244"73 'il6"28 25 94 160 95 9 10 89 60 22 45 64 70 31 85 16 "io 158 18 41 25 94 10 40 35 20 15 137 39 14 35 521 90 69 62 25 55 292 40 11 25 104 85 9 10 25 95 904 70 120 40 334 33 180 63 151 53 125 95 40 35 36 25 35 75 "26596 91 30 Williamson . Winnebago . 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CO 1^ CO o :::::: ji-no :::::: :»-i t^ coicor* to 01 O) rTo^ t~ CO -»• rj o cr. on^ o i-HrHOCtOCOOJ-V^tO Cl t~ X e to CO Ol u'^ ,o COCO-^OCOl^Orti-l jJ^rtrMtOO :00 :oo : t- — r lo. X Ci CO to : i^ 1^ CO <-< .-t ci to ; X O to .-■ 1.0 Cl O ; i-l Tj. CO rH lO ul ■.0: ■ " to: f-« iOCJ f-< to •tj' : 01 to 01 uo — X'O : :c — 01 vc -o -oco > -r 01 r: .- ^ ooj ; 1- i-o oi-f ci 05 T-T oT IN t^O tOi-O i-o'ic" coco « CO coo^ 1.0-.0 C-. !-• Tj"tO e^o f-H X ■»¥ t^ to c. to -^ o coi^cci-H--Hto-*rco z> CO to iO to Ol iC ^H ci oi OO.-'.-Hr-'-TXtOrt CO X fH r-i »-< I- X' Ol OI i-T -Ti-<'cOt--T • O lO I-" 1^ to to CO : I~ 04 uO uO to O 1^ • *— «OiOJ"^COCOCO ; ■ ilo 55 -^ to " CO ••^ ■ ■r. : ci 2 iSS^ iSSo o c) ci = > o 242 L. — The Institudoihs in account NORTHERN INSANE HOSPITAL. Fund. Balances Dec.l , 1874. Total receipts 1 during On hand Overdraft' year. Total dis-jBalaneesScpt.30,l87.3i bnrisem'ts ! during j 1 vear. On hand Overdraft; Ordinary expense Repairs South wing, construction South wing, furnishing Stock ham Sheds for wagons Picgerv and hennery Hiiih iHiard f(.'nce...." Grading and sli rubbery Laundry extension Steam jmmp Additional furniture, north wing Ho.se and tireapparatus $1,293 77 11.5 40 5,2,=)2 L") Total 16,661 38 $74,991 82 1,170 00 2,500 00 3,000 00 500 00 300 35 300 00 964 00 1,528 60 3.50 00 2,000 00 1.000 00 $70,115 17 1 1,170 00! 115 461 7,7.51 72] 3,000 00 .500 m 300 35 300 00 i 964 0(1 534 41 350 00 1,990 88 975 00 $6,170 42 43 1, $88,604 S3 $89,066 99 $6,204 9 9 12 25 00 CENTRAL INSANE HOSPITAL. Ordinary expense $1,016 79 861 83 $99,232 .59 $78,636 35 4,000 00 7,. 511 65 2,500 00 $21 613 03 $2,649 82 2,500 00 Total . $1,878 62 $103,23259 $88,648 00 $21,613 03 $5,149 82 1 SOUTHERN INSANE HOSPITAL. Ordinary expense rurniture, north wing Furniture, chapel Library, musical instruments, etc.. Pump-house Stock for farm and carriage Road from town of Anna Total. ■4,868 74 $4,868 74 $42,731 96i$33,109 38'$14,491 32 1,706 58 1,706 58 200 00 200 00 780 00 780 00 691 20! 694 20 167 00 i 167 00 526 81! 526 81 $46,806 55 $37,183 97; $14, 491 32 243 with the local Treasurers. NORTHERN INSANE HOSPITAL. Fund. Balances Oct. 1,1875. Total receipts during year. Total dis- bursem'ts during year. BaIaneesSept.30,1876 On hand: Overdraft On hand Overdraft Ordinary expense SG,170 42 43 9 12 23 00 8112,250 78 $112,33812 86,083 05 43 ■ 9 12 Hose and (ire apparatus 25 00 402 95 9S9 34 1,969 C6 1,494 76 402 95 989 34 1,963 91 1,494 76 l,UU(i rods of fencing 5 75 Total f 0,204 97 $5 75 8117.107 49 a;ll7.19«20i Sii.lOS 4,S CENTRAL INSANE HOSPITAL. Ordinary expense Repair.* New boiler $21,013 03 1110,84392 4,123 38 2,500 00 1109,248 90 2,767 93 823,208 05 S2,G49 82 81,294 37 2,500 00 Total «21,013 03 $5,149 82 8117,407 30 8112,01683 823,208 05 11,294 37 SOUTHERN INSANE HOSPITAL. Ordinary expense Repairs Furniture, north wing, Furniture, chapel Library, nmsical instruments, etc.. Pump-house Ice-house and cellar Carpenter shop and tools Tight hoard fence Im|)roving grounds Stock for farm and carriage Reservoir or water- tank Road from town of Anna $14,491 32 Total $14,491 32 5-56,078 2,911 2,293 1,053 1,220 282 1,920 443 514 333 1,357 1,.520 1,201 $71,131 81 856,779 03 2,945 53 2,293 42 1,053 75 1,220 00 282 08 1,920 50 443 89 656 54 333 85 1,357 90 1,520 50 1,198 29 $13,791 03 834 23 142 40 3 451 872,005 28 813,794 48 $176 63 Vol. 11—17 244 Table "i" INSTITUTION FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB. Fund. Balances, Dec. 1, 1874 On hand. Overdraft Total receipts during year. Total di- bursem'tsi Balances Sep.30,1875j durinj On hand. Overdraft^ Ordinary expense.. Petit Repairs Painting Roofing Printing Library , Bedding Insurance South wing Flooring Total . ?20,.500 56 5,125 49 169 79 48 00 1,557 40 114 12 8 81 54 78 240 82 34 85 79 21 ?62,122 01 6,305 44 S27,933 83 168,427 45 573,741 10 634 08 272 98 48 00 826 23 114 12 8 81 54 78 240 82 34 85 79 21 S8,881 47 10,796 85 »103 19: 176,054 98 S20,409 49 S103 19 INSTITUTION FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND. $349 02 $26,540 29 $24,392 42 $1,798 85 182 16 653 51 371 35 777 02 3,119 99 $777 02 1 3,119 99 S8 61 1,833 39 8 61 778 24 1,055 15 Total 51,842 00 S349 02 '$27,093 80 $29,715 93 $2,767 86 $3,897 Ol' ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN. Ordinary expense $7,133 82 204 48 $22,504 53 290 76 3,246 61 $23,155 92 495 24 86,482 43 3,095 01 151 60 Total $7,338 30 $26,041 90 $26,746 17 $6,634 03 1 Note.— $3,246 61 (contingent fund) was taken from ordinary expense fund and transferred to separate account. 245 -Continued, INSTITUTION FOR THE EDL'CATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB. Fund. Balances Oct. 1,1875 Total receipts during year. Total dis-i bursem'ts Balances Sop.30, 1876. during | year. On hand.] Overdraft. Ordinary expense . Petit Repairs Roofing Pupils' library ?8,881 47 10,796 85 $79,204 40 8103 19 2,747 70 475 75 f 81, 160 04 10,796 85 3,052 63 731 17 475 75 3,925 83 Total $20,409 49i 8103 19 882,427 851896,216 44 86,925 83| $408 1 8408 12 INSTITUTION FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND. 81,798 85 182 16 825,000 00 1,749 25 1.000 00 824,520 75 1,209 40 946 59 1,880 01 $2,278 10 722 01 Repairs ^777 02 ^723 61 3,119 99 5,000 00 Building... 8 61 778 24 8 61 687 84 Furnishing 90 40 327 70 327 70 Total 82,767 86 83,897 01 S33-076 95!S'^S.974 85 83,696 56 8723 61 ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE-MLN'DED CHILDREN. Ordinary expense 86,482 431 1827,266 16 833,723 33 Contingent 151 60 151 60 825 261 Total 86,634 03 827,266 16 $33,874 93 825 26! Note.— Of the 8151 60, balance of contingent fund, 816 00 was paid out and the remainder 9135 60 ■vvas re-transferred to the ordinary expense fund. 246 SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME. Table "i" Fund. Balances Dec.l, 1874 On hand. ! Overdraft Total receipts during year. Total dis- bursem'ts during year. Balances Sep.30,1875 On hand. ! Overdraft Ordinary expense Repairs Library Mattresses Bedsteads and springs.... Pillows Sheets and pillow-cases.. Blankets Bed-spreads Matting Total , 82,633 4' 210 873 1,130 20-1 65 525 510 1^2,963 12 843,426 43 967 11 210 33 873 11 1,130 33 204 90 65 79 525 76 510 81 2 15 82,170 16' 342,963 12 847,916 72 S967 11 82,170 16| 8967 11 EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY. 81,608 23' $11,370 87 1,780 07 30 20 636 65 89,386 45 1,780 07 30 20 636 65 83,592 65 1 1 :::::::::::::::l ::::;:::::::::: :;.;..:;.:;.;:.M Rent 785 00 785 00 ii Total 82,393 23| 313,817 79 $11,8.33 37 84,377 65! 11 STATE REFORM SCHOOL. 81,150 77 13 00 820,000 00 818,867 86 82,282 91 1 Petit . . 4,976 33 4.133 59 855 74 500 00 106 97 428 62 131 59 : 500 00 1,281 97 1,478 58 1,175 00 1,049 96 1 131 59 500 00 i 500 OO ■ 1 486 Ki\ 730 19 400 00 257 50 243 36 14'> 50 Total 81,163 77J 829,7.55 30 326,714 10 84,448 33 8243 36! Note.— The Jonathan Duff fund, 8400, is the amount withheld from moneys collected from the estate of Jonathan Duff to meet expense of litigation in suit against E. A. Clement. — Continued. 247 SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME. Fund. Ocdinary expense.. Repairs" Library Total Balances Oct. 1, 1875 recoipts during On hand. [Overdraft year. .2,170 IG 150,081 79 I J967 11 1,993 64 250 00 Total. Total di,s-| bursem'ts during year. «4f>,776 72 1,026 .53 2.50 00 Balance Sep. 30, 1876 On hand, SG,075 23 ;2,170 16 S967 11:?.52,925 43,348,0.53 251 §6,075 23 Overdraft. EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY. Ordinary expense... Repairs Barn Surgical apparatus. Furniture Rent Total. «3,592 65 785 eo 1,890 89 812,6.53 51 1,003 05 1,863 35 286 45 1,407 93 1,003 05 1,863 35 286 45 1,407 93 193 77 $4,377 65 814,451 67 817,408 06 $1,421 26 8S30 03 591 23 STATE REFORM SCHOOL. Ordinary expense.. Petit Laundry Barn Sewer Librarj- Roof Steam-heating New boiler Repairs Jonatnan Duff Freight Total 84,448 33 52,282 91 8.55 74! 500 00 106 97 1 428 62' 131 59 142 50 243 36 830,000 00 3,177 68 218 03 3,521 42 500 00 933 00 803 29 2,000 00 3,721 86 147 66 32,282 91 608 26 500 00 325 00 3,9.50 04 .500 00 933 00 934 88 2,000 00 3,478 .50 107 .50 147 66 8243 36 845,022 94j845,767 75 83,460 16 ,425 16 Note.— The freight fund is simply an advance jiayment for freiglit on material.s for chair sliop, re- paid to the institu tiou by the contractor. 248 [R. ] DURATION OF TERMS AND VACATIONS. 1875. Institution for the Deaf and Dumh. — -Term of 1874-5 closed on Wednes- day, June 9, 1875. Vacation of fourteen weeks. Term of 1875-6 opened on Wednesday, September 15, 1875. Institution for the Blind. — Term of 1874-5 closed on Tuesday, June 1, 1875. Vacation of eighteen weeks. Term of 1875-6 opened on Wed- nesday, October 6, 1875. Asylum for Feeble- Minded Children. — Term of 1874-5 closed on Wednes- day, June 16, 1875. Vacation of thirteen weeks. Term of 1875-6 opened on Wednesday, September 15, 1875. Soldiers' Orphans' Hovie. — Term of 1874-5 closed on Friday, June 18, 1875. Vacation of eleven and one-half weeks. Term of 1875-6 opened on Monday, September 6, 1875. 1876. Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. — Term of 1875-6 closed on Wednes- day, June 14, 1876. Vacation of fourteen weeks. Term of 1876-7 opened on Wednesday, September 20, 1876. Institution jor the Blind. — Term of 1875-6 closed on Tuesda}'-, May 30, 1876. Vacation of eighteen weeks. Term of 1876-7 opened on W^ed- nesday, October 4, 1876. Asylum for Fceble-Minded Children. — Term of 1875-6 closed on Wednes- day, June 21, 1876. Vacation of thirteen weeks. Term of 1876-7 opened on Wednesday, September 20, 1876. Soldiers' Orphans' Home. — Term of 1875-6 closed on Thursday, June 29, 1876. Vacation of eleven and one-half weeks. Term of 1876-7 opened *on Monday, September 18, 1876. 249 [S.] Table shoicing amounts jjurchasicd of articles named. Articles. : ^ i i O E- : a I K : re P s : S : o 2 g 22. go : H- CO c ■'- cO : -^ 1 Brcaditi/ffs— Flour, wheat Barrels. Barrels. Pounds. Bushels. Barrels. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Barrels. Pounds. l87r> 187(3 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 187G 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 481 596 1,077 13 14 630 757 224 405 298 416 124 14 100 247 310 326 19 29 360 320 1,387 629 10 5 714 138 347 636 48 680 21 ::::::::: :;::::;: 1 27 100 75 21 12 15 100 57 1 150 450 7 ' ' buckwheat 100 25 25 100 100 53 125 100 ■ ■ ■■ Meal, corn 175 200 100 12 8 52 157 35 20 100 5 11 50 6 44 200 14 12 600 03 50 178 1 100 300 2 '' oat 300 1 60 55 4 1 16 50 26 113 2 3 302 1 3 3 3.58 23S 5 660 773 3 492 1,350 2 691 577 3 Crackers 2,093 2,703 1,582 1,752 37 134 296 626 45 185 Bread 5 "a a, : '"' : p : 3 : (5 o : 3 : p : 3 : : ^ : o p S 3 3 is- : 5' : & : o : a o '"l B p P 3 ^ a. «-- i t^ : P : '^ : 3 o o o £rcndstuff!> rontiniicd— Sago uiid tiipioca Pounds. Barrels. 1875 ia76 187.5 1876 30 37 22 100 1 18 108 1 45 15, 6 21 51 30 2 4 59 100 1 15^ 6 126 21 99 Pearl barley 15 I Pounds. llST.i 6 4.3,674 61,092 1 .54,372 91,706 1 15 23,284 26,888 3Ieats. etc.— Meats, fresh 90,629 118,. 5.50 35,368 20,869 46, 310 '14,289 1 12,082 13,150 6,773 8,956 17,803 Pounds. Pounds. Number Number Number Number Pounds. Pounds. Kits. Barrels. Cans. 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1870 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1S75 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 26,281 Meats, salt 104,766 11,417 16,971 209,179 21,398 27,781 146,078 2,700 3,600 81,678 35,153 4,085 481 5,370| 4,841 25,232 1,313 1,808 50,172 8,818 10,000 15,729 770 988 44,084 25,388 103 148 49,179 132 49 6,300 2,142 405 9,455 978 308 5,321 1,752 325 3,181 872 846 18,818 714 836 1,758 332 767 Meats, smoked 25 Soiip-bones 251 825 168 181 2,547 1,278^ 2,077 1,718 174 226 1,550 1,099 9 1 25 40 3 998 53 40 1 400 24 3 24 10 36 24 Piles' feet 53 24 15 i 24 19 10 24 28 85 60 3 5 Tongties 90 3 7 14 83 39 93 4 10 83 21 29 19 1 113 8 Tripe 4 2 ....... 14 4,710 2,789 4 20 46 648 2 192 2&5 Fish, fresh 5,574 9,388 2,235 3,083 393 1,412 211 410 69 71 141 Fish, salt 14,962 3,817 2,987 7,499 1,168 3,513 5,318 1,310 1,349 1,805 511 621 50 694 110 362 457 69 58 285 212 30 726 Mackerel.. . . 6,804 4,681 2,659 511 50 472 30 343 726 2 1 2 10 ir, 1 8 2 2 I'A 1 141 99 196 499 1 IK 72 218 1 189 152 690 889 110 111 98 97 j 00 121 ^ 240 695 341 1,.579 221 1 290 195l 181 251 Table "*S"- —Continued. Articles. 1— ( : ^ 1 P ■ <^ c ro : S : 2 O CD P 2 o d 3 2 2? s ft c a" i O 1 ►I . ft B 00 1 Jfeats, etc— Poultry Dozens. Pounds Pounds Bushels Barrels Pounds Pounds Barrels Cans Bushels Quarts Bushels Pecks Buslicls 187.-) 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1879 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1870 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1 235 ,50 43 68 11 19 40 30 24 24 20 1 35 35 30 4 15 2 Lnrd 285 111 546 338 30 1,161 9.51 70 50 300 44 59 103 1,089 12il 614 2.724 2,448 19 484 709 2 120 Tallow 120 556 336 884 .582 731 2,112 350 315 1,703 5,172 1,193! 1 j 1 1 :... j 1 892 742 1,313 516 1,071 1 1 1 1 Veejctahlrs — Potatoes 30 312 62 114 129 431 190 170 52 1,147 179 279 160 223 Beans 742 19 60 1,.587 20 12 342 8 176 8 7 560 9 360 1 1,199 24 18 4.58 3 •> 383 3 2 Rice 79 1,442 1,776 32 13 930 680 15 540 300 4i 1 100 1 25 42 50 1.55 5 55 107 3 1,147 2,075 55 762 442 Hominy 3,218 2,675 1,610 840 200 400 155 175 4.50 887 1,400 1,000 205 217 .516 162 1,.589 2,000 1,1*) 400 600 2,000 1 6 1,100 400 600 625 2,400 1 1 733 600 Split peas 1 7 56 48 1 156 93 435 480 Canned 162 101 174 100 34 78 114 96 464 763 11 (> Fruits — Apples, green 104 .309 2.50 263 98 220 252 14 16 274 25 15 112 130 72 915 28 46 210 60 55 1,227 24 27 17 4 135 5.59 534 802 318 420 1,371 30 4 24 40 14 905 202 388 549 74 232 1,065 115 476 1,157 51 291 .572 139 1,.336 1 6 1,791 4 8 28 3 4 919 '1 937 1 4 1,297 5 1,633 863 4 8 2 1 Peaches 7 3 116 12 12 7 12 20 5! 10 1 281 32 24 .32 2 31 26 12 15 84 1 119 6 12 10 32 52 1 64 57 99 1 3 Pears 1 4 1 1 13 10 1 1 01 "i 4! 4 1 1 252 Table "5"— Continued. Articles. 2 o c 2 i 1 : o g:t P- : 1 i i £ 3 H & CfD SI a; • 6 : fs : 3 3 - 1 s : r^ re V o Fruits continued— Grapes Pounds. Number Dozens. Cans. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Boxes. Pounds. Gallons. Pounds. Pounds. Dozens. Gallons. IS 7.5 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 425 148 920 8o6 151 36 299 20 30 •m 124 316 232 425 542 196 124 15 88 1,068 54 63 1,007 5 215 335 57 26 50 35 50 316 38 100 738 1.34 219 103 5 21 138 107 74 76 220 115 142 83 35 102 85 34 60 Oranges aud lemons 102 105 44 5 Canned 207 205 i;« 353 16 184 26 84 120 44 12 20 150 75 64 257 36 833 137 178 255 94 72 133 10 6 Apples, dried 343 1,048 2,331 200 204 284 385 32 839 1,113 139 380 352 869 250 228 433 935 732 205 46 96 6 858 816 412 Peaches, dried 3,374 6 12 816 34 25 669 1,952 785 836 732 24 12 478 412 289 1,667 731 534 142 10 1,270 496 244 Prunes 18 1,.512 3,220 59 8.54 1,.535 496 232 618 1,621 810 2,092 36 .55 230 701 181 166 1,265 502 372 10 138 420 244 3.54 998 Kaisins 4,732 9 5 2,389 1 5 850 7 3 2,902 4 4 285 1 1 347 4 5 874 5 4 558 1 3 1,352 8 n Other dried fruits 14 455 44 6 156 194 10 55 s 76 923 2 5 29 9 329 300 9 41 39 4 80 69 19 573 690 Other prcn'isions — Milk 499 350 526 55 999 12 34 629 675 3,024 80 12,676 15,772 149 1,0.33 5,9.52 1,263 526 25,1.54 19,255 12 6,025 9,096 3,699 3,345 3,050 28,448 3,867 3,639 6,985 1,965 3,207 Butter 9,708 16,350 4,358 8,343 2,598 2,394 37 441 Cheese 26,058 352 44,409 2,089 296 12,701 579 176 15,121 445 707 4,992 313 370 6,395 210 271 7,506 455 443 5,232 379 492 478 147 254 Eggs 406 1,965 3,626 2,385 3,. 5.33 4,410 755 1,368 2,177 1,152 1,.591 2,224 683 580 647 481 894 1,407 898 526 647 871 509 882 401 79 86 Cider 5,591 4 14 7,943 3,545 3,815 1,227 11 8 2,301 3 104 1,173 9 40 1,391 20 23 165 16 560 :::::::::i::::::::: M 18 560 19 107 49 43 70 253 Table ",S"— Continued. Articles. i 9 Nf)rthern Insane Hospital Year o •V ? : 1 : (D Southern Insane Hospital s. g s. o 3 a 9l 3 ' : & : a : & en o " io j *7 t=3 i ^ : i-s : hH : ? 1 3 s- o Other prox'isioiis contin'd— Vinegar Gallons. 1875 319 687 261 642 37 147 2:^0 135 iSl 186 19 41 158 1876 Pounds. 1875 lS7fi 437 276 197 Tea 1,006 1,439 2,370 437 1,296 2,052 27(i 796 1,117 903 2.50 270 184 97 100 365 94 148 367 152 212 60 89 129 355 49 121 1875 Coffee 3,809 1,985 2,399 3,348 5,692 7,546 1,913 3,040 2,235 520 1,480 1,348 197 260 661 242 514 1,362 364 1,121 1,0»4 218 215 287 170 862 1876 133 Pounds. Pounds. 1875 1876 1 S75 4,384 13,238 5,275 2,828 921 1,876 2,175 502 995 458 264 489 264 56.S 703 947 Chicory 1,50 1876 Pounds. 1875 ' ' 1 S7(i 1,271 13,703 21,475 150 8,626 8,731 Sugar 16,091 20,111 11,497 18,015 3,202 3,029 2,416 4,638 6,. 596 6,344 2,576 4,191 2,569 1 714 Gallons. Pounds. 1875 1876 1875 Svrups, etc 35,178 418 1,042 36,202 589 1,130 17,357 437 431 29,512 645 1,426 6,231 186 230 7,054 89 149 12,940 335 284 6,767 14 14 4,283 758 955 Honey 1,460 1,719 60 868 2,071 416 6 :oo 238 619 17 20 28 40 29 1,713 1876 52 150 23 Sacks. 1875 1876 1S75 1 52 8 12 60 150 27 24 106 23 48 37 69 6 30 Salt 9 20 15 11 51 19 15 9 5 3 48 4 5 36 Salt 22 12 11 11 10 9 ■15 11876 16 Pounds. Pounds. Cwt. Bushels. 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 26 80 142 34 170 22 40 20 34 10 8 9 19 25 15 31 Mustard 3 25 10 Pepper 149 277 170 60 62 20 10 50 30 25 20 23 10 27 27 40 100 55 3 6 5 31 426 82 407 78 80 43 54 14S 365 155 903 7<>9 13 183 327 33 Ice 18'^ 87 1 386 23 119 168 Fuel— Charcoal 87 386 10 a.'u 545 20 75 23 119 513 72 12;^ 1,672 2 6 510 350 28 10 i 262 1 95 195 8 254 Table ",?"— Continued. Articles. 9 •n HrlO &^ : ? : § a i 3 i s : o He O g; i P : 1 2 g ■-1 1 gg i S' : m : a 00 £ ^ c ^_ a i ^ w 0^ Fwl continued— Coal, anthracite Tons Tons Bushels.. Cords Pounds.. Gallons.. l.OOOfeet Gallons.. Gallons.. Gallons.. 187.". 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 187.5 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 1875 1876 77 56 1 76 57 25 130 133 3,442 4,293 76 1,.527 1,978 57 1,1.53 1,836 2.5 627 537 130 140 Coal, bituminous 1,220 1,960 63 271 1,028 1,272 686 700 Coke 7,735 3,. 505 1,278 1,188 3,180 3,029 1,4.55 1,966 1,064 334 2,300 :: 140 1,386 2,466 3,421 86 12 Wood 60 90 12 9 3I 49 80 98 40 36 49 1.50 21 120 130 31 80 Light— Candles 60 40 40 .36 112 ... . 112 100 76 2 2.52 4! 617 76 2.50 3,878 3,976 i Gasoline 1,351 3 1,090 3 6,869 1 7,854 2,441 Gas . 534 714 516 563 109 69 115 126 60 103 1,248 10 11 1,079 10 9 178 30 15 241 163 48 10 4 340 88 3 1 446 88 96 21 48 239 19 23 45 .3 5 7 14 16 57 1[ 786 49 12 96 7,552 11,861 49 2.39 23 12 12 73 1 19,413 1 ' i 255 [T. ] Table showing consumption oj articles 7iamed, per capita, for twenty-two months, Jrom December 1, 1874, to September SO, 1876. Articles. Breadstuffs Meat and fish Vegetables Rico and hominy Fruit Oranges and lemons Butter Cheese Eggs Cider and vinegar Tea Coffee Sugar Syrups, etc Average number of persons fed a 1 33'-^ W- a* O <5 o' o ?; ■c_x v.:^ o "^3 : „ t* M o s P 3 ^ 3 Pounds. 4' ■4.00 480 .00 601 .00 5-12 .00 o. i:\ m 45.T .00 739.00 350 .00 Pecks. • 7 .91) 11.12 6.72 3.16 Pounds. .85 6.30 8 .93 5.30 Quarts. - ■A .(H) 21 .57 6.29 9.13 Pounds. 9 S^l 7.14 11 .53 28 .65 Number .S.lfi 7.07 1.39 1.94 Pounds. . )4.17 74.14 56 .45 55 .59 " .8.") 3 .98 3 .35 4 .23 Number 1. ;9 .00 159 .00 189 .00 168 .00 Gallons. •2 .IS 1 .00 1 .23 3 .32 Pounds. 7.92 5.. -59 8. .50 1.91 " 2 .9;; 22 .10 24.11 10.40 " "a.!:; 60 .44 77.14 108 .50 Gallons. 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CO r-t -r l^Ol ""o" CO o "o~" "^r^r r-i^ 00 00 l^ iC o -o T-( CO T l^ 1—1 X CO CD 02 TO o CMT CO CC XI lO -r» CO C-. -r CO l^X 1^ c; ^ o X X CD X o X <0 CD I^ O CO CO t^ CC , ^ » 00 C-. ?) 0^ 1^ T CI X OO §5 T ci : X T CO o en c5 X r-H X' oc s iff T i.O o" of oTco (/» r-t _" l» CC ic' 1 s 4© fe ■» ^ i^in "o)" COO CO oicr. ,_, iCO ,-*, iCO If^ Ol CD X 1^ t— 1 s ic oc ~co CO -^ o .coo T T ov ^o CO XrH cS iCOl !■- ClOl OCO toP: T ClOO 00 r-i r^ o iC » -« l^O X *— • ''I* lO XI^ lO CIX o OCO CO T-i CD ?? CO lO o:- 'w -f X/ Ol^ s CO T iCO Ol CC o o CO (MO t^rH 00 X cote cox c'i oi o CI CO CD lO 30 CO •*> cfr tfr s t^ i s fM ^ o ^ OOOO ^OCX XOO 0000 OCX QCCC 0000 oc Xi Vol. II- -2 r— ■18 ■c - 260 Bo 3 ^ '? a If X S 't i2 -5 ci B 22 'c? X o §2 3 SS ■23 ,- to 5© X SS 1 01 Ol o ii SI s 3 S2 o 5 s a) =3 S 9-53 330 t~ INTO 2 s^ ■5 St" 1? gg CO t>j ra o c: O 'TO => c; CO CI i2g CO XT? S s Feeble- Minded Children. $4 10 54 400 21 .-1 r- 00 X l-C-I 8 si lO o o o oo r-<_ CX TJ> 5^ t- ;o 1 ^- 2 3:'S uO X >C O CO Blind. $442 59 203 55 3 Is ?S 2S K X — S S3 o oo o cox 32 g CO CO' 1 §1 i C.Q Oil- "3 5 fi i ;5 3s S 23 1 ^2 «4 2 CO ?, O O CO Si g ?-' I(? T-^ CO •-1 C. X 00 — X 2 33 R SS 3 Ill ^5 3^,5 32 1^ § So CO -^ -V O OiC fe^ 22" OS CO ,-1 S xS CO Is § g3 1 Si 3& O CO o X OJtH T-H COlO * cico ?§ S" ■5 5'E. ^": = -? ,5 .5 , ^ ' ' X T-JlO 4» Sm 3 rH OO^ S S3 X IS o inco CO I— X i 2 3 S SS „ _ Ol rJX «fr Ow.2 2; S 6& - 4 2S[ O i— Ol oT iii i O uO O uO :0 rr S O ^ Ol 3 ^§ 3 c\ 1 X X X ■J X X X II X X IT X 1 55 5 X o 'S u "5 s :■ 'i c 5 1 !. ■r ■r I < c : ^ : - d s - 261 « rl o =5 'T 3 Oun '5 i'- 01 J^ ^^ o o p ._^ «-.] ^ r-< - • o C-. -^ rll^ X O X X 3 o ^ ^0 CI \ \ CO »— 1 '2 OJ.O ss O CO 2J 1^ -N) — ; ^ o ^J I^ ,3 X CI p j : ■T ^ x- o X .H o C-. o C-. lO O Ct <» O =5 s TT t^ Ol i5 iff afj CICI 4& -" ci" : : iff : : OO o • in >o 1.-: o uO c O X X OO C^CI 3 i " ■ C !0 rH :r5 i <= OO lO rHO 00 .,_( C-1 • "I* *H f- .4t ,_, l. • : t^ H* 01 — •^ o Ot CO CO : ^ :co IM CO o X CO CO 1^ p ; *> i ^' iff iff * o o 00 OO o ""-TOO ~ "oT" o to o "o G rHO ,_( coo CI . . C^ 30 tH tC C^l too ^x CI S O CO CI ox : to CO o rr CO I-- ooo Ol OO ,_, lO l.O CO 1^ ^ I ^ CO M cc -r mo to X <» 00 rH o u-:co X rH r-i CO K 4fir 00 «» «fr ■» iff " S : ir- 'v^ 30 -t-o s 1^-^ f_t 3X C.- t^ o I^ OO o -r CO 1^ X CO : r^OO 05 coo . CJt> o c JO V r-\ OO o ir, X CO coS : coo CO OO o OO I^ l/ C tl< c o o O f" '^ lO O rH d CI CO : T-l 5P2J OO X CO « * « > O X X iSo lO ij'rH toco «& (NC< -»• i-lO CI iC c 1- CI c t^ X : »* ff iff «» a» *> : • r. o IC -Ti.': o OO "~o~ "T? - O i-^ rHO l- O O i-O uO X 1 X c -r oci ^ CO OiO l^O o t. : ^ cz rHX o lO IT cox CI CO i^ 1 ^c '^ CO CO rH tH 1 CI CO o uC O tH ~o o o ~c SCO c Ol o '*! "^ O oco CO 00 -r X -.o o C CO •3< OO o c 4 -tr ti coo O uO 0-. o X en : -f X CO CO ^ -r Xi-O CO •^ fco t- CO -rf 1~ I^ r^ X ci X CI : n TJI O) -r o ccc c C-. 3^ cr O CI X t^ ^ c: o -'^ 4^ 5 4& O CO iff l~ en ^^ : Iff rH cT -H : ■^ : i-C o IC lC o lO 1.0 o ip~ : OO o OC= O lOrr i^ en to l^tN &> X T-H o CO en I ox X oc O l-C) CO to : C-. o 5 O CO CO iC o to : lOrH o oir vtO XX l^X : CItH o : O-. rH o X c O CI -ti X l^ to i «» O CO ■CI co^ CI ^ CIO ci -V -"T : 1 efe 4^ *> «*» : ^ iff r^~-*^ T— I ,/- ,^ ■"^~ o o o c r to c 1.0 rr C-. o c o to X ,^ rr rr to • ^ D X : : o-i t^ xco c^ coo CI tj : O li" 5 CO iC X cc o o^ r-i X T? ci :t 1" "^ . . i/^ I'-l 3 coo o ■^•v o CO) p ; r!" X *) o c O OO CI ,^ ^H t^ :t. 50 \ '• ri ii o c --o i.O o ^ ci.- X i'^ o -^ CI CI -r • r- 5© C) lO 7lr rH 01 7, "'^ ¥ > coo s iff fci " o iff iff : iff : ^ ^ : : t^o 1^ ?5?; \~- IC o iC ~T - CO rr * ^■■ iff ^ H iff ^ » CI ; iff it f Vf «f : 15^5 i^ o ro~o r OO 12 !€ ~iolr lO to l.o , 1. 5 00 «^ r- l^ !■- I-i I^ 1^ 1 i^ r^ CC X X X X X ' cx ac X OC oc ccx oc X X 3 :: XX k \ •B s = ^ OQ : O "5> i ■« a CO : S : 4> la. : -• X ^ I t4 : tjb ■^ F 9 9- d. ■~ ■^ "^ ^ ^ c: ^ : c .. — _ ^ 'r. ti- •r V •J. - -? ' 262 go" as i CO :S S oo oco 1 o ooo U ^2 CO i £C2 0) o3 g 55^ ' o tC CO s to so m s.aS : cocc 00 tH oco m : ■i*? : CO T-i 3 §S s O oo o ■» 8 §S » cocc to 05 (NOD o g O iCO o t~o o tocc (N CO^ »» oo co_ 3 o to III o o CO CI lOrH O m CO O iCOl CO C-- -Ji s ss lO .-HO O CO**" O CD 00 s s c 3 o 'EL c W o 2 : i : 5 : ih S 03 263 [ V. ] Table shotving the comparative cod of provisions in nine State Institutions, for twenty-two months, from Decennher i, 1874, to September SO, 1876. Articles. Breadstuff's Meats, etc Vegetables Fruits Tea, coftee, etc Milk Butter <;heese Sugar Syrup and molasses. . Errs Cider and vinegar .... All other provisions . Total Cost per month . 814 26 3 4 C 80 74 3 67 o 3 ^.o $18 CI 33 70 •2 32 1 97 7 90 01 18 96 94 6 10 1 78 1 61 30 99 $95 19 4 33 K5 »18 43 CO .51 2 61 3 39 11 73 1.3 10 42 7 70 2 49 2 20 2 24 1127 35 5 78 $18 69 31 29 1 41 4 11 3 92 02 14 bO 05 11 24 4 90 1 S3 63 1 15 894 34 4 29 826 82 56 98 7 60 9 09 4 03 17 04 1 34 8 37 3 36 2 10 52 2 91 8140 16 6 37 ^2 824 31 8 9 8121 62 5 53 6 >3 815 16 25 32 4 60 5 84 2 76 15 57 7 42 43 4 54 1 74 68 35 3 57 823 90 48 25 21 01 12 67 9 13 10 28 32 45 2 95 14 97 57 5 47 76 4 Cx) 8187 06 8 .50 824 59 17 29 2 62 3 68 2 95 63 28 1 82 4 70 14 3() 2 12 861 18 264 o • f-H o > o ^ r— 1 O" 1--I CS ^ nd "^ i=l rn c^ o ^ ^^ ci cr! H P. ;-! f-> CIJ o -^j i^ O • r- ( fH 2 S w 32 o ^ 1 1-- I - y: • " f *1 1 * r VJ ^,- ,_| ,_| 1 -T -r 1.- o cc -r :c i~ C-. ^6 "S 1 rr ^ ^ CO c-i i-H X cc ^ H o" CO o i~ 05 CO ii o 00 'i : rp o CI o ic CO CO CO T-H : O ft C3 Ol C-l rl 1-1 : 00 Ol 03 s e ■ 'r- l^ O '~ ^'"^ r— I" 'T l^ rH I^ Ol -r K i-^ iS O ^ l~ g 'oS 6 s "3 i-T QJ »rH « <\ ■■ 1 CO o 00 Ol oi -^ o CO :o CO 2S '^ *d a rH Ol i-t r^. Ol o "* K ^ 03 rH '' Qo .Q O ■^ H c— o cn i~ i^ ici^ rr CO 00 : "o 1 '0 si ii5 Ol cocooac CO .-1 1^ 1.0 O 1^ >^ o t^ S o t^ iC i^ o ;^ O^ ^ Ol 1^ 0) ■ij o C3 ^ s j~ .. 1 CO CO CO l^ L^ ^ !-< CO 00 ■^ ^ ■o ^ -JS O -* r-. T). ,-( 1^ o ri COOliH 04 '"1 ^ o o 3 H '•JS S e o Ol CD 00 Ol r^ c/: X) : r-,

a o' -*-> o f^ a p^ ' 'to o ^ 1^ cs ic cr. CO lO CO CO 'O cS CO CJO Ol OlOll^ --0 '3 ^O M 1 1 ^ 1 T^'^coi-^i^cO'-^coa: ■^J :* Siico-roooMiO 'p ;^ ft Ol ^ r-. CO 1-. r-l CO !-■ CO 03 O H i .-^ o 5^ ooioocoi^coo : CO p .2 a; e^ ^ ic -cr -^ CO o lO <»i "3 Ol r-l '"' • ^'^ -< a Oi s g ?: • i-O Ol CO rt — -i K 1- =2 CI ■rS> CO CO CO O CO CO f T-l CO f2 oJ ,-( Ol 01 i-l ^ I—* O ■S 3 r^ >< ill S CO t-H W 1-5 m 1 1 1 — 1 ^-1 xj S j : 1 f^ s t- : ; : S : : : 1 1 o 5 S : : : O : : ; H s 'i 1 i : H HH C "-^ Q^ '3^ '^ '^ C O •«S-^.-S.ti5-2i<^ cu g a 3 « t^ 5;'S ?i -S ^ VOu ai; H-' ?yjWM c2 a> ^a cu ci S3 265 I X ?T CC -M r C-. ClKir^,-.COi-l l^ « -^ ■* O CC X ■?! 00 OC O CC . J 2 ci t ^ o£^cc 3 -S ~ ■— •— ,^ ■"" ^ a^ : S c K X '••S ? 'S ' I* c c s 2; o/^-is 5 ;^ X 1= M "*! cc fci CO OS 266 [N.] Table slioivlng mnnber of Inmates actually present on the 1st day of Decem- ber, 1S7^, in eight State Imtituticns, frcm each county in the State Counties. go £3 II :■ ^ en t-H 1? 3 2 ETC : 5' : & 1 a V. 1 ^ *, B ro il : W . P ; ^ : M Adams 1 24 1 2 i 3 3 3 4 9 G 3 4 7 1 11 3 •> 3 1 3 1 46 13 1 1 6 1 3 T, * 1 ... 4 s 4 3 1 1 3 3 ?4 4 1 3 2 ... 1 1 3 2 8 2 ■■"10 9 8 3 1 3;^ 1 13 Clark 2 3 1 ... 1 2 6 13 (■]av • 4 3 1 2 2 1 14 11 2 5 30 9 3 48 8 ... 1 8 1 10 i 5 13 Cook 51 Kifi 1 9 2 2 4 5 3 1 I 4 1 7 1 5 2 1 8 2 4 DeKalb 2 2 5 2 2 2 1 1... 1 1 1 2 9 2 3 5 IS 11 1 9 2 4 1 2 12 1 2 4 1 3 3 ... 1 2 7 1 4 n 2 9 1 ... i 7 Fulton 1 5 2 i 1 16 3 4 ! 5 1 ... 1 5 1 T' 3 6 ... 16 1 f. 1 12 4 3 8 36 4 4 3 4 5 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 5 5 4 8 4 ... 1 1 1 1 24 1 4 18 i ... 1 I 7 4 n 7 3 1 2 2 3 4 2 1 17 5 13 2 1 18 S 1 1 5 1 8 1 5 1 i 6 9 16 1 5 4 10 3 ... 2 1 36 10 2 2 W 5 7 3 1 i 1 1 3 3 1 17 ?■> 5 17 8 15 ii 2 2 7 1 i 1 ... 58 7 14 5 4 3 12 7 10 19 1 31 ?? 3 1 ?4 ?I 1 3 2 14 4 2 '>5 2 2 99 Marshall ' 1 ... 12 9 i 3 ;... 1 267 Table << i\V'— Continued. C;ountie8. g o S3 "2. £3 W3 : s» : 3 K p .- 3 - ^ ffio • ? p p 3 « 3 1 ■a 5" & Cr sE 3 t^ : 0, : : a a : "-J Eye and Ear In- firmarv . 1 6 2 10 4 3 4 13 2 •? 14 4 4 12 1 ( 1 i' 2 7 3 1 : 1 1 4 1 1 2 2 2 7 .. 5 .. 13 .. ''3 5 1 1 •'() McLean 37 S 2 5 .. V 1 2 1... 13 Morgan 20 j 4 4 ... 4 2 5 2""" 4 .. 44 T' Ogle 4 1 1 1 13 3 1 ... 3 18 .. 41 Perrv . 3 q Piatt ' 4 Pike . .. ..i 4 2 ^ 4 .. •'3 3 3 3 Pulaski 2 1 1 12 1 21 10 2 3 3 7 4 6 1 7 1 7 4 2 1 1 f. 1 1 ... 7 .. 10 1 2 2 ... 1 3 ... « Rofk Island 1 2 1 1 5 37 .. 53 4 i 1 4 4 1 . 1 6 .. 41 14 1 ... 9 .. j 13 Shelby 1 1 3 ! 9 1 3 2 2 \ i 9 St. Clair 11 1 2 3 ... 2 i 07 3 1 1 : 1 13 Tazewell 3 3 .. IS 3 1 8 2 5 1 ... 4 1 i 19 3 5 1 3 1 ... 1 2 i 9 Washington 1 1 1 10 4 3 ... Whiteside 1(5 1 7 5 2 4 3 8 .. 9 .. 17 Will 10 ... 3 43 2 .5 2 2 1 Ifi 3 ... 9 .. Ifi Totals 214 461 134 341 107 103 301 15 1 fi7rt 268 [0.] Table shoicing number of Inmates admitted into nine State Institidicns, from each county in the State, between the Id day of December, 1874, c^'^d the SOth day of September, 1875. Counties. !2; 1 f; oc tl »73 HH-" a 3 3 &"3 &> ?'3 & )— 1 t— I o 3 3 3 ^ P ^ 3 3 a i to o ^ gSr CO « W T)0 ^t !S B S n f^ ^ 1 & Km r^ ^? o : 5* o Adams 19 •! 1 1 4 5 i 25 3 2 8 Bond 4 ! ] 1 1 1 4 Booue 4 :::::::::r::::::::::;::;;:i::::::::: 4 1 1 1 ; 6 Bureau. 15 2 23 Calhoun 1 Carroll 3 5 S 6 7 4 3 1 Champaign Christian.. 1' 1 9 1 Clark i 3 4 9 Clav ,■ 1 Clinton 1 4 5 2 i 2 8 :::::::: b::"" 2 27 9 Cook . 112 1 1 1 4 2 1 2 39 195 Crawford 3 1| 1 ; 5 DeKalb 5 1 1 2 1 9 De Witt 4 5 5 Dousilas 5 5 Du Page 5 Edgar 8 8 3 10 2 1 2 3 \ 10 Favette 2 Ford 4 i 10 . 5 10 3 Fulton 2 12 Gallatin 2 o Greene 13 1 1 15 3 1 1 2 2 1 9 2 2 Hancock 4 2 6 1 12 10 1 1 1 5 5 3 22 Jackson 1 !!.."...!; i 3 20 5 2 2 2 8 1 o Jefferson 1 1 1 1 4 3 2 4 13 1 \ 16 3 1 3 11 10 4 22 3 12 i 3 1' 6 3 25 10 Kendall 1 2 1 1 1 4 30 5 8 8 La Salle 1 i "'""". C 27 Lawrence 1 1 3 9 15 1 10 Livingston 3 6 i 1 !!;!!!..'. i 1 6 1 19 ' 18 Macon 1 1 9 2 1 2 8 i 6 \ 12 :::i":"::: 3 11 Marshall 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 6 1 2G9 Table "0."— Continued. Counties. : hH : ^ i s ffi2 : 1 : ro 03 P — £.^ ■ ? : ^ : S O 3 2 '^ 1 Q p g; : S, : (t) : a CO o 3 » : ^ 3 r; 3" 1 1 1 1 l*IcDonough 1 3 1 3 10 - 1 <> McLean 13 3 4 T 01 Menard 4 Mercer 1 - <> Monroe 3 1 1 4 Montgomery r. 9 .'5 3 11 Morgan 2 1 14 Moultrie 1 4 Ogle 7 2 » Peoria 9 1 5 2 17 2 1 1 4 Piatt 1 10 Pike 11 Pope 1 2 •7 Putnam 2 5 2 i 11 5 4 1 S Richland 1 1 4 Rock Island 1 1 . 2 19 3 1 2 4 Sangamon 1 13 5 4 6 1 1 17 5 Scott 1 T 1 5 1 1 9* Stark 4 G 7 1 1 1 1 1 10 1.3 1 3 5 24 Tazewell 9 1 17 Union 5 5 4 2 1 Wabasli 5 7 2 10 3 1 3 3 Wavne 1 White 3 9 13 1 9 3 13 Will 6 24 5 2 1 1 1 S 14 1 1 IG 4 3 12 i Totals 346 272 103 471 8l 17 6o 16(> 75 1 1,099 270 [ 00. ] Table showing number of Inmates admitted into nine State Institutions, from each county m the State, hetweeoi the 1st day of October, 1875, and the 30th day of September, 1876. Counties. ■ i* : P : 3 : ft o 1 i p « a : ►-< : a : p : 3 : (6 a p p 3 o C B 2 3' --J I 3 g : 3' : 0, : (B : ft CO 3 : >-« : »-( : 3 B 3* 1 s Adam.'; 24 j 1 6 1 30 Alexander G 7 Bond 1 1 Boone ... 3 1 1 4 3 1 3 7 j 1 6 14 Calhoun 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 2 3 1 1 4 fi Champaign 2 6 1 12 1 Clark 1 3 4 Clav 3 3 3 1 1 5.5 4 Coles 3 2 14 16 8 74 3 2 1 l&S 2 2 Cumberland. ... 1 3 4 DeKalb 4 i 2 6 1 1 13 DeWitt 2 3 1 4 1 1 4 DuPage 3 1 4 8 2 1 1 1 1 13 1 1 4 Favette Ford 1 2 1 4 4 2 1 6 14 4 2 20 1 3 1 Greene .. .. . 5 i 3 9 5 1 5 14 ' 5 7 1 8 1 1 Henderson . 2 1 3 6 1 3 1 1 1 2 9 14 10 5 1 1 6 2 2 I 2 7 1 1 1 11 2 3 13 1 11 5 1 10 2 7 1 5 3 17 Kankakee ... 6 1 14 Kendall 1 Knox 1 3 4 6 3 21 1 3 9 LaSalle 1 2 3 23 1 1 Lee 6 7 :::::::;■ :::::::" 2 8 Livingston . 2 1 1 2 2 3 17 2 4 1 1 1.5 8 6 7 4 It i 17 Macon ... \ 26 2 11 Madison j 1 5 Marion ^i 3i i i 1 6 Marshall 3 5 4 Mason ::::::::;i;:;;;;;:: 1 1 6 271 Table " 00."— Continued. Counties. • p • 3 »: re c :* £.- : po : 3 '■ ra en : HH O P P & O B 2 5' : 5' : a : o : & CO 3 a o (b o .* ^ I*! 3^'o P 3 •^ & i" W : P o -i c (B O 3* O i? o £ i : Massiic 3 7 12 G - 1 11 5 15 15 13 1 2 1 40 Menard 1 Mercer 1 2 3 ' Monroe ." 7 10 Montgomery Morgan 12 3 'i 1 1 4 3 i 3 Moultrie 4 Ogle C 2 7 fl Peoria 12 1 i^ "7 Perry 3 4 Piatt 4 ...::::.:!... 3 1 A Pilce 1 ^ Pope 1 5 1 Pulaski ■> Putnam 1 f; Randolph 1 1 1 7 Rieliland 10, •> 12 1 1 1 25 Saline 1 1 1-1 5 ;{ 5 1 1 91 5 l' 1 ii 1 1 95 Schuyler 3 i 14 5 Shelby 2 2 1 g Stark !•> 1 22 3 i 4 St. Clair 98 5 Tazewell 9 1 12 5 1 1 3 10 Vermilion 10 2 'V — 5, 18 Wabash tt 4 5 10 Warren 6 1 1 2 4 19 4 3 3 1 M'ayne i' 3 White 4 Whiteside 4 8 3 ■•I •■5 i G Will 1 4 17 Williamson 4 10 5 1 1 IG Woodford 4 2 6 Totals 195 249 146 54 14 21 «3 2181 83 1,063 Table showing number of days' hoard given to Inmates of nine State In- stitutions, from each county in the State, heturmi the 1st day of December, ISTJf, and tlie SOth day of September, 1875. Counties. Adams Alexander ... Bond •.. Boone Brown Bureau Calhoun Carroll Cass i'hampaign... Christian Clark Chiy Clinton Coles Cook Crawford Cumberland.. DeKalb DeWitt Douelas DuPage Edgar Edwards Effingham Favette Ford Franklin Fulton Gallatin Oreene Cruudy^ Hamilton Hancock Hardin Henderson.... Henry Iroquois Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jersey Jo Daviess Johnson Kane Kankakee Kendall Knox Lake La Salle Lawrence Lee Livingston.... Logan Macon Macoupin Madison Marion Marshall Mason !z; n t33§ S3 a B ?^ •^ a 'H. -— r. — : 3 i ^ : f= • 3 : C i;s: 4J.5 !,U44i 219 1,419: 3.t0 356j 356! 1.322, 2,593 l,870i 3,030 6,965, 2,967 l,520i 2,335i 1,903 5,9ol 2.G."v2 2,906i 16!S :i5G' S,434f 304 j 1,02/1 1C4! 809 > 3521 2 , 375 3,247! 2,t)S9: 970! 708 1 1,940! 9, 274 I 421 av2' 1,375 1,004 528 1,34-1 2.56 1,280 /{« 704 654 3,22.5 220 2,502 3.52 256 1,583 912 686 1,016 2.50 159 1,912 528 460 880 176 1,680 176 8S0 92 704 1,653 3, 373 1 2,515! 2,796 1,772 962 1 -ol" 3,296 516 i 1,900 698 200 184 1,001 635. 780 431 l,o;w 322 132 1,744| 912 1,269, 815 i 2,1,561 8411 ,738 097 2,410, 426 2,270 448 422 611 412 1,567 391 414 799 206 648 9,911 1,610 420 410 193 221 801! 199 588, 618 200 l,221i 149 1,212 2,049 2,078' 809 397, 191. 412 15 2,029 618 1,390 2,862' 688 807 605 412 597 1,442' 2061 206' 221 001 555 184 184 167 512 184 368 483 304 lC H ii:6 E 3 6 ■3 !^ •-3 •3 p ^- : T 718 213 199 7:14 429, 1 97 3 256 105 2,192 144 1,311 163 184 184 184 368 4431 5081 .3041 3,1051 .1 2,192 16 .S04 281 268 184 115 681 184 368 184 368 184 206 2,192! 2,412 184' l,288j i 4 920! 144 193 584 368. 736 403 368 l,840i 190 1,840 231 215 17 87 432 C98 487 184 271 ■536 3(» 130 184 1.56 929 512 1,037 .304 216 200 420 1.57 304 215 644 215 398 199 1 184 5.52 1,104 200 99 184 920 920 368 736 184 4,784 63 451 0.12 2,760 2,944 5,152) " "368; 3,680: 736, 552! 119 188 284 39 43 334 405 2,451 '"'286 1,047 758 2,440 87 44 263 301 163 738 305 304 231 3,307 4, .564 465 281 608 891 14,600 406 304 1,900 451 T^e "il"— ContiuimL ^; -; ap , 5 s 2£ Jf ?t 1 _2 5| ' -.« ».£. k«»* ^ ^ ^~ ^ * ii^. - a t — -^ ■^ 3 » a' *a ^ ^i* ^ -S* s ^ -' T »• ?a U< '•. 2.? »^3_ il 3 *.\>uu:u>Ti. ^~ !& — ** ?S >» Si 5 ^ 1 5 ~ 1? H. 1 1 a "? % ^ ,r IT S»t 135.. 45» 2a-»„ .„^.„,.,^ ' ~"i~«^ ISi 5^ 1.4!72 a 5.S81* ^ ■.- ^^rrs:.j.*r.-^' ^ -xC^,!^^™ IW - ^ is^ 2.095 ^ - ■ ■. "....^^«^ .^^ ^5 law 1^ 3;. 155 ^ V ^^„ *«^^«^«.. -IWit 7^. -HI' 27a 1.77W ^A ^v>m.,.^ «» — aw IH 3W 3;.«3 lVvru*..„ !:» 4.2!l»„ «*,<«*.*^«.i <>ai. 4W oOl -»>:Sfii 4.*» 14.5»> IVrrv Sa*, «S: a» *««-** :»& '»..»»». «» 2.354 P;jit'. !.*»„ ™„A-. «™™ 5S> Si ______^ 2.46S i^li^- S*!?*^^ M.«->^.««>,^i 75*, 3M^ 215 78t> IWS .~— ™„» 3^*S f^HX^^ 5431 _^^ 1 I** aw. _ 9^** IhaVa^^.. 1.9W P«(tRai» ^ iw!.. as» i.'jss^ J^ 3W 2.7es R-."- ' '■■•- 17$ 4M^ 3» 1« T.a» 17«> 3W 2.7e5 K tWi 2.645 K - ^ iJT 33* 12.984 ^^ii^;,C » ^^. vv^ is* -^ )!». 17*- 1.339 5S!*tl^sUUOa,.«...s ITS ^ ^^^^„ 1 3S« 73* i9»: law 3W ia.sj2 !*c-huylw. ^.^^,^ ,. 4.274 sk\m .>.. -rrnrr---' , s»„ ^.««««..^ Si* «.^.«* a«»| 5^ ^ 3.-.S7 Sbelbv aw 1.96*1 «ii •CI™™ H» JLTK 5.327 s^rfc !$3$ *&™ A«*«A>A - liS7 1 ss 3U«> 2.194 !^. Cl*tr ^^^„ ^^^.^ 1.^ 4.S«t 414 5Sar ast'l STSi "" ".ws S.98S ?^l>hrtisoa l.tRfT TWi™ >^<>««AM.. . (SOS a*; 332 Ige. *«■ 4.4M Ta«:'\V*^It.v....™ SW S>1*>1-. -«...««*„. l.wsk)^; 358 »«»• .>.3Ctt rn!i,>u ...„,„ «««^«^v^v i!4 isXTs;.- *,..«. ...,„^ «««^ »«-. gg;i 1>1«» ™ „...™. 2.*»3»> WriuiUott ,„ 3l»& *.S1^ .„ „««*.*^ l.»»i> 73S 5.327 UaVash SWj ftSV ■t5» -"'«, ^.„,,, .p . 731k a$* 2.n> N\ariv;; „„„ aa i;<^ »>U<»gkM»,AA^| «i!» ita; ^ 4.«S» NVa>;r.!U'.o:i mi r-» dTi ^T ^,^..1 3W $.«»> Wavtie .•<:v* t^» „ ' .™. l.WS \Vh";co ..w~«... .,.K. "•'•* -.»«. V»»AU>U>A»»! IS* 1.998 W '•I'A-iSit.t^.. V """i'.'sji ^V- ^ .... H4. 1.-172 2^ '""■be l-.i7; 134 3W 3»> 4.573 WT:: „_ N^ I.'l>. ^^ 13.«Jtf W ■'lIihuisou 2.29T \V;'v,:.-l.asv>....... , 3.9^ 5.ai» ■Kotedfe »!.«» wa.swj •«3s.««Jj 1 *».3SS ia.!S*s »a58| 34ai2 33ik!St>5 274 [PP.] Table sho^vtng number of days' board given to Inmates of nine State Instiiu- tions, from each county in the State, between the lit day of October, lt>75, and the 30th day of September, 1876 . CJountics. o s \ i : ^ : g : 3 : a re g; • p : d : a p p & c 3 p- • & : "lit. 3^ a : '~i : & • 1 >— 1 ID ■1 c 1 i Adams 12,938 257 1,517 2,144 540 259 480 240 542 366 3,983 4,817 20,087 Alexander 3,662 21 9 882 Bond 1,797 Boone 743 46 119 908 Brown 1,792 1,317 1,072 300 42 3 475 Bureau 6,7-14 639 812 159 9,468 Calhoun 1,182 1,182 Carroll 1,40'J 799 700 1,709 259 1,005 799 270 2,273 14,648 1,834 240 243 692 267 327 998 277 300 100 3,181 Cass 2,119 4,809 3,164 1,090 1,124 4,513 Champaign • 281 532 9,021 Christian 3,700 Clark 240 472 479 2,814 Clay 1,951 1,521 632 277 266 3,590 3,854 lil 104 2 3,599 2,233 Coles 2,980 7,890 743 18,274 0,264 Cook 52,106 365 989 1,347 101,891 2,823 Cumberland. . .. ■""s'ooo 351 203 40 240 270 503 558 824 DeKalb 810 551 202 540 1,297 267 891 612 5,511 DeWitt 2,500 2,593 4,461 186 1 3,041 DuPage 3,721 300 4,628 Edgar 3,347 394 1,273 3,893 701 240 173 5,488 1,273 238 511 810 513 1,604 279 215 4,410 Fayette 1,427 Ford 2,678 140 1,WS 5,282 3(i6 6,081 2,319 . 3,198 Fulton 479 238 306 99 910 509 9,515 572 572 1,319 5,315 5,887 Grundy 2,590 1,339 280 04 2,035 6,908 1,752 1,752 300 3,259 2,685 402 424 159 7,3.",5 Hardin 488 488 1,515 478 610 181 993 2,174 6,051 4,018 624 1,031 792 281 203 561 320 206 339 178 10,809 Iroquois ., 5,314 3,005 1,064 628 413 1,436 1,716 1,061 238 1,451 5,241 1,727 277 709 689 905 2,524 529 529 463 306 1 4,944 4,432 7,087 1,716 Kane 10,042 5,092 1,818 6,079 3,050 7,000 ""4,556 5,059 2.53 3,059 799 476 1,0,54 306 282 287 223 1,840 18,078 0,480 Kendall 306 628 2,466 133 1,169 210 3,530 270 810 1,421 539 534 1,779 280 259 629 799 726 243 345 723 479 409 435 421 2,908 12,652 3,944 LaSalle 107 2,022 277 210 -306 876 924 557 11 233 12,280 282 310 3,507 6,5'a Livingston 295 4,834 4,361 4,077 6,962 134 348 93 375 7,785 205 238 7,088 306 346 5,911 933 490 7,521 7,90,5 2,518 366 3,143 2,975 1,542 257 3,835 ""7,862 2,742 85 164 3,589 282 2,787 437 6iM McDonough McHenry ""4,599 306 2,432 1,340 1,109 220 366 772 579 537 V)2'3 360 7,170 139 480 0,850 481 232 11,8*16 Menard 3,560 275 Table " PP."— Continued. Counties. !2i i 1 : a Bi- ll £ i ^ : S : o r'l-i : 3 ii : a g i : 5" : a : (n : Pj gg o . -i : V : ts- Bg : "-1 g" B rn o 2,935 257 3,253 5,295 1,137 437 554 366 109 283 236 305 4 035 2,437 3,343 5 370 Montgomery.... 366 1,515 3,217 1,598 550 1,304 270 239 480 1,381 266 41 10,478 3,481 Ogle 3,474 64 324 5,267 4,412 14,106 2,222 5,921 2a7 1,411 3,261 708 900 364 1,331 Piatt 130 1,541 Pike 1,023 128 277 4,689 1,242 1,724 1,242 240 233 204 2,168 1,252 259 903 .549 799 .529 1,926 281 269 1,202 313 293 1,022 119 100 2 350 270 2,864 1,861 5,065 Richland 205 844 2,734 5,426 '480 240 454 7 7,656 1,550 2,325 12,554 4 788 7,508 3,279 1,795 4,520 784 620 182 64 111 1,262 366 680 Scott 266 2,394 Shelby Stark 366 2,371 1,842 8,041 2,817 206 9,157 240 474 St Clair 771 935 540 1,175 2(56 269 957 .543 366 186 732 12,560 6,378 6,475 2,924 7,588 2,512 Stephenson Tazewell 5,016 10 233 4,701 Union 2,276 462 230 366 3,199 126 4,418 257 257 1,559 270 1,561 903 599 Wabash 2,116 Warren 144 220 189 733 348 7,045 2,259 1,325 1,926 3 11 3,087 1,593 Wavne White 366 682 284 678 1,313 2,792 Whiteside 3,410 9,936 1,343 2,452 534 1,169 551 316 549 104 70 8 5,7.51 Will 930 14,151 4,762 3,446 Winnebago Woodford 6,104 245 532 282 9,483 3,705 2,864 Totals 169,501 170,847 74,633 94,244 20,055 29,277 15,294 65,880 639,731 Vol. 11—19. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Members of the Board 15 Letter of transmission 5 Act to provide for the a])i)()intmeut of a Board of Commissioners of Public Charities, and defin- ing their powers and duties 1 Act to regulate the State Charitable Institutions and the State Reform School 10 Act to change the fiscal year of the state and designate the time reports shall be made to the governor 17 Fourth Biennial Report 19 Jurisdiction of the Board 19 Amount of money to be accounted for 20 Credits, to balance tlie account 22 Outstanding indebtedness 23 Expenses for twenty^-two months 24 Ordinary expenses 25 Classified summary of ordinary expenses for fiscal year, 1875, (Table) 26 Ditto for 1(S76, (Table) .". 27 Remarks on tables 28 Co.st of food (Table) 28 Cost of clothing (Table) 30 Special appropriations by last General Assembly 38 Southern Insane H()si)ital. south wing 35 Asylum for Feeljle-Minded Children, new building 3(') Institution for Deaf and Duinl), school-building 38 Extent of charitable relief atlbrded 39 Average number 41 Increase for next two years ^2 Ordinary expense appropriations needed 43 Appropriations asked 44 Insane hospitals, pay-list 44 Estimated ordinary expenses for next two years 46 Estimate, in detail, (Table) •''1 Cost of services, salaries and wages, (Table) 54 Requests for special ajjpropriations •'^2 Northern Insane Hospital 52 Central Insane Hospital 58 Southern Insane Hosiiital 59 Instit>ition for the Deaf and Dumb 61 Institution for the I'.lind 63 Asylum for Kcel)1(-Minded Children 65 Soldiers' Orjihans' Home 66 ('baritalilc Eye and Ear Infirmary 67 State Reform" School 63 Recapitulation, with table showing appropriations asked and recommended, also the amount of reduction suggested 69 The new regulating act 71 Inspection of hosjiitnls ffir the insane 73 More provision neces.sary 76 Districts for the insane 77 Number of reiwrts of in.stitutions printed 78 The Eye and Ear Infirmary 78 The Soldiers' Orphans' Home 79 Bonds and oaths filed by superintendents and treasurers of institutions 79 Dr. Joshua Rhoads 81 Public conferences 81 The county jail system 81 Visitation of counties 82 The work of the Board of Charities 82 Visiting agency 83 Appropriations needed by Board 84 Conclusion 84 APPENDIX I. Page. Centennial History of Charitable Legislation in Illinois ,S7 Pauperism X" Township Organization 91 Administration of poor laws % County farms '.'G Out-door relief 97 Tramps 98 The State Institutions 98 The Deaf and Dumb 99 Instruction in articulation 104 The Insane 108 Miss Dix's memorial 108 Establishment of State Hospital 108 Pay-patients 113 Mode of commitment 113 Mrs. Pacliard and the MeParland Investigation 114 Establishment of two additional hospitals 118 Census of the insane 122 Conference on insanity 123 The cottage system 123 The state districted for insanity 128 Separate institutions for the incurably insane 128 The blind 129 Suit vs. the St. L. J. and C. R. R 131 The Idiots 133 Action of State Medical Society 133 Number of idiots 135 Location of the institution 135 Method of training 130 Statistics of idiocv 139 The Soldiers' Orphans 141 Juvenile Otrendors I-IS Action of State Teachers' Association 148 Livingston county bonds, etc...' 150 Case of Daniel O'Connell, and decision by the Supreme Court 151 Leased labor, suit vs. Everett & Clement 153 Decision of Supreme Court respecting Livingston county bonds 154 Eye and Ear Infirmary 150 Adoption of tlie institution by the state 157 The Board of Public Charities .^ 159 Duties, responsibilities and relations : 101 Investigation as to number of insane and idiots in Illinois 104 Examination of U. S. census-returns of misfortune 104 Statigrai>hic illustration 105 Digest and revision of statutes respecting state institutions 100 Action respecting appropriations 100 Opposition to the board 107 Present organization of public charities of Illinois 108 Inspection of county jails and alms-houses 109 Crime and criminals 170 Conclusion: Questions for future determination 1~2 APPENDIX 11. The County Jail system IJo The reformatory idea }-i,2 The actual prison system V^ Views of prison officers 1^6 Pardons '. I'i Importance of the question 17/ Distinction between misdemeanors and felonies 1^' Origin of the county jail system l^o Classification of prisoners i^^ The Irish system |i^ Sources of information respecting jails i'^ Testimony of eye-witnesses |°o Construction j^[- Insecurity ^*3 Indiscriminate association of prisoners |°4 The insane in county jails |°j Association of the sexes jj; Debtors and witnesses |°^ Moral atmosphere and influence l^|J Absence of labor, and of religious instruction 1^0 Children in jails ^™ Repeaters or "revolvers" j°° Short sentences }f^ The remedy i°^ County governments powerless |^^ Expense of the present system J;?? Jails indicted as nuisances by grand juries ^-"^ Ill Page. Interference by the state demanded 191 The prevention of crime 191 Labor in prisons 191 Reform schools 192 District prisons 192 Detention prior to trial 193 Solitary confinement 193 Recapitulation 194 APPENDIX III. The Treatment of Pauperism 195 The question insoluble 195 Approaches to a solution 196 Property and v>overty correlative terms 197 Pauperism defined 197 The causes of pauperism 197 Hereditary influence 198 Subjects of relief 19S Impostors and professional beggars 199 Able-bodied paupers 200 The trulv needy 200 Limit to 'relief 200 Nature of relief most demanded 201 The Mosaic code 201 Private vs. public charity 202 Prevention of pauperism : out-door relief 203 Paupers in institiitions, alms-houses, etc 203 The art of iiianai^iuu' paupers — discrimination 203 Tlic vajrabond or tramp 203 The traveling mechanic 204 Charm of vagrancy 205 Connexion between pauperism and crime 206 Communism 206 The remcdv 207 Statutes of Illinois 207 Work-houses 208 APPENDIX IV.— Tables. statistical Tables 211 A. — List of institutions and superintendents 211 B.— List of trustees 212 C. — List of api)ropriations, 1S37 to 1875 213 D. — Amount paid to institutions 217 E. — The institutions in account with ajipropriations 218 F. — Recapitulation of appropriation account 228 G. — Amounts collected from counties, 1875 231 G. G.— " " " " 1876 233 H.— Balances due institutions, September 30, 1876 235 I.— Total receipts, expenditures, and balances, two years 237 J. — Consolidated financial statement, 1875 2:^ K.— " " " 1876 240 L. — Institutions in account with local treasurer 242 M.— Movement of the population, 1875 264 M. M.— " " " 1876 265 N. — Number of inmates present from each countv, December 1, 1874 266 O.— " " " admitted " " ' 1875 268 0.0.~ " " " " " " 1876 269 P.— Days' board given to inmates " " 1875 272 P.P.— " " " " " " 1876 274 Q. — Number of inmates present " " September 30, 1876 276 R. — Duration of terms and vacations 248 S. — Amounts purchased of articles named 249 T. — ^Consumption of articles named, per capita 2.55 V. — Amounts paid for uses specified 256 v.— Showing the comparative cost of i)rovisions in nine state institutions 263 ■%