i THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY FIFTH BIENNIAL REPORT The Board of State Commissioners Public Charities STATE OF ILLINOIS. PRESENTED TO THE GOVERNOR NOVEMBER. 1878. SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS : Weber, Magib & Co., State Printers. 1879. D BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS. President, GEORGE S. ROBINSON. Commissio7iers, GEORGE S. ROBINSON, Sycamore. Term expires 1879. JOHN N. McCORD, M. D., Vandalia. Term expires 1880. J. C. CORBUS, M. D., Mendota. Term expires 1881. W. A. GRIMSHAW, Pittsfield. Term expires 1882. JOHN M. GOULD, Moline. Term expires 1883. Secretary, FRED. H. WINES, Springfield. 214644 STATE OF ILLINOIS, Office of Board of Public Charities, November 1, 1876. Hon. Shelby M. Cullom, Governor: The Board of State Commissioners of Public Charities has the honor to make to you its Fifth Biennial, or Tenth Annual Report, as re- quired by law. We are, with respect, Your obedient servants, GEORGE S. ROBINSON, President. JOHN N. McC^ORD, J. C. CORBUS, W. A. GRIMSHAW, JOHN M. GOULD. Fred. H. AVixes, Secretary. AN ACT To provide for the appointment of a Board of Commissioners of I^uhlic Oharifies, and defini)ig their duties <(nd powers. Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, reji- resented in the General Assembly, That within ten days after the pas- sac^e of this act, tlie governor, by and with the consent of the senate, shall appoint five i)ersons. to be called and known as "The Board of State Commissioners of Public Charities." One of the persons so ap- pointed, shall hold his office for one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for fonr years, and one for live years, as indicated by the gov- ernor in making the appointments, and tlie appointments thereafter, ex- cept to fill vacancies, shall be for five years. In case of any vacancy occasioned by the removal from the state by any such person so ap- ])ointed, or death or resignation, or non-acceptance of the office, or re- moval from office by the governor, by any such person so appointed, the o-overnor shall immediately fill such vacancy; and all appointments made by the governor when the senate is not in session, shall be valid, until the next session of the senate. 8 2 Before entering upon their duties, the said commissioners shall, respectively, take and "subscribe the convtitutional oath required of other state officers, which shall be tiled in the office of the secretary of state, who is hereliy authorized and directed to administer such oath. The said commissioners shall have power to elect a president out of their number, and such other officers and agents as they may deem proper, and to adopt such by-laws and regulations, for the transaction of their business, as they may consider expedient. ^ 3. The said commissioners shall have full power, at all times, to look into and examine the condition of the several institutions, Avhich they may be authorized by this act to visit, financially, and otherwise; to inquire and examine into their methods of instruction, and the government and management of their inmates, the official conduct of trustees, directors, and' other officers and employes of the same; the condition of the buildings, grounds, and other property connected therewith, and into all other matters pertaining to their usefulness and good management; and for these purposes they shall have free access to the grounds, buildings, and all books and papers relating to said institutions; and all persons now or hereafter connected with the same are hereby directed and required to give such information and afford such facilities for inspection as the said commissioners may require. § 4. The said commissioners, or some one of them, are hereby author- ized and required, at least twice in each year, and as much oftener as they may deem necessary, to visit all the charitable and correctional institutions of the state, excepting prisons receiving state aid, and as- Cfrt;iii) wlictluT tho money- :i|)|)i-..]iri:Uc'n!< iiinf the State Riform Si'/iniil, iiiid tn Improve tlu'ir orijunization / ///i/mis, rep- resented ill the General Astenddi/, That the state institutions hereinafter named, are hereby recognized and continued, and tliat they shall here- after be known and desic^natcd by their res|(eetive titles, as expressed in tliis section, namely: ciiAurrAm.K. The Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane, at Jaeksonville. The Illinois Northern Hospital tor the Insane, at KItcin. The Illinois Southern Hospital for tlie Insane, at Anna. The Illinois Institution for the Kdueation of the Deaf and Dund). at Jacksonville. The Illinois Institution foi- the Education of the Blind, at Jaekson- ville. The Illinois Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children. The Illinois Soldiers' Orphans' Home, at Normal. The Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Intirniary, at ("hicai,^(». C'ORRECTIONAI,. The Illinois State Reform School, at Pontiac § -J. The trustees of each of the said state institutions shall be a body corporate and politic, for certain purposes, nainely : To riHciw. hold, use and convey or disburse moneys and other jiroperty, real and personal, in the name of said eorporations, but in trust and for the tise and by the authority of the state of Illinois, and to control, mana<;e and direct the .several trusts committed to them respectively, includiiiijc the organization, governjuent and discipline of all otliccrs, employes and other inmates of said institutions, with ])ower to mak»' contracts, to sue and be sued, ])lead and be impleaded, to have and to use a common seal and to alter the same at pleasure, and to exercise all other powers usuallv belonging and incident to such corporations and m-ci'ssary for the successful dischargi' of the obligations devolving by law upon said ])oards of trust: Prorided, that they shall not have power to bind the state l)y anv contract beyond the amount of the a])propriations which may at the time have been made for the purposes expressed in the contract, nor to sell or convey any part of the real estate belonging to their respective instituti<)ns without the consent of the legislature, exci'pt that they may release any mortgage or convey any real estati' which may be held by them as security for any money or ujton any trust the 11 terms of which authorize such conveyance: A7id, provided, further, that the oreneral assembly shall have power, at any time, to amend, alter, revoke or annul the arrant of corporate powers hereii. contained or heretofore expressed in any and all charters previously granted to any of said institutions. § 3. The object of the hospitals for the insane shall be to receive and care for all insane or distracted persons residing in the state of Illinois, who may be committed to their care in accordance with law, and to furnish all needed medical treatment, seclusion, rest, restraint, attendance, amusement, occupation and support which may tend to re- store their health and recover them from insanity, or to alleviate their suffering: Provided, that the trustees shall have power to discharge patients and to refuse additional applications for admission to the hospitals under their care, whenever, in their judgment, the interests of the insane demand such discharge or refusal, and that in the ad- mission and retention of patients, curable and recent cases shall have the preference over cases of long standing, and that violent, dangerous or otherwise troublesome cases shall have the preference over those of an opposite description. § 4. The object of the institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb, and of the asylum for feeble-minded, shall be to promote the intellectual, moral and physical culture of the classes of persons indicated in their titles, respectively, and to fit them, as far as possi- ble, for earning their own livelihood and for future usefulness in society. § 5. The object of the soldiers' orphans*' home shall be to provide a home for the nurture and intellectual, moral and physical culture of all indigent children below the age of fourteen years, whose fathers served in the armies of the Union during the late rebellion, and have died or been disabled by reason of wounds or disease received therein, or have since died: Provided, that in special cases of peculiar in~ability of a pupil to support himself or herself, the trustees may retain such pupil, although above the age of fourteen years, and until such pupil has reached the age of sixteen, beyond which no pupil shall be re- tained. § 6. The object of the charitable eye and ear infirmary shall be to provide gratuitous board and medical and surgical treatment for all indigent residents of Illlinois, who are afilicted with diseases of the eye or ear. § 7. The management of each of the state charitable institutions and of the state reform school shall be vested in a board of three trustees, to be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, and to be divided into three classes, and one class appointed every two years, to serve for six yeai's from the first of March in each year bearing an odd number, as follows: Upon the taking effect of this act three trustees shall be appointed for each charitable institution and for the state reform school, of whom one- third shall serve until the first of March, A. D. 1877, one-third shall serve until the first of March, 1879, and one-fhird shall serve until the first of March, 1881, as may be determined by lot; and their succes- sors, respectively, shall serve for six years each, and in every case a trustee shall hold his ofiice until his successor is appointed and quali- fied: Provided, that not more than one trustee for the same institution 12 shall be appointed from or reside in any one county, and that no person shall be appointed or serve as trustee of more than one insti- tution at one and the same time: A/id prorided further, that no super- intendent or employe of any of said institutions shall be trustee thereof. S H. The {governor shall have power to remove any trustee for in- eflicieney or other good and sufficient cause, and every vacancy occur- rinfj from deatii, removal, or otherwise, shall be tilled for the remain- der of the unexpired term in the same manner as prescribed in the seventh section of this act; but if the senate be not in sesssion when such vacancy occurs the point such officers and other agents, not herein otherwise provided for, as may be needed for the successful management thereof, to define their duties, to fix their compensation, to remove and discharge them when- ever in their judgment the welfare of the institution demands, and to make all necessary by-laws, rules and regulations for the government of the institution and its inmates : Provided, that no pei'son shall be appointed superintendent of either of the hospitals for the insane, nor of the institution for the education of feeble-minded children, who is not an educated and competent physician. § 11. The trustees shall receive no compensation for their services; but the actual expenses of each of them, while engaged in the per- formance of the duties of his office, shall be audited by the board and paid out of the funds of the institution. § 12. The principal executive officer of each of the state charitable institutions shall be officially known and designated as the superinten- dent of said institution. He shall be the financial agent of the trustees, and shall have charge of the premises, property and inmates, subject to their direction. He shall, with the consent of the trustees, appoint all subordinate officers and employes, and assign them their respective duties, and may at any time discharge them from service. He shall sec that all officers, agents and em])loyes of the institution faithfully discharge their duties, and shall be held directly responsible to the trustees for the economy, efficiency and success of the internal manage- ment. In all institutions which furnish board to the inmates, the superintendent shall reside in the institution. 55 1.3. The trustees of each of the state institutions shall appoint one of their own number to l)e president of the board and shall ap- point some person not a member of the board to be treasurer of the institution, 'J'hey shall also appoint such person as they may select to V)e their secretary. § 14. The treasurer and superintendent, before entering upon the duties of their office, shall each give l)ond payable to the ])eoj)le of the state of Illinois, in such an\ount and with such sureties, not less than two, as^shall be approved by the trustees and by the governor, con- ditioned for the faithful performance of the duties of their office, which bond shall be tiled in the office of the state commissioners of public charities, at Springfield. § 15. The books and papers of the treasurer shall be open at all times to the inspection of any of the trustees of his institution, officers of state, members of the general assembly, or state commissioners of public charities. § 16. The treasurer shall receive and be custodian of all moneys due or belonging to the institution, whether derived from the state treasury or from other sources, and the superintendent, or any other officer into whose hands any money rightfully belonging to the insti- tution may chance to come, shall pay over all such moneys in full to the treasurer, at least once in every month. The treasurer shall not pay out any of the funds of the institiition, except on proper vouch- ers, namely, on the order of the board of trustees by such agent as the board may appoint, and the original orders upon which said funds are paid out shall be returned from time to time to the trustees, to be filed in the office of the institution and there permanenth^ pre- served, and the president of the board shall give his receipt to the treasurer for said orders when returned, showing in detail their num- bers and amounts, which receipt shall be a final clearance of the treasurer from all further responsibility for said money so paid. The treasurer shall keep an itemized account in a substantially bound book, showing under appropriate heads, all the receipts and disburse- ments, in detail, with the date when and the parties from or to whom the same were received or paid, and also the current number of the order of the trustees upon which each cash payment is made, § 17. The trustees shall hold regular stated meetings of the board, at the institution, at least as often as once in every three months, at such times as i they may appoint, and called meetings at the request of any one of their number. A majority of the board shall constitute a quorum to do business. At each regular meeting they shall inspect the institution under their charge, and they, or any one of them, may visit and inspect the same at any time. § 18. At each stated meeting of the board, the treasurer shall make a full report of all moneys received and paid out by him, accompany- ing the same with a copy of his itemized account, which account shall be verified by affidavit, and make settlement with the trustees. The superintendent shall present to the trustees an itemized statement of the kind, quality and cost of all articles purchased for the institution during the interval since the last regular meeting "of the board, and a classified summary of expenses incurred, with which the report of the treasurer shall be compared. The trustees having examined said reports and accounts of the superintendent and treasurer, and the balance in the treasurer's hand, together with the amount of outstanding unpaid liabilities, shall endorse their approval thereon and transmit the same, with duplicate vouchers accompanying, to the state commissioners of public charities at Springfield, to be filed in their office for inspection at any time by the governor and by the members of the general as- sembly. And no installment of any appropriation heretofore or here- after made by the general assembly shall be *due or payable to any of the state institutions until the state commissioners of public charities 14 sliall luive ccrtititnl to tlio vernor the accuracy <»f the said statements and accuinpanyinfjf vouchers, which certiticaten shall be apjtroved V)y the jj^overnor, and delivered to the auditor ropriation for the erection of any building or for the doing of any work, or for any }nirj)ose other than ordinary exj)enses, shall be drawn from the state treasury in ad- vance of the work done or materials furnished, and then only upon proper estimates thereof, approved by the trustees, which estimates shall V)e filed in the ofHce of the commissioners of public charities; and no |)ortion of any ai)propriation for any purpose shall be drawn from the state treasury before it shall l)e recpiired for the purpose for which it is made; and no appropriation which is or may be made for one purpose shall be drawn or used for any other purpose; and if at any time hereafter the sum appro|)riated by tlie general assembly for any specified purpose shall be found insufiicicnt to complete and accom- plish the purpose for which said apj)ropriation is made, then no part of said sum so ai)propriated shall be expended or drawn from the state treasury, nor any liability on the part of the state be created on account of said appropriation. 15 L'l. All moneys which have been heretofore, or which may be hereafter ai)propriated to any state institution for any purpose, other than for ordinary expenses, and which remain in the hands of the trustees of such institution, and are not required for the uses for which they were appropriated, shall be paid into the state treasury immediately on the taking effect of this act. jj -22. No trustee, treasiu'er, superinten.dent or other otliccr or agent appointed by virtue and under the provisions of this act, shall be di- rectly or indirectly interested in any contract or other agreement for l)uilding, repairing, funishing or sujtplying said institutions. Any vio- lation of tliis section shall subject the offender, on conviction, to be punished by a fine of not more than double the amount of said con- tract or agreement, or by imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term of not less than one nor more than three years. 55 23. In the matter of the purchase of supj)rus for an institution, the trustees shall cause such purchase to be matle wherever the best grade of articles of suitable (juantity can be bought at the lowest price, and so far as practicable, in large rather than in small quanti- ties, and they shall, if in their judgment it can be done to advantage, advertise for proposals lor staple supplies, such as meal, tlour, sugar, cofTet', tea, fuel, and otiier staple articles, and make contracts for the furnishing of the same in bulk or in <|uantities as may be needed for use : Pr()ri, 1869, is hereby recognized and continued, and the powers heretofore granted to said board, of visitation, investi- gation, inquiry, counsel, recommendation and report, with rcspi'ct to the management and affairs of the state and county charitable and correctional institutions, are hereby confirmed, and the same jurisdic- tion now exercised by said board over a portion of the state institu- tions is extended so as to apply to all penal institutions, all of which shall hereafter be subject to visitation and investigation by said board. § ;n. It shall be the duty of the superintendent of public instruc- tion to visit such of the charitable institutions of the state as are edu- cational in their character, and to examine their facilities for instruc- tion; and the several su])erintendents of these institutions shall make to him reports, at such times, on matters educational relating to their institiitions, and in such forms as he may prescribe. § 32. All acts and jtarts of acts inconsistent with the })rovisions of this act are hereby repealed. Approved Apkii, 15, lisTo. FIFTH BIENNIAL REPORT With the pi'esent report, the Board of State Commissioners of Pub- lic Charities completes the record of the first ten years of its history. For us, the occasion is an anniversary. These ten years have also constituted an epoch in the history of the development of the state in- stitutions. We have witnessed the erection and establishment of two new liospitals for the insane — one at Elgin and one at Anna — and the foundation of a third laid, at Kankakee. We have seen the asylum for feeble-minded children incorporated, removed to Lincoln, and per- manently provided for by the purchase of a site and the construction of suitable buildings. We have seen the soldiers' orphans' home com- pleted and opened at Normal; the burning and rebuilding of the in- stitution for the blind, at Jacksonville; the enlargement of the institu- tion for the deaf and dumb to double its former capacity; and the re- ception of the charitable eye and ear infirmary, at Chicago, after the great fire, into the number of institutions owned and controlled by the state. The building erected for this infirmary is believed to be the best of its class in the world. For some years the universities were under our supervision, and we watched the southern normal uni- versity, at Carbondale, from the laying of its corner stone to its in- auguration; we also saw nearly all the new buildings erected for the industrial university, at Champaign. The state has just passed through an era of public building, which began in 1867, and is, we trust, now happily drawing to a close. INSTITUTIONS. There are, at the present time, ten institutions subject to the super- vision of this board, namely: four hospitals for the insane, the institu- tion for the education of the deaf and dumb, the institution for the blind, the asylum for feeble-minded children, the soldiers' orphans' home, the Illinois charitable eye and ear infii-mary, and the state re- form school. The fourth hospital for the insane (at Kankakee) was created by the last general assembly, and is not yet in operation. STATISTICAL TABLES. The tabular statements in the appendix to this report will be found to contain detailed answers to nearly all questions likely to be asked concerning the finances of the state institutions. The following is a complete list of these tables: — 2— 1^ Table A. List of institutions and superintendents. Table H. List of trustees of the state institutions. Table C. List of ajtpropriations, 1^:57 to ls77. Table D. Amount pailians* 1 lonie ;{s,750 36 Eve aiul Ear Intirmarv 9,667-30 State Refonu Seliool ! 33,423 43 Total >J566,S36 79 Of this unexiteutled halaiu-e in the state treasury, ^333, 750 was for the ordinary expenses oi' the institutions until the first of July, 1877. The remainder, $233,086 79, had been appropriated for specific uses. The last general asseml)ly appropriated, for the use of these ten institutions, tlie sum of n|,.t:-j3,275 60, which was aj)portioned among them as shown in the following statement: — Northern Insane Hospital -^ 244,447 85 Eastern Insane Hospital 200,000 00 Central Insane Hosjiital 27l,7s6 50 Southern Insane Hospital 11U,700 00 Institution for tlie Deaf and I)und» 17s,U00 00 Institution for the lilind 62,201 25 Asylum for Fcehle-.Minded Children 1 54,040 00 Soldiers' Orphans' Home '.»i»,475 00 Eye an=1,53::;,275 60 Of this amount, ><1,045,636 50 was ap]>ropriated for tlieir ordinary ex- penses for two years, from the first of July, 1877, to the thirtieth of June, l'-'79. The remainder of the approi)riations, amounting to ^4s7, 630 10, were for special purposes, the larger portion being set aside for the construction of the eastern insaTie hospital, and the extension of the hospital at Jacksonville. In addition to the income derived from apiiroj)riatii»ns, the institu- tions receive a minor income from the proceeds of sales of farm ju'o- duce, stock, and manufactured articles, from collections for clothing, etc. The amount of this miscellaneous income, during the jKist two years, has been: — Northern Insane Hospital ^i 0,030 32 Central Insane Hospital :T(»,310 60 Southern Insane Hospital (Trustees) 12,1).-):? 40 Southern Insane Hospital (Commissioners) l,os(l si Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 13,l'I6 51 Instituti<»n for the Blind :{,5U0 :U Asylum for l*'eeble-]Minded Childri-n 5,S26 94 Soldiers" Orphans' Home 823 IS Eye and Ear Infirmary l,4(»s 50 State Reform Si-hool .'. s,7(>2 87 Total N07.477 56 This, then, is tlii' total amount to be accounted foi" in the pri'sent report, and in the imports of the institutions hen-with transmitted: — 21 Balances, October Lst, 1876 $ 62,190 29 Foriiier appropriations, undrawn 566,8:36 79 Appropriations by the -'iOth general assembly 1,533,275 60 Miscellaneous income : 97,477 56 Total $2,259,780 24 It is evident that this amount must have'^been expended by the in- stitutions, or remain either in the state treasury or in the hands of the local treasurers. SUMMARY STATEMEXT OF CREDITS, TO BALANCE THE ACCOUNT. The amount remaining in the state treasury, undrawn, September 30th, 1878, was $602,255 97:— Northern Insane nosi)ital $ 79,335 18 Eastern Insane Hospital 99,803 46 Central Insane Hospital 1 12,309 13 Southern Insane Hospital 93,986 51 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 60,082 79 Institution for the Blind 23,214 55 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children 47,194 43 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 48,902 94 Eye and Ear Infirmary 1 3,306 1 6 State Reform School 24,120 82 Total $602,255 97 Of this amount, $437,875 is for ordinary expenses, until June 30th, 1879; $99,803 46 is for the completion of the eastern insane hospital; and the remainder is for other special purposes. The amount remaining in the hands of local treasurers, September 30th, 1878, was: — Northern Insane Hospital $ 5,754 17 Central Insane Hospital . . 5,645 20 Southern Insane Hospital 19,976 01 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 5,352 41 Institution for the Blind 6,494 80 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children 10,664 16 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 1,971 52 Eye and Ear Infirmary 178 84 State Refoi-ra School 6,998 37 Total $63,035 48 The cash disbursements by the state institutions, during the past two years, were: — Northern Insane Hospital $253,336 58 Eastern Insane Hospital 100,196 54 Central Insane Hospital 279,442 07 Southern Insane Hospital (Trustees) 151,181 16 Southern Insane Hospital (Commissioners) 104,423 69 Institution fur the Deaf and Dinnl» ^ 1R9,524 01 Institution for the IJlinil 59,8S1 41 Asylum for Feeble-Mindeil C'hihhvii 221,356 17 Soldiers' Orphnns' Home 04,039 19 P2ye and Kar Infirmary 54,937 06 State Reform School .*. 80,267 27 Total * 1 ,594,085 1 5 Bv addiiiLT these fiijures, toijetluT with A40:; .;4, the amount of for- mer approjtriations, whieh have lapsed beeause not drawn, we have as their sum, >i2,i.'59,7so 24, the amount to he aeeounted for, thus: — Cash disbursements ^I,594,0i-i5 15 Cash balances, Scjitembcr .With, isTS 68,035 48 Ajuiropriations uiidiawn, Sejitember 30th, 1878 602,255 97 Appropriations lapsed 4(i3 64 Total $2,259,780 24 The details of these receijjts and disbursements will be found in the tables aijpended to this report, and in the reports of the several insti- tutions. For all payments during the past two years, receipted vouch- ers will be found, j)roperly tied up in bundles, labeled and inay patients from the states of Indiana, ^lichigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming Territory, Avho received treat- ment at the same institution, of whom there were I'.". On the other hand, a certain de5 t) C/J o « M 5^ fe ^ cc ^ cc «0 -«J I-; O u ■va V :^ <;OX;£OMt^-^r-Ol~^OXMp^0^g ^ :o cc S ic -* is u? = i; L- ?: 1— ir: ?! c: ?! c-i ?i i- O I s5rH?JM :-^N .— t->-H?i» ■*!«* S' =* t- £ = d o ^ « £> E ►5 lO "^oTcT^fM -^ -* C^ t- rH C: 05 o • o t- -^ c: o e-j o » i>i c: -* rf -f — 30 00 N • I- m o: f 1 00 -* I- I— ^ u- ?•> = — 1- irri: O • ■* CO 50 t- (M -* IS — cc 3C o uir T! = :c -^ ^ • P3 ii; o a> 1— I ffl t- i-c :c cci! — ^: T! 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S i'l I I 10 M M 1- o >— O t- 1- c: c: o ic cs-*c;o>-i'*':cx3:iC — •.tc: jj re o ei 15 o 1- 1- -J »! CO — K ej o £ C-. = lii M -* !.■; — of =: r 1- 5 ii (- X s i-,cr. ?? N u-; — re ^ -^ ^ — re X re = ?^r-x I! ■J iC X tj -f -f 3: •^ Vi -f -f 3: -^ri — = rex X ere »x« c -i-re s -iJSWSS -o* "is — 3>-reoo-*cciffl -oressre* ; — ic — re-*x in IS ^ •+ f— X I- X >rt c ?i r^ 'lis : c c « in ». T ■ • ,» S'S - ''• S = • U X : - i — 2 ^ E -^ r •" -r !5- i: E 5 -f I t* 29 S >5 « "^ '^ 000000000000000 — c ooooooooococooooos^ ^' — — '^~— 03- — ■ — ^0~'0 0i300 Sj 2 J 1- i^ 2 '^ g 5 ?, ,^ = ^ 3 5 1£ ;■" |C j^ g p ^ -i-' j^ oT 1- -1^ tg c r-r c'lr-ilijr-r':! -* Sr-^a^ l;f ^^^-^ "'" »' " '^ s_ S^=' = <='QOOQOOooo 00000 osooooooooooooooooo 8 £ 5^c^5 ?: ¥i 5_R S o_S = ■" 2_= x^~ '- c 5 8 w' ^ e-lr-^Cs'-* ^f r-T if -H r- ^■Ji «© '^ s o& rr. . ssssssesssss 888 8 ^8 Up c S £ S S ;1 3 S S ^ 3 883 s - ^ ^ ^ -^ n — ' c: rt in H-«=S ^ Oi 8 oooo5oo£So£Soooo . Hi iiie5pgm|g||8 8 8 - c ^ — ; ^* '^ '"' ■--- XC „,_ •* o "0 jr — "= — r:: o"o o'o — g S33 ' !^ , — , , , ^ ^_ 3 9-,B •- ooc5'^rt~S'^c5o:^~o^Sooc^S -■3 ^iTl-^^rH Cc'r-T o' C-f »f r- x' <:s^e> ^ ^ - ' ,^ Z 5 ^ CO CO » «© 8888888888888888888 "Tg ■5 ggSSSSSSSSgSgoooooo 1 i. 0^0 i.o^>-o 'X o 1.0 uo m in uo S ■* CO S c 4-< 5 ■*^^rf"^ ^sijiro 01 of N -lo ^ CO-H •* 1 '^ C3 1 a» 4^ gggooooo c 000000 .00 1 c 00 W J3 0000000 — — — o=— 00 00 1 oopooo==ooooo£oo 1 o- K >C O! CO X .mo i-O uO >-: _ — ^ ia C 5^i fe^S^ H 30 Tlie oxiKMiscs of the fiscal year 1878 correspond very closely, both in the a< 13,750 00 $ 14,510 57 Food 159,500 00 151,530 18 Laundrv sujiplies 7,500 00 7,432 14 Salaries" and wages •. 189,700 00 187,713 63 Freight and transportation 19,050 00 19,088 74 Postage 1,870 00 1,841 36 These illustrations .serve to show that the estimate submitted by us was founded on a correct- foresight of the actual cost of the institu- tions ;\nd was not an idle guess. We believe that our estimate for the ne.xt two veurs i> not less accurate. The greatest difficulty in estimating the amount proi)er to be ai)pro- priated for the ordinary expenses of any given institution, is the un- certainty which exists as to the amount necessary or proper to be allowearately. The theory on wliicji legislation has hi-retofore )>roceeded lu'.s been, that tlieie is a distinction between " onlinary " and "extraordinary" repairs; ami that • This \n obtaiiifd by t tivc viars, in t-ai-li institution ; the nuiu- l»L'r of persons fe«l, inclinlin^r oftieers imd t-niployes as well as inmates; an 10. 4.-)i! :.'(! 1.5. -'77 IS «..>15 :J5 e.7.5:j \:\ 14.6;i-) 51 4,0-i8 54 $17,157 73 2.'>.K_'7 .52 ll.iKHt .57 10.7.5:1 (W 5. .581 (i!t 5. i;i5 50 12.050 71 3.tM2 4:1 .5,«71 66 $23.fW5 .57 :io. i:{s K8 It5.:j-.H ir, 14.941 12 .5. .501 Mi 7. .570 01 14.217 KI 5. .524 9H 0,29« 95 $:}l,07fl 21 ;50.ii62 07 20, 174 51 15.:f.5 199 182 200 Cost of Food per Capita, Fach Yfj»einl a list of the j)rinci]>al articles inehnled under this head, ami the ainoiint i»ai«l for each, iliiriiig the j»ast four vears. TAMLi:. Article. Soap, hard and soft Starch Inditro and Mueiiig Lye, potash, soda, borax Indelible ink Tiil>.>, boards, lines, pins n>>thi-s Imskets -Machines, wring'ers, heaters, etc. Repairs ami sundries 1875-1876. 1877-1878. Total. f 8,:K>0 4« * 11,273 S3 f 15l,f573 30 K.>4 7tl (JK« WJ 1,544 en IH-J t>4 ItW M :c«i !»5 1.20!t II 1. 133 S7 3.:«i US It;--' ty •SIT) (L-) :fi»7 «7 ii;t uii 11 m 37 r> rt«i l:;: :«« 111 III •S:> is liTt; 14 1. I Sit il.^ 1, Hl» (K* 1.>J 31 104 77 35H OS f: 11,84>4 73 1 * 15,005 17 *26,SrtS> 90 The ajMouut of soap used, not only for washing clothes, l)Ut for cleaning lioors and paint, is necessarily very large. Tlie institutions which make their own soap have found it very protitable to do 80, as the grease is furnished from the kitchen, and the apparatus re- quired for manufacturing cos^c* but little. "Household ex))enses'" is a heading wliic-h includi's miscellaneous ar- ticles, for which no proper place can be found under food, furniture, etc., but whicli are of constant use and necessity, sucli as blacking, brooms, brushes, matches, silver polish, toilet soap, etc., etc. Aiiotlier important item is ''fiu'l." lender this head is im-liided simpiv the amount paid for wood and coal; the freight and hauling a])pear under "transjtortation." It may be of interest to know the amount of coal purchased for the last tliree years by each of the in- stitutions and the prices paid, as shown in the following table: — Hard coal. Institution. 1876. 18' Tons. 66 25 Price. ! * li so 11 43 ! 1878. Tons. .56 70 Price. Tons. Price. Northern Insane Hospital 131 liT $6 66 $11 25 6 9!) Institution fur Deaf mid Dumb Institution for th<- Klind 57 25 10 «) 10 00 20 5 j :in ! 139 8 74 10 00 5 36 8 .50 7 57 27 700 Asvliiiii for Kccblc Minded 158 3 3 42 7 .50 Kyc and Vaw Inllrniary State Ueforin School i:io 33 5 93 7 50 344 Totul 397 4B3 35 Soft couL Institution. 18' Tons. 6. Price. 18' 1878. Tons. Price. Tons. Price. Northern Insane Hospital Central Insane Hospital Southern Insane Hospital Institution for Deaf and Dumb. Institution for the Blind Asylum for Feeble Minded Soldiers' Orphans' Home Eye and Ear Infirmary 4,344 1,978 1,960 1,836 537 271 1,272 700 12, 898 ■■J2i.5' 1 26 2 17 2 02 1 93 2 37 ■■"■2'28" 3,933 1,848 1 2,523 1 1,413 1 492 1 509 748 829 J! 2 95 1 92 1 18 1 98 1 95 1 65 2 25 ""2'56" 3,195 2,256 2,457 1,584 495 1,493 1,301 629" «2 78 1 83 1 00 1 84 1 91 1 52 2 02 ""2 12 Total 12,295 13,410 For "light" the several institutions have different modes of supply At Elgin, gas is made on the premises, from petroleum, of which about ten thousand gallons a year is required; the price paid in 1877 was eleven cents, in 1878 nine cents. At the soldiers' orphans' home, the state reform school and the southern insane hospital, gas is made from gasoline, by passing atmospheric air through gas njachines. The amounts and prices are as follows: — Gasoline. Institution. 1876. 18'- 1 7. 1878. Gallons. Price. Gallons . Price. Gallons. Price, Southern Insane Hospital Soldiers' Orphans' Home State Reform School 4,617 3,976 1,090 9,683 .22 .20 .23 7,656 3,834 217 .20 .22 .25 7,519 2,530 1,176 11,225 .18 .19 .20 Total 11, 707 The petroleum used at Elgin, during the past . two years, cost one thousand, eight hundred and twenty-eight dollars and seventy cents. The gasoline used at Anna cost two thousand, nine hundred and sixty-three dollars and seventy-live cents— an apparent difference in favor of Elgin of more than fixe hundred dollars a year. But for the manufacture of gas from petroleum, heat is necessary, and a more ex- pensive system of apparatus. At Jacksonville, and at all the other points where we have institutions, they take gas from the city. The cost of gas, for two years, at the Jacksonville insane hospital, has been three thousand, five hundred and eighty-three dollars and ninety-nine cents. 1 56 Oitif (/as. Institution. 1876. 1 i 1877. 1878. Feet. Price. 1 Feet. 1 690,700 749,800 '■i, 400 118.000 115,300 1,747,200 Price. Feet. Price. Central Insane Hospital Institution for the Deaf and 714,190 6)J5, 100 B'.t. :«X) 125. TOO lOH.lOO 1,682,390 $2 75 2 75 3 50 3 oo! 2 39 $2 75 2 75 2 751 2 76 2 50 612,700 68.5, :»o 80,000 208, .500 1 177,900 1,764,400 $2 75 2 75 Institution for t lie llliiid Asylum for Feeble Minded 2 75 3 00 2 50 Total Tlu' total ainiiiiiit ]i:iiil for <;as l>y these- five institutions, in two years, has been nine thousand, si.\ hunwed to be printed 37 under the law governing state contracts, the institutions are compelled to get out special editions, the cost of which, in 1877-8, has been a little over one thousand dollars. The advertising is mostly for bids for contracts. The only institution in which "music" is much of an item is that for the blind, where music is one of the principal pursuits. Music is sometimes furnished for dances and other entertainments for the insane. "Amusements''' is a similar expense, covering everything bought to lighten the burden of institution life — games, birds, tish, pictures, etc., etc., of which the young children and the insane especially feel the need. In "freight and transportation'' are counted not only freight and ex- press charges, but all hauling; and also the traveling expenses of trustees, officers, inmates and workmen. Of the freight bills the greater poi'tion is for coal, and might be added to the cost of fuel; but for convenience of reference it is placed here. The principal items of expense under this title, for four years, are shown in the following table. TABLE. Item. Freig-ht bills Express charges Hauling Expenses of trustees " of officers and inmates Total 18T5-6. $17,511 92 1, U7 86 2,023 79 5,529 63 9,373 55 $35,585 75 1877-8. $36,840 09 Total. i 35, 236 79 2, 550 46 4, 864 31 10,211 71 19, 563 57 $72,435 84 In expenses of officers and inmates are included the cost of return- ing escaped lunatics and reform school boys, also the amounts ad- vanced for sending pupils home in vacation and afterward repaid by their friends or by the counties. "Postage" needs no explanation. "Farm, garden, stock and grounds" covers all out door expenses of every sort. The eye and ear infirmary, for example, at Chicago, has neither farm nor garden, yet it has expenses connected with its barn and stable which can appear nowhere else. An analysis of all which enters into this item will be found in tabular form, on page 40 of the present report. "Expenses of shops" is an improper classification, because the whole classification of expense is based upon articles purchased, and not upon the use made of them afterward. Under this head, heretofore, have appeared all articles bought for or chai'ged to the industrial depart- ments of the state institutions, but in the new blanks for quarterly statements, adopted by the board, this cross-classification disappears, and shop and farm expenses will hereafter be stated in such form as to admit of a just estimate of their value to the state. The remaining items require no special notice. >? 5 V s "^ o ,^ ^^ 5? 05 •^ X ?? ^^ »> ^ 11 a. >s "^^^ C s V r^ -c. o .?^ •.^ -t^ o -?- '■C "-s K 1 ^ .5^ 1^ — i; i~ .■* 5 ^ ti I S ^2 I S 2* e oeu3»ie>3iaas9) 6^s « 2 .; k. C Zi OSS 'X.O DO ?i? 2SJ o2 c 55 r_ .-1 N K N N 1-1 •-< in 1*1 I i I I «9»l-lrtFH : - 2 2 9' 2 * • ^* TT -— ?« jr '^ |||||||5 gs I?? ?S |§? S = c i: K C & ^ s - - 5 £ 1 1 S ccg-*-- I ^ ii JS o. •a i i = "E 5 1 30 O ut X ^; o -+ 5C ■* o: 05 'con S5S = 05 OJ t- -* t-J OOa:COCOl-30QCO «5 m X! « M ■>! -+ 32 O ffl »1 ICrHMOO^OJaO-HNf O !C OO O 1 cp :iCM-* COCOQ-HrH O-HrH 5j 1-1 3C CO X -^ IS CO I « I-! OC' CO O Oi 1 od-^rHCDN-i rH K> ?5 »1 -* .:; 11- oooo o-*ooc (M-*COi— I CO t- N O M O -t(< M X) N OlMOtD CD rHCC CD OOCOOO CD-*-* CO COlCCD -OC0 t--*co NrH CO rHN 1^ I OOOCDOOOfMiCOCO OCiOCO'CDOlff5-l'--^H COCOCCCD-*C0iCCDiO-* I OJ i-HOH.ONCO-HCO-*CO-* IS I OO-*-* 0000000-*OCOCCl O =C »! O CD CD rl =C -H ro cococoos-ti^iioi-ac-* OOOOO OO CO -* 00 1-154 f-H CO i-H ooooas CD t- 00 O H 1^ i-i-*CONC0rHC0m-*CO S I IClNrHrJir-l OOOO OOOOO ooo-*co ooooooo-*o-*ooo CD-*OOCOO*10Ct-CC-* cocC'a;c:-*co»ot-if^-*(M r^COONCO— tCOiCCOCOr oo-*-*o 00 MfMODCO -*ococc -* iNCOiHCOiH -; c 3 o 02 ai o^ OS X S ? „ =1 =«'. tn to c a £ - 'C 2 ® . ^ ^ cc to ogg£ = oi ci cs 0) * o S s c fe S ■a? 5 £-.5 2 40 -§ 8 .53 '« g' '^ 1^ ace *2S« £"« 5 «-- w -H u a: SSS-Sn=SSSS 5J! C = C: = S £ 2 = »•* 5 8 :S5SS 3| :'=«s St2 S5 -* ac 3t £- « — uc — i'r: X r? i jj gS58S? ^; — rt u- =-. = r. X = = L- u-j »lggggg5?2 cc 5C c: =: IS ' c: « s: 00 15 o I r- 2ill^55£ii?S2 C.I — f. 12 S 1^ M c O C :c Ti X c: rt 1/5 rf o X >.- o -<• c! «.': • t- ^ ^ ^ — :2 u SiB IS = 2 I ?H§2 IS J2S o c5 o I »5 !2 S eJinwOMOocao in Q Ml- cc — o: WIT'S r; iS •* c 5c >- •; ft K o • M N »i « r- — "."i " *isii ;:§=^5?ig=' insist * C a! t- J> c a • » i a :'• = 5 " E bi : c * S tc?- i:- si 41 We have thus explained in a brief way the character of the expenses known as "ordinary." It will be seen that the method of estimat- ing ordinary expenses adopted by us is simple, and that the estimate, if carefully made, must be accurate. The expenses of all the institu- tions are brought to a uniform analysis, the record of several years past examined, and the probabilities as to the future calculated. If our calculations are at fault, the representatives of the institutions and the members of the general assembly have in their own hands the means of correcting them. Our estimate on page 29, is, it will be observed, an estimate of the ordinary expenses. But the entire expense of running the institu- tions is not met from the state treasury; they have, as explained on page 20, a petit income from other sources, which to that extent re- duces the amount necessary to be appropriated by the general assem- bly. In the following table, the first four columns show the amount of this income for each of the last four years, and the fifth is an estimate of its amount for each of the twc vears to come. Institution. Amount of petit income. Estimate. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879-80. Northern Insane Hospital Central Insane Hospital Southern Insane Hospital Institution for the Deaf and Dumb Institution for the Blind $9,154 90 18, 399 26 4,063 50 8,971 15 1,293 15 2,42:3 01 463 12 $22,250 78 20,843 92 6,078 74 4, 193 15 1, 749 25 2,630 56 681 79 $12,032 44 18, 780 64 7,845 66 4,974 47 1,280 30 2,140 14 84 26 1,308 .50 3. 494 31 $ 7,906 88 11, 538 96 4,807 83 8, 242 04 2,220 04 3,686 80 738 92 100 00 5. 208 .56 $8,000 10,000 5,000 8,000 3 000 As vlum for Feeble-Minded Soldiers' Orphans' Home 4,000 500 Eye and Ear Infirmary Sf ate Reform School 1, 870 87 5,388 ..3 $52,026 29 2,365 89 3,325 34 500 5,000 Total $64,288 50 $ .51, 940 72 $45,536 84 $ 43,000 By deducting these amounts respectively from the estimated expen- ses, we arrive at the estimated cost to the state. For the year commencing July 1, 18/9, (the first of the two years for which appropriations are made), a further deduction is possible, on account of the large surplus which will certainly be in the posses- sion of some of the institutions at that date. The total surplus on the first of last October, (see p. 23), was $92,4*78 10; on the first of next July it will not be less, and may be even greater. In the case of five institutions it nearly or quite equalled the amount required for the expense of a quarter year. Admitting that unforeseen contingen- cies may reduce this surplus, in the next nine months, we yet think it safe to estimate that these five inscitutions, namely, the southern in- sane hospital, the institution for the blind, the asylum for feeble-mind- ed, the soldiers' orphans' home and the state reform school, will have on hand, July 1, 1879, at least seventy-five per cent, of the surplus reported at the close of the fiscal year. If we are correct in this opinion, it will be possible to reduce the appropriations for 18V9 at least fifty thousand dollars below those required for 1880. It is pro- per also to call attention to the fact that several of the institutions have this year an unusually large amount of outstanding assets in the form 4-2 of imeolk'cttMl aci'uimts, wliicli will l»f avaihible belore tlie date iiainenl. If tlu* tinaiifial pivssuri' of tin* timos were less striiiijent, we mitrht iKtt tliul it necessary to estiiiiale so elosely. But with the decline in values which now occupies the thoughts of all business men through- out the I'nited States, it is of imperative necessity that the expenses of the institutions sliould also be brou^rlit down to a coin basis; and this we are endeavorint; to accomplish as rapidly as possible, without injury to the interests re|»resi'nted. 'i'hc final result <)f these calculations, whit-h have now been spread befijre the legislature with great minuteness of detail, is that it will l)e necessary to apj»ropriate, for the ordinary expenses, only, of the state institutions, for two years, from July I, isTlt, the aggregate sum of A 1,050, (1(10, of winch >;4!'i7,0oo is for the expenses of the year IsTit- 80, and *55.'J,U00 for the expenses of the year IHSO-si. The sum recommended by us may be compared first with the amount appropriated l)y the 30th general asseml)ly for similar purposes for 1S77-79, viz.: >!l,045,(i36 50. Hut we anticipate an increase of one-fourth in the number of inmates cared for. It may also be compared with the amount asked by the institutions themselves, which is >!1,IS1»,500. We profxjse to cut their recpiests down ^145.500. The average numl»er of inmates during iy77-7s has been two thousand, two hundred and eighty. We estimate the average number 183 88 for each in- mate. The actual expense, during the past two years, has been ^2-1 us per capita; we estimate tlie actual expense for the next two years at t'-'o!> lo. l)Ut tlie excess of cost over the amount ajipropriated will be met out of the surplus ik)W oji hand and frcini the ]ictit income. We present, on the following page, a table exhibiting, in condensed form, all the figures which enter i'to tlie foregoing calculation. 43 S =•? "^ -' > i~ ^ O n 5 o 01 .^ c o c £ « Q, *? c *^ O C o !5"S 13 aT 5-1 IM s Sgsg ss gs g S8 2'!- iiii §s Si g ii =; '' • X • S15 -(•in |S s ^ _' — : ?© ^' rtin" «» «» e? «fe ^ i55S 00 gs 8 00 00 Sr i^iii 11 II s II ri 2S ss S'=' 8 00 a» M a& «» » CC^ OS N I-I'r-I' I oT O O >ff O O O COOOOO rH 1-1O 22 1 ° 00 I o 00 I o coo 00 I o o'o o ^ ooco I oin i-i-H ceo OSCO ! ^.— I X N I O 13 CO X O <-l O COOOJO occc occo 00 I 00 00 CO 00 I OC CO I CO CO 00 ^-^ ' x'o CO'* I »-'-' 0-* I :;■» CM t- M oooe* COON O I^ -.1 O O ^i 00 I 00 10 00 o c I o CO loo I o C O I o CO c c'x' I x O I c XO I X X >c o I m i- i- m ^ CO »io aso icco" «» t-o-* I- CO CJO co<-Hp c: X i5 X » CO t-co t-co coo oco N o C l^ O O OJ OXCO c o — a& 00 c c •€» "CO I o coo OC I c OC 1 O 000 ^•»^ I c » c toooic O I- C C r- O Iff o c o o o 01 1- o o -* C CO N O O 0> CO co'o 00 OC OC OC T—tC 00 00 00 00 00 C X CO-* xo ooot- ooccco Cir-CCCX C ^ O! C C — ■ c o I c o coco tec 1 =:^ OJ t^ O 1.0 05 C C O m I ^ o — oox t- c o -* MCCOO lOCOO M■••£. t: 2 3 3 a, =9 E » S'3. o) 3 s ^ - g - " "S * 3 O OJ M C-i :s.-i OC OC OC 00 00 6© 00 00 CO CO OC CO CO OC «& cc CO OC o o OC ^iC irt X 00 OC CO CO c'^ t-x 00 too xo too xo CO CO 00 C: O en o •— OI >» ' IS ^ -S O xS I. o 5- * o ■^ ^ ~ H, 53 ^-t^ ,0 w c > c Hm c o wo Pi ^- 1— ( u u £ §§ c3 >■.>. -"2 i< %. c c C t-i feta ;=hPh tK "Z C'-i- II ax 44 SPKCIAI. AI'l'KoPKIATIuXS. The last tretioral assonilily :i])i>rriatO(l $487,639 10 for spt'cific uses, as follows. For the Northern Hospital for tlie Insane : — For repairs, *5,()0() ]>er annum 110,000 00 Lrradins; and shrubbery, >!l,000 per annum 2,000 00 " alteration in heating and ventilation 1<),0(»0 00 " new boiler house 0 00 " summer houses in airing courts 1,000 00 " drainage 1,000 00 " sewer 1 ,200 00 " additional wings for 150 patients 75,000 00 Total $105,700 00 For the Southern Hospital for the Insane: — For repairs, >;5,0(»() per aniniiii *10,()00 kO " improvements of grouixis, -sl,000 per annum 2,000 00 " linishing road from Anna 2,500 00 " c(ral house 1,000 00 '' carpenter shop 400 00 " frame barn 3,500 00 " fire ])ump and hose 1 ,•'^00 00 " rotary oven 1,000 00 " drv closet -',-''>00 00 Total $24,700 00 45 For the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb : — Foi- repairs and improvements, $3,000 per annum $ 6,000 00 " pupils' library, $500 per annum 1,000 00 " workshops, machinery, etc 15,000 00 " coal house 1 ,000 00 " extension of sewer 1,000 00 Total $24,000 00 For the Institution for the Blind : — For repairs and improvements, $1,250 per annum $2,500 00 " books and maps for pupils, $500 per annum 1,000 00 " final settlement with Bruce & Loar 2,701 25 Total $6,201 25 For the Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children : — For furnishing new building $25,000 00 " fencing 1,360 00 " walks 400 00 " scales and scale house 400 00 " enclosing passage ways 1 ,000 00 " barn and cow stable 2,500 00 " coal house 1 ,000 00 " fifteen cows 500 00 " cisterns 1 ,000 00 " repairing boiler 750 00 " Berryman heater 1,030 00 " twenty acres of land 4,000 00 Total $ 8,940 00 For the Soldiers' Orphans' Home : — > For improvements and repairs, $1,500 per annum $3,000 00 " library, school books, etc., $250 per annum 500 00 " new roof on main building 1,200 00 " new floors 1 ,000 00 " painting roof and cupola 275 00 " painting main building and school house 1,200 00 " calcimining and whitewashing 400 00 " plastering 400 00 " additional furniture 1,500 00 Total $9,475 00 For the Eye and Ear Infirmary : — For repairs and improvements, $1,500 per annum $ 3,000 00 " furniture, $1,500 per annum 3,000 00 " boiler house, kitchen, dispensary, etc 5,925 00 " purchase of additional lots 10,000 00 Total $21,925 00 46 l-'or till' State Kcfunii Sch(n)l : — I*'(jr rf'|iairs ami iinj)n»vt*iiu'nl.s, *!J,00() ]tcT annum -r 4,vr annum 400 00 " ailditi'onal Ituildini; .j,oOO 00 " furiiishinLf :intl licatiiiLT llu- same .jOU 00 " attorney's fees. Institution /-n. Y^ A. ('lenient 400 00 " re])airs to work shop 1,000 00 Total ■^11,N00 00 For tlu' Ka^te^n lldspital for the Insane: — For [(Ui-chase of the site anix hundred. At Klgin, also, some additional accommodation is afforded by the completion of the new cottages, one for each sex. upon the hospital grounils. The trustees ami su))erintendent have not sufficii-nt ex- perience of the working of thesi- cottages, to be able to express any very decided opinion as to their \alue: the one designeil for mi-ii has thus far given com|)lete satisfaction both to the jiatients who ot'cu]>y it an u.se of cottages than the occurrence of suicides and homicides in wards, such as are in common use, is a ri-ason for discarding and con- demning such wards. W'e believe that, if proper care is exercised in the selection ot patii'iits for the cottages, they will prove of great 47 value, and that both the officers of the hospital and the public will unqualifiedly approve their use. The changes in the ventilation, at Elgin, authorized by the general assembly at its last session have resulted in a decided increase of comfort and saving of fuel, which will moi-e than repay their cost in a very short time. At the southern hospital for the insane, the new south wing was formally turned over to the trustees on the eighth of November, 1877. The act by which this hospital was created was aj)proved April 16, ] 869 ; it was therefore eight years and a half in building. The origi- nal board of commissioners was a})pointed May 1, 1869 ; they were succeeded, April 24, 1871, by the commissioners to construct the southern Illinois insane asylum and the southern Illinois normal university, by whom the work was completed ; although commissions were issued to an independent board of trustees, on the thirteenth of August, 1873, so that there were, for about four years, two boards for this institution. The total amount of appropriations, other than for current expenses and repairs, by five successive general assemblies, has been six hundred and thirty-one thousand dollars, (not including a portion of the per diem paid to the building commissioners out of the general revenue fund), which may be taken as the cost to the state of this hospital, for land, building, furniture, machinery, water- works, road to Anna, and all other expenses incident to its construc- tion and equipment. The capacity is from four hundred and fifty to five hundred patients. (The amount appropriated for the same general purposes to the hospital at Elgin has been six hundred and fifty-eight thousand dollars, and the capacity of that institution is five hundred and twenty-five). At Anna, the contractor for the south wing failed to complete his contract, through financial embarrassments, and the work was completed by the commissioners, who also put in new boilers and a new gas machine, out of the aj^propriation, and left a small balance in the state treasury, undrawn. The amount remaining to be done when the contractor let go was comparatively trifling, and had the commissioners advertised for a new contractor, the result would have been much delay, besides additional expense. Their course appears to have been justified by the event. At the institution for the deaf and dumb, the new work shops, authorized by the last legislature, have been put up, and the old shop building converted into dormitories for the younger boys — a "cottage," so called, which is found to be an admirable improvement in the organization. The asylum for feeble-minded children has been com- pleted, furnished and occupied. The dispensary building at the eve and ear infirmary and the new family building at the state reform school have both been erected. We have no criticism to make on the plans or workmanship of any of these buildings, except that at Lincoln, which is very defective in respect of the wood work, plastering and painting, as well as the slate roof, and the plan of the domestic department is bad, because it does not furnish sufficient room for employes. With regard to the shops for the deaf and dumb, the first applica- tion for an appropriation for this purpose was to the twenty-ninth 48 jjeneral assoinbly, in is75, for nineteen thousand, nine hundred and tlurty-<»ne dullars. The reijuest was renewed, twi» years a<;o, for {»re- eisely the same amount. We tliouLjht tliat in view of tlie slirinka<;e of the value of materials and lahor, which we estimated at twenty-five per- cent., an a]ii>ro|)riation of fifteen thousand dollars sliould he suffic- ient to accomitlish the end soiiLjlit. In this view the leijislature con- curred and a|)|jn)|)riated fifteen thousaiul dollars for the erectir corroftioiiiil institutions, siilijt'rt to the inspection liorcin Iirovjilcd for, rt'iinin- state aid for any jiiirposc other than tlieii- iisnal expenses, the said coinniissioners, or some, or one of them, shall inipiire eurefiilly mikI fully into the jrronnd of sneh want, the pnrpose' or purpose-; for wliieli it is proposed! to use tlie >.aine, tho amonnt which will lu' rec|nired to accompli'^h the desire. 1 object, ami into any other mat- ters corniceted therewith; ami in the atninal report of each \ear they shall trixc the result of such inipiiries, to^'ctlier with tlnir own opinions and conclusions relatinK to the whole subject." In considering the recpiests pn-t'erred by the various state institutions for ajtpropriations for s|»ecific ]>ur]»oses, we find it easier to determine the propriety of tin- apprnpri.-itioii than "the amount which will be 49 required to accomplish the desired object." We require the institu- tions to submit plans and estimates, in all cases, with their requests, as far as practicable. But in many instances the preparation of plans involves expense which it is not deemed wise to incur in advance of the appropriation made. Estimates are, at best, only guesses; they are of value in proportion to the expert knowledge of the persons by Avhom they are prepared; and if made by architects or mechanics, it is difficult to question their accuracy. Our suggestions as to special appropriations, therefore, indicate rather our judgment as to the rela- tive importance of the various improvements requested, than a deliber- ate opinion as to the propriety of appropriating a specified sum. We much prefer that the plans ai'd estimates should be carefully scrutin- ized, and the amount to be granted detei'mined, by the legislature it- self, through its committees. Among the requests preferred, those for an annual allowance for general repairs are prominent. Concerning this class of appropriations, in addition to what we have already said on page thirty, we desire to add still another word. They will be used, if granted, (as we believe that they should be, even if the amounts are reduced), for three purposes : first, to supplement the ordinary expense appropriations in the matter of every-day repairs, in order to prevent the deterioration of the property belonging to the state, and to save ultimate increased expense ; second, to meet unforeseen expenses, should any accident occur, such as the bursting of steam or water pipes, the unroofing of a building by a storm, a partial conflagration, or the breaking of a reservoir ; third, should any unexpended balance remain, it will be available for making such minor alterations and improvements as may seem to the superintendent and trustees desirable, if not necessary, but which coul^ not be brought in detail to the notice of the general assembly, either because they were of too petty a nature or because the necessity for them had not arisen at the time when the legislature was in session. The total amount asked by all the institutions for these purposes is only twenty-five thousand dollars a year, Avhich is probably not one per cent, on the actual cost of the buildings and improvements held by them in trust for the people of the state. When the extent of the premises, the destructive character of the occupants, and the great importance to discipline of perfect neatness in every part, are duly considered, we do not regard the amounts asked as un- reasonable, and therefore recommend their allowance. If it is thought undesirable to place contingent funds of this size in the hands of the institutions, a special contingent fund with which to repair damages in case of accident, might be placed at the disposal of the governor, to be expended by them in accordance wath his direction, and not used except in an emergency. If this were done, the amounts appro- priated directly to the institutions might be a trifle less. Very much the same may be said as to a second class of requests, for the improvement of the grounds. Where there are from four to six hundred patients under a single roof, they must have large grounds for exercise and recreation, and to furnish these grounds prop- erly with roads, walks, shrubbery and trees is an imdertaking of very considerable magnitude, requiring constant outlay, especially in the early history of an institution. Most of our state institutions have 50 had ])lans for the improveineiit of the grounds jtrejtared by competent hiiidscape architects, and are carryin<^ them out with the aid of the la- bor of the inmates, without very much exjtense to the state. If the cost of tliis work is not j>rovided for in the ordinary exj»ense funds, it is certainly good policy to grant special funds for this jiurpose. A third class of reipiests are those for the maintenance and increase of the libraries connected with the insane hospitals and the education- al institutions. These also seem to us very reasonable and right. There is another class of requests not so easy to deal with, tho.se for additional safeguards against tire. The 27th general assembly adopted a joint resolution in the following wnnls : — Rejital stands. It is therefore uncertain whether the difference in elevation will not make a difference in the practical result, and the hospital be compelled to fall back u[)on the supply in the river, at last. In case a grant for an artesian well is not made, it will be necessary to make an appropriation oi one thousand dollars for relaying the pipe from the river. If there were a certainty of success with the artesian well, or if the exjteri- ment should be tried and ])rove successful, it would of course be a wise and econoinical thing to do. The.se items — re[)airs, improvement of gi'ounds, machinery ami water suj)j)ly, if allowed, will cost seventeen thousand dollars. They are all that we consider it absolutely necessary or very important to jtrovide for by specific ap)>ropriatit)ns. Of the rest, some are unnecessary; (»th- ers are desirable, but can be postponed until another year; others <»f more pressing necessity can bi- atti'nf Chicago, valued at two thousand dollars, been delivered to the attorney in the case in part payment of his services. It is somewhat questionable whether this delivery of a portion of the principal of the bequest was quite in accordance v.ith tlie terms of the will ; and we accordingly suggest that the amount taken from the principal be replaced from the income, before using the income for any other ))urpo8e. The accumulated income, July 1, 1879, will be three thousand, six hundred and seventy- nine dollars (of which seven hundred and twenty dollars will not be payable until the first of August). It will be for the general assembly to make such direction as to the conservation and use of this fund as it may see tit. The form in which the reject worthy of a mon\ent's attention. The multiplication of funds is unwise, because it confuses accounts and makes book-keeping more ditficult. Each sjtecial appropriation necessarily constitutes a separate fund, lieyond and above this, the discussion of such minute details takes uj) the time of the general assembly in a very unprofitable way. Again, if it should become the practice of the general assembly to grant long lists of j)etty applica- tions, a door is opened for unlimited expense in a form not calculated to attract attention. Last year this very hospital bought and ))aid for a fan from the ordinary expense fund : if it could do so once, can it not do so again? It now asks for a special appropriation for a steam mangle ; why for a mangle any more than for a Sturtevant blower? and whv should an appropriation for a inangli' be juade to this institu- tion and not to every other institution which is destitute of that cou- 55 venience? We think it decidedly better that the granting of specific appropriations be limited to a few clearly necessary items, the cost of which is too great to be met from the ordinary expense or general repair fund. • Central Insane Hospital. The applications for special appropriations by the central hospital for the insane, at Jacksonville, are as follows : — Repairs, ^6,000 per annum $12,000 00 Improvement of grounds, 81,000 per annum 2,000 00 Engine house, engine and machinery 8,000 00 Piggeiy, corn cribs, slaughter house, etc 4,200 00 Smoke house and rooms for employes 3,500 00 Soap works 1,000 00 Grading and fencing 1,000 00 Electric apparatus . .". 2,000 00 Amusement hall 3,000 00 Total $36,700 00 We recommend the reducing of the appropriation for repairs and improvements to five thousand dollars per annum, the amount allowed the other hospitals. The appropriation for improvement of the grounds we approve, also for grading and fencing around the new wings. Of the other appropriations asked, the most indispensable is that for a piggery and corn cribs. The extension of the female wing almost to the present piggery, which has been there many years, renders its removal an unavoidable necessity. But the amount asked appears to us excessively large, and- we suggest that it be reduced to two thous- and, five hundred dollars. Should the last named sum still appear large, it must be understood that it is intended to build twenty-six styes — thirteen on each side of a central aisle or passage-way, corn cribs for twenty-six hundred bushels of corn, a slaughter house, and a room for cooking feed ; and to connect the latter with the present boiler house by lajang steam pipes under ground. The last general assembly included in its list of special appropri- ations twenty-five hundred dollars for an amusement hall. The act 'regulating the state institutions provides that "if at any time hereafter the sum appropriated by the general assembly for any specified pur- pose shall be found insufticient to complete and accomplish the pur- pose for which said appropriation is made, then no part of said sura so appropriated shall be expended or drawn from the state treasury, nor shall any liability on the part of the state be created on account of said appropriation." Under this act, nothing has been done toward providing the new amusement hall. The additional amount now asked will be necessary to accomplish all that is desired, and we recommend that it be granted. It is proposed to take out all the floors and parti- tions in the building i^ow occupied by the bakery and ironing room, to take down the rear wall, extend the building twenty-five feet to the rear, put in proper stage fixtures, etc. The improvement is a very desirable one 56 The buildinor of a new «tiurchased, including a mill for grinding feed. Whether it is necessary to do all this at once is a (juestion for the legislature to dcti-rmine. We recom- mend the appropriation of the full amount. The other items in the above list, we think, may hv postponed for the present. If the soap works will save as much as is claimed for them, we advise that they be built out of the money ajipropriated f<-tr ordinary e.vpenses. Part of the electric apparatus, if imjiortant, might be bought from the repair fund. There is an implied request in the rejH)rt of the trustees for an additional appropriation for sewer. The legislature, at its last se.s8ion, made two appropriations, one for a sewer upon the hospital grounds, and another in aid of a sewer to be constructed by the city of Jacksonville. The necessity for a sewer, to relieve the city of the bad odors of which complaint has been made for many years, for which the hospital is responsible, is we believe, admitted on all hands. The only difficulty in the way of its construction is the (juestion whether tlie state or the city shall render itself liable to possible claims for damages on account of conveying the sewage away, and emptying it. In the case of the institution for the deaf and dumb, an a))]»ropriation was made, and a sewer built, without creating any liability on the part of the institution, but the risk was taken by an individual. The city declines to assume any risk, and therefore noth- ing lias as yet been accomplished in the direction of the abatement of an acknowledged nuisance. We trust that this subject may receive full and impartial attention from the proper committees of the legis- lature. There is also an implied request for an ap]>ropriation for tho pur- chase of a piece of land, said to have been l)ought some years ago by the superintend(,'nt, for the benefit of the institution, at the sug- gestion of the trustees, and with a distinct undcrstaiKling then and ever since that at some time it should be taken off his hands. This is a subject which sliould be investigated by a committee of the general assemVjly. If the facts are as we understand them to be, it would be wise to (!omplete the purchase and save the further payment of inter- est and taxes. Southern Insane Hoi^pital. The s])ecial appropriations asked by tlic southern insane liosjiital, at Anna, are as follows : — Repairs ami imiirovcnicnts, ^5,000 per aiiiiuin >!l,r)(in per aimuni ;{,000 00 New kitchen .S,(>00 00 Total -SI 6,000 00 57 The appropriation for improvement of the grounds might be reduced to one thousand dollars a year, as recommended for the other hospit- als. That for repairs is not too large; nor the one for a new kitchen, Avhich is much needed, and could not be built for the amount asked, were it not that the hospital has on hand a quantity of unused- brick. Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. The special appropriations asked for by the institution for the edu- cation of the deaf and dumb, are as follows : — - General repairs, $3,000 per annum 16,000 00 Pupils' library, $500 per annum 1,000 00 Two fire-escapes 1,500 00 Erection of a new laundry 5,000 00 Erection of a new horse-barn 3,000 00 Erection of a new cow-barn 3,000 00 Four lots of land 4,000 00 Additional boiler 1,479 00 Stone floor in boiler-room 3'25 00 Changing present barn into a cottage 2,000 00 Total $27,304 00 We endorse the applications for general repairs and for pupils' libra- ry. The expense of laying a stone floor in the boiler-room, can be met from the repair fund, without any special appropriation. The new boiler is a necessity. The institution has three, which are all constant- ly in use, and they have to be cleaned in turn on Sundays. This we regai'd, in every instance, as bad economy. A spare boiler is always needed and always profitable to the owner. The proposed new laundry would be a great improvement, but the old one can be made to answer for the present, and we therefore do not feel that we can recommend the expenditure of the sum asked for this purpose. The appropriation for the present laundry was made as late as 1873. We much prefer to see an appropriation for the purchase of the four lots across the street and in front of the institu- tion. These lots are now in the market, and if bought by other par- ties and used for private residences, the barns and stables would be unpleasantly close to the institution. As to the fire-escapes, we believe that fire-escapes of some sort should be provided, but without more knowledge than we possess, we would not recommend the purchase of any particular description or patent. This brings us to the question of building two new barns and changing one of the old ones into another cottage for male pupils, which again brings us face to face with the old controversy whether this institution shall be perpetually enlarged, or steps taken looking toward the establishment of a second institution for the deaf-mutes of this state. We insist, as we have done before, but to no purpose, that this institution is too large already; that a second institution is desirable and almost a necessity; that every year brings us nearer to the time when the friends of a second institution will carry their 58 measure; aner of fht to l)e in on<' institution, is not over two hundred and llfty or three hun- dretl: and if the existiuK' institution were enlarjir^'d to-day, it would either l>e lar»fer than it should be. for tlie best interests of the inmates, or it would not lie larjre enough to meet the demand upon it. In ten years, there will be of necessity, two institutions of this class in the state, and both of them will be tilled. With this <-i'rtainty In-fore us. we rejfard it as exeeedin^l.v unwise to make temporary, rather than permanent provision for the wants of the immediate future, nesides. we are thorouffhly convinced that enbirKe- ment in one department of the institution will necessitate enlarjrement in all; that all the parts of it will re<(uire to be readjusted, and proportioned to each other; that this will involve tearing down and relniildiiiK, at an expense Kreater than that of tiuildintr from the foundation; and that the tlnal result will be unsati3fact<»ry to the authorities in charge and to the people of the state." We Still occupy the same position and attitude. Our opinion as to the rate of increase and the probable number at school in 1882 has been abundantly confirmed. 'J'he superintendent of the institution estimates the attendance, in school term, durine nnide to meet all the demands of the deaf and dumb children of the stsite for a number of years. We agrei' with tlie trustees that any xcry large e.xpenditure for another instilution should be deferred ; though this is more properly 59 a question for the legislature to determine. But the objection urge*! by them against the organization of another institution, that in that case the present one must be divided, is an argument Avhich will forever apply, and if it is to govern the action of the people of the state, it will forever prevent its establishment. It will always be true that for the time being it is cheaper to build a small addition to an existing institution than to take steps to create a new one ; and this is the secret cause of the overgrowth of so many institutions, and of all the injurious results which follow. We do not urge the creation of a second institution at this time ; we simply oppose the further enlarge- ment of the one which we now have — believing that though not a neces- sity, it will be so in a very short time ; and that it will be very undesira- ble, when that time arrives, to leave a large portion of the present buildings unoccupied. For these reasons, Ave trust that no appropria- tion will be made for new barns and a new cottaare. Institution for the Blind. The institution for the education of the blind asks for special appro- priations to the amount of 860,923, principally for new buildings. Repairs, 11,000 per annum % 2,000 00 Books and maps for pupils, |300 per annum 600 00 Shops and store rooms 8,01 1 00 Laundry building and new kitchen 5,822 00 Barn 5, 115 00 Coal house 1,398 00 New wing, to complete original plan 32,409 00 Furnishing new wing 3,282 00 Additional boiler 1,501 00 New fronts and resetting boilers 785 00 $60,923 00 We approve the application for repairs and for books and maps. There is not any immediate and pressing demand for the new wing. The present building accommodates comfortably all who voluntarily apply to be received as pupils. Were the new wing built, it would be necessary to give exhibitions and advertise the institution largely in other ways, in order to fill it. If the wing is not built, the institution has no use for an approj^riation to furnish it, nor for the additional boiler. The resetting of the present boilers and putting in new fronts has» we understand, been ordered by the official inspector, and should be attended to at once. The other buildings in the above list we should regard it as good policy to erect. The amounts asked appear to be high ; and we should think that they might be reduced. Probably six thousand dollars for the shops, five thousand for the laundry and kitchen, and four thous- and for the barn, with twelve hundred for a coal house Avould do all that is really necessary in this direction. 60 Afo/I'Dii for Feeble- Minded Children. Tlip asyliiin fi)r i\'i'l)U'-niiii; for \\w followini; special ;ili|irii|)riatii>iis : — Knlai^iiii: rear Idiildini: ^1 l,(ioU 00 Work 8ln»i» 0,-J75 00 New boiler atiil repairs on Itoik-r 4,525 00 Cow stable 1,-JOO 00 Finishint^ and furnishint; basement -JtJjOOO 00 lee house and coal room 980 00 Soap house 455 00 Laying J'ipe to e:51,OS5 00 The arufument for tliese various ap])ropriations is very fully and clearly stated in the report of tlie instituti<»n. We think that some additional aceommo(h\tion for employes is much to be desired ; but*eleven thousand, six hunresent needs of the asylum demand the finishing even of all the basement ; and all that we can recommend for building purposes for the next two years is an a]>])ro]iriation of ten thousand dollars, to be ex]»ended in fiTiishing and furnishing so much of the basement as can be done for that amount of money. We do not think it necessary even to put up the soap house sug- gested in the report. The finishing of the basement will changi' the system of conveying heated air all over the establishment, and the oV)noxious scent can be shut off fi'om the rest of the house. A much more important (piesti(»n is that of the water supply. The j)resent supply is sufficient but unreliable, more on account of the danger of the pump breaking than of the well giving out. The mode of supplementing tliis suj>ply by connecting cisterns at the institutiiui with tlie coal shaft close by is perfectly feasible and not exj)ensive. We suggest, however, that if this is done it will be well to obtain a guaranty, forever reliiupiishing to the state the right to make any change on aci-ount of the water furnished by the coal shaft, wiru-h now goes entirely to waste, if ]>ro\isioii is n\a o.ion for hospital tn-atment at public expense. • • Wi> do not know what the present jfeneral assembly will be n. In this we agree with them and believe that they showed good judgment. The portions namele to pro- tect itself. Nevertheless, under the personal liberty bill, sane persons are com- mitted even to state hospitals for the insane. The (question of a man' sanity is a medical question. It is not usual to refer medical ques tions to juries for determination. Trial by jury, though valuable as a safeguard against tyranny and oi)pression, is not an absolute guaranty of justice. \Vhy may not juries be mistaken or prejudiced, or even corrupted, as well as physicians? Whoever will take the trouble to look over the discharge lists of our state hospitals for twelve years past, will find that several have been discharged as "not insane," the verdict of the jury in the case to the contrary notwithstanding. This fact tends to show that although sane persons may be com- mitted to hospitals or asylums, they are not likely to be wrongfully detained in them. It is true that private interests or personal preju- dices may lead to an attempt to deprive a sane man of his lilierty or of the control of his property. It is conceivable that a medical certificate of insanity might bo fraudulently procured, and a patient admitted on such certificate. We do not know that any case of this description has ever occurred in Illinois, and the nnmber of such cases in the entire country must be very small. Hut in order to the per- manent retention of a sane man in custody, the superintendent, the medical officers, and even the attendants must be deceived as to the fact of insanity, or be corruptly in league with the parties seeking to ac- complish a wrong. The existence of such a conspiracy is possible, but improbable; and should it occur, it is punishable by law. The ninety- fifth section of the criminal code is in these words. False Imprisonment is ftii iininwfiil >i()latinn of tlio personal lilKTty <>f anothi-r, nnd con- sists in confliK'incnt or dotention witliiiiit suHicifiit ii-frai authority. Any person convlctod of false imprisonnuMit sliull lie llneil in any sum not exeeeiiinK $500, t)r imprisoned not exceediuK one year in the eouniy jail. It is difficult to see what additional n-sponsibility the j)ersonal lil)i'rty bill places upon superintendents of insane hosj)itals, or what additional security against false imprisonment is afforded by it to persons in their custody. The essential feature of the crime is not the rece]>tion but the continued detention of a person falsely alleged to be insane, or who has l)eeii insane but has recovered his reason. The law concerning lunatics further provides that 71 When anv patient shall be restored to reason, he shall have the right to leave the hospi- tal at any time, and if detained therein contrary to his wishes after such restoration, shall have the pri\ileg-e of a writ of habeas corpus at all times, either on his own appli- cation, or that of any other person in his behalf. If the patient is discharged on such writ, and if it shall appear that the superintendent has acted in bad faith or negligently, the superintendent shall pay all tne costs of the proceeding. Such superintendent shall moreover be liable to a civil action for false imprisonment. As respects the sane portion of the community, tlie law appears to be unnecessary. As respects the insane, it is not only unnecessary but injurious. No fact is more clearly established by statistical evidence than the importance of immediate, energetic action at the moment of • the appearance of this terrible and fatal disease. The chances of recovery diminish in proportion to the delay before remov- ing the patient to the hospital. The percentage of recoveries depends upon the duration of the disease prior to treatment. Every obstacle, therefore, unnecessarily interposed in the way of the * removal of the patient, is a wrong to him, and increases the burden resting tipon the public, by adding to the amount of chronic, incurable insanity in the commonwealth. Trial by jury is si\ch an obstacle, first, because it involves unneces- sary journeying to and from the county seat, often at great risk to the bodily health of the patient, especially in winter, and in cases of puerperal insanity ; and > second, because it also involves the revelation to strangers of infirmities, of a mental character, which natural affec- tion prompts men to conceal. Insanity works for the time being a radical change of character, amounting almost to a change of per- sonality ; under its influence the most religious often become pro- fane, and the purest minded become obscene, not only in their words but in their gestures and conduct. These profane and vulgar manifestations are not peculiar to one sex, but affect both alike. Many a man of tender feeling will run any risk before exposing his wife or daughter in such a state to the rude observation and remarks of the crowd which gathers, for want of more serious occupartion, around a court-house, especially in a large city like Chi- cago, where "insane day" is announced in the daily papers as if it were the advertisement of a free show. Accordingly many patients, especially women, (who constitute the majority of the insane), are sent out of the state for treatment, or retained at home until the opportu- nity and hope of recovery are past. The impropriety of the law, in its administration, is so apparent to judges, that in many cases the most ingenioiis devices are resorted to, in order to comply with its requirements without seeming to do so. There is something almost ludicrous in the idea of "accusing" a man of insanity, as if insanity Avere not a disease but a crime ; and his "prosecution" and "defence" by opposing attorneys, who, from want of experience or of discretion, sometimes take this opportunity to display their legal acquirements and forensic talent to an admiring world, is singularly inappropriate in a medical inquest, especially where the sincerity of the patient's friends and even the fact of his insanity is doubted by nobody. In one instance, in this state, to avoid the irritation of the patient, who was aged and infirm, by the ordinary forms of court procedure, the court, including judge, jury, attorneys and Avitnesses, organized as a croquet-party, solemnly played a game of croquet in his presence, observed him, conversed with him, 72 and then with equal solemnity retired and found a verdict of insanity, which was entered upon the record of the (•(>urt, but never ectni- municated to the '•accuserive a ])erson of his liberty on the trround of his al- leged insanitv, an>- mind. Ci>l. Hull was taken to his son's ofticf! in the Vermont block. Dr. F. W. Kell(\v, the med- ical witness in the case, met him there, as if by accident. Captain Brown reiniirkcd in a casual way that he had busin'-ss at tlie court room on tin- north side, and, handintr cijfars to the two vrentlemen, iinited them to i.ccompany him. which they did. The conversa- tion in th<' street relati'il to indilTerent subjects. On entcrijis: the court-room, they foinid the jury already seated and .Juilire Wallace upon the bench. What followed may lie stated in (Uiptain Brown's own worils: M sujriri'sted tn the colonel, who frcinicntly spoke of the inciilents of the late war, that ,lud>fe Wallace of that court was a very jral- iant soldier, and I presumed the .judK'e would be wlllintf to hear some account of the l>attles in which he Inid participated. He saw the judtfc on the bench and bowed very politely til him, and the jud^e returned it, knowint' very well who he Wiis, tor we had apprised the Ju. When he came to state to the jury -or when it came to be stated by Walter, my parin(>r- the scene of the colonel dancing' in the snow for (piite a lenjrth of time, the eveniuK' before, tin- colonel snKfi'estccI that he oujirht not to tell that; but I said, that is nothiiiK'. So we vot him thmujrh the trial.' "The jury consisted of sl.\ men, of whom Dr. Charles F.Davis was one. t^.'iptain Brown noted as Col. Hull's counsel and put the ncc'cssary (jucstinns. There was little nceci for evidence, as the manner of the patient sulliciently indicaieil his condition. When the Jury rettirnerl their vse of responsibility for the selection of the most competent men, and that a report made to himby men in whose judgment he had confidence would afford him a more solid basis for his own action. It would be advisable to allow applications to be addressed to judges either of the circuit or county courts, and to require the judge in all cases to appoint as examiners only registered, competent physicians, of good repute for intelligence and integrity. Finally, we suggest that provision be made for a brief report in writing, by the examining physicians, of the reasons wdiich satisfied them as to the insanity oi the party examined, and that this report or a copy of it be transmitted by the clerk of the court, with the order of commitment, to the superin- tendent of the hospital or asylum, at the time when application is made for the patient's admission. THE CRIMINAL INSANE. An evil which has, for many years, been the subject of complaint in this state, is the enforced association, in our hospital wards, of the criminal and non-criminal insane. 74 The (listiiu'tidn Ix'twt't'ii insanity and crime thoujrh not easily detin»'(l is rt'at time to chrcyiicle the death of a mem- ber of the board, Mr. Z. B. Lawson, of Macoupin county. Mr. Lawson was a gentleman of extremely amiable temper, sounil juilg- ment, and absolute integrity. We %alued his counsel, enjoye^7G, to the the iniinher n 7.1 2, .594 00 Bn.itS 42 286 5 18 a5 546 3 18 60 Chemises 78, 223 08' 100 61 61 70 Coats 18 106 5 12 496 117 8 25 1 109 ■287 320 3 31 n9 AA' 24:i 2 20 534 85 162 4 94 800 00 Coats anrl pants 5 82 5 21 25 15 15 59 1 01 ""7i 67 2 48 617 75; 25 00 255 OOi 74 41, . 18 42; 4 75 25 25! 20 78 04, 192 98' 793 08, 41 46 2 50! 3 501 7 00 21 18 519 137 7 96 17 02 15 14 i67 25 306 36 78 71 20 07 Coffins, etc i2l 7 00 2' 15 84 00 30 68 88 6030 Drawers, men' s 260 167 619 .50 41 2 17 isi iv. 78 .55 1,34^1 55 83-63 123 38 201 80 71 1 93 98 40 Drawers, women' s Dresses 27 20 388 06 18 62 10 25 3 26 7 65j 5 00 2 55 Rxtractuijjr teeth Fruit It 4 60' 23 07 28 50 Gloves aniimittens, men's 29 146 79 19 1 10 ""33 85 3 36 16 140 21 00 *, 208 153 109 509 1 13 39 68 29 28 60 60 a5 74 25 150 16 75 433 110 39 870 11 82 90 17 80 56 90 20 35 20 154 48 64 102 30 255 26 1 22 67 39 13 20 MatK, men' s Hats, women's Hose 124 95 20 15 100 50 ■ 1 1 00 151 051 19 00 Loss inul brcakajre 1 25 16 10 .'iO'.) 50 Xijftit "flresses 14 1 06 14 96 ao 60 18 20 Jl 7 24 1 117 2 i 1 a5 87 800 "sia 4 76 3 15 6 10 192 00 75 2«n 00 9 .50 25 6 12 10 46 67 59 5 70 27 20 ' Piiiits 94 23 3 88 :m 95 5 86 135 00 237 277 6(S7 50 I'ants and vests I'la^tcr 13 2 14 -27 70 8 1 08 3 25 Hcpairs (»n Jewelry Hcpairs on shoes "oo ■■■52 3 45 31 17 66 8 45 26 46| 1 52 i» «n liuches 1 26 ..'."r, ::."! 83 STATEMENT male and female inmates on accotint of counties and hidividnalx by SOth day of September^ ISVT, vith the anioxint charged therefor; also Deaf an (1 Dimib. Feeble Min. Children. Institution tor Blind. Total. No. price 47 Amount. No. Av's- price 49 Amount. i No. 1 Av'g- price Amount, No Av'g- price . Amount. 18 f 8 50 72 1 $ 35 85 75 93 30 34 10 13 49 81 H 1 10 $ 44 75 16 25 12 75 75 13 20 15 646 41 "■7'26 50 \'.'.'.'. ise're 13 55 16 "2%i 45'96 1 3 3 33 19 ?7 * 10 00 115 939 8 433 106 36 44 2,-332 273 13 133 1 530 520 1,340 4 63 65 4 87 .3 33 5 82 7 39 15 60 13 14 40 91 ei 60 2 20 532 40 626 63 37 25 1. 440 45 617 75 192 25 703 35 386 90 39 64 525 110 36 20 327 65 312 48 2,948 00 187 74 8 7 4 87 4 44 37 25 31 05 3 5 00 10 00 1 5 00 5 00 1 1 16 00 10 16 00 128 58 1 A2 00 i 00 1 15 1 1287 6' 16 18 06 22 .18 3 90 3 10 50 1 00 3 00 30 90 18 10 6 62 3 71 38 51 49 1 90 19 50 13 75 351 00 1 38 1 133 68 3 55 173 32 38 48 15 55 10 25 2 50 6 70 98 45 ii'oo 75 35 5 'i'5 4 60 97 67 37 95 4 00 48 60 201 74 400 45 173 80 514 33 75 10 1 30 3 40 1 00 156 74 855 15 25 00 79 71 11 65 8 85 57 30 216 50 "ies 174 ■■ '"58 23 78 54 43 10 21 16 1 4 115 13 88 50 35 '" "io 06 1 00 40 47 10 65 5 60 4 00 40 7 34 3 00 5 30 41 83 2 25 50 483 io 15 1 00 1 56 38 48 20 67 64 105 20 29 75 66 95 486 10 1,304 15 485 83 315 81 1, 896 37 1 .... 2 05 1 4 60 1 1 452 105 14 173 32 13 3 14 4 .50 1 32 17 25 1 85 9 25 20 40 ""'4 ■ 3 05 10 1 30 '■■'60 3 40 4 40 4 40 ii'25 1 394 90 25 00 11 30 n 65 600 34 50 11 18 80 "6 4 3 37 63 14 "i'66 6 13 11 3 37 96 ■ 83 80 14 13 68 82 70 28 7 73 34 1 04 35 25 "73 ie '66 "1 "i'm I 22 2 00 1 1 3 4 15 8 30 13 3 63 34 29 4 2 56 io 60 467 25 1 17 2 86 5 78 ■ 3i3 1,336 04 144 50 25 37 07 1 32 40 17 3 45 1,018 19 12 30 25 ii 40 17 118, 1148 75 857 43 146 65 94 75 7 77 5 40 1,427 8 1 71 1 52 "^I 3TATKMKNT— l«>iitinue 96 67 Toilet nrtieles 19 1 35 Tooth-picks 54 00 Un(UM>hirts 107 73 78 98 236 52 123 55 127 84 105 70 2 i.5 15 65; 221 701 Vests 2 150 1 37 95 2 75 140 20 8 00 48 05 12 96 8 382 1 96 28 94 88 1 59 2. 149 a5 107 25 Wine 24 50 604 2 66 1 -'•"• 97 688 1 36 29 l26 85 45 55 6 { :»9 2 66 16 00 Ties, women's Ntimber of inmates Av'gr expense per capita. i:::::: $12,816 18 21 05 $1.5,400 86 22 38 $7,433 02 24 (V) 1 85 Statement— Continued. Deaf and Dumb. Feeble Min. Children. Institution for Blind . Total No. Av'g price. No. Av'g pi-ice Amount. No. Av'g price Amount. No. Av'g: price Amount. Total Amount. 1 7 55 1,216 515 727 7 481 94 159 2,m 47 94 35 2 69 1 02 2 63 2 01 1 83 1 33 1 10 1 23 28 75 30 75 7 35 2 45 2 45 i9 40 1 76 3 17 3 42 7 70 215 50 716 90 266 00 3475 147 95 122 226 78 30 7 10 11 81 1 80 1 95 24 35 12 65 19 50 28 31 10 i ii 1 85 2 05 32 05 57 45 20 50 1,*^47 90 1,355 50 1, 465 80 12 75 26 88 9 75 2 2 80 1 25 1 60 2 50 1 640 71 1,050 40 "24 ili'28 '138 ■■■'32 44 18 195 30 463 29 1 19 5 55 1 25 686 94 34 90 94 30 28 20 28 20 io 24 25 27 38 2,299 16 27 65 27 38 231 110 20 11 11 94 24 238 87 2 65 74 21 8 7 83 34 i64 50 2 70 455 510 10 49 35 4, 774 38 179 55 3 94 :::: :::::: 3 10 37 11 1 10 1 05 227 271 1 34 24 54 80 1 15 94 28 26 56 65 66 20 "2'66 50 54 772 01 52 00 124 00 28 00 163 75 9 00 28 50 38 94 70 15 22 40 1,278 76 26 248 73 i 80 62 53 7 3 20 38 764 125 2 19 60 54 83 40 460 73 52 66 94 91 3 06 ■ i:::::: 1 25 105 620 1 129 203 2,116 1 60 75 "i'ii 29 169 00 1 469 15 8 00 2 50 1 00 191 90 ! 58 51 1 1 $ 483 49 9 67 351 $ 6, 596 87 18 79 114 $ 1, 674 07 14 68 50 $44,404 49 20 98 ' 1 86 EXPENSES. The following is a statement of all expense inciirre= 1.444 52 of secretary tiUi' 50 of clerk ..'. 244 95 i-'rcd. II. Wines, secretary, salary, two years 6,000 00 J. W. Whipp, clerk, salary, 12^ "months*. 1.250 oo Extra clerical help, ])rior to employment of cleik. William II. Ilenkle ". *■ 08 00 Howard Stanshurv 40 00 Ilelmle . . ' 45 00 Dement, Ritchie & Co 20 00 413 00 100 copies proceedings prison conference 20 00 100 " " " conference of charities, 1874 40 00 100 " *' " " " 1877 35 00 Bill of books, Appleton & Co * 43 90 Bill of books, W. M. Wood 30 so H. W. Rokker, printing 16 00 Care of otKce 50 00 Cleaning furniture 18 00 Sundry expenses, telegraphing, express, etc 8 05 Paid for furniture in room occupied as office of board 500 00 $ 10,776 72 PRIXTIXr, REPORTS. The twenty-ninth section of the act to regulate the state charitable institutions requires us to superintend the publication of their reports, and to have them printed, bound and ready for distribution to the members of the general assembly, within ten days after the meeting thereof. Under the law regulating state contracts, we have no means of obeying this requirement. The contract for printing is let on the first of November; the legislature convenes on the Wednesday after the first Monday in January; the number of pages of printed reports is about three thousand five hundred, a very large ])art of whii-h is rule and figure work. The ])resent contract only re<|uires the state printer to furnish sixteen ]>ages of ])rinted matter a day. If the law could be so modilied as to authorize this board t() have our own and the in- ' stitution reports printed and pai»pital for the Insane. Daniel H. Ballou. John Gordon David K. Ueaty Elgriii • De Kalb. Catena . . .Ohicairo 'Newman lOtta wa . .Millinj?ton Lyiuille .. ;jei-8eyville. Southern Hospital for the Insane. \ Eli/.ur H. Finch |Anna William P. Bruner Metropolis Jnhn E. Detrich Sparta ^nJltituti^Jn for the Deaf and Dumb jjacksonville 'sterling. ... Stephen K. Cappa Joseph M. Patterson Melvin A. Cusbing iMinimk. Institution for the Blind. ' Albert G. Burr •Archibald C. Wadsworth. N . W . Branson Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children Carrolltt)!! . . . Jacksonville Petersburg. . Ethelbert Callahan.. C. R. Cummings Joseph C. Warnock Eye and Ear Infirmary Perry A. .Vrmstrong. William H. Fitch Daniel Goodwin, Jr.. State Reform School Kobinsoii Pekin.... Havana . Morris. . . Rockford . Chicago... Obadiah-Huso Solon Kendall Joseph F. Culver. Soldiers' Orphans' Home Evanstoi) Genoseo Fontiae John Charles Black . Urbana. John I . Rinakcr iCarlin viUc . . , Duncan M. Funk BInoniington. I March 187» I "1881 ■ ' 1KK.3 1879 18«1 18«3 1879 IRHl 1KX{ 1S7» IWl i8Ha 1879 ltS81 1883 1879 1881 1883 1879 1881 1883 1879 1S81 188;} 1879 1881 IKKl 1879 1881 1883 93 [C.J LIST OF APPROPRIATIONS, 1837 to 1877. The following is a complete list of all appropriations made \)y the state for the establishment, maintenance and support of the public institutions subject to the supervision of this board. Year Natnre of Appropriation. Per annum Specific. 1839 1847 1849 1851 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1865 186' 1869 1871 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. In order to aid the funds of the asylum, one quarter of one per cent, upon the whole amount of the school, college and seminary fund, annually. In aid of the funds of the asylum Ordinary expenses For twenty acres of land Building workshops Smoke-house, wood-house, etc Clothing- indigent pupils Erection of additional building Ordinary expenses Completion of centre building Twelve acres of land Expenses and repairs Repairs on main building Ordinary expenses Repairs and improvements North wing and centre building Lighting with gas Furniture Healing apparatus Completion of building Heating and lighting Deficiency Ordinary expenses— one quarter Insurance Repnirs Ordinary expenses Ordinary expenses Repairs Insurance Barn Enlarging cabinet shop Ice-house Coping and iron railing Wells and cisterns Ordinary expenses Ordinary expenses Furniture .' -. Insurance Improvements and repairs Land— seven and a half acres Ordinary expenses Repairs Insurance . , Smoke-house Water supply Ordinary expenses Repairs and improvements Furniture Printing press, etc Deficiency Ordinary expenses Repairs and improvements Insurance . Pupils' library Relaying floors : Rebuilding south wing Ordinary expenses Repairs Renewal of bedding Renewal of roof ... .' «3,000 00 5,367 50 10,000 00 30,000 00 22,500 00 300 00 500 00 37, 000 00 28,500 00 1, .500 00 500 00 28,000 00 45,000 00 500 00 1,000 00 4.5,000 00 2,000 00 ■500 00 56,350 00 2,000 00 58,250 00 1,000 00 .500 00 $1,600 00 1,.500 00 600 00 300 00 10, 000 00 70,000 00 3,000 00 10,000 00 1,000 00 5,000 00 700 00 6, .508 13 2,000 00 1,.500 00 9,000 00 5, 000 00 8,458 12 16,000 00 4, ,500 00 3,000 00 1,500 00 1,000 00 2, 750 00 1,000 00 3,000 00 ■3,'566 66 1,500 00 1,800 00 3, .500 00 4,000 00 7. 746 77 1,000 00 1,200 00 45, 000 00 3 700 00 3 850 00 94 List of ArrnejpuiATioNS— CoTi«nti*letiiiv tlie sciidoi ituiidinK' ....; Heatintr and li-.'-Jitinv said liuilding' P'nrnishinu- the same Iteliiiihlin^' rear wall of main building' I811 Ordinary expenses Kc'pairs "and improvements Pupils' library Kreetion of work«hops Rreetion of eoal-house I^xteiision of sewer $ Ta.fOO 00 1..500 00 ."iUO 00 « snooo 1 400 00 on 000 00 17 (xio 00 - .iuo 00 ■ K, 7.-1O 00 -> (10 ' . (W <'"<• 1)0 " 1(0 .. ■ 110 .. 'I 00 . 15.000 00 i.n(Ni (10 l,(Miii no I 1847, ia-.i lavi 1857 j 1859 1 1861 186.3 1865 1867 1869 1871 ("KNTHAt- HOSPITAI, FOtt THE INSANE. 1873 1875 ! 1877 l^uildiii^' and improvements... Completion of buildinjf Current expenses .Ad'litional buildings <'urrent e.xpenses Current expenses Completinjr au)UIu Enlarging of sewers. Finishing ehapel Current expenses Fire-proof corridor Impro\ing \entilati(m Improving water works New eooking ranges, etc Patients' librarv Insurance Deficiency C(U-rent expenses . Repairs and improvements Furniture Rollers, boiler house and laundry Insurnnee Library Additional rest-rvolr Ordinary expenses Repairs and improvements Ordinary ex])enses Repiiirs and improvenu-nts Roiler Ordinary expenses ^average) Incri-ased ordinary r-xpetises (conditional) Uepulrs Ironing, mending and store rooms Portico, walks and Improvement of grounds, .Amusement bull Fire-plugs 30,000 001 36.000 00 40,000 00 4.5,000 00 4.5,000 00 . ;..l .5.-), 000 00 70,000 00 90,000 00 750 00 "mooooo L500 00 100,000 00 «,0()0 00 90, 000 00 5, 000 00 78, .VW 00 15,000 00 6,000 00 60.(IUI 110 6.0(X1 00 66,666 66 75. 00(1 00 a.tXKI 00 •2.:m 00 2,000 00 9, 715 00 2.000 00 ](»,()00 00 1,600 00 1.50 00 750 00 " 693 39 •7.5.(106" 66 5, 000 00 .><-{ 31 63,2(i5 .53 9,400 00 2,500 00 1.200 00 S(W 00 2, .500 00 .5,000 00 7, .500 00 2,0(1(1 00 2, (XX) 00 1,000 00 ,000 00 .5,000 00 10, 000 00 20, 0(X) 00 2.50 00 .5,000 00 25, 000 00 2,500 00 7,000 00 3,(XK) 00 2,.5(X) 00 l,5tO 00 95 List of Appropriations— Continwed. Seed house, broom shop and conservatoiy. Summer houses in airing' courts Sewer construction by city of Jacksonville. Sewer on hospital grounds Additional vving-s for 150 patients Institution for the Blind. 1849 1851 1855 1857 18.59 1861 1863 1865 1867 j 1869' 1871 i 1873J 18741 1875 1877 1865 1867 1871 1873 1875 1877 To commence building To complete building- Ordinary expenses — 1876 1869 1871 Kepairs '. ■ Ordinarj' expenses Repairs Ordinary expenses * Erection of ccnti-e buildinjf Heating or furnishing Furnishing new building Increased expenses Ordinar.v expenses Repairs and improvements Books, maps, etc., for pupils Engine and boiler-house and extension of steam-heating. Ocdinary expenses Repairs r Books, maps, etc., for pupils Due on building and heating ... ASYLU.M FOR Feeble-minded Children. Ordinary expenses Additional building , Ordinary expenses 14,000 00 14,000 00 13,000 00 13,000 00 12, 000 GO 20,000 00 ■20.000 00 1, 000 00 25,000 00 30,000 00 17,500 00 Insurance Ordinary expenses Insurance and furniture Ordinary expenses Site, farm, main "building, with wings, and plumbing, heat- ing and ventilation of the same Ordinary expenses Furnishing new buildings Fencing • Walks Scales and scale house Enclosing covered passage-ways. Barn and cow stable . . Coal- house Cows (15) Cisterns Repairing boilers Berryman heater Twenty acres of Isind Soldiers' Orphans' Home. Deserters' fund Land and building Completion of building.. Heating and ventilation. Outside improvements.. Furnishing Insurance Ordinary expenses Repairs , Insurance School buildings and dormitories... Steam heating apparatus Kitchen, laundry and boiler-house. 25,000 00 1,000 00 500 00 29,750 00 1,250 00 500 00 000 00 000 00 24, 000 00 000 00 500 001 000 00 500 00 500 00 58,000 00 500 00 45, 000 00 50, 000 00 1,000 00 500 00 1,500 00 1.000 00 1, 000 00 1. 200 00 75,000 00 2.0(10 00 5,000 00 5,000 00 75. 000 00 5,000 00 10,000 00 5,000 00 5,000 00 2,' 70! 25 3,000 60 185,000 00 25,000 00 1, 360 00 400 00 400 00 i,ooot|o 3,500 00 1, 000 00 500 00 1,000 00 750 00 1, 030 00 4,000 00 30,400 00 70, 000 00 25, 000 00 6, 500 00 3, 000 00 10,000 00 1.5,000 00 12, 000 00 6,000 00 96 List or Appropriations -ConMnu^d Year! Nature of Appropriatiun Per annum Specific. 1872 1«7:{ 1H74 1875 1877 Deflciency . Libriiry Deflfit-ncy. (Inliimry expenses Imiiriivciiients iind repairs ^ liicrfitsiiiir the library ;.... Mattre>s«-s Iron bedsteads IMIInws Sheets and pillow-cases ;.., lilmikets Ikd-spreads Miittiniir Kiteheii and dininK-i"Oom fnmiture Ordiiiarj- expenses Imprdveinents and repairs Librarj'. sehoul books, and other reading matter. (."isteriis for the storiiijr of water Ordinary expenses .• Kepiiirs and improvements New roof on main building New tioors Painting roof and eupola Painting, graining, etc., in main building, etc... Caleimining and whitewashing '. Plastering Additional furniture Library, school books, etc Eye and Ear I.vriK.M.\RV 1867 1809 1871 18721 1873 1875 B«)ard of county patients. Rent of building Furniture Board of pauper patients Rent Furniture New Ituilding Ordinary expenses, July 1, 1875, to June 30, July 1, 1876, to June :K), Repairs iinrt improvements Fuiwiiture Surgical apparatus Rarn Ordinary expenses Repairs . '. Additioiml furniture Hniler bniisc. kflchen, dispensary, etc Lot of hind, .')() feet vn South Peoria street. 1876. 1877. NORTHKHX H()Sl>IT.\L F(Ul THE INSANE. 1K69 1872i Tjan 00 10.000 00 12.5.000 00 :$S. ;V<5 26 +S, .VK) 00 26, .'^OO CX) 7..5(X) 00 8, IXK) 00 9,000 00 "5,"iVl6 66 IXU) 00 MHIO (K) 1.000 00 1.500 00 fi.OOO 00 (150 (Kl .ViO 00 400 00 t>.'>0 (Kt :{,5(1 00 71 H1 (X) 100 00 6.V1 00 2.257 00 97 List of Appropriations— ContiJiiied. Year 1873 Nature of Appropriation. 1875 1877 1871 iS73 1875 1877 Per annum Heating and gas work Fitting- up drying--room Temporary passage Deficiency Ordinary expenses Repairs Furnishing rear building, erection of coal-house, etc Construction of central building Furnishing central building j Outside improvements I Superintendent, architect and trustees Other incidental expenses Erection of south wing I Plumbing, heating and ventilating ; Sewerage and rain-water conductors J Lightning rods | Gas-fixtures \ Furniture i lurniture for fifty additional patients Hose and fire apparatus Ordinary expenses of patients in south wing, per month Ordinary expenses Stock barn (-10x100 feet, and basement) Shed for wagons (25x75 feet) Piggery and hennery 1. 000 rods of fencing High board fence Grading and shrubbery Laiuidry extension New boiler Pump « 46,250 00 3,000 00 Specific. 400 00 $ 4, !i5 00 4 240 00 23,000 00 Washing-machine Ordinary expenses Repairs Alterations in heating and ventilating New boiler house .■ Grading and shrubbery , Straw barn Refrigerating house Hydraulic elevator in kitchen Cisterns for rain-water Furniture to furnish new rooms Removing two cottages and erecting two lodges. Furnishing cottages Increased ordinary expenses (conditional) Southern Hospital for the Insane. Land nnd buildings Completion of north wing Erection, completion and furnishing Completion, heating, ventilation and furnishing centre build' g Ordinary expenses Opening expenses Completion and heating by steam of centre building Construction, plumbing, heating, ventilation and furnishing of the south wing Ordinary expenses Repairs Additional furniture for the first floor of north wing, and for centre building Furniture for the chapel Library, musical instruments and amusements for patients Pump-house Coal-house Ice-house and vegetable cellar tJnrpenter shop and purchase of tools Tight board fence for patients Improving grounds Stock for farm and carriage Reservoir or water tank '. , Road from town of Anna Ordinary expense'' Improvement of g.-ounds Finishing road from Anna Coal-house 3, 7.50 00 90, 000 00 7,450 00 81, 250 00 7, 000 00 13, 090 00 16, 185 00 7, 650 00 160, 000 00 12,500 no 1,000 00 400 00 625 00 12,500 00 2,000 00 1,000 00 98,000 00 5,000 00 1,000 00 3,000 00 45,000 00 50, 000 00 2,000 00 a5,ooo 00 3,000 00 500 00 300 00 1,000 00 720 00 1, 000 00 3, 500 00 1, 500 00 350 00 3(i0 00 10, 000 00 6,897 85 "l,, 500 00 2. .500 00 500 00 1,500 00 2, 000 00 6,000 00 2,000 00 125, 000 00 65, 000 00 143,000 00 99,000 00 '"'4,f)6(i'00 18,500 00 140, 000 00 4,000 00 1,500 00 2,000 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 2,000 00 1,.500 00 1,000 00 2,000 00 2. 000 00 1, 8(J0 00 2,000 00 '3,066 00 2, .500 00 1,000 00 98 List or Appropriations— Conf Iniprovrmonts and repairs $ .5.000 00 State Reform School. 1807 1871, 1872 1873 18751 1877 Land RiiildiiiK Til provide for fconomlcal working'. Til pay indi'btcdnoss Live stiifk and tools FtiniisiiinK' tin- building: Oiit-liuildinjrs, fonce.s and barn Current I'.vpcnsos To pay indebtedness Ordinary cxpi'iisos Wiirksliiips. fcnoe, water-closets F-iiliirKin^f laniiilry and beating Drainajff, stm-k and farm Ordinary e.xpenses Barn, corn-cribs and wagon-sheds . Const ruction of a sewer Library Konowal of the roof Uencwal of steam-heating apparatus Now biiilor Fi.xtiircs for kitchen and laundry Schodl furniture Additional building' Repairs and improvements Ordinary expenses Additional building Attorney" s fees, etc., in suit vs. E. A. Clement. Replenishing library and furnishing papers Improvements and repairs. Repairing workshop Fui-nishing and heating ■i5,000 00 "25,66606 30,000 00 ;30,ooo 00 300 00 2,000 00 Eastern Insane Hospit.\l. 1877 Purchase of site and farm and constructing buildings, and ' plumbing, heating and ventilation 1 200,000 00 400 00 :t,500 00 l.sno 00 l.tiOO tt) •J. r.no no .■■•.ooo 00 .'lO, 000 00 :». (100 00 5. ouo 00 10.000 00 5.00000 10,000 00' .5.000 00 3,000 00 1..500 00 5.000 00 500 00 2.000 00 i.txx) 00 2,(K)0 00 500 00 500 00 it. 000 00 5,000 00 '5, 566' 66 400 00 1,000 00 500 00 99 [ D. ] AMOUNT PAID TO INSTITUTIONS. The following statement exhibits the amount realized by the several state institutions under the supervision of this board, from the date of their organization, respectively, until the 30th of September, 1878, from the state treasury, in accordance with the foregoing list of appro- priations, and also on account of the special taxes for charitable pur- poses mentioned in our second biennial report. Northern Insane Hospital Central Insane Hospital Southern Insane Hospital Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Institution for the Blind Asj-lum for Feeble-Minded Children Soldiers' Orphans' Home T Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary... State Reform School Eastern Insane Hospital Total SI, 3, 1, 146, 1-18 69 282,199 m 894, 493 83 578,166 90 636,684 18 531,536 33 741, 899 38 152, 705 59 412,481 67 100, 196 54 « 8, 476, 512 74 100 E. J — Th^■ InMitiitiont in Dr ILLfNOIS NOUTHEKN HOSPITAL To amount drawn - For onlinary r-xponses to .July 1. 1877 Fur oriiiiiiirv cxpiMiscs sinco July 1, 1877 For iiK-reased orfiiiiary expenses ¥viT l.iKld roils of fencing: For hij?h board fence For gradiiiv and shrubbery '... P'or laundry extension For new boiler F<»r washiiitr maehine For repairs For alterations in heating: and ventilation.. For new bc)iler house , For straw barn For refrig-erating house For hydraulic elevator in kitchen For cisterns for rain water F.>r furniture to furnish new rooms For two cituajres and two lodjfes For fuijnishintc cotta>?es To balan{ 02 l.SJO 41 982 92 1,269 9lj 1 .500 00 3 5;-)0 00 .T 407 38 H :?20 81 218 79 1 207 92 246 98 1 20;i .59 ■m 00 517 08 7:50 09 6 nOd 00 1 405 08 19S. R«!7 S 98. 000 00 1,3U0 OOi 781 49 3,&5l 62 6,320 8l! 218 79 246 98 1,26:1 .59 .500 00 517 08 7;« 09 4,397 01 l,4a5 08 $67, .500 0(^ 122, 500 OO l.:iOO ^ 10 16 1,609 1 68 5 24' 8.444 24 10,000 0» B.897 8.= 1,.5IX1 2, 500 .500 00 l,.5O0 OOi 2,000 OOi 4.397 Ol! 2.000 OOi I OOj I nni 79.336 18 7>,.335 1« $ 312,378 13 f 198,867 72 $ 313,378 13 101 Account with Appropriations. FOR THE INSANE Cb. By balances of former appropriations, remaining' in state treasury, undrawn, October 1, 187(5— Ordinary expenses 1, 000 rods of fencing- High board fence Grading- and shrubbery Laundry extension New boiler Washing machine By appropriation. May 18, 187 for ordinary expenses for two years for increased ordinary expenses for repairs for two years for alteration in heating and ventilating. for new boiler house for grading and shrubbery, for two years for straw barn for ref rigei'ating house for hydraulic elevator in kitchen for cisterns for rain water for furniture to furnish new rooms for two cottages and two lodges for furnishing cottages $ 67, 930 28 196,000 00 3, .550 00 10, 000 00 i0,000 00 6,897 85 2,000 00 1, 500 00 2,500 00 .500 00 1,500 00 2,0(!0 00 6,000 00 2.000 00 $312,378 13 102 Dr. ILLINOIS CENTRAL HOSPITAL To imiount (Iniwn — For onliiiury I'.xjx'iises to July 1, 1877 For oriliiiary cxijorisos since July 1, 1877 For iiuTonsftl ordinary expenses For repairs, appropriation 1875 For repairs, appropriation 1877 For ironiiiff, nien77 furniture for chapel pii;np-linuse coal-hiiuse, appropriation 1875 coal-house, appropriation 1877 ice-house and cellar shop and tools, appropriation 1875 shop and tools, appropriation 1877 titrht board fence iniproviuK prouixls. appropriations 1875. improving grounds, appropriations 1877. stock and carriage reservoir niad from Anna, appropriation 1875 road from Anna, appropriation 1877. ... frame liarn with stone basement fire-pump and hose rotary oven dry-closet To balance covered into state state treasury Septem- ber :», 1877— Centre building $ 76 91 South wing 9121 To balance undrawn October 1, 1877— Ordinary expenses 1148,7.50 00 1877. $10;}, 2.59 1 :J7,500 Oil 21.2.50 0(1 1,088 70' Repairs. Improvement of grounds. Finishing road Coal-house Carpenter shop Frame barn Fire-pump and hose Rotarv oven Dry-closet 10,000 00 2.000 00 1,30000 1,000 00 400 00 3,500 00 . .. 1,800 00 1,00000 2,500 00 To balance undra\VTi October 1, 1878— Ordhiar^- expenses 185,000 001 6,1:55 791 492 85 209 ;i9 42 OHl 1,800 00 300 40 246 251 Zi 721 1.000 OOi 79 W 1.056 11 4K-, 86 1,666 15 475 10 27!" ,'iO 271 45 1,200 OO 168 13 172.250 00 Repairs. Improving grounds. . . Shop and tools Barn Fire-pump and hose... Rotarv oven $342,299 63 1878. Total. $63,750 00 "'3,'864'2i l$103 37 1,000 00 190 611 1,.507 151 1.300 00 3.457 92 693 60 2. .500 00 93,986 $ 172,250 ■>9 17 .Nl 00 85, (Ml (Nl l,U.s.s 7(1 3.864 21 24•? ••> 1,00(1 no 1,(J«X1 00 79 .50 1,056 11 190 61! 4H5 86' 1,666 15 1,507 15 475 10 279 .50, 271 45 2. .5>"9 ' Fr land and b\iildin(rs For fnrnishintr new buildings For fenciuK For walks For scales and scale ho»ise For enelosinvr covered passage-ways For barn and cow stable For coal-house F< >r fifteen cows For cisterns For repairing boilers For Berryinar; heater For twenty acres of land To balance undrawn October 1, 1877— Ordinary expenses $ 101, .VX) 00 Furnishing Fencing Walks Scales and scale house Passage-ways Barn and cow stable Cows » 18. U, 100, 12. 1, 12, mi 69 360 00 1 95 00 400 OO' 982 .W 1,000 00 .500 00 To balances undrawn October 1, 1878— Ordinary expenses ^. $43,500 00 Barn and cow stal)le 7 Furnishing I'ence Scales and scale house Pas.sage-ways Cows .57 i:J 3,280 65 :k :J8 227 2:^ 6 04 91 00 375 00 .50(1 00 047 .56 414 31 000 00 .'lOo 00! « 58,000 00 17 .50 .500 00 000 00 000 00 7.50 00 030 OOi 000 00' 117,423 19 9, *I5 04 ;i27 62 95 00 172 77 976 46 942 87 "409 '66 I $ 18. .375 00 72. .VW 00 100. (M7 .56 21. 719 Xy 1,327 62 *oa 00 172 77 993 96 2, 442 87 1.000 00 409 00 1.000 00 7,50 00 1,030 00 4,000 00 47, I'M 4:t 47, HH 4;» »273,:W2 56 »117,42;j 19 1273,362 56 Ill rBEBLE-MlNDED CHILDREN. By balances of former appropriations, remaining- in state treasury undrawn October 1, 1876— Ordinary expenses $ 18, 375 00 Land and buildings ^■''" '^^'^ ^^' By appropriation Ma n,'i8' '7, for for for for for lor for for for ff)r for for for ordinary expenses for two years. furnishing the new building:? fencing- walks scales and scale-house enclosing- covered passage-way... barn and cow stable coal house fifteen cows cisterns repairing boilers Berryman's heater... twenty acres of land lCiO,047 5fi$ 118,423 56 116, 000 00 25,000 00 1,360 00 400 00 400 00 1.000 00 3, 500 00 1,000 00 500 00 1,000 00 750 00 1,030 00 4, 000 00 $273,362 56 112 Dr. ILLINOIS SOLDIEUS' 1877. 1878. Total. (J :m\ .. 6 :;< I.Ok:} 28 .. l.OKi -^y 2.50 00 .. 2.5' > 7X3 8t<; 260 90 l.Wt 84 100 OQi . . KHI 0(i' i,o(K) go' 1,000 00 7.") 00 . 7.5 flo' Ki.-) Cwjl . . 8(5.5 651 •2i^i :i.-> 146 6.5 400 00; 2:!!> .50 160 .50 400 00* 118 .58 1.208 59 1,327 17 Til iimnimt drawn- Fur unliimrv rxpt-ns.'-i f. Jiilv 1. 1877 I f :17,.500 00 ! $.17. .500 Of For <f roof iinil c\ipola For piiintiiiK-. jrraininir. etc.. in main building', etc. For ealeiminnig and whitewashing For plastering For additional furniture To amount covered into state treasury Sept. 30, 1877— Cisterns 216 12.. 216 12 To balance undrawn October 1, 1877— Ordinary expenses f 78, 750 00 Repairs New roof I ainting roof and cupola Painting main building, etc ("aleiniining Plastering .\dditional furniture Lil)rary .500 (K) 84,420 64 To balance undrawn October 1, 1878— Ordinary expenses $ 45,000 00 Repairs > 1,916 72; Library 239 04! New roof 1,040 00 Painting roof and cupola 200 00 Painting main buijiling 334 351 Additional furniture 172 83 1,916 72 1.040 OC 200 0(1 :>:m :i5 UH r,5 160 .5(1 I,.'?81 42 .500 (K) 48.902 94 48.902 94' ! 1 , i ,$ 138,231 36, $ 84.429 64 $ 138,2;U 36, 113 ORPHANS' HOME. Ck. By balances of former appropriations, remaining- in state treasury, undrawn, October 1, 1876— j Ordinary expenses $ 37, 500 OOj Improvements and repairs 6 Stii Library 250 00 ^ Cisterns 1,000 00 Bv appi'opi iiition May 17, 1877, for ordinary expenses for two years for repairs and improvements for two years. for new roof for construction of new floors for painting- roof and cnpola for painting-, etc., main building-, etc for ciilcimining and wiiitewashing for plastering for I'urnilure for library $ 88, 756 36 00, 000 00 3, 000 00 1. 200 00 1, 000 00 275 00 1,200 00 •too 00 400 00 1, 500 00 500 00 f 138, 231 36 114 hh. ii.ijn<»is WW 75 .i« Ka 2,«02 20 2.W52 05 812 (« K12 00 «76 62 1,8(6 17 •2,4.«1 79 13 55 13 55 2. 154 38 3,770 62 5.925 00 10,000 00 10,000 00 To balance undrawn October 1. 1877— Ordinary expenses f 2fl, 7.50 0(1 Repairs and improvements 2.940 15 Additional furniture 2,323 38 Hoiler-house. dispensary, etc 3,770 62! To balance undrawn October 1, 1878— f)rdinary expenses f 12,7.50 00 Repairs and improvements 37 95 Addithmal furniture 518 21 38.7H4 1.-. 1.3, .306 16 13,306 16 $65,592 30, $38.784 15 $85,592 30 115 AND EAR [NFIKMARY Cb. By brtlances of former appropriations, reraainlag in state treasury, undrawn, October 1, 1876— Ordinary expon-ies $7,875 00 Repairs and improvements 966 75 Furniture 812 00 Surgical apparatus 13 55 By appropriation. May 22, 1877, for ordinary expenses for two years ... '"' " .i .1 for repairs, two years " " ■' " for additional furniture " •• " " for boiler house, kitchen, dispensary operating loom By appropriation. May 23. 1877, for lot of land, 50 feet on South Peoria street and $ 9, 667 30 34, 000 00 3, 000 00 3, 000 00 5,935 00 10,000 00 $65,592 30 116 Db. ILLINOIS STATE 1878. To iimovint ilriiwn - For nrfliiiary •■.vpciix's ti> .I\ily I. 1877 For ordinary •■.\p(,>ris<'s siiioc July 1, 1877 For ropuirs. appropriation 1X75 For repairs, " 1877 For ri-movnl of roof For r<>nio\al of lu-ator For aaii-in«' work shop.... To balance nndrawn, October 1, 1877— Ordinary expenses $52.500 00 2, 000 00 558 80l 6,&50 90; 5,500 00 500 00 400 00 400 00 $22. Hc'piiirs. Kenewal of roof (re-appropriated). Additional Imildinji: " Additioniil Imildinjf (new) Furnishing and heating Rxpenses in law suit Library To balance undrawn, October 1, 1878— Ordinary expenses $22,500 00 Repairs". 808 02 Ilenewal of roof 522 80] Library 200 00 500 00 rAtn 00 7111 :il HKJ 00 51 W 20 «5 12 349 10 $30,000 00 1,000 00 68,509 70 1. 101 9« :!6 00 12. 150 90 500 OO; 400 00 200 00 Total. $22,500 00 37. 500 00 791 31 3. KH 98 544 20 (15 12 14,500 00 500 00 400 00 200 00 1,000 00 24,120 82 24,120 82 $105,223 43 $68. .509 70: $105, 223 43 117 REFORM SCHOOL. Cb. By balances of former appropriations, remaining in state treasury i undrawn, October 1, 1876— Ordinary expenses f 22, 500 00 Repairs 791 31 Renewal of roof 1,067 00 Renewal of heater 65 12 Additional buildins? 0,000 00 By appropriation. May 18, 5871 for two years By appropriation. May 18. 187 for ordinary expenses for two years for additional building- for furnishing and heating for attorney's fees in suit vs E. A. Clement., for replenishing librarj- and furnishing papers for improvements and repairs for two years., for repairing workshop ) 33, 423 43 60, 000 00 r.,500 00 500 00 400 00 400 00 4, 000 00 1,000 00 $105,223 43 118 CO i5? sgiJ^SsSfSS 5 ■^ s 1 «^ •» t- % g5|gggggsg u 5 (- c ft % ggSSgS8SS g 2 i 1 f?£f^2S £-gS 5 ^: s £ '- i' Si;:?. 3i X 2 — ... _ — — 5^ r^ ^ ^ rr ."; ■55r. s =^*=cis C i: X s feSi-'- s »gS53 ; i??g s silis . ■ -^ s s 2 «i «^ ■go- s MSi^i ii^ 5 -rx — — — •i '^ ^ •*o '^ V <5 C:c c e c u- X = = i U-: o 5 c £ isii In s s 5 2^ i5 5 ggSiSSSSg «- 1- »- :d xx'i-^i-^ff ;s;l : : :c :^ := - 'E. 'i :5 £ ~. - ~ - = c = uu£Jp'^- tt c J = cfc &,';■ = ■o C £ .^ .t: £ .i -^ c, "? c 3 S 5 "^.ii * -J s ■ =£5g£ i iiiii X 3C 9c ^ = 5£ 5 o'^focc^i" MTO-* •r 1 4A* «» i'SSg b X tl c I- X •.■: 5 XOffJC p _ u z z - V •^ i X £ S-' c c c ?:''= •= 5 119 S5< occc • O o: f? f I >-i O • 1-1 f-< -* t-l I-I 30 ■ICN-^SCXM • »l rt o: oc — i-i • t- 1— :c o: »c t' >-l-*5OeiO5-M«DCCa0-*N CO o >-H t- M =o ?; ^ >••; 3-. i- C00!0i-(0^ n rH — COCDCICC _-i-i:00050 • CO oc t- 1- 1- OS • o t- 00 to m a; 00 00 !N I- I- =C 3: 01 n t- .n M Ol'r^'inCO 3: O X ■* t- Ot 1- t- to lO Ol t-tOXCtDr-iOJ-*C001»C'* t- » 00 CO O: l~ t- ■* 1.0 to OI — ClOC'CClCtOtOtO-^t^Ol a; oi -* t- oi o CO o I- to 05 a: itfiif » CO to' CO ro co co' rr' ■05 0-100 Ol $ ■ po CO to 53 01 i «fe ^ KOCO-* SOOJi-l O l-O o o o o OOICOOO Oi-HO i-OOO O O '+<*.- Ol o O I- o: -* Ct 00 OC' CO 00 to 00 t- -^ 15 •^ 0: 1— ' O to O kO Ol in tOCJOCO>COiO-H l- co t- to oi t- o >.o oj I "* X O! CO L- -<*• >n Ot CO I o iC-*t-»001oo — r< lOCO 'cTr-^ cT I CO C = i-i I N " OS'S O a "- sip 2 a (/V It •2 S Balance undrawn 602, 2.")5 $ 2, 100, 112 39 $ 2, 100, 112 39 122 Table, shotcin;/ timotmtn collected /rom each cmmty in the state, btj sijc state institutious, bet>ree)i the \st datj of October, 1H76, and the 30th day of ^ejA ember, 1877. Counties. North' rn' Insane i Hospital 1 Central Insane Hospital Southern' Insane Hospital Deaf ! and Dumb. 1 Blind. Feeble- Minded Children Total. 1 1483 87 t«2 00 $536 77 jjuiid 105 49 105 49 liooiie 125 05 26 05 ft4 48 64 48 77 02 17 76 ::::;.:.:: 94 77 104 78 32 98 137 76 Clark Clay f 65 25 80 25 66 25 Clinton 80 25 70 65 451 35 17 85 940 57 $23 15 74 23 . 111 65 Cook 551 20 446 «66 75 2,068 10 4 45 DeKrtlb DeWitt . 132 47 93 30 24 35 225 77 "655 26 63 60 98 DouKla?4 4 25 221 75 22 90 32 70 221 75 60 40 197 05 49 15 60 40 15 70 62 47 9 30 6 90 222 05 118 52 Ford 93 25 92 25 61 05 53 70 59 63 114 75 362 85 24 30 446 78 90 33 62 15 182 95 152 48 10 16 6 85 23 01 122 96 19 05 19 05 166 87 97 84 64 10 37 26 12 70 268 22 Iroquois 110 64 118 38 77 45 35 35 20 65 .53 40 2 50 10 90 129 28 77 45 35 35 20 55 74 45 65 58 193 44 2 50 180 75 90 14 8 79 171 41 194 62 783 81 180 75 39 00 129 14 Kendall Knox 8 79 29 85 37 33 18 a5 113 12 238 59 Lake 212 67 10 10 •07 03 Lee 111 19 40 15 26 00 22 40 160 59 40 15 225 42 150 79 99 00 374 30 31 30 27 00 283 72 150 79 16 26 114 25 Madison 96 < 28 95 381 26 S8 06 68 :15 68 60 136 »& 83 06 33 06 MrDonough >f<'Hi-nry 46 20 269 80 269 80 46120 782 96 42 45 99 65 782 96 10 76 53:20 99 65 183 85 1 m\ 85 26 69 124 92 i:::::::::: 26 69 Morgan 1 271 29 39 44 ' 435 66 123 "G"— Continued. Counties. North' rn Insane Hospital Central South' rn Insane Insane Hospital Hospital Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Feeble- Minded Children Total. $25 00 $ 25 00 Ogle. -. 135 25 135 25 114 84. 32 65 6 70 ii i4; 188 63 Perry Piatt ::;.:::■ ....:::.:: 83 90 90 60 Pike i49 061 1 5945 !__.._ 9 10 1.58 10 Pope •59 45 79 01 .:;.:.:..;:::...;.. 57 10 136 11 Randolph 1 137 BO 137 60 4 75 38 90 4 75 140 18 140 IK 38 00 20 10 20r! 94 39 10 263 14 Schuvler 61 65 59 85 ::::::::: 121 50 Scott. 33 59 33 59 Shelby . Stark 42 52 1 42 52 St Clair ... 574 00 35 72 22 50 632 22 Stephenson Tarewell. 55 26 55 26 70 91 27 50 98 41 69 40 69 40 is 90 i47 05 48 55 35 20 236 70 Wabash 56 30 56 30 Warren 71 43 43 70 115 13 Washington 5 66 5 00 Wavne 61 50 1 30 61 50 White ' 1 30 229 77 177 26 31 57 26 05 40 65 261 Si Will 36 19 239 .50 Williamson 239 08 279 73 Winnebag'o 49 77 49 77 256 69 7 05 $2,367 83 263 74 $2,834 06 $183 59 Total $3,955 69 $5,249 88 $348 03 $14,939 08 124 [GG] Taulk, shnirht'j amounts collected from tuch county in the state^ by six 'State institutions, between t/i" i >•/ 00 Boone S 26 86 i27 42 26 86 Brown 58 50 54 79 2i 80 113 29 Bureiiu lif 22 Calhoun 116 OO 110 00 Carroll 75 27 75 27 Cass 141 85 153 87 23 20 174 49 113 ar, 11 05 255 20 Cbiiinpait;u 98 75 y $ 42 62 306 29 Christian 23 20 Clark 12 10 71 60 72 65 43 00 140 60 . , 3:i6 10 Clay 71 60 Clinton 5652 $200 11 29 44 :jc . HO 94 Coles 956 50 120 15 2.>S 0.J Cook 14 80 971 :w Crawford 8 65 5 60 27 28 35 y^i Cuniberhi'id ■ 5 60 Deh'alb 59 86 :'i4 66 29 37 14 00 698 100 84 DeW'itt 92 43 84 -i^i 535 l-'l 80 Doujrlas 2 55 68 34 106 13 DuPagre 68 34 Edjfar 461 86 461 86 Ed wards 10 75 106 45 21 90 10 75 (^Oiiigbatn 1 74 ao 34 75 71 90 180 75 Fayette 56 65 Ford 111 46 24 45 207 81 Franklin 1 25 1675 1 25 Fulton 235 65 153 05 74 98 483 62 Gallatin 10 73 Green Grundv 107 82 16 65 17 97 142 44 Hamilton 105 95 105 !t5 Hanct >ck -..;-.. 32 83 310 92 66 55 47 80 115 05 160 36 142 59 646 70 Hardin 2 80 2 60 Henderson 66 55 Henry 182 91 91 36 35 05 101 61 84 22 7 76 -3 05 375 07 Iroijuois I4 46 388 14 Jackson 85 05 85 05 Jasper Jefferson 25 66 25 66 Jersey .. JoDaviess i43 50 44 45 32 40 220 35 Jcjhnson Kane Kankakee 239 85 203 53 9 51 12343 49 37 287 94 3i85 81 12 27 07 9 «»7 58 35 330 94 320 80 Kcmlall 51 Knox 211 75 7 55 56 26 42 25 98 90 4 40 403 42 Lake »1 62 LaSallo 14 92 401 76 Lawrence 40 25 266 26 ;{06 45 Lee 178 32 276 25 48 35 146 51 39 66 74 24 37 131 77 175 62 2J6 41 LivinffSton Lof^aii 146 40 115 75 174 30 587 5.3 287 18 349 J2 Macoupin Madison 658 60 62 30 73 55 694 45 Marion 1 M arshall i 128 24 128 24 Mason ' Massae • 67 20 57 20 McDoiiiiuffh "■■uiia 231 45 25 30 ::. 56 45 313 20 M.-lliiirr 141 18 Mcl.i'an 42i 67 80 40 82 :jo "i27'ir> 363 38 42 05 18 05 174 IS 13 30 97 73 286 74 87 7 2fl 07 3<» 7.V1 4S Menard lO--' 70 Morcor 6 25 16 86 115 ittt Monroe ' SI 12 MontK-onierj' 31 Ki 4 30 1.52 64 20:^ 08 43 :£• 70 04 :i:"l'6l 55 3«J 170 (16 613 38 Moultrie 4 30 2t»7 ;» ORle 280 60 :«W 02 Peoria 273 35 89 29 488 04 126 «GG"— Continued. Counties. North' rn Insane Hospital Central Insane Hospital Southern Insane Hospital $ 43 30 Deaf and Dumb. $ 39 80 Blind . Feeble Minded Child' n . Total. $ 73 00 Piatt Pike 18 70 26 00 « 30 05 38 75 36 00 $ 80 00 $ 16 63 .......... 90 63 99 75 52 40 5'66 99 75 39 25 4U 70 81 65 Rock Island 447 21 5 55 $ 123 20 615.66 5 60 Sangamon 9 36 73 70 83 06 110 70 9 r.o 19 45 139 65 Sci>tt 53 60 53 60 Shelby Stark 7 90 20 75 38 65 45 61 28 15 20 39 94 15 St (JLiir 244 70 151 37 lie 60 542 57 2fl3 04 19 69 281 73 Tazewell 167 25 131 80 299 05 84 25 66 40 71 85 1 95 60 22 284 67 Wabash 58 35 I'ss 3 50 33;^ 05 58 35 131 75 110 00 341 75 1 35 20 90 33 40 White '"" 7534 84 60 233 05 Whiteside ... 174 07 246 CO 249 31 Will 20 40 '""l58"76 351 60 158 70 167 ii 73 50 20 15 180 64 Woodford 170 60 $ 582 56 6 63 197 37 Total $ 4,750 43J$ 6,800 77 $ 3, 463 35 $3,350 09 $1,518 49 $ 19,464 58 126 H Tamle showi,,,/ hnlnnces due six state institutions and not yet coUerted, -on the :iijf/i day of ^September, is? 7, from each county in tht state. Counties. North- ern Insane Hospital Central Insane Hospital 1 Southern Insane Hospital ' Deaf 1 and Dumb. BUod. Feeble Miuded Children TotaL Adams t 20 416 7.-^ 1 35 fill 28 265 95 ; f 1506 tl26 53 794 64 1 23 .Alixander $112 94 Honcl Hi" mo < 26 Mrr)wn $30 36 '"iio"75 71 69 36 95 102 04 i<8 19 Riiri'un 52 24 Ciiltiiiiin 110 75 1 00 Carroll 1 00 ("ass 98 90 22 30 66 80 17183 ! 163 80 ," 69 85 1 22 70 59 40 1 202 70 Cbanapaigm Christian 127 94 50 28 200 50 IdtJ 65 < ,10 211 29 68 60 157 70 10 60 ""770'88 25 39 ■:(4)l 80 127 90 280 37 6'38 520 97 5:1 67 16 122 80 770 88 343 28 82 18 40 63 40 42 7t! 600 21 8i 80 Ltikc 104 32 147 08 IjiShIIo CitMl 21 1 68 80 37 94 10 70 10*1 74 !,(.(> 1 14 36 75 19 63 80 25 (X Livingston • 18 fiS 1 92 fir 12 9' 1 274 (K 1 16 W 9:< S4 3 65 2 94 '89 70 2 82 90 1(« Ofi 77 tin I 244 8(1 1 29 71 :!«{ 71 2«'.l 70 Miri'in 29 71 2 4.1 109 25 2 4.'' 28 40 29 IS 1lU( S( I 20 if 20 ir 21 8S 1 474 80 KM (»7 ' 05 11 1 . 30 49«( 8." Mcllf'iirv IIU 07 31 15 48 5(1 12 85 1 36 95 ' 1 28 VM 41 13 45 61 9.=i 12 K 208 a- 75 1 4 09 212 44 MontKumcry Mortrnn 14 5C 84 27 1 101 37 9St n. 1 is 1 191 5:. 129 "HII"— Continued. Counties. North' rn Insane Hospital Central Insane Hospital Southern Insane Hospital Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Feeble- Minded Children Total. $47 05 $ 87 58 68 57 67 71 10 67 $1'J4 63 Qgie S 85 $ 8 25 12 35 " $'57'54 4 85 77 17 $313 85 351 45 114 70 130 22 Piatt 2S5 10 139 15 235 10 Pike 100 40 239 55 40 35 267 15 40 35 267 15 38 10 49 82 87 92 K'lndulph 48 60 31 20 48 60 215 14 25 80 151 10 85 51 20 15 246 at 19 65 7 15 25 52 86 123 20 274 30 Sangamon Schuyler 10 20 i 85 3 30 9 65 92 18 116 69 406 15 23 45 9 65 Shelby Stark . . . 160 55 is io 25 68 291 51 St ciair 332 20 67 81 65 400 66 2 47 'i3'78 13 11 2 47 Tazewell 70 111 25 ""247'55 144 00 35 30 '"' 39490 70 80 221 10 36 02 65 60 56 26 2i'i5 147 97 347 08 213 37 35 30 93 75 86 76 61 30 9757 180 .51 5oS 77 i9 .57 90 37 8 35 229 45 Whiteside 39 66 160 67 326 62 153 77 57 77 $10,005 13 39 66 3 65 94 88 259 20 31 49 27 46 150 47 508 58 6600 181 23 . $468 31 20 123 97 $5,476 70 $3, 133 78 $3,672 27 $1,020 72 $23,776 91 130 [ I ] Consolidated Fimmridl Stattr/tent (all funds Indudtd) of the Income Northern Central Insnnc Insane HuHpital. Hospital. Southern Bouthern Insane ' Insane Hospital ' Hospital. Trustees . Cummiss' rs. I Balances. (October 1, 1876. ) Balance on hand . . . . Income. «-i.3o7 » $2:1.207 05 »13,7»1(H *77 71 Ordinary e.xptMiSf iippropriations. Spfi-inl appropriations From all other sources m. (KK) 00 21.510 41 l-'.tftt 44 83. 750 00' -'4.02;i Oil 18,780 04 1 5H. 750 OOl 7,872 :(4| 7.845 60 Total cash receipts $125..'>42 85 $12c> 36 97H .50 725 20 H95 18 124 90 398 30 $104,423 09 262 91 247 50 5 40 22 85 294 2,1 4,ri9s fifi] 160 ,m> 1,495 22 i 119 ;i2j "'486'(Ji $134 756 27; $134,344 12 $66,757 74 $1.^5,408 04 $1.5.1,247 65, $89,907 70 134,756 27 124,344 12 60,757 74 JIS51, 77 $28,903 53 $23,209 90 $104,42 $104,423 09 104,423 69 00 131 and Expenses of the State Institutions^ classified, for the fiscal year 1877. Inst, for the Deaf and Dumb .$9,595 38 $100, 184 97 132 [^K.] — ConsvlidiitcJ Fi/Kt/irial Statei/iext {all funds inchtded) of the Incofne ln<! $ -i;}. 209 96 * 9. 595 ;» I.NCOMK. Ordinary fxpense uppropriations. Special iippn )priatlons From lilt utlit-r sources Total cash receipts $ Less amount credited on previous year 5, I Receipts for current year f 121, Add balances as above j Actual income if 122, Due on special appropriation ac- count i ,:J00 00 ,232 W ,906 88 ,4:J9 42 ,507 24 932 18 (551 77 583 95 173 50 Available income !f 122,757 45 Expenses 1878, Classified. Building: Improvements and repairs. Furniture Fo.hI Clothing', bedding, etc Laundry supplies Household expenses Fuel Light Medicines and medical supplies. Salaries WH^erJ (employes) Wavri's (inmates) Books, and stationary Priiuing and advertising Apparatus Music *7,295 24 14, 377 31 4,08H 21 30. 153 18 6,405 00 1, 139 13 843 :» 9,728 08 825 08 1,560 40 8,360 37 25, 729 67 5 00 224 23 182 60 Amusements Freight and transportation Postage Farm, garden, stock and grounds. Shops Machinery Not classified 75,211 50 49, 809 48 ll,5;i8 9« 4 95 240 09 5,117 57 44!} 93 l,6a5 20 108 90 4fl3 19 $136,619 94 I I 4, 780 32 I 85,000 00 , 14,513 49 I 4,807 83 1*104,321 32 1,979 30 ;$ 131,839 62 I 28,903 53 * 100, 743 15 3,1*3 06 i$ 163,846 21 I » 19, 454 40 35,622 52 5, 390 04 31,200 2:1 9,iKl2 32 1,805 10 650 41 4,727 60 1,947 87 2,356 97 6.903 45 2.5.:309 14 .58.3'i9 191 .50 a5 95 98 37 365 79 2,732 a{ 298 38 1,944 07 ;J02 3;i 301 40 2,973 39 f 102, 342 02 23,209 96 * 125,551 98 1,971 86 * 127.523 84 $6,321 75 7, WW 42 1,573 71 26,802 13 8,081 42 698 72 71(> 79 2, .530 .56 1,618 64 2,930 24 8.078 98 19,127 77 507 80 235 72 :!« 9;} 84 21 . >*r.3 77 24 72 100,164 97 $851,419 69 20,945 86 $872,365 55 $ 142,267 11 98,357146 25,:582 82 151, 530 98 48,673 10 7, 432 14 5,256 53 29, 736 23 9, 043 56 9,458 97 89, 313 57 98, 358 ;i6 41 70 5, 143 58 1,270 39 953 97 951 92 1, 174 89 19,669 95 1,841 36 13,311 71 6,722 05 6,914 30 7,080 81 $779,887 45 872, 365 55 779,887 45 $92,478 10 184 [ L. ] — The Institutions in account NORTHEUN INSANE HOSPITAL. Fund. Bnlnnces Oct. 1, 1876. On band. Overdraft. , Total , Total dis- iBalances Sept. 80, 1877' receipts bursem'ts during during year year. On hand. Overdraft. Ordinary expense \AW n>dB lit feniinK- • (InidJMK mid •■liiubbfry I.tuiiidrv cxtcn'^lDU .New biiiler Hijfh board fence Wii!tliin(f machine Kepdirs .AliiTHtiiins in beating iind ventilation New boiler house Straw barn Kefrigeriiting hovise... Hyi'nmlic elevator la kitchen Cisterns for rainwater Furniture, new rooms. Two cottages and two li <(\no» Furiiishinff cottafres. . South wing furnishing. Hose and Are apparatus $«,083 05 flW.ttfi 44 ♦102,281 26 $7.?W 2:J 43 25 00 Total «6,108 48 10 (■,« 828 08 1 68 5 24 16 70 3«<) 00 4, y9-' 6-' :f.67n 10 ti.TiT!) (« l.:5t (KI 1.L36 41 10 66 828 08 1 68 5 24 16 70 360 00 4.5y2 62 3,679 19 6. 679 W 1,2.V( 02 1.236 41 982 92 1,269 91 943 91 1,269 91 594 92 594 92 ' 25 00 39 OH 43 $ 125, 542 a5'i 13:). 757 66 f 7, 893 67 CENTRAL INSANE HOSPITAL. Ordinarv expense $23,208 05 S 102, .>«) 64 f 96, 8.35 16 $28.903 53 Repairs' I $1,29437 8,.5;U 45 7,89186 Fire-plugs 1,226 03 1,285 13 Additional wings for! 160 patients 14.2rtl 91 18.33197 $ &51 78 58 48i 4.070 06 Total $23,208 05 $1,294 37$ 126.553 65 $124, ;U4 12 $28,903 53 1,11 $4,780 331 SOUTHERN INSANE HOSPITAL. Ordinary expense Repairs Furniture for cbapel Pump-house Coal house Ice house and cellar.. Shop and tools TiglU board fence Improving grounds... Stock and carriage .. Reservoir Road from Anna Barn Rotary oven Dry closet $ 13,791 01' * t;t>..5n5 60 $ 52,482 85' $ 27,003 84 346 $;;4 142 40 l.OKS 70 240 25 ■ 2;i 72 1.000 00: 79 50 l.O.'-.O 11 485 86, 1,666 15; 475 10' 279 50 1,471 46: 1,274 32 246 25 . 1.3,^18 02 . 15 (50 841 40 KKl 16 i,4;m ;J5 475 101 53 56| 1,114 43| 87 39' . .53 601 . 2;iS 05 . $219 85 1 47 63 90' 214 71 2:14 30! 231 80 225 94! 360 47 a58 63 87 39 53 60 2:18 06 Total $13,7St448i $ 176 T3| $ 74, 468 00 $ .^.9. 806 9:1 $ 29, 2:W 4,3, $9.57 51 185 with the local Treasurers. NORTHERN INSANE HOSPITAL. Balances Oct. 1. 1877. 1 Total Total dis- Balances Sept. 30, 1878. 1 receipts bursem' ts — duringr | during I I Overdraft. year. year. 1 On band. Overdraft. Fund. On ban Ordinary expense Increased ordinary ex- penses Repairs Heating- and ventilation Boiler bouse Grading: and sbrubbery. Straw barn Refrigerating' bouse i Hydraulic elevator.. ..i Cisterns j Additional furniture . . . j Cottages end lodges Furnishing cottages 1 South wing furnit.bing. »7,854 39 01 43 f 105, 906 88 1,300 00 3,851 62 6, 320 81 218 79 781 49 246 98 1,263 59 500 00 517 08 730 09 4,397 01 1,405 08 $108,006 04 $5,754 17 1, 300 00 3, 851 62 6,320 81 218 79 781 49 246 98 1,263 59 I 500 00 556 09 730 09 4,397 01 1,405 08 43 Total. $7,893 67' $127,439 42 $129,578 92; $5,754 17 CENTRAL INSANE HOSPITAL. Ordinary expense Increased ordinary ex- pense Repairs Ironing-room, etc.. .. Portico and grounds... Amusement ball Fire-plugs Broom shop and con- servatory Summer houses... Sewer, by city Sewer, oh grounds Additional wings $28,903 53 Total $38, 903 53 $85, 163 96, $105, 819 23 $8, 748 26 $651 78i 1,586 50 1 3,881 98 3,84^ 48 1,500 00 1,586 50 1 3,230 201. 4,556 78,. 1,500 00 . 58 48 193 48 135 00 111 66 4,070 06 40,450 54 38,658 59 $4,780 32 $136,619 94' $155,097 95 $713 30 111 «5 2,278 11 8,748 26 $3,103 06 SOUTHERN INSANE HOSPITAL. Ordinary expense $27,903 84 $219 85 $68,557 83 3 864 21 $74,959 42 $21.. 502 25 Repairs L 0'.>.i "yv, $1,278 87 208 74 Improvement of ground 231 80 1,507 15 1-917 69 Finishing road Coal house 360 47 358'62 1,300 00 1,000 00 iOO 61 3,457 92 1, &57 02 641 :^ 405 32 3 46 Carpenter shop and tools 214 71 Frame barn 87 39 3,412 61 43 08 Fire pump and hose Rotary oven .5,3 60 238 05 693 60 2.500 00 640 00 2 261 95 Dry closet Pump house 1 47 63 90 234 30 225 94 1 47 Ice house and cellar... 63 90 234 30 225 94 Tight board fence Reservoir Erection of south wing. Total $29,236 43 $957 51 $83,071 32 $91,374 23 $21,505 70 $1,.529 69 136 f L ] — Continue J. INSTITUTION FOR THK DEAF AND DUMB. Balance Oct. 1, 1876. Total Total dis- recelpts bursem'ts during during year. ' year. Balance Sept. 30, 1877. Fund. On band. Overdraft. On hand. Overdraft . Ordinary oxponso $6,925 83 1 $80,474 47. $ 77,804 92l S9.fc95 38 173 44 173 44, 25 00 25 00 1,6:}7 48 1.678 85 839 72^ 801 79 5,029 06; 8.:J15 93 1 738 75 i 1 ::::::::::::i::;:;.::::;;i $ 408 12 1 $449 49 22 07 I 3,286 87 Sewer 1 ViS 75 I 1 86 66 1 86 66 ' 1 Total j $6,92i 83 $ 408 12^ $ 88, 179 17j $ 89 685 34 $9,595 38 $4,583 84J INSTITUTION FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND. Ordinary expense $2,278 10' . 1 $2.5,7.50 00 $2:3,969 65 1,000 («) 848 51 060 22 666 22 2.70125 2,709 86 1,280 30 1,009 57 $4,058 45 1 $723 61 $57? i2 1 l)ii<.' on building and 8 6lL. 723 OIL. Cimting'ent 992 74 1 Furnishing 687 84j . 506 98 180 86; Total $3,696 56 1 $723 61 $31,397 77i $29,710 79 1 $5,232 05] $572 12 ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE MINDED CHILDREN. Ordinary e.\pense $25 26 $35,015 14 $31,623 77 $3,416 63 Furnishing new build- Wiilics Enclosing covered pas- . Uiirn and cow stable . 1 Twenty aures of land. $25 26 Total $35,015 14 $31,623 77 $3,416 63 SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME. Ordinary expense S6.07& 23 $48,834 26 1,089 64 250 00 IVM 00 1,000 00 75 00 805 65 2.53 X, $42,536 64 1,089 64 250 00 160 00 1,000 00 75 00 865 65 2.53 35 $ 12,372 06 Library . ... raintlMK roof & i-upola raititiiiR, Krainiiig. etc. falcoiiiliiing and white- 2:Ht .50 2:39 .50 118 58 118.58 78:3 88 783 88 $47,;372 14 • 12,372 95 Total $6,075 23 $.53,669 86 137 [ L ] — Continued. INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB Balances Oct. 1, 1877. 1 Total Total dis-! Balances Sept. 30, 1878. I 1 receipts ; bursem'tsl I during during On hand. Overdraft.] year. i year. i On hand. Fund. Ordinary expenses... Repairs $ 449 49 Pupils' library 23 07 Work-shop 3,286 87 Coal-house 86 66 Sewer 738 75 3,007 13 4, 103 79 184 53 323 93 9,748 90 6,462 03 1,000 00 913 34 996 94; 361 25 Overdraft. $9,595 38 $85,242 04 $87,774 33: $7,063 09 $1,546 15 161 47 3 06 Total $9,595 38 $4,583 84 $100,179 54 1 $99,838 67 $7,063 09, $1,710 68 INSTITUTION FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND. Ordinary expense $4,058 45 Repairs Books and maps C( latingeut 993 74 Furnishing 180 86 Total. $28,000 00! $36,087 63 $5,970 831 $572 12 997 64 1,423 64 ■ 287 81 287 81' i 2,220 04 1,691 98; 1,521 10 180 86 1 ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN. $997 V2 $5,233 05 $573 13 $31,.505 49l $29,670 621 $7,49192 $997 12 Ordinary expense Furnishing Fencing Walks 'Scales and scale house. 1. Passage ways Barn and cow stable.... Cows $3,416 63i $61,686 80 $53,078 63 ; 9,305 04 10,665 68 327 62 95 00 172 77: 976 46 942 87 409 00 327 62 95 00 172 77! 976 46 942 87 409 00 ' $12,024 80 $1, 360 64 , Total I $3,416 631 $73,915 56 $68,668 03 $13,034 80 $1,360 04 SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME. Ordinary expense Repairs New roof. Painting roof and cupola Painting main building, etc Calcimining Plastering Additional furniture... Library $12,372 95 Total I $13,372 95 $34,488 92! $44,890 35! $^71 52 146 65 146 65 160 50 160 50 1,208 59 1,208 59 360 99 360 96 .1 $36,265 63, $46,667 05; $1,97152 138 [ L J — Concluded. EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY llalauces Oct. 1. 1878. On hand. Overdraft., Total T.itai .11- reeelpts bursem'ts during during year. | year. Balances Sept. 30. 1877 Fuii.l. On hand. lOverdraft. Ordinary expense Kopalrs .$830 03 * 13. *:ii .vi 1 12. >mt 441 l.iriii ♦«! i.(r.jii ti(i U .V) 13 .V. •_', ir>4 :i.H •>. \rA -is 10,00(1(10 10.000(10 Vu -29 1,4}<«»k; 1,4K««2 $ 1.423 13 Siir«-ical apparatuH.. Kroui'ii f)f boiliT li'tuse (lispcnsury. ot<- .... 1 urcnase lot on Prairie street Kent i 1 133 »i f l.«l 26; Total » 28, 116(1.5 *27.9«0W $ 1,557 07 1 STATE REFORM SCHOOL. f>rdinary expense Ut'pairs Renewal of roof Uenewiil of heater Additional btiildiiij; KepairiiiK- work ^hop.. Petit Jonathan Duff I 1 "f 3,425' i(i ;;;;;;;;;; :« 00 i;:^o.ooo 00 $2!>,2ni 87 2.791 31 2,791 31 .tOH 20 .t08 20 6.-> 12 65 12 2.:«y 10 2.349 10 1,000 (JO KOfKlOO 3.494 31 l,2Ss^ast-x^c B r* o ggj >£ I- a i£ -f irt X X O ^ S =: ■* ?S X c •* ■«■ f» cc rJ — I to * e§S§' -S|2 i a) fa _aj "3 iill' -ggss ll S 1 "^ a:: c * o c c c 82 *" * "S « ♦- - » = t: u =3 ^ -fa-5 rt g i I X •= ^5 141 ■< V, ^ S 00 1 si SSSS'-SSSS •* 1 t- ■If S in -# ^ S ?i « 1 ^ ept. 30, EH N * B S||g-S|S g CO 1 ^ . ^ ;» S c -tfccoo^iffcct-w i aj cc05i?;'>i--in«35 OS C-l C^ W W f— 1 ^- f-" s -<' «_ ♦ ■p 1 c _. t-^-^m^^Mooxcc 05 c£ Ci35r-n cc 0: t- ST E t- S3 o J3 fe ? 03050 -^M-H03rHCC ?? 4) CiO'-'*'^t-00"5t- o ffi c s i-i tn -o ® ■5 — oO'*-'NNxr?o ^ £ b ■Nr^^^-J'r-IMi-INrH 3 N « t< C

n-*«-->*i-* 04pm-*t-cooi>oc »— 1 O'l r^ N f-^ rH I— CC S3 © o S CO S rH m ^ & ■3 ■*-*coc»i-im-*o>- ^ QO ot-asx xxSjc '"' "tr io-*Nec CO t- 1 *^ H « « -(i-i OS ce ,^ s 10 OS a c o 0) fe 3 xoioo: S35S . X OQ m ^ «o C * 1 "^^ B % 1 ^ X3 g 5 2 c S -c 5 •|l _; 5 5 = oi3 i; 3 3 = I- C- XI C J3 i *- 3 c , 5 r=' a c J!/ i 3 5^ 1^ 5 149 r^i I'ahi.k shoiriiuf t}ic mntilier of inmates actually present / ininutf^.^ ndinitted int<> nine xfttte ijistitittionn, /mill e.nch county in the atdfti, hptireeti thf l.s^ (.hnj of Octoher. 1870, • in Efflnsrham Fiivette i' ' 3 "i" r. 5 Ford 1 1 "io" 3 1 n Franklin I 3 Fulton frallatin i 1 6 18 Greene « 1 "2 "2" 1 1 j - Grundy Hamilton 1 6 2 2 13 2 4 1 1 6 Hondorson 1 i 8 4 2 3 ...... 4 3 1 1 10 Irix^iiois .lackson 4 I 10 4 2 2 .Ja«per 1 .3 Jefferson 6 6 1 9 1 - .Tcinnviess 1 "i" 3 1 "2" 1 "2" 3 ...... 3 Jolinsijn 3 'i'" "2" 3 Kline 11 3 1 4 2 15 1 20 10 1 Knox 1 1 1 17 ■ i" 6 I,iikf 1 1 4 LaSallo 1 7 42 1 1 T,of 7 8 1 i 1 2 1 4 1 8 3 4 1 6 1 I 1 3 « .» liOKiin 7 4 7 7 3" S 11! 11 1 1 9 1 ir. Marion 3 6 8 7 1 4 Mason 1 8 3 "s ' "2" 1 "i" "i" 3 McDonougb 10 17 145 [O] Continued. Counties. Central Insane Hospital North' rn Insane Hospital i 3 S. c » s 3 pa* 3?« ■3 = 1 CCH) Total. McHenry McLean 2 ■ ! 4 2 1 1 1 2 "27" 1 4 1 3 9 12 1 "3 50 4 1 4 3 M 1 i!it sromerv 1 Mdiiran I 16 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 ..... 1 3 "i" 12 23 Miniltrie 1 <> ()._rl,. 6 2 1 3 4 14 8 ■•"i" 5 19 Perrv 4 Piatt 3 8 1 3 Pike 1 1 10 PoDe . ... ! , .....| 1 1 2 5 5 '2" .5 Rock Island 13 2 3 T 4 3 32 3 ii 1 2 7 2 4 1 4 2 1 3 "i' ""'i' "2" 1 1 28 Schuvler 3 1 1 4 Shelbv ::::::::::;:: 9 2 2 1 3 2 "7' 4 St. Clair ii 4 1 1 1 2 1 20 5 9 Tazewell n "e" I 3 3 1 3 1 16 Union . ::;;::i::: : 3 2 i 11 Vermilion "s" 1 1 20 9 I "2" 17 2 1 3 3 Whitesirie 2 12 11 1 3 1' 1 "2" 1 4 4 9 4 1 i' 9 ■ Will Williamson Winnebago Woodford "e ■"i" 1 3 1 2 26 24 9 49 49 i 1 i94 1 256 92 86 24 48 117 246 68 1.131 146 [00] Tari-K .'iliiiiriiKf nuiiiher of iiinuitex Christian (Mark Clay Clinton Colos Cook Crawford .. . Cunitiorland DcKmIIi DeWitt DiMivrlas DiiI'aKe E'lirar Edwards .... 2.954 2,535 71,462 725 730 3,1971 365! 3,8041 76 3,96i 266 WW 4.5:K)i '2,0641 2,508' 3.308 3,8aJi .596 1.776: 1,4681 41 3.397 3,977 1,622' 1,686 7,010 Eflinfrham Favette . . Ford Franklin Pulton (Gallatin GrcfMi I I 4,35' Grundy i 2.53;j, 96 Hamilton i 1 Hancock ! 3651 6,663 Hardin , Henderson 2,346 Henry Iroquois .Jackson .Jasper Jefferson .Jersey •JoDaviess Johnson Kane Kankakee Kendall Knox Lake. LaSalle 10.470 Lawrence Leo 5.749 Livingston 1,464' 3.695 Lojfan : ■».«!« Macon I ^ 5.842 Macoupin 1 I B.456i Madison 1 700 Marlon i Marshall | I 8,478i Mason i 8,368 Massac ^ McDonouKh... ' 5.137 382 915! 4,0481 1,600 ,455 1,0761 l,072i li 818. .T.')0 1.874 1,086 1,086 804 536 2,144 22,126 1,612 268 1.072 804 536 395 1,179 282 536 536 1,876 .536 1,890 494 8i :«i5 37H 199 i:« .446 -9? Is w .,- - = r^ 5='- ^"z Tots SM 2.;rr9 1,856 852 365 190 1,164 365 246 1,948 377 168 4ii5 1,256 5,680 627 1,212 .'^90 769 68 730 462 385 730 629 7,100 467 49 i;» 205 773 2,362 7,945 425 1,420 568 3,28:^ 406 17,367 1.158 564 249 743 8:« 568 512 319 495 ... 344 2,272 205 •i'ro ■ris .53.5 365 702 254 699 3:% 284 1.988 313 l,6i7 1,131 15,287 6 738 .1,341 5,010 3.310 10.808 1.032 4.5.56 6.485 16. .512 6.197 13.374 3.677 4. 7.53 8,278 127,291 3. 815 2.786 6.414 6.633 .5,963 7,171 6,352 1,197 4,584 3,754 6,470 3,626 13,7:V. 683 5,635 7,899 2,602 11,042 1,392 4,067 12.384 7,308 8,688 2,510 2,959 .5.a53 8.816 2.462 17.645 161 [PP] Continued. Counties. 5-? 1 5 3. » •* 1 365 5, 764 162 McHenry 4, 7 McLean..' 365 Menard Mercei- Monroe Montgomery M orjran . . . . Moultrie Ogle Peoria P»rrv Piatt Pike Pope Pulaski Putnam Randolph. . . Richland ... Uock Island Saline Sangamon . Sohuvler. .. . Scott Shelbv Stark St Clair .. Stephenson . Tazewell Union Vermilion. . Wabash Warren .... Washington Wayne White Whiteside 5,058 Will 10, 391 Williamson i Winnebago | 7, 237' Woodford. . Wisconsin. 365' 173| 1,03;?; 5,358, 8.854 3,735 3,015 i'isOl 6, 145! 761 7,477 1,632 4, 836 1,087 5,676 6,679 4,149 2,181 .5't2 1,762 4,217 474 3,929 4,131 Total ; 181, 756 181, 137 a 3 « s- 3,352 172 1,5;J6 69 2,562 1.919 3^315 3,052 1,192 "26 ".5,' 374 365 14,888' 3,283, 7,716: 3, .592! 3,210i 2, 2.52 1 3, 274 1 4,953 t3 a-o 2 ffS 3 S ffi » 3 'J 1,330 7531 1,195 247! 593 476 1,086 2, 952 1,890 1,198 1,890 268 . 395 1,0861 14' 268; 5.50 1,086 804 2,211 546 546 804 2,684, 804 1,636| 268! l,330i 247' 1.0761 1,368 3.334 1,340 871 817 143,718 114,817 250 494 415 334 431 247 247 SS3 187 323 196 1,4.59 248 248 304, 4881 2.55' 93 345 493, 249 247 1 566 i 2, 132| 176| 988 73^1 759! 1, 4711 13,916 "i.'l36 133i 3,001' 514' 310 254 1 34 3.50 1,540 2,830; 321 1 266i .5.53 365 1,009; 390 602 1,021 133 1 365t. 303 1. 365 1 2,363! 390 571 167 491 4l4' •-S 1,988 137 650 4,260 568 8.52 1,136 648 46 2;}4 348. 5,964 1,704 2,272 284 1,136 1,146 568 4, 544 3,124 114, 1,0,55 70 228 123 93 75 255 115 1.57 1,304 1, 1.36 1.420 2, .5.56 568 1,136 36,3091 61,279 105,451 811 2,58' 635 i 3431 455 729 1,810 373 1.444 3,871 312 %.5 163 1,260 1,.536 333 l.,331 664 365 816 831 1,590 69 730 136 333 2,383 325 Total. 8,314 29,000 5,393 5,407 4,a31 7,143 13,994 I 3, 503 9,421 30,045 3,913 3,413 7,302 2.166 1,931 1,766 4,264 4.764 17. 132 1.379 15,718 5. 593 6. 388 9,246 3. 253 20,135 7,791 8,704 6, .519 13,249 7,383 10, 046 4,331 3,683 4,503 9,997 19, .597 7, 251 11,840 7, 435 247 28,3571 66,601 909,226 162 [Qj Vkui.k sUoiriiff number of iiinuUes actnally present on the 'M)th 'l 4 Bond 8 5 1 Brown 5 2 4 1 Buri'uu 16 3 6 Carroll 8 ; a 2 2 1 (hainpaitfn t'hristiuu %■■■::■ 7l 1 6i 21 i:j » (lark 4 2 2 69 7 :::::: i 2 1 V 1 (lav • .5 b '::;;•■ 1 2 2 ... 2 ... Clinton 11 :t Cook 161 31 1 Crawford 3 8 2 ii Ix-Kalli l)c\vitt 4 3 2 1 3 1 1 2 6 2 6 1 2 DoujflttS Ihil'asfe 1 10 7 1 ioi 2 .1 4 K.lL'-ar Edwards 1-..' 3 Faviito ' 1 Ford i: 1 5 Franklin . . 1 1 Fulton Callntin 17 1 ' i 1 2 2 3 ii 1 4 1 (Irundy 7 li 8 1 1 Hamilton 6 3 ffancock 1 15 8 i Harilin Hil('rson 1 1 3 1 .JtTSf'V 8 1 2 1 JoDaviess 13 .loiiimon 5 20 12 5 18 8 28 12 4 9 2 i 2 2 Kankakee Kriidall 1 8 1 Kiio,\ 1 16 1 4 4 o 2 5 6 i 2 8 Lake i 1 1 3 4 1 18 1 9 13 23 s 1 1 Lawrence 5 Lee 16 15 1 r.ivlnfirston. ... 1 13 13 14 20 i 8 8 2 Macon Muconpin 2 Madiflon 1 1 Marlon 14 Marsbnll 8 7 Mason 1 I 1 Massac 6 McDonougb 10 i3 2 i 1 4 TotHI. :i5 17 U 8 39 3 12 16 44J 11 21 8 10 21 295 lU /> 16 19 i:t 13 16 46 22 6 28 10 72 2:'{ 38 36 39 21 29 22 10 6 84 153 Table Q— Continued. Counties. Northern Insane Hospital. CentT-al Insane Hospital. Southern Insane Hospital. Feeble Minded Children. Blind. Deaf and Dumb . Eye and Ear Infirmary. Soldiers' Orphans' Home. II C "^ ~3 . Total. McHenrv 11 1 4 5 1 1 37 :::::::: 1 4 17 RfoLoan 23 10 8 19 2 6 . . .. 3 -- . 72 13 3 11 1 1 1 3 10 Montwomei-y .. 4 i 6 2 i* 1 3 i 15 4ti Moultrie . ii 10 Ogle Peoria Perry i 3 1 1 3 13 20 20 6 58 Piatt i 1 3 8 Pike 11 3 5 11 i i 13 Pope •^ Putnam 3 1 3 4 1 ' 6 1 14 1 10 Hock Island . . 13 3 171 2 3 43 4 Sangamon 1 IT 11 5 14 6 2 3 5 7| — . .. 3 1 4 30 16 Scott 5 1 13 Shelby 1 9 22 Stark' .. 10 St. Clair 9 3 6 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 46 Stephenson 13 17 14 1 6 "s 5 8 3 8 7 2 24 17 13 4 1 3 1 3 n 27 15 12 3 25 1 10 8 White.. 8 Whiteside . 11 29 5 11 5 4 3 380 1 5 1 10 3 T 3 1 6 1 M ill li 263 57 20 Winnebago. .. . 30 .... ^. i 2 6 36 33 Total . 504 4T4 1 83 284 60 161 3,310 154 [ QQ- ] Tamle a/ioirin;/ iirnnher i\f iniii 17 65 Loe LlvlnKPton .... 14 1 4 1 5 2 2 21 12 10 3i (i! 3 3 6 11 22 7 1 33 41 Macon 52 26 lb ;:::: 43 Marion 1 17 1 28 11 15 11 1 1 9 2 4 12 Ma-^snc Mc-Donuu^h .. MrUciiry McLean Menard ,.. U 1 7 ' 8 13 4 9 1 J| .. . ,... .. 4 0, 1 4 2 4 -ii .i i 43 22 25t 9 10 io IH ii as 13 18 .Monroe Montgomery . i 13 in I7l ! 7 1 1 48 155 Table "^^"— Continued. Counties. Northern Insane Hospital. £5:2 Deaf and Dumb. 5 SSS" Soldiers' Orphans' Homo. Eye ; and Ear '■ Infirmary. 1 1 Reform \ School. TottU. 1 7 6 3 1 1 1 13 Ogrle 18 11 1 3 1 :::::::: 1 4 9 26 26 io 6: 1 4 56 1 2 14 Piatt 4 18 1 9 Pike \ 4 24 ::::.... 6 1 1 5 3 , ^ 1 4 is 10 4 ie 1 47 3 4 4 ;;;;;; \ 5 19 Richland is i 1 17 Rock Island . 16 48 4 Sang-amon 1 21 11 8 2 2 . . . :::::: 'i 5 6 1 g 4 51 16 Soott Shelby 16 2!.::::: i i 3 \ 3 8 2 23 Stark 1 6 9 St Clair 9 3 8 5 1 5 1 1 ::::::i i 1 3 •• -i! \ •;::-i * 59 Stephenson . .. Tazewell 20 2 4 1 9 8 3 \ 29 " ii 25 6 13 7 9 25 22 40 ... . i2 16 4 29 I 1 2, 1 14 1 13 White . ■■■.. 2 11 Wliiteside 15 28 6 13 1 5 3 3 27 Will 1 i4 ii 9 3 58 4 1 2 6 1 19 WinnebapTO ... Woodford 20 ■ 3 5 1 3 2 4 34 27 3 Total 52,5 534 458 403 7i 200 290 65 192 3,674 And one temporarily out on habeas corpus. 15C [ K.] DURATION OF TERMS AND VACATIONS. Instttiition Jor the JJeaf and JJumb. — Term of ls7(j-7 closed ou Wednesday, June K{, ls77. \'acatioM of fourteen weeks. Term of iy77-8 opened on Wednesday, September lit, is77. Institntioii for the Blind. — Teiiu of ls7(j-7 elo.'^ed on Tuesday, June 5, 1877. Vacation of ^eventeen "weeks. Term of Ib7 7-s opened on Wednesday, October :^, 1877. Aai/btm for Feeble-Minded Childri'n. — Ti-rm uf |,'<7».i-T closed on "Wednesday. June 6, 187 7. A'acation of tifteen weeks. Term of ls77-8 opened on Thursday, September -UK 1M77. Soldiers'' Orjyhana'' Home. — Term oi 1^70-7 closed ^ opened on Mon- day, September 3, 1877. 1878. Jnstitv.tion for the I^eof and Thindt. — Term of 1^77-8 closed on Wednesday, June 1*2, 1878. Vacation of fourteen weeks. Term of 1878-9 opened on Wednesday, Septend)er is, 1878. Tnstitntion for the Blind. — Term of 1877-8 closed on Tuesday, June 4, 1878. Vacation of seventeen weeks. Term of 1878-9 opened on Wednesday, October 2, 1878. Asylum for Feehle-3Iinded Children. — Term of 1S77-8 closed on Wednesday. June 2ij, f878. Vacation of nine weeks and tliree days. 'I'erm of 1878-9 opened on Sunday, September 1, 1878. Soldiers' Orphans' Home. — Term of 1877-8 closed on Friday, June 14, 1878. Vacation of eleveJi weeks. Term of 1878-9 opened ou Mon- day, September 2, 1878. 157 [S.] Table shoioing announts purchased of articles named. Articles. i 2 I 7 ! S i 9 1 |3 • m • » . a ■ o <^ 1 11 T'a • CO : B "5.12 E— • £ D Hi E c S cr s 3 0- 11 SB ■ : o- • 0- Eye and Ear In- lirmary Soldiers' Orphans Home « 3 CO p- Breads? u J^.s — Flour, wheat Barrels. Barrels. Povinds . Bushels. Pounds. Pounds Loaves. Pounds. Pounds 18771 1878] 1877 1878 1877 1878 1877 1878 1877 1878 1877 1878 1877 1878 1877 1878 1877 1878 731 888 788 763 ! 490! 505 414 439 134 166 119 354 400' 28 3301 :« 384 511 720' 1 2, 1 ■ Graham ' 1,619 10 L550 36 26 995 5 12 853 1 3 300 473 1 4 61 :::::: 895 IH IH ' ' buckwheat 39.' -i 300 250 53 25 125 17 iio 3 185 150 50 50 5 117 800 3 575 50 1 71 146 3 ■■■260 Meal, corn 350 24.5 193 150 77 155 110 ■'ioi 335 9 19 100 30 12 917 5 5', lO'/i 1 6 625 200 86 36| 4 ' ' oat 437 834 2,100 2,9:m 500 3,083 233 24 101 ■"■528 28 50 81 42 9 93 7i 80 50 130 482 879 86 392 375 Crackers 24 3,487 3,594 528 571 1,287 131 1,785 3,053 ~3^8 9 48 117 7 484 587 435 435 860 767 270 324 Bread 7,083 ;j.3i 20 7,081 1,858 165 1,071 3,979 40 1,361 6,070 12,764 594 351 90 35 4,019 30 18,834 Hops 48 47 99 13 13 25 30 Baking- powder 125 194 158 353 ■■■■26 48 351 295 146 100 360 25 339 115 30 80 41 45 60 •125 110 149 155 25 130 150 Soda ... Pounds. 1877 1878 Pounds. 1877 646 70 113 460 16 134 454 10 14 110 9 3 86 27 144 2:35 50 30 304 6 6 280 lie Cream tartar 26 183 150 24 1 9 13 171 13 30 43 80 116 Pounds. Pounds. 10 iO 1 1877 1878 1877 11878 --■- 600 254 376 603 10 370 333 Vz Cracked wheat 180 854 342 593 979 160 160 320 335 435 703 180 Corn starch 40 34 50 gat 770 L..._. 40 84 158 Table -'-i"'— Continued. '£• "Z Arlic cs T - 'J. • s ■i 1 ■c = • 3 '■ 5 •I 2 \_ ■ 7 . c. ■ „ a X <^ Brtadmufru contimird- Sago uiiJ tupi'>ou. 1 1 Poiiiuls. 1877 .1878 i 1 Biirrels. 1«77 10 20 1 19 46 50 65, ."JO i i 6 G i 1 si 1 1 « ... 16 16 ISO ISO 45 30 Poiirl biirlfv ' 30 51 30 1 .... ( Potinds. i ... Pounds. ' 1 1 i Pounds. . Number 18781 I877' IS78^ 1 1H77' 187fi 1877 1878 1877 1878 1877 I : 40 40 53.180 40,028 < i 1 i Meats, etc Meats, fresh n5.212 8, 136 15. 694 26. 430 9. 7W 70,120 20.690 31,214 31.250 14,240 Meats, eiilt 1821 GO 20, 7«7 20, KU 41,331 a50 260 25:!, ■►46 230,22.-)' 26, 216 ' 4,4fi0 2;i,408| 11,300 126.650, .5,096 0,426 35,826 .3,iH)l 3, 98^ 46. 908 57. 680 24. 0:W 73, 306 1.4.52 9. .500 848 3,360 6.3.54 1.8«; Meats, emokcd .'>5,714 245 467 15,700 13 981 994 11, .522 1,189 1.523 ~2,"7i2 7,949 46:< 442 4,812 763 366 15.854 810 690 2.092 499 486 610 739 850 1,.505 712 50 4 905 1 1,129 191 34 1,500 985 1 1 1 54 225 24 1.50 2 24 Pl^*^' ft'"'i ;1878 1 174 3 8 327 24 5 . 3 Tong-uos Number. Number. Pounds. Pounds. Kits. narrcN. 1877 1878 1877 1878 1877 1878 11877 ;l87b 1877 187f 1877 187f 33 46 12 45 57 2-i<>: : S^, BO . a "^ 5 p Split peas Fruits — Apples, green Berries ] Quarts . 18TT 2,142 1878 1.580 857 3,864 3,722, 4,731 55 1,437' 149 1,102 1,296 298 985i 414' 1,848 2,253 722 2,422i 563 2,950 3,549 1,020 160 Table ".S"'— Continued. Articles Fruifn, c"»if»»iuf'll.S17 10.371 1878 31.:i(i!t2:i,7;8|lS,;XXl 9,281 61, 126 4.1, 20,1 :J0, 117 19.594 228 750 4^4 20 20 4 I I'l 879 879 40 40 191 438 1,591 818j 629 .593 411 978 1,001 17 301 35 592 578 318 1,170 1,459 1.5,112 1,606 2,;i:i9 16,710 2,078 3,798.31,822 4,284 2.5,35 3.4.59; .3,063 703 1877 3,170 2.SV". 1878 7.495 2.672 110,071 .5. .5.54 2,249 3.315 4,975 4,54 5..5»>4 7,-510 8,001 4251 941 i,:«J8; i,oi7 1,70:{| 1.9.58 250' 2:16 411^ 661 i ;m3 291 422 57!t n:) 5,274 2.179 8,;J37 2,882 471 209 416 167 SS7 376 161 Table "aS"— Continued. ArticlPS. Other provisions cmtin' d— Eg-gs Dozens. 1877 5,340' 4,785' 4,185i 2,914 1878 4,3(32 5,171 e,^^ 2,714 685 761 787^ ,.504: C71 813 ! 9,602, 9,956 Cider Gallons Il877i 11878 Vlnejjar ! Gallons. 1877 1.031 ! •' ,1878 l,223i Tea ': Pounds. 1877 48 730 786! 10,277; 5,628 1,446 3,291; 1,483 631 90 463! 24 57 385 2,243 2,230 1,506! 9911 5531 180; 285 186 285 1,936! 1,530) 1878; 2,709: 2,356! 1,813 355' 306: 89; 133; 901 178 i 471 144 92 Coffee Pounds . I 4,9391 4.283] 3,.S43! 66l! 222i 268! 236 i I I 1 i i 18771 3,183! 6,979i ^,033 l,:i!63i 570] 140 814 1878] 3,9271 7,392, 6,933 2,353 515; 1,581 43: 7,109:14,371:10,954 3,616, 1,085; 1,721 1,246 Cahvey : Pounds.] 1877 •• i " 118781 Chicory Pounds. 1877 1878 1,121 739 127 184 1841 137 Sujfar Pounds. !1877 1878 35 1,860 ... 23, 219'22, 013 11, 61611, 950 22, 70S 20. 318 '2.5, 841 15, 812 1,893 2, 3,603'll. 478 478 753 5,986 3, U291 4,118 6, 869' l,003j 1,871 24 32 73 16 283 449 341 585 926 44.987,42,361 Svrups, etc Gallons. 1877 ; " il878 Honey ! Pounds. Salt Sacks Salt. 1877 11878 11877 1878 Barrels. |1877 J1878 Mustard Pounds US' 1878 Pepper Pounds. 187 12- 1,534 1.000 2, .534 .35 110 1,496 835 3.321 15 145 4 15 37,457 27,763 5, 496,13, 782; 10, 104 10,675 41 6571 1,5271 490 756 2,51 1 3.55 1 81 398 2,184. 1,246 606 20' 81 20! 479 28 26i 83 61 374 410 784 56 139 149 278 2.59 194 453 36 63 23 19: 42 50 164 i 39 80 120; 130 95 95 180 i:50 310 314 200 190 164' 85' 110; 3541 195i 10 541 20 70 85 155 844 1,305 2,149 33 413 287 700 175 160 3;« 156 408 564 923 1,415 3,338 3,426 2,840 6,266 1,514 1,430 2,944 ""38 36 122 130 253 ](■,: Table "^'—Concluded. c c ' s » S" 13 — - » ArlieleB. •q I ? a PC - eh: ?- 1 2= ^ 3 ' S" 3C O 1 Ice Cliarconl Cwt 18T7 2, WW 101 " 1878 Bushels. 18771 1878; 101 702 ri>nl. iHithracilo Tons 1877 on 1878' 124 702 2r, «7 455 907| 3i8 438 70; 1,080 881, 40» 588 482i 62 482 IW »2 0>iil. bituminous Tons :1877 O.fl.U 1,84812,533 I " .... 1878, 3,1 !ti) 2,2561 2,457 1,635 fiO 815 20H 27 *1W 865 6 140 1,788 6 1% 7'i 750 1,(K4 32 140 158 o2 "a 2y8 Cdki Wood C'lindles . Busbels. Cords . . . Pounds. 1.413 4!)2 509 748, 829 1,585; 495 1,493: l,3(Jll | C29 7,129 4,104 4,980; 2,998 187 CJiisollne ] Gallons, Qua. Oil. liurfisouc. 1,000 feet Gallons. Oil. iiird anil K]>erni .. fJallnn.s IVtn.lt'um i Oullons, 1,477 1,005 1877 .. 1878 . 2,482 1877 3»17i 1878 169: 13 536, 50 1877 1878 IS 7.«5« 7,520 2,002 2, 0491 201 8m 36H 60! 331 371 21 . 1.458 103 80; 114)4' 364! 58: 103 40i 401 60 40; 40 85 187 1878,.., 690 613 15,170 1877 187S 1,303 57 50 107 1877 21(1 94 196 1878 172; 101 150 749 685 401 80 lOOi 3.834 217 2,530 1.176 6,364; ! 1,393 73 118' 80 208i 115 .. 178 .. 1,434 153 326; 293 18 17l 18 l',i| 851 211 36 W,i\ 19 1,062 10 14 101 10, . 168 41 3«2l 1S« 846 1877 10. :!80' 1878 7,rv!lj !M .. 17,911! 503 . 54 20 182 143 163 ^ Reform School. o -^ ri c t- S '-'? =2 =o '-' J! si^ii'-^' - 0-- 5 T TT ?tSr;-*:sxooS50cCi.-^x O O C: * - »^ CO O »^ *^ "J CC — . »* ^l »c m la «J t- 1- M t-tcccc: jR 5 w I- x," «i ci » :^ ■* I- ri » c si ^^ : rr — c:^i.tSiOCifficC5crf!CSS! >.- ai >c j^^ r- :s O I- CO X -e" M X »i 35 ;C ; „ „ . o 1- X :r:' >n ?•> CC i.'^ jj -- -■ :c li X 1- I Eye and Ear In- ^^-i'~^'>f:i--^^_ -;* CC ' flrmary _^ !— — : 0'MSM-*'Ott>cocc:o«c cTrt" '— ' :CCCC^O-«'NXXCC'*'l-l.-i.';"C«4 V „ , ^ , , i »n X «' -* oi »;; si >-■: li i-^ t-^ ■ lO cj »> « Soldiers Orphans | 5; = — cc— i«.c cc "^ Home I O i- — o te «(; ■+ c: i-~ 10 X o CD M ra o S Feeble - Minded j |g?i5jg5?='5=^|'^""^5" C Children j 5^ 5 C5 d X C-. s " ^ !.• r; uc -f o !K t- » ~. 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There are one hundred and two counties in Illinois; the commissioners of public charities, upon whom the duty of inspection devolves by law, are not paid for their services, and cannot afford the time for so extended a tour; and until the past year, the secretary of the board has had no assistance in the clerical work of the office. But we believe that, in the present report, the reader will find the most complete account of the acti\al condition of the jail-system, as administered in the LTnited States, that has ever been printed; for while there are difi^erences in the administration of the system in the different states, the points of resemblance are more numerous and striking than the points of variance. It is not easy however to give, in any written statement, a correct notion of the appearance of our jails to the eye: for this, the pencil of a Dore is needed, and that is not at our command. A distinguished advocate of prison reform in this country has said that if it were pos- sible to transport all the jails in the LTuion through the air, as might be done by Aladdin's genie, and to exhibit them at an international fair, like that in Philadelphia, so that, removing the roofs, the Ameri- can people might take a survey of them in all their hf)rrid deformity, they would not be tolei'ated an instant longer than would be necessary in order to prepare and substitute for the present a better system. Money wovdd pour in, like water, in aid of the cause of prison re- form; and in a short time, scarcely a vestige of the existing system would remain, to remind the world of another extinct barbarism. With regard to the construction and management of the jails of this or of any other state, no general remarks will, of course, apply; and the exceptions to all such remarks are fully noted, in our detailed report, by counties. But the darkness, the foul smells, the liability to filth and vermin, the contracted space, the want of air, the absence of provision for separation of pri.^oners, and even the imperfection of the apj)liances for their" safe-keeping, to which v\e call the attention of the general assembly, are characteristic of the great majority of county prisons, everywhere. Of those in Illinois, more than one-third have been con- demned by the grand juries of the counties where they are found, some of them by every session of the grand jury, for ten or fifteen years past, and many of those not condemned eminently deserve to be. There is scarcely one of the best of them, which is iu>t lacking in some important characteristic of a good jail, even of its class. As to their moral condition and influence, no exception exists to the rule that they are, as now organized and conducted, hot-beds for the 1^6 p1*opa«fatlon of crimo. There is not one of them which admits of the seclusion of prisoners, i<» prevent their mutual contact and contamina- tion; not one in which any opportunity for employment is afforf the jail is stifling to every l)etti'r iin])ulse anfl asj)iration; it is pro- fane, obscene, ribald; it is loaded with the miasm of ojtposition to all law, human or divine; it is deliaut. reckless, bitter. Instruction is there imparted in every evil art known to law-breakers; the old cor- rupt the young, the exi)ert communicates his knowledge to the novice; conspiracies are hatched against property and against life; the ac- ipiaintances formed and tlie relations established threaten the peace and the existence of society. Nor can it be otherwise, until jails are so built that each prisoner can be confined in absolute solitude, and that every seiitenced })risoner can be compelled to labor during the period of his incarceration. And this will never be done until the state itself undertakes the charge of criminals and sets itself resolutely to the task of stamping out crime in its incipient stage. It is the state — the General Assembly — which is to blame, for relinquishing it« own duty into the hands of boards of county supervisors, who can no more grapple successfully with the criminal class, than they can bail out Lake Michigan with a sieve. In order to a correct understanding of the county-jails, it is im- j)ortant to find, if possible, a principle of classification, so that they may be divided into groups, and each group studied separately, ^'a- rious dividing lines at once suggest themselves, I. They may be divided, according to their position, into three classes, namely: those built in court-houses, those built in connexion with sherilYs' or jailors' residences, and those which are entirely de- tached and stand alone. To these may be added a fourth class, (of which there is only one example.) in the basement story of tlu^ cf>unty almshouse, a mile and a half from town. The following enumeration of counties exhibits the division of jails, on the principle just slated. A.— In court houscg. (a) In the bnscmont; Adams, Alexander, Cnrroll, Cook, Doiiglns, DiiPii(f<-', Inxiuois, Kane, Kankakee, Kcudall, Lake, LaSalle, MoHenry-I3. (b). On the jrionTid llnor; Boone, Coled, Fayette, Jersey— 4 (c) In upper Btory; Montgomery— 1. Total, IS. \i.—0)Unrctrdu'llh shrrif s nr Jailor' fi re^-^ idcnccs . (a) In the bascmont; Uandolph, Smrk— 2. (/)• On tht! lower lliMir; Soott, Wabiish--^. tci ()n tlu' uppoi- lloor; ('hnstisin, flay, Clinton, I'^IUiiK-ham, Gallatin, .Jaxpfr. Marion, .MaHsac, .^Ion^(lO, Moultrie, I'lilaski. Uich- huul, San>raiiion, t^helby, .'• ayne. White, Willianisi>n~lT. (lii In n-ar, or "L" or <'lKOwliort<; Ilond, Hurean, ("allioiin, (.'as-*, Cliainiviij^n, Clark, Crawford, Cuuiberlaad, DoKalb, Ue Witt, Edirar, Ford, Franklin, Fulton, (irce-iie, Grund>-, U:m<.-ock, Henry, .lackson, .lef- ffrniin, Knox, [ah\ Llv injfston, Lojfan, Macon, Madison, Marsli^ill, Ma<"ni, Mol»ouou>rh, ,M('I,<'an, .Mf^nard, MereiT. Morjfan. OkI'N I'eoria. I'orry, I'iatt, I'ike, lVipi\ H.inmm, Salinr, Schnvlcr. St. Clair, Steplii.'n-ioiier ueeupies a solil:irv cell, without the opportunity of seeinir or speakiiiLT to aiiv (.)lher prisoner, wliich is the principii- upon which all the hot Kuritpean prisons are constructed. In the primitive or rudimentary prison, all prisoners are thrown, without distinction, into a con»mon dunj;eon, as shoM-n in the illus- ^^ I tration. No. 1. This common receptacle is not ed for sleeping purposes only, or. it may be, for the safer keeping of prisoners confiiie. In Ople ro\inty. the inner prison contninp two priiMiners* C'>rriil(ii-s: in Miidison. M'>iiror> iind Vrrmiliim, the Inner curridor, for prisoner(», surrounds Ilic liUick of cells un tbrc-i- sides, and in Perry county, on four. The Jaiirt in class 2 have ordinarily cross-jf ratings, dividing the priponers' corridor into two; l>ur Adams, Cn>jn, Kulton, Henry, Livingstou, Madi^un, Peoria, Saufranion and Will are exceptions to the rule. Adams county has two distinct Itlocks of colls, separntod from each other by an Iron firatJiiK'; Cook county lias such blocks, and is endit,ure; because the association of prisoners, in idletiess, with unrestricted opportunities for mutual intercourse, tends siill further to corrupt those not already hardened in crime; because the discipline is, of necessity, feeble; and, because the terms of imprisonment are too short. If any effectual tight is to be made in this state against crime, any determined effort to reduce the increasing number of criminals upon our hands, a more vigorous policy must be inaugurated, and severer measures of repression employed. Above all it is essential to deal seriously with juvenile offenders, and to repress crime in its in- cij)ient stage of develojinient. This, we repeat, will never be the case until the state assumes the charge of all convicts, for misdemeanors as well as for felonies; aggregates them in prisons of its own, of sufficient size to v.dmit of the introduction of compulsory labor; imposes sentences, of longer duration upon first oifenders, and inti\)duces into its prison system the principle of solitary imprisonment for short term men. The objections to solitary contlneinent apply only to long sentences and to the final stages of imprisonment. We add one remark; the number of new jails built In Illinois since this board was established and commenced its work of county visita- tion and ins])ection, is surprising. The following is a complete list: Aflams, Cass, Cook, Crawford, Ford. Grundy, Jasper, Jefferson, Knox, Lake, Lee, Logan, Madison, McDonough, Menard, Mercer, Monroe, Moultrie Ogle, Perry, Piatt, Stephenson. Union. \'eimili»)n and Winnebago — in all, twenty-five. Extensive alterations and improvements have been made in many others. We do not, of course, suppose that the build- ing of these jails is due to our efforts; the increased attention ))aid to tlie subject of prisons is due to many causes; but we have contributed more or less to the result. If we have, one below, each fourteen by eighteen feet; no corridor. Very dark; poorly ven- tilated; one of the wor.st jails in the state; repeatedly conen on the north and south corridors; the light therefore ;. — Occupies entire upper floor of sheriff's residence, two blocks south-west of court house. An iron jail, with ten cells, in two rows, five on each side of a central corridor, has been substituted for the old plank cells. This corridor is liglited by a window at one end, covered with a perforated iron plate, very painful to look at and in- jurious to the sight. A jailor's corridor, well lighted, extends around three sides of the iron box containing the cells. One of the cells, for women, opens on this outer c(u-ridor. The ventilation is bad, and a foul odf)r, from the vault below, pervades the prison. Clap.k. — An old jail, built forty years ago, in rear of sheriff's res- idence, two blocks northwest of the court-house. There ai"e two cells, one above the other; the upper one, for vvomen, has walls of brick, not lined; the lower has wall of stone, two feet thick, and stone floor, 184 liucd, top. l)<)ttom. anil sir story of sheriff's residence, in court-house yard. A very irregular jail, with two log cells, and one of boiler-iron; all three of different sizes; all three of them dark, especially the iron cell, which is the only one which is at all secure. Brick walls, lined Mith plank; plank floor and ceiling, driven full of iron spikes. When visited, in the heat of suinmei, the prisoners were sulferiug fearfully anil most (»f the time Wearing no clothing. In winter, the jail is very imperfectly heated by a drum in one of tlie cells. Has been repeatedly condemned by the grand jury. Xo provision made for female prisoners. Ci.iNToy. — Occupies entire upper story of sheriff's residence, on jail lot; inside dimensions, twenty-eight by thirty-two feet; floor, of boiler- iron; ceiling, of loose boards. Eight cells, of b(jiler-])late, four in each row, back to back; surrounded on four sides by a corridor, three feet wide, well lighted by ten good-sized windows; one of the lightest and most airy jails in the state. Privy-seat in each cell, and some odor. Prisoners are kept all the time in the cells, on account of the insecu- rity of the corridor: the entrance door, at the bottom of a staircase, is a common house door, and to be in the corridor is to be out of jail. CoLKs. — In the conrt-house, on the ground floor. A space about twenty-two by thirty-eight feet, without a window of any size or des- crii)tion whatever, has been lined with timber, driven full of spikes; the jail is entered by a grated door, through the coal-room. In this dungeon, on one side, are live boiler-iron cells, each seven feet cube: this is the jail, and there is nothing more t% say about it, except that there is a privy-seat in each cell, and a vault under the prison, con- nected with a sewer; these seats are flushed from the roof when it i rains. The walls swarm with vermin. In this hole, on the day of inspection, there were fifteen prisoners, of whom two were women. Women are kept in a room fourteen feet square, with one window, opening on the corridor of the common jail, and entered through it. The confinement of three prisoners in cells like those in this jail allows to each about one hundred cubic feet of air, or one-tenth of the pro- per allowance. The jail wms built in 18ijijj and has been repeatedly condemned by the grand jury. Cook. — The jail in Cook county forms one of a group of three buildings, on f)earborn street, between Illinois and Michigan, devotecl to the use of the criminal court. Debtors, insane persons and sick }>risoners are provideied by the jailor and guards; but the rooms designed for this |»urpose are at present occupied by the county ortieers, until the completion of the county court-house. Tiie jail pi'opin- fr.)nts on Illinois street, with a frontage of one hund- red and forty feet, and has two wings extending north and south, about forty by eighty feet each. The main cell building, occupied e.vclusively by adult male |)risoners, comprises one hundred and thirty- six fitonc cells, in a double block, four tiers in height; in the west wing 185 are forty-eight stone cells for adult female prisoners; the east wing is arranged in separate floors, with seven cells, of boiler-plate, on each floor, and is intended for the use of juvenile prisoners, of both sexes, but is now used for the detention of insane persons and debtors, for which it is not at all adapted. This prison is heated with steam, both by direct and indirect radi- ation. Each cell is provided with a cast-iron closet-pan, and every four closet-pans are connected, underneath the main floor, with a sepa- rate ventilating shaft, nearly three feet square, leading to the roof; steam-coils are placed in the shafts, to secure a current. Each cell has also an independent ventilating flue, three by twelve inches, leading to the roof, with top and bottom wrought-iron registers, for winter and summer ventilation. The water supply is controlled entirely from the guard-room, by a series of globe valves, (each valve supplying from ten to seventeen cells), thus obviating the possibility of interlerence on the part of mischievous prisoners, and insuring a thorough flushing of the closets. The guard-room is in the centre, between the east and west wings, and immediately outside of the main cell-house. On the main floor are two large latrines and bath-rooms, with hot and cold water, and two rooms for the jailor's use, besides the guard-room proper; also hash-rooms, communicating directly with the main corri- dors of the main building and wings. Crawford. — Attached to sherift"'s residence, on one side. Stone walls, floor and ceiling. Eight stone cells, in two rows of four, back to back; with two prisoners' corridors, one on each side; and a jailor's corridor between the inner prison and the sheriif's house. Heated by a furnace in the basement. Privy-seat in each cell, connected with sewer, and flushed with water from a tank in the attic. Ventilation is provided for by flues in the external walls. Eight windows, four on each side; a very light jail, with light cells. There is a dining table in the jailor's corridor, also a force-pump; and in" the prisoners' corridors, stationary wash-basins; but no bath-tub. This prison is new, strong, clean and sweet. It was built in 1878, and cost seven thousand five hundred dollars. No special provision for female prisoners. Cumberland. — The sheriff's residence is a brick building, one story in height, twenty by thirty-two feet, one block north of the court-house. One half is used as jailor's room; the other half as jail, and contains two iron cells on the north side. The floor and celling are lined vvith boiler-plate. No special provision for female prisoners. De Kalb. — In rear of sheriff's residence, on jail lot. Until 1875, there were only three cells, of plank, of which one was lined with boiler iron; out in that year an addition was built, at an expense of thirty-three hundf ' dollars, with brick wall lined with stone, stone floor and ceiling, and five stone cells. Heated by stoves; contains water-closet; lacks sewerage; ventilated only by doors and windows; cells dark; has been i-epeatedly condemned by grand jury, for insecurity; comfortably furnished; and in as good condition as any prison can be, where any part is constructed of scantling, the cracks between which always afford a safe harbor for vermin. DeWitt. — Ia rear of sheriff's residence, on jail lot, one block north- east of court-house. W.alls brick, lined with stone; stone floor, ceiling 186 and colls. Cells arranjjed in two rows, of four each, back to back, siirroun.hnl by corridor on four sides. Tu'o privy scats in corridor; no Kcwer; otlor conies up from vault; no artificial ventilation. F<»ur win- dows, two on north and two on sr)Uth side; but the cell-doors open into tlje east and west corridors; the cells are tlierefon- dark. A brick wall, seven feet hiLcli, encloses yard on north side of jail. Fe- male prisoners are kept in room above. I>uilt in 1 s;')ii, and cost about fifteen llmiisanrl dollars. Dor.. I, AS. — In the basement <>f the coiirt-lnnise, on the south side; four stone cells, small, two on each sif a brick wall; it is also lighted by a sky-light. Outside of the window is a boanl fence, twelve feet high. Force-pump in the jail; privy-.seat in one cell, connected with sewer; stove in c )rridor; grating-; in the floor and ceiling, for ventilation; peephole an inch in diameter in wall ui" each i-ell. Debt- ors' cell up stairs, for female prisoners. \'eiitilation bafl; cells dark;' and altogether a very uncomfortable prison, as all these p.itent iron jails are. Tiiis one w.is b lilt in is,")'.), and c ist a little over ten thousand d(»llars. KmvAUDs. — A (U'tached structure, in court-house yard, of brick, two stories in height, with jail and jailor's oflice below, on two sides of, hall running thi-ough the cenire; above are the debtors' cells used for women, and an attorney's ofiire. .lail wall lined with plank, slieathed with sheet iron, and int. of latli and pla-;ter. N()l strong, and 187 poorly ventilated. There are two iron cells, on the north side of a r>)(nn about fourteen by twenty-one feet; the rest of this spaee is corridor, or day rooni, and lighted by two large Avindows. This county has little use for a jail. EFFiXGHA.ii. — The sheriff's residence is a "two-story brick, twenty-six by thirty-six feet. The whole of the upper floor is occupied by the jail, which is entered from the toj) of the staircase. There are six cells in two rows, back to back, surrounded by a corridor on four sides. The partition walls between the cells are of plank; two of them lined with iron; they are enclosed on the outside by an open iron grating or lattice, with interstices eight inches square. The corridor is very light; ten windows in all; the jail has therefore a very airy, open look. It is well ventilated, but one of the weakest jails possible; it has no strong points. No attempt has been made to render the corridor se- cure, either as to walls, ceiling or floor, but the windows arc protec- ted by a grating similar to that around the cells; they have also solid wooden shutters on the inside, sheathed with iron. No provision for female prisoners. Privy-seat in one corner, somewhat odorous; no sewer; no bedsteads in cells, but prisoners sleep on the floor; no con- veniences and no furniture, of any kind. Fayette. —In court-house, on ground floor. A room sixteen by twenty-four feet, one half of which is corridor, the other half cells. Four iron cells, in a row, on the south side. Two large windows, in north wall, next to portico of court-house; opportunities for communi- cation with outsiders nearly unlimitt^d. The cells are secure; the cor- ridor is entirely unsafe — two-inch oak floor, lath and plaster ceiling; a striking contrast with unnecessary thickness of lining of wall, namely, sixteen inches of oak scantling. Privy-seat in one corner of corridor; ventilation and sewerage could be no worse. No special cells for fe- male prisoners. Built in IS5S; proposition to build new jail negatived at the fall election, .8*78. Ford. — A superior jail, in court-house yard; built in 1S70; cost thirty thousand dollars. Wall, floor, ceiling, cells, all of stone. Six- teen cell.-s, four in a row, back to bai'k, upper and lower tiers; two prisoners' corridors, one on each side; jailor's corridor separated from these by iron grating with two doors. Privy-seat in each cell; flues for ventilation, in rear wall between cells. Bar-locks, opei'ated from outer corridor. Cistern in jail, force-pump and sink; no bath-tub. Heated by stoves. Unusually strong, clean, light and well ventilated. No separate provision for female prisoners. Franklin. — In rear of sheriff's residence, on jail lot, one block south- west of court-house. The wall, of this jail is imique; it is of four-inch studding, weather-boarded on the outside, and its total thickness is four and thi-ee-quarter inches. A patent iron jail, twenty-four feet square, with six cells, three on each side of a corridor in the centre, is placed in the middle of a room, and a narrow passage surrounds the whole, oh four sides, next the outer wall. Sky-light in jail. Bar- locks, operated from outside. Privy-seat in each cell, connected with sewer. Openings in floor, for ventilation, used as spittoons, have be- come very offensive, but cannot be cleaned without tearing up the iron work. Ventilation bad; cells dark. Female prisoners are sent to 188 other counties. This j;iil w.is built in 1803, and cost sixty-tive hun- dred dollars. FuLTox. — In rear of slicritf's residence, on jail lot; wall, lloor and ceilintj of stone (ceiliuf* not duwolled); stone of poor <|iiality, slacks when wet; sprouting under floor; part of tloor covered with iron plates perforated to allow water to run ilo two by a cross-grating); jailor's corridor at north end entered from kitchen, through a grated enclosure, three feet square, for protection of turnkey. Cell-doors peculiarly fastened by long iron rod for each row, passing through hasp in each door, thus securing all cells in row at once. Heated by stoves; no special water supply; privy- seat in pach corridoi-, connected with sewer, and flushed from rot)f when it rains; eight windows, four on each side. No special provision for female prisoners. In good repair; clean; poorly furnished; ventilation tolerable, (pipes extend from top of each cell to roof); light fair; cells dark; general aspect, gloomy. . Hakdin. — Detached building, on jail lot. Walls brick, lined with logs and plank on inside; one cell, twelve by sixteen feet, entered from top of stairway; room below used as a "calaboose" or lock-up for city prisoners. Floor and ceiling, of logs; no furniture, no stove, no win- dows; some light and air are admitted through two horizontal slits, a foot wide and three feet long-, heavily grated. Privy-seat in cell, over vault constructed in quick-sand; odor rises. Built in 1858; in bad re- pair, insecure, ventilation bad, exceedingly dirty; repeatedly condemned by the grand jury; so dark, that on first entering, it is impossible to distinguish any object. Decidedly one of the worst jails in the state. In cold weather, prisoners keep their beds. Hexdekson. — Uniquely situated, in basement of county almshouse, a mile and a half from the court-house; stone walls; floor of plank, on eight feet of timber, on thirty-four inches of concrete; ceiling of solid timber, lathed and plastered on under side, floored above; cells of stone. Four cells, back to back; corridor on three sides; no jailor's corridor. Eight windows, with horizontal iron bars and perforated iron plate. Heated by stove; no water-closets; ventilated by doors and windows; no conveniences and very little furniture, except iron bedsteads in cells. Two additional cells, of stone, communicating by a door between, have been provided in upper story of almshouse, for female prisoners, but are of little use. Keeper of county-farm acts as jailor, without extra compensation. The sight of this jail suggests the thought whether paupers can be legally imprisoned for violation of rules of almshouse, at keeper's pleasure; and also the reflection that in other almshouses insane men and women are imprisoned, without direct authority of law, in quarters far less comfortable than these. Hexry. — In rear of sheriff's residence, in court-house yard; stone wall, floor and ceiling; slate roof; twenty-four stone cells, (with brick 190 partitions), iwolve ubovo :iiitl twelve below, in rows of six. back to back: surroinuUcl on three sides by prisoners' eorriilor; no jailor's cor- riilor. but iron latticed recess, tlie wiillli of wall, between inner and outer entrance doors. Bar-locks, handles within reach of prisoners. Kiglit windows, three feet Sfjuare, twelve feet from tloor; lower tier of cells dark. Heated by steam; fair \entilation secured in each cell bv venlilatinLf flue in rear, which extends to roof; no ]»rivy-seats, but o]>eiiinir in tioor of corridor connects with stone vault, outside the wall, \\\\\\ sewer; odor slij^ht; no tank in attic, tubs, etc.. but there is a pump and sink in west corridor. Prisoners sleep in liainmocks. Kast corridor used by female ])risoners, if any, and partitioned off for that purpose, with plank. Jail entirely surrounded by a high board fence, liuilt in IsuO; cost thirty-seven thousand dollars; in splendid order, very clean, and prisoners well cared for. Ii:(niL'ois. — In the basement of the court-house; walls of stone, two feet thick; brick tioor, laid on spawls, on the ground; ceiling of brick arches, lilled np to a level, with concrete, and tioor of office above laid on to]j. lM)ur stone cells, back to back; two open into one day-room or corridor, two into another; these two rooms connected l:)y narrow- passage next the outer wall; each of them has a separate entrance from tlie main hall in the basement. Cells dark; ventilated by Hues in cell-wall which' leailer-iron cells, surrounded by ]>risoners' Corridor on three sides; at south end. the stairw:iy and turnkey's sleej)- ing room. Prisoners have to be ke]it in iron cells for security; wall of corridor of brick, not lined; comnnui oak floor; but to make all safe, the ceiling is she:ithed with boilcr-jilate. Piivy-seat in each of the iron cells. Hushed from roof when it rains; vault connected with sewer. A \ ery light jail, eight winilows, with perpendicuhir bars out- side. Heated by stovi-, in basement, under sheriff's apartments; flues I9i in wall, for ventilation. Built in J872; cost ten tliousand dollars; in fair repair and quite elean. Jeffkrsox. — In rear of sheriff's residence, one block north of court- house; Avail and floor, of stone; the ceiling is of boiler-iron; slate roof. The arrangement of this jail is somewhat unusual; the inside dimen- sions are about twenty-four by thirty-seven feet, of which s])ace nine feet, at the east end, next the sheriff's house, is jailors corridor, sep- arated from the inner ])rison by grating of perpendicular iron bars; instead of double tier of cells, back tt) back, there is a single row, cells of boiler iron, one tier above another, four in each tier or eight in all; prisoners', corridor on three sides only. The cells are not of the ordinary ty])e; the fronts arc of flat bars, crossed, the sides and backs of boiler-plate, and a cross-barred opening, sixteen by twenty- four inches, in rear of each cell. This mode of construction gives good light and circulation of air. Basement, with furnace; cistern and force-pump; eight windows, small, one by three feet, and not securely protected; privy-seat in north corridor; brick vault and server; window for observation in jailor's bedroom; flues from each cell lead through the roof. Built in 1876; cost thirteen thousand dollars; has many good points; very clean; and would be secure, if window-gratings were properly fastened in wall. Jeksky. — In first story of court house. This is, in all respects, one of the worst jails in the state. There are only two cells, stone, of small size, absolutely dark, and without any ventilation, except that an opening six by twelve inches has been cut in the rear wall of each. There are four windows, small, heavily grated, but neither light nor air enters the cells from these. Corridor two feet wide around cells, on four sides. No privy-seats; no water; no furniture nor conveniences; no special cell for female prisoners; intensely hot in summer, cold in winter; insecure; has been repeatedly condemned bv the grand jury, and the project of building a new jail is now under consideration. No county in tiie state has greater need for one, and all humane people everywhere will wish that the effort may proTe successful. Jo Datiess. — The jail in this county was fortunately destroyed by fire on the twenty-eighth of August, IsTS. The old one was a disgrace to the state. Johnsox. — Detached jail; of logs, lined on the inside with plank; walls two feet thick. Two cells, one above the other, each sixteen feet square, of which the lower is the one commonly used. A staircase, on the outside, leads to the upper cell, from which a trap-door in the floor opens into the cell below. The floor and ceiling are of logs, of same thickness as exterior wall. Two windows in each cell, only ten inches square, without sashes, protected by three sets of square iron bars, placed two inches apart; no other openings. The ventilation is poor, and the odor from the rotten logs quite offensive. Desperate prisoners are sent to Cairo, for safe-keeping. Built in 1R.37, it lias been repeatedly condemned by the grand jury and is undoubtedly one of the worst jails in the United States. Ka>*e. — Court-house of stone, in form of Greek cross; jail in base- ment. Jailor resides in east wing of bnsement; jail entered from his oflice; in a space about forty by sixty feet are fourteen brick cells. 192 lined with oak pcantlinp. in a double row, back to back, with corridor on four sides: this corridor ib divided by iron jfratint^s and plank ]»artiliou into five seciions, of which one is for the jailor, next the entrance, and one, on the south side, includes seven cells and Cf>nstitutes the strong- est portion of ihe j rif-on. There are also three large cells across the corridor, under the north and south wings, of which two are dark cells for pjinishnient: a cell for female prisoners, up-stairs, is not used. Cistern holding two hundred and fifty barrels, with forc.e-jjump and hose. Water-closet in corridor; odorous; might easily be flushed from roof, but is not. Oidy ventilation is through doors and windows; heated by stoves; cells dark; corridor insecure, especially the ceiling. Built in 1S5G; clean and in good repair. Kankakkk. — In basement of court-house; walls of stone, thirty-three inches; stone cells; stone Hoor in corridor; but corridor ceiling of lath and plaster; oflices above. Six cells, plastered insi le, plank Hoor in each, very large, thirteen feet long; three in each row; the two rows separated by a corridor; another corridor e.\tends around the whole, on three sides. Cell doors cross-barred diagonally. Opening for ventila- tit)n, twenty inches square, in wall of each cell, next outer corridor. One cell lined with iron; the other five contain privy-seats; sewer un- der the jail. Five large windows in outer corridor; inside corridor suf- ficiently light: cells dark. Veniilation good; jail clean and ii' good re- pair; but Corridors very unsafe. Water is su|)])lied from tank in hall, by force-pump. There is also a cistern under the jail fioor, with an opening not grated, where an insane prisoner might drown himself. No ])rovision for female prisoners. The jail yard is enclosed by an iron fence. Kk.miali.. — In basement of court-house; very similar to jail in Douglas county, which see; four stone cells, two on each side of a passage two feet wide; light is entirely shut out from these cells, and they are not ventilated. Large day-room, with one large window; floor of stone, on earth; ceiling of boiler plate nailed to joists with barbed nails; cistern next to day-room, on other side of wall. One special cell for female prisoners, across the hall. An iron fence, fourteen feet high, extends around the entire jail, in addition to which there is a wire netting outside the windows, to prevent the passage of contraband articles. IJuilt in lf^64; has been repeatedly condemned by grand jury. The sheriff in this county is much opposed to the grand jury system, on the ground that it is unjust to require prisoner, who cannot give bail, to be six months in jail, before he can be even indicted, much less tried. Kxox. — Knox county has no court-house. The jail, which is in the rear of the sherifi''s residence, on the jail lot, is one of the best in the state. It was built in 1874, and cost forty-one thousand, four hundred dollars. ^Valls of brick, lined with six inches of stone; stone rto(>r anei'p-holes, for observation of prisoners. A defect iu construction, is that 193 the cell doors can be lifted off their hin<:fes and employed as batterins^- rams. Six windows, two by eight feet, protected by perpendicular bars, also by solid iron plate, perforated. Basement, Avith furnace. Iron tank holding one hundre (June, 1878), the new court-house was building, and the jail was not comj)leted. The architect's plans showed six ceils, of stone, but with iron grating on top and in front, arranged in two rows of three, with two separate corridors LaSalle. — ^This jail, in view of the size, population and wealth of the county, is decidedly the most disgraceful in the state of Illinois. It enjoys the proud distinction of having been the only county prison to M'hich the attention of the supreme court hag been directed, by a writ of error to the circuit court of LaSalle county. The case was a petition, in the name of the people, on the relation of E. Follett Bull, for a 'mandamus to compel the board of supervisors of LaSalle county to erect or provide a suitable jail for the county. Mr Bull's petition is a correct description, so far as it goe.^, but does not tell the whole truth. Mr Bull alleges: '"that the place now used, and. which, since about the year A. D. 1843, has continually been used, as the county jail of LaSalle county, is situated in iTie south part of the basement of the county court-house in Ottawa, and consists of a hall about forty- iive feet long, nine feet wide anol nine feet high. The only means of admitting light and air into said hall are two small windows about three feet wide and four feet high — one at each end of said hall — about two feet of the top of said windows being above the surface of the ground. On the north side, and opening into said hall, are six small cells, about five feet long and four feet wide, used for the confinement of prisoners, and also as their sleeping apartments, and to which sun- light and fresh air cannot penetrate. The air of the jail is, at times so foul as almost to strifle the breath of a person just entering it from the fresh air outside, and in rainy weather the water from the outside soaks through the wall of the jail and keeps the floor constant- ly damp, and by reason thereof the atmosphere of the jail is foul, damp and poisonous, and injurious to the health of persons confined therein, and, although every yjossiblc effort is made, by persons having charge of the jail, to keep the same in a clean and healthy condition, yet persons confined therein have been injured in their health b}" reason of the unhealthfulness thereof." It also appears from this petition, as shown by the opinion of the supreme court, delivered by Mr. Justice Craig, (111. Reports, Vol. 84, pp 303-8), that the grand juries of the county for more than ten years past, in their reports on the condition of the jail, condemned it; that minors, persons charged with misdemeanors, persons charged with and convicted of felonies, insane persons, and all classes of persons, except females, are confined in this room or hall together, in violation of section 11, chapter 75, Rev. 14r- 194 Stat. 187-4; and that by the use, of the hall aa a jail, the aduiln- istration of the criuiinal law is seriously hindered in the county. The court ex])res.ses its astonishment, that the board of supervisors should pci*si.st in requiring the oHicers of the county to conline those who are so unfortunate as to be chari^ed or convicted of crime, in such a prison. l>ut if the court could make a tour of insj)ection of the county jails (»f this state, it would be still more astunislied. The oj)iiiion of the court is that had the county board failed and refuse jirovide any kind of a jail, and it clearly ap])eared that the finances of the county were such as to ju.'itify the construction of a jail, it rnight issue a writ of mandumits to compel the supervisors to fulfil their duty under the statute; but that it is the j^rovince of the boanl to di'termine whether the jail is suit- able or not. The judrjment of the circuit court is therefore affirmed. In addition to what 3Ir. Bull has 5aid of this jail, it may be added that in addition to the six cells namod by him, there is another, ab- solutely dark, called the dungeon; and for the protection of the jailor and the safe-keeping of the prisoners, it has been found necessary to build an iron cige inside the entrance-door, in which a guard sits both by day and by night. The floor is rotten, at times it is overflowed, and loose boards float on the surface of the water, and the prisoners complain bitterly or rheumatic jjains. The court declares that the supervisors are responsil^le for their action only to the j)eople; it is greatly to be hoped that the people may so express their opinion as to compel them to act in this matter soon and with good effect. Lawkexck. — Detached structure, in court-house yard; lower story used as calal)oose and coal-house, upper story as jail. Walls of brick, not lined; floor and ceiling of two-inch oak plank; iron roof. Two cells of boiler iron, with naiTow passage (t#^o feet wide) on three sides, and corridor nine feet wide in front. Six windows; the three in the rear are small; gratings on windows very liglit. Privy-seat in each cell; no vault; soil- pipes pass through the Avail and discharge on the ground, outside; they are so clogged wiih tilth as to be totally unfit for use. No si)ecial cells for female prisoners. This jail was built in 18">4, it is very light, badly ventilated, in V)ad repair, very insecure and has been rejieatedly condemned by the grand jury, on these accounts and also because of its extremely filthy condition. ^\ new jail is talked of and greatly needed. Lee. — In rear of sheriff's residence; walls of stone, plastered on inside; stone floor; ceiling of plank, double, with sheet iron between: twelve stone cells, in double block, back to baek; prisoners corridor on four sides, no jailors' corridor. Tliere is room aboAc the present tier to add another, at some future time; at })resent, j)risoners' sit on top of cells as tl)c most roomy and airy j)art of the jail. Heated by stoves; flues in external walls, for ventilation; two privy-seats, in corridor, empty into drain which carries the sewerage ten or fifteen rods to a ravine behind the prison; lighted by gas; water supplied from wooden tank, which holds twenty barrels of filtered cistern-water. There is a pump in tiie jail and prisoners can supply themselves. A force pumj) on outside, witli one-hundred feet of hose, for use in case of fire. Prisoners sleep in liaininockfi. This jail is supplied with Vale locks. Six large cirde- heailed windows, three on each side, afford abundance of light, and tlu- jail is dean, sweet, in good re})air. It is not of extra strength, but ilicrc have been no escapes. It was built in ISTl', and cost U'5 twenty-one tJiousaud dollars, llierc are two special cells for female prisoners in upper story of sheritrs house. One of the best jails in the state. Livingston. — Two blocks southwest of court-house; stone walls, floor and ceiling; slate roof. Twelve stone cells, in rows of three, back to back, upper and lower tiers; prisoners' corridor on three sides. Jailor's corridor separated from it by patent grating, with hollow pil- lars; sliding-doors into inner prison, o])erated by revolving chain and brake, controlled by crank in closet at jailor's entrance; jailor's entrance- door "V" shaped, for protection of turnkey, (same patent in Logan, Macon, Peoria, and Will, counties). Bar-locks; levers in outer corridor. Eight windows, sractll, placed eleven feet from floor. Privy-seat in corridor; stone vault under jail, connected with sewer; odors rise; un- pleasant smell also from kitchen in basement; ventilation imperfect. Built in 1865; cost seventeen thousand dollars; in bad repair, especially the roof, which leaks; clean; tolerably light, except lower tier of cells; heated by steam; no v/ater supply, etc.; no bedsteads in cells; the iron- work inferior and insecure. No special provision for female prisoners. Lo(iAN.— In rear of sheriff's residence, one block east of courtz-house; walls, floor and ceiling, of stone; slate roof; sixteen stone cells, in rows of four, back to back, upper and lower tiers; tvv'o prisoners' corridors one on each side; jailor's corridor, with patent grating, same as de- scribed for Livingston county. Bar-locks; levers in outer corridor. Six small windows, twelve feet from floor, protected by three set? of bars; very dark, except on platform of upper tier of cells. Heated by steam; iron tank in attic; water sup])lied to each cell; force-pump in jail; bath- tub and fixed basins. Privy-seat in each cell, flushed with water; vault connected with sewer; odor slight. No artificial ventilation. Three special cells for female prisoners, in upper story cf sheriff's house. This jail was built in 1869, cost thirty thousand dollars; much better than the majority, but not a model, Macon. — In rear of sheriff's residence; built in 1807, and cost forty- three thousand dollars; walls of stone, not do welled, the result of which was a genera! jail delivery, by removing a stone, soon after the new jail was occupied; they have since been lined with six inches of plank, sheathed (on the east side only) with boiler-plate; floor and ceiling of stone; copper roof. Twenty-four stone cells, in solid block, back to back, in four rows of six cells each; prisoners' corridor on three sides (divided by a grating into two separate corridors); jailor's corridor, with patent grating, same as described for Livingston county. Bar- locks; levers in oiiter corridor. Eight small horizontal windows, twelve feet from floor; those in the east wall are hooded on tiie inside, to prevent prisoners fi-ora annoying the occupants of adjoining buildings; this is therefore an uncommonly dark prison. Heated by furnaces; the registers are very improperly placed, in the doorway, at entrance to the jail; the heat expands the iron, deranges the machinery, and fails to warm the jail. Iron ventilating pipes lead from each cell through the roof; they do not answer well as ventilators, but conduct sound, so that by listening in the attic, every word spoken by prisoners, even in a whisper, can be heard. Three openings for ventilation have been made in ceiling of corridor. W^ater supplied from city water-works, but no bath tubs or fixed basins, and uo connexion with water-ciobets 106 in corTidoi-H, which are fluslied by hoso-pipc from liydrant in yard. Two cells for fi'iiialc i)risoncrs, in u|)))cr story of sheriff's lioiise. Taken all in all, this jail is a l)ad copy of an inferior model; it exhibits sfunc good ideas, which liave not been well carried out; and the re- sult is only partially satisfactory. Macoltin. — Detaclu-d structure, two stories in heiglit, with mansard roof and rather imj)OHing exterior, on jail lot, opposite courtdiouse. ^^'alls of stone, dowelled with grape-shnt, to prevent sawing; stone lloor and ceiling. Two tiers of stone cells, one above the other, each tier in two rows of live, back to back; t\vo])risoners' corridors, one on eacli side; iron stairways and j^latfornis, cheap and Hinisy. This jail is entered through a guard-room and vestibule, with denii-cylindrical basket grating on inside of door leading into jailor's eorridor. Cells the smallest in the state; cell-doors solid, except cross-barred grating in u})per two-tifths; not ventilated. Six horizontal windows, twelve feet from floor; insufficient light, and lower cells very dark. Wooden tank in corridor next the ceiling, tilled by force-pump in cellar; no bath- tub, etc.; water-closet in corridor fluslied, and connected directly with sewer, no odor perceptible. Heated by st<>ve3. Sei)arate cell for debtors and women, entered from vestibule. J>uilt in ls»j>5; the inside greatly disapi)oint8 the expectati(Uis awakened by the external appearance. It is not a strong jail, and no guard is maintained, when there are less than ten prisoners — a rule tlie force of which is not easy to see. ]\rADiso.\'. — In rear of sherilf's residence, one block north of court- house. Walls of brick, lined with boiler-plate; space of four inches left betM'een wall and lining: stone floor; boiler-iron ceiling; twenty iron cell.s, five in each row, back to back, two tiers in height; jailor's corridor on four sides, next outer wall; prisoners' corridor on three sides, enclosed on all sides by the former; demi-cylindrical basket grating, a foot in diameter and three feet long, on inside of inner en- trance-door, for protection of turnkey; bar-locks; outer corridor sixteen feet high; inner corridor divided into two floors, with no direct con- nection; stair-case in outer corridor. Ten Avindows, five on each side, constructed of two leaves of hammered glass, swinging inward; corri- dors light, cells dark: window-bars of soft iron, easily cut. Elaborate system of ventilation, not satisfactory in practice. No water or sewer- age; no privy-seats; heated by two furnaces. The worst feature of this jail is the cell for female prisoners, of jilank. without light or ventilation, in U)>]>er story of sherilY's house. l>uilt in 187U; cost, in- cluding land and improvements subseipiently made, about forty-seven thousand live hundred dollars — an extravagant ])rice. Makion. — Occupies entire ujiper story of sherilT's residence, one block northeast of court-house. Walls uf brick, lined with two-iiuh plank, with iron sheathing, but the spikes can be drawn and the slu'atli- ing removed; plank floor and ceiling, floor sheathed with boiler-plate. Corridor, six by fourteen feet, in centre; two brick cells on one side, lined with iron; guard-room and «lebtor'8 cell on opjjosite side, the latter used for female prisoners. This jail, built in isru, for three tliou- sand seven hundred and fifty dollars, is in bad rc]>air and in every re- 8|)0(t, except light, inferior; badly arranged; insecure; no ventilation, \\lien the windows are closetl; the stove in corridor does not make 197 heat enough to warm the colls; no furniture nor conveniences of any kind. It has been repeately condemned by the grand jury. Marshall. — In rear of sheriff's residence, on jail lot. Walls of brick, lined with six inches of stone; the dowels in the stone are too short and tiie settling of the jail has pulled the stones apart; floor and ceiling are of stone. The jail proper is in the lower story and con- tains six stone cells, in two rows of three, back to back, with corridor on all four sides, divided by cross-grating into three, viz; two prison- ers' corridors and a jailor's corridor; Bar-locks, operated from jail kitchen ; these are of an unusual pattern — a round iron rod, with bent catches, revolves in such a way as- to brinsr the end of each catch against the front of the cell-door opposite. Heated by stoves; no artificial venti- lation; very dark; ten windows, but small and very heavily grated; two privy-seats in corridor; vault partly under jail and partly outside the wall: no water, etc; in bad repair; and quite dirty. The sheriff complains that it is used as a calaboose; city prisoners come in, in state of intoxication, defile the jail, and are let out next morning. Mason. — Occupies entire upper story of sheriff's residence. A very weak jail; wails of brick, not lined; floor and ceiling of corridor same as in any private dwelling; light gratings on windows. Entered from top of a staircase; door at bottom of staircase leads out-doors. Eight plank cells, five on one side and three on the other; debtor's cell in northeast corner; corridor on three sides; eleven large windows, of which one is in the debtor's cell; heated by stoves; no water-closet. Built in 1850; cost about five thousand dollars; in bad repair (it has been tied together with iron rods to keep it froin falling down); it is dirty, and the cracks in the cell-walls are full of vermin; extremely insecure; prisoners cannot have the freedom of the corridor, as any intelligent man could get out in fifteen minutes, with an iron poker. It has been condemned by the grand jury, and the county board have the building of a new jail under consideration. Massac. — In sheriff's residence; a single cell or apartment, with an iron cage, twelve feet square, in the centre. This cage is of two-inch bars of iron, crossed at right angles, and is entered by a trap-door from the "debtor's cell" above. There is a door in the side of the cage, eighteen inches square, for use in case of fire. A light jail, and tolerably well ventilated, through the doors and windows, but it has been repeatedly condemned by the grand juiy for insecurity. McDoNOTTGH. — In rear of sheriff's residence, one block west of court- house. Walls of brick, lined with stone; stone floor and ceiling; twenty- four stone cells, in double rows of four, back to back, three tiers, one above the other; prisoners' corridor, seven feet wide, in front of each row; jailor's corridor, ten and one-half feet wide, at the north end. Ceils secured Ijy bar-locks, with levers in jailor's corridor, Windows small, placed high, with perpendicular iron bars and perforated iron plate inside grating; sashes operated by pole on outside; jail very dark. Heated by furnace; flues in rear walls of cells connect with the smoke stack, which is double, (iron chimney inside) and the ventilation is excellent. Privy-seats in corridors, with self-acting iron hoppers, flushed with water, and connected with sewer; no odor. Water supplied from iron tank in attic; force-pump in jailor's corridor; bath-tub and fixed basins. Two cells, lined with boiler iron, for feisale prisoners, over 198 office anoiler-plate ceiling in upper tier of cells. There is a debtors' 199 cell in upper story of sheriff's house. This jail was built in 1869, and cost thirty tliousand dollars. Though not perfect, it is among the best in the state. Monroe. — Occupies entire upper story of sheriflTs residence, one block east of court-house; walls of brick, plastered on inside; ordinary floor and ceiling, lined with boiler-iron inside prisoners' corridor-, eight iron cells, in double block, back to back; surrounded on three sides by two corridors, one outside the other, .separated by an iron grating; iron water-tank in outer corridor. Heated by furnace; well lighted on three sides, by eleven windows, protected by grating of slats, immov- able, like Venetian blinds; no artificial ventilation, natural ventilation good; privy-seat in end of each corridor, (the prisoners' corridor being divided by a cross-grating at end of block of cells), connected with sewer and flushed with water. Special cell for women in lower story. Built in 1875; cost eleven thousand dollars; almost new, in excellent condition and clean. Calaboose, for city prisoners, in the basement. MoxTGOMERT. — In the upper story of the north wing of the court- house. Sixteen cells, of boiler iron, are in a double block, back to back, two tiers in height, with tAVO corridors for prisoners, one in front of each row, and a jailor's corridor at the south end. Bar-locks, with levers in outer corridor. The floors and ceiling are of boiler iron. Five large windows give ample light; those in the outer corridor are insufliciently protected by single bars, eight inches apart, and the doors into the prisoners' corridors are weak. A space of six inches has been left between the window jamb and the nearest bar, in each v/indow, Avhich would allow the escape of any prisoner with an under- sized head. The jail is heated by a furnace, and first-rate ventilation is secured by means of a current passing through a space eight inches wide, between the rear walls of the cells, opening into the attic. There are no privy seats, nor any vault. No special provision for female prisoners, but the plan of the jail is such, thai, the sexes can easily be separated. This jail was built in 1867, is in good repair, and very clean. Communication with the outside is too easy, and the arrangement for water and sewerage are not good. jMobgan. — In upper story of the "L" in rear of sheriff's residence. An iron box, twenty-four by twenty-six feet, Avilh corridor in centre, and eight cells, four on each side. Bar-locks, with handles in reach of the prisoners. Window at one end of corridor, with two sets of iron bars, a cross-barred grating, and solid iron shutter on outside; cells dark; ventilation bad. One of the cells is furnished with privy seat, hydrants and bath tub; water supplied from city water- works. There is a vestibule, about eight feet square, for the jailor, outside the entrance door. A special cell has been provided for female prisoners. This jail is in fair repair and clean, but inferior in nearly all respects, and of insufficient size for the use of so large a county. MouLTKiE. — In upper story of sheriff's residence; two blocks north- west of court-house, brick Avails, lined with boiler-plate; cells of boiler iron; four cells on each side of a thirteen-foot corridor; jailor's corri- dor at south end. One cell, opening into jailor's corridor, is reserved for female prisoners. Bar-locks, levers in outer corridor. Ordinary pine floor; ceiling of inner corridor of boiler iron; slate roof. Windows in cells; one of the lightest jails visited; heated by furnace; ventilation good; no Avatei'-closet, nor vault; no water 200 anpplv. Ruilt in :876; cost about eight thousand dollars; in many respects a \ery comfortable jail; it d*)es not appear very strong, but there have been as yet no cseapeH of prisoners. <)i;i.i:. — P>rick jail with stone trimmings, in rear of sheriff's residence; walls lathed and plasten-d on inside; sixteen stone cells, in d(nibl<' blt.fk, back to back, two tiers in height; stone floor and ceiling; bar-locks, with levers in outer corridor; slate roof. The arrangement is ]>eculiar; jailor's corridor at south end; two prisoners' corridors, in front of two rows of cells; and two additional outside coriidors, next the walls, separated from the inner corridors by a weak iron lattice. Well light- ed by eight largo windows, with two sets of bars and wire cloth on outside to prevent i)assage of contraband articles. Heated by two fur- naces; ventilation good; tlues conniu'cted with smoke stack. Privy- seats in corridors, flushed Mith water; water supplied from well by force-immp, into a wooden tank in attic: four bath-tubs for prisoners, and iixed basins; seven jieep-holes for observation of prisoners. No special ju'ovision for fenialc ]»risoners. l^uilt in 1874; cost twenty-two thousand five hundred dollars; in g(j(>d repair and clean. Peokia. — In rear of sheriff's residence; liuilt in 1870, and cost seven- ty-two thousand dollars; brick walls, with stone trimmings, lined with ])lank, sheathed with boiler-plate; stone floor and ceiling; slate roof; forty-eight stone cells, in double block, back to back, three tiers in height, eight cells in each row; prisoners' corridor on three sides; jail- or's corridor at north end; grating Hjetween these, with hollow iron j>illars and doors, operated by patent revolving chain controlled by crank at jailor's entrance, liar-locks, with levers in outer corridor. Ten windows; corridors light; cells not dark. Heated by steam: ven- tilation imperfect, by flues extending from to]) of each cell to roof. AVater-tank in attic, supplied from city water-works; bath-tub and ba- sins. Privy-seat in corridor, connected with city sewer. Prisoners sleep in hammocks. Two special cells, paved and ceileil with stone, in sher- iff's house, for female prisoners. This is one of the best jails in the state, in good repair and very clean. Pkrkv. — In rear of sheriff's residence, two blocks west of court- house: brick walls not lined; boiler-iron floor; ceiling of lath and pla.s- ter; eight iron cells, Avith grated fronts, in double row, back to back. These cells are surrounded on four sides by an inner corridor for the use of prisoners, and jailor's corridor surrounds this again on four sides, next the outer walls; the two are sej)arated by a cross-barred grating, which also extends over the top of the inner corridor, making a perfect cage; the effect is very light and airy, liar-locks, with levers in jailor's corridor. Eight large windows; good mitural ventilation; heated by furnace; privy-seat in corridor, and some odor; force ])ump; wooden tank in attic; bath-tub and flxed basins. Large cell for female prisoners in uj>per story of sheriff's house. Built in 1871; in good re- [tair; clean, but infested with vermin; roomy; and would be strong, if a better quality of iron had been used in its construction. It cost fourteen thousand dollars. Piatt. — In rear of sheriff's residence, on jail lot, one block north of court-house. Walls of brick, line into the prison. In suninier, prisoner-s arc let out into the corridor at nitjht and sleep on top of the cage, to get a breath of air. This is one of the worst jails in the state. Its only merit is its se- curity, whith is not great. Kanoommi. — In basement <^f jaiiors's residence; a cellar jail, dark, damj», and dismal; several hundred feet above the level of the Mis- sissippi river, with rare facilities for sewerage and ventilation, unim- provcil. \N'alls of stone, twenty-nine inches thick; cell walls the same; six cells, two largo and four small, with corridor Ijetween the latter; cells lighted dindy by windows two feet long and six inches wide; gratings to windows very light and insecure; double doors to cells, one solid, with small opening in centre. On entering this jail, objects cannot be distinguished until the eye becomes accustomed to the dark- ness. It is simi)ly a cellar, without a single attribute of a good prison, except its strength, and has been repeatedly condemned by the grand jury. In order to ventilate it, it is necessary to leave the front door open, thus affording free entrance to outsiders. Richland. — A brick jail and very in.securc: in up[)er story of sheriff's residence, with calaboose for city prisoners underneath. It is divided into two rooms; each room lighted by two windows; and a boiler-iron cell in the middle of each, with grated door and grated openings, for ventilation. Three prisoners escajied, the night before inspection, by cutting off" the rivets fastening these gratings, thus gaining tiie corri- dor, when it was easy to break tluvnigh the outer wall, of brick, thirteen inches thick. The jail has been repeatedly condemned by the grand ju- ry for insecurity and want of ventilation. Corridors light, but cells dark. No special provision for female prisoners. A wretched jail, built in 1851), and cost about thirty-eight hundred dollars. Rof'R Island. — In court-house yard, with sheriff's residence on one side, and the county clerk's office on the other. Walls of stone, twenty-eight inches thick; cell-walls two feet thick; stone floor; ceiling over upper tier of cells is of boiler-plate, over corridor of lath and plaster. Fifteen cells, in double block, back to back, eight below and seven above; prisoners' corridor on four sides; water-closet in one corner; jailor's entrance ])rotected by cage, three by six feet. Cells have double doors, outer door solid, with bottom four inches above floor. Lower half of each window covered by solid boiler-plate; ten windows, none on the east side. ITeate con- 203 veniences. The wooden cells are very rotten and swarm with vermin. Built in I8i31; in bad repair; poorly ventilated (window-sashes immov- able); and repeatedl}^ condemned by the grand jury. Sangamon. — In upper story of jailor's residence, two blocks north- east of court-house; brick wall, plastered on inside; common oak floor in corridor and ordinary lath and plaster ceiling; light grating at win- doAvs, and frames could be kicked out of the Avail; the corridor is ab- solutely insecure, and prisoners have to be locked in their cells, for safe keeping; a guard stationed in the corridor, both by day and idght. Sixteen scantling cells, in double block, back to back; two additional cells and a bath-room and water-closet in the wing or "L" on the south, at the east end. Water supplied from city water-works; lighted Avith gas; heated by stoves; no artificial ventilation; no provision for female prisoners, Avho are locked in same corridor Avith men; AA'ell lighted by sixteen Avindows; in bad repair; clean; but the walls SAvarm with vermin. This jail is of msutticieut size for the wants of the coun- ty; tAvo prisoners are commonly confined in one cell, containing only four hundred and twenty cubic feet of space, and sometimes three; on this account and for insecurity it has been repeatedly condemned by the grand jury, and is in fact a disgrace to the county. A Aveekly Sunday service is maintained, for the benelit of prisoners, by volunta- ry effort on the part of christian people in Springfield. SoHUYLER. — In rear of sheriff's residence, on jail lot, tv/o blocks southwest of court-house; stone wall, floor and ceiling. Eight stone cells, plastered on inside, four aboA^e and four below, in a single row, on one side of jail, next outer Avail; Avindow, four feet high and eighteen inches wide, in each cell, protected by cross-barred grating; the other side, eight by tAventy-seven feet, next sheriff's house, is cor- ridor; entered from jailor's otnce; window at each .end of corridor, and water-closet in one corner. Heated by stoves; no artificial ventilation; A'erv light. The cells up stairs are for the use of female prisoners. A close board fence, tAA'elve feet high, surrounds the jail. Built in 1857, and cost about sixty-five hundred dollars. The lower story, on the day Avhen inspected, was in an offensively dirty state, the Avater-closet frozen up, the stone floor satui-ated Avith urine, and a disagreeable odor preA-aded the entire building. Scott. — In loAA'er story of sheriff's residence, one block southwest of court-house; sheriff resides in upper story. Walls of stone, lined Avith four inches of plank, driven full of spikes; stone floor, overlaid with plank; ceiling of plank, sheathed Avith sheet iron; tAvo stone cells, surrounded b}'^ corridor on four sides; three windows, Avith immovable sashes; the cell-doors open on the only passage not lighted by a Avin- doAA^; the cells are therefore entirely dark. A special cell for female prisoners outside, on same floor, at the end of the hall. It is not necessary to add, for the information of any one Avho has CA'er in- spected any considerable number of jails, that this one is dark, un- ventilated, foul-smelling, full of vermin, extremely filthy, and to crown all, insecure; and it has been condemned again and again by the grand jury. It was built in 1853. There is a priA^y-seat in the corridor, a A'ault underneath, and no seAverage. Shelby. — In upper story of sheriff's residence, one block south of court-house; an irregularly planned jail, Avith one large debtor's cell, 204 four wooden cells and four iron cells; corridor on two sides and part of the third; entered from lop of stairs. Very insecure; ordinary tioor and ceilini?; lii;ht irratini^s at windfjws; brick walls, not lined; prison- ers have to be locked in cells for security; cell-doors of solid iron ])late, perforated with two-inch holes; walls of cells jicrforated in the «a:iie manner; very iryinj]: to the eyes; well lii^hted and airy; no con- veniences; no privv-seat nor vault; an infcyior jail, built in 1857; in good rcj)air. Stakk. — In basement of sheriff's residence; one of the very worst jails in the state; underground; brick walls, lined with rotten logs; oidy one cell, with plank floor and log ceiling; two small winilows; no sew- erage; and horrible bad ventilation. It has been repeatedly (and deser- vedly) condemned Ity the grand jury, anvith iron strips nailed across. Four boiler-plate cells in a row, on one side of the room; one of these is used as a water-closet. Cell doors of solid iron, e.xcept the upper third, which is grated. There are, stone cells in base- ment under the jail, which are not used. Two windows, with immov- able sashes; absolutely no ventilation; odor from vault pervades the prison; cells very dark. Xo special provision for female prisonei's. This jail was built in 1S42, and would be a di-sgrace to any country; it is in bad repair, dirty, insecure, lacking in all the essentials of a good prison, and has been rei)eatedly condemned by the grand jury, for insecurity, insuHlcient capacity, and bad sanitary eoiidltion. Washington. — In rear of sheriff's residence, on court house yard; walls of brick, lined with boiler-pl?.te; iron lioor and ceiling; four iron cells on one side of a large room, rather more than twenty-four feet S(]uare; two windows 'in wall on opposite side look out upon jail yard, which is enclosed by a brick wall, twelve feet high; cell doors fastened simultaneously by a bar lock, operated from closet in wall outside the inner entrance door; small vestibule for jailor; one cell used as a water closet; no sewerage. Flues from top of cells through roof, but the ventilation is not good; cells dark, in conse<|uence of their distance from windows, and because of wall on outside, which also obstruets the circulation of air; heat in summer extremely op])ressi\e. Female prisoners arc kept in a room in sheriff's bouse, built in 18 — , and cost ten thousand seven hundred dollars. Wayne. — Occupies entire upper story of sheriff's residence, in court- liouse yard; very similar to jail in Gallatin county; brick walls, lined with })lank; floor and ceiling of two thicknesses of two-inch ])lauk. A corridor, thirty feet long, with three windows, protected by cross- barred grating, on the south side; on the north side, two large log cells, one in each corner; the stairway leading up to the jail is in the centre, between the cells. The cell-doors are of oak i)lank, four inclu's thick, aiul are only two by four feet in size; there is also an opening, a foot sipiare, in the wall of each cell. This jail is in bad rej»air, and insecure. It has been repeatedly condemned by the grand jury for insecurity and bad ventilation. There is neither liglit nor fresh air in the cells, and nothing about the jail to recommeml it. White. — This jail, like that in Wayne county, oiMuipies the whole of the up})er story of the sheriff's residence; it is of about the same ^201 size and similarly an-anged, with only two cells, stairway between, and corridor with three Avindows; but the cells are of boiler-iron; there is also a board partition across one end of the corridor, which admits of one cell being set apart for a female prisoner in case of need. A'esti- bule for jailor, at entrance, at top of stairway. The corridor for pris- oners is very weak, having an ordinary floor, log ceiling, and common brick wall, lined with inch boards; the gratings on the windows are light, and the Avindows front on the public street. When visited, there were seven prisoners in confinement — a man and wife in one cell, and live men in the other, which contains only three hundred and eighty cubic feet of space, or seventy-six feet for each man. This is another of the vrorst jails in the state, and has been repeatedly con- demned by the grand jury for insecurity and discomfort. A new jail is talked of, but the prospect of success in the effort to secure it is not flattering. , Whitkside. — In rear of sheriff's residence, in court-house yard; walls of Batavia stone (not dowelled); stone floor and ceiling. Eight iron cells, {Pauley and Bars's patent), four above and four below, with prisoners' corridor, for each tier, on one side, only;, staircase in outer or jailor's corridor, which encloses the whole on three sides, next outer wall. HaAvley's patent lever-lock. Heated by stoves in outer corridor; force-pump, iron tank, sink, and v\'ater-closet, in prisoners' corridor; good ventilation; very light; six large windows, three on each side. Two special cells for female prisoners. This jail was originally built in 1857 and cost twelve thousand dollars. The stone cells were taken out and iron ones substituted, in IS 7-. It is secure, clean and com- fortable. Will. — Built in 1846; cost seven thousand dollars: and was, in its day, regarded as a very superior prison. The walls, floor, ceiling and cells are all of stone, with iron stairways and platforms. Sixteen cells, back to back, in double blocks, upper and lower tiers; prisoners' cor- ridor (narrow) on three sides, and a large jailor's corridor or "dining- room," ten by thirty feet, separated from it by jjatent iron grating, with sliding doors operated by a crank and chains passing through hollow pillars. One of the cells has a solid iron door and can be used as dungeon. Bar-locks, with level's in outer corridor. Heated by furnaces; poorly lighted by ten small windows, five on each side, placed near ceiling; iron tank Avith water, in attic; privy-seat in each cell; ventilation imperfect, though an effort has been made in this di- rection by connecting flues in the rear w'all of cells with smoke-stack. Except as to light, air and size of cells, this is still one of our best jails. Williamson. — Occupies entire upjDer floor of jailor's residence, two blocks southeast of court-house. On one side of the hall at top of staircase is one large cell", entered from the hall; on the other is a cell of same size so divided that there is a corridor in front and a dungeon in the rear; these cells are of logs, lined with plank. The windows are only sixteen inches square, and not giazed; and the cells are so dark that the, eye must become accustomed to the transition, before objects can be distinguished. The ventilation is so bad, that it was painful to remain long enough to make the necessary inspection, and the prisoners were actually suffering for want of fresh air. A gallows ornaments the corridor. This jail is in bad repair and exceed- ingly filtliv; it has been repeatedly i'«->ndenjnecks east of the court- house, with outer walls of brick, sixteen inches thick, and inner walls of ten inch logs, a space of six inches being left between the walls. Each floor C(»nstitutes one cell, eleven by flfteen feet; the upi)er one lined with boiler-iron. Log floors and ceilings, lined with ])ine boards. Windows small; light bad; ventilation bad aNo; the odor from the vault pervades the prison, and no disinfectants are used; privy-seat in each ceFl. This jail was built in 184G; cost two thousand dollars; is in bad repair, insecure, and exceedingly dirty; it is in all respects one of the worst in the state, and has been repeatedly condemned by the grand jury. S09 CO i, 'C o O.O. . 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In the first place, counties under town- ship organization are governed by boards of supervisors, while counties under county organization are governed by the county judges. Where there are boards of supervisors, in some instances the board makes a contract directly with the keeper of the county-farm, while in others a committee of one or more members of the board is appointed to take charge, and this committee acts as a board of managers. Some- times appropriations for the 8upj)ort of the poor-liouse are made in ad- vance, payable at stated intervals; but more usually, the bills incurred are audited and paid after the creation of the indebtedness. The con- tracts made with keepers vary; some of them are paid salaries, others are }>aid so much a week for each pauper kept; in the fonner case the county furnislies all su])plies, but in the latter the county may fur- nish nothing, or it may furnish specified articles, such as furniture, or clothing, or medical attendance, and the keeper may or may not pay a stipulated rent for the use of the farm. Most of the keepers are under bond, as required by law, but many are not. Some of them make very full and satisfactory reports, showing not only financial but other statistical results, others do not. Where there is a county alms- liouse, in some instances the pauper expenses are assessed against each township in proportion to the amount of service rendered, i. e., the number of paupers sent from t-ach and the length of their stay; in others the whole expense is borne by the county; in others the towns support their sane paupers, and the county supports all the insane. Again: in the matter of outside relief, the practice varies greatly, some counties preferring to grant as much out-dt>or relief as possible, and not to have the objects of charity go to the almshouse as permanent pau- pers, while others grant as little as possible and compel all api)licants who can do so to go to the poor-house or abandon their applications for aid. In all these respects each county is a law to itself. Some counties, whicli own no county farm, have one in effect, as they make a contract for the care of all jiermanent ^»aupers with some farmer, who receives them on his farm and makes provision for housing them suitably, at his own expense, charging the county for the use of the (juarters provided. Where there are fainis, tliey are generally of one liundred aiul sixty acres, and of laud oi me liuui or iui'erior <|ii:vlity. 'J'lie buildings erect- ed are for the most part cheap, l)adly arranged, poorly heated and 210 vciililatpd, tk'Blitute (>f conveniences, especially of proper facilities for l».itliing, often of iiihunicient size, and not al\v.•ly^ kejit in good repair. 'I'he hoiisekeepinir is not always wli:it it sliould lie. Nevertheless tlie condition of the paupers, exeept of the insane, is nxrely sucli as to af- ford LTfound for serious cowplrtint; onlinarily they are as widl lodijed and fed as the averaije farming ))opulation of the counties iji which they reside, at least of the poorer clas"^. There is little or no inten- tional cruelty in their treatment, and very often they are objects of the •greatest ]»ossil)le care. In a number of counties, they eat at the same table with the keeper and his family, the chihlren mingle together, so that they can scarcely be distinguished from each other by any chance visitor, and they sliare all the c»>in forts of a good country home. These remarks do uot apply to all counties alike, as will be seen by an examination (»f the detailed descriptions which follow; but the alms- houses are not by any means the drea- ])roval. ' The special interest of this subject centres in the treatment givc-n, on county farms, to the insane. As to this jtoint there is a word to be said on both sides. The amount of jK^rsonal liberty allowed to in- sane injnates of most almshouses is worthy of serious attention, c>- ]jecially on the part of su])eriuleninjaller than in state hospitals ftu- the insane. l>ut no studies in insanity are complete, which do not Include the observation of in- sane persons in a state of unrestricted freedom as well as of com])i:lsory obedience to estal>lished rules; anl(' to the well-being of the insane patient. 217 So ranch in favor of the almshouses; but it must now bo admitted, on the other hand, that these very almshouses are fatally deficient in other conditions also essential in the treatment of insanity, namely: proi>er supervision by personal attendants and proper medical eare. It must also be said that many keepers are afraid of insane persons, and this fear begets restraint, often of a cruel sort — chains, whips, and even the firing of pistols to intimidate the patient, who is often as harmless in fact, if properly handled, as the scare-crow set in the field to frighten away the crov.s. These extreme measures are not common. But what is common and very objectionable, from every point of view, is the building of so-called receptacles for the insane, or insane de- partments, in v.'liich, where there are a number of insane to be cared for, many of them are impiisoned, some even for life, in solitary cells. If solitary iiiiprisonment will drive a sane man mad, what do you sup- pose that its effect is on a man already crazy V Imagine what it must be to sit, without occupation, companionship, sympathy, or any of the ordinary comforts of life, day after day, year after year, in a misera- ble den, seven or eight feet square, with bars at the window and bars on the door, nnable to help one's self even .to a drink of cold water, unable to step outside to attend to the most ordinary physical impulses, dependent upon the abuse of one's own body for one's only stimulus, all natural emotions turned to bitterness, rendered suspicious, tim.id, hateful, by the very depth of one's agony of spirit, and without other hope or expectation than the relief which death affords. Many of these insane uepartraents are unfit, physically, for the occupancy of sane men — im]y evcrv state in the tiriion, almost without exception, althoii^ti some of them have carried it ont more fully than others. Hut we also lioid, l>er rontrn, that in order that the state may successfully maintain this attitude towanN her insane ]>opulation, it is essential that some of the principles anau]iers, one for old men, and oiu- for the insane; the lat- ter use(l also as a hospital. 'I'he principal building, seveuty-li\e by tliirty-two feet, with " I/' seventy-three by forty-one feet, contains thirtv-two rooms, of which seven are for the keeper's family ; the sexes occupy difVi-rent portions of the building and have separate sitting nMuns, but tline together. The insatu' departnu-nt is a separate l»uilil)ouse ; little t)ut-door relief granu-d. Sup|)lies i»un-hascd for county farm by a i;ommittee of three supervi- sors; county furnishes everything and pays Iceojier, for self ami wife, four hundred and fifty dctllars a year. 1>i:keai'. — Two hundred and forty acres, of whicii one hundred and sixtv have been cleared, four miles west of Princeton, on W'yanct road; ten acres in garden; orchard of si.\ acres; irrave-yard of one acre. Farm well stocrked. In front is the main V)uildiner- manent improvements, since the farm was purchased. The present keeper has retained his position for five years, and is regarded by the county ollicers as a model man for the place. lie receives nine hun- dretl dollars a year for his services, and those of his wife ; the county furnishes everything, 'i'he bill for outside rtdief in the county is l.irge — about eight thousand dollars, in the year ISTS. C.M.iioi'N. — l''arm of three hundred ami fortv acres, out- mile and a half n(»rth of Ilardin; this farut would have been largiT. if the county had not lieen too small. Two buildings; one a- frame house, with seven rooms, for use of the keeper and the female paupers; the other a log cabin, occupied by male paupers. No special provision for the insane. Tlu- contract for the care of jKiupers is let to the lowest bid- S21 der; at piesent it is oAvned by a tirra, of two partners, who pay four dollars and a quarter per acre rent for the farm, and receive one dollar aud seventy-five cents a week for each pauper sent them. Tliey sup- ]ily food; the county supplies everything else. As a rule, no outside relief is granted in this county. Carroll. — The county farm is two miles southwest of Mt. Carroll, and contains one hundred and sixty acres, of which forty are timber land, the rest prairie. There are three buildings, two of brick and one frame, one for the keeper, one for male and one for female paupers; also a horse-barn, cow-barn, piggery, granary and corn-crib, hay-barn, hen-house, tool-house and wagon-shed. The ma,in building has a stone basement; it contains twenty rooms, the others four and six. Two cells have been built for the confinement of insane persons on the lower floor of the main building, eight by ten feet, with iron bars at windows; plank doors, with transoms; lath and plaster partitions, pro- tected on inside by ceiling, half way up; opening through wall of each cell, with hinged shutter, for passing food; no privy-seats; wooden bunks, fastened to floor. In addition to these, there are two cells in one of the other houses, with ordinary partition-walls, but iron, latticed doors and windows. There were four insane inmates, on the day when inspected, of whom one, a woman, is fettered with a chain, when she leaves her room, to prevent her from making her escape. There is an airing-court for the insane. The premises are in good order, the inmates clean, and the establishment makes a good impres- sion, except that the plan and arrangement are faulty. The present keeper has held his place for seven y^ars. He receives six hundred dollars a year, for himself and wife; all supplies, etc., furnished by the county. This county grants a large amount of outside relief, through the supervisors of the towns, believing that mode to be better. Cass. — Farm of one hundred and eighty acres, seven and a half miles west of Virginia, on Beardstown road. Two buildings, one occupied by the keeper and one by paupers — both of wood, and small. Keeper pays seven hundred dollars for use of farm. County has about twenty cases of out-door relief; one insane patient is cared for by relatives, at county expense. Champaign. — One mile east of Urbana; forty acres of prairie and ten of timber-land; soil first-rate and all under cultivation; garden, orchard and burying ground. Two buildings, one for the keeper and paupers, the other for the insane; both brick. Main building contains twenty-seven rooms, the lower story better planned than that above. The insane department is only one story in height, eighteen by twenty-four feet, and contains four cells, each six feet by eight, two on each side of hall in centre; cell-doors of plank, with opening for passage of food; brick partitions; iron bars at windows; no privy-seats. Two of the cells are not in use; one is occupied as a shoe-shop and the other as an ordinary bed-room. When visited, there were thirty inmates, of whom five were insane, harmless, and allowed to roam over the farm at will. The paupers seem to be kindly treated, clean and contented; the rooms are comfortable, well furnished, and the beds and bedding in excellent condition. The appearance of the premises is cheerful and homelike. The keeper receives four hundred and fifty dollars; the county furnishes everything. Outside relief is granted to the extent of five or six thousand dollars a year. CiiRi^TiAX. — Ti-n niiU's soullieasl of Taylorville, three and a <|uart«.'r iiiili's south of OwaiK'co. Farm of one Imndreil and sivty acres, houtrht in 1*^70, for six thousand four hundred i»ms; n<> strict elas.-'iHcation of sexes, but 'n\ summer the male paupers occupy the huildini; for the insane. Nine inmates; one insane, who comes and goes at will. The insane department is a one- st«>rv housi'. of brick, sixteen feet sijuare. with one cell about eight feet rube; plank door, with padlock and iron cross-bar on outside; window protected by wire screen and wooden shutter; heated by stov*- in the hall. There is another preci.sely similar room in this btiilding, except that it is not secured as this is. The insane department needs water and a disinfectant; the »»ther building is of cheerful appearance, comfort.-ibly furnished and neatly kept. The county furnishes every- thing; and pays seven hundrei. L. R. R. Farm of three hiradred and isixteeTi wry*: the keeT«er rf-nt* the farm for live hnn-I irs a ye':. _ furniture) that the pa . iire, inc _ one dollar and forty ceiju? a sreek for eacu luiaiMKr. iii«r iiafi. inmateii was thirty-twu. of whom only one was inii.k --_ jj^ attempt is made to give any figures showing the cost of . lings or main- tenance, nor any statistics of oat-do<;»r relief. i--.>r is a **e»:»unty agent,"" who has charge of transient paupers, and also a Relief and Aid Society, (a voluntary organization), besides other private charities, but the time at onr command has not been sufficient to make a thor- ough examination of any of these departments of charitable work. 1. J7ie Ahii^hou^e. The county fann, which is ten miles north- west of the court-house in C"hicago. contains one hundred and sixty acres ot land of fair quality, on the summit of a low ridge running across an extremely flat p»rairie: the elevation is not sufficient f»>r goo«i sewerage- This farm is only moderately stocked with animals and farm implements, and by far tcto little attention is p^d to the raising of vegetables and fruits. The entire establishment is under the general management of a committee of the b>:«arii of county eic»m- missioners. consisting of five members. 17pK>n this farm, in close proximity to each other, are two institu- tions — the poor-house and the insane asylum, the latter a department of the other: the two together ontain twelve or thirteen hundred in- mates: and, as will be seen presently, the organization is faulty, on account of divided resj»onsibility. and the conse«|uent want of hanno- nions. effective supen:si«>n and control. The atrsence of any intelli- gent e«:»nception of the pri»[»er organization of an almshouse is appa- rent in the gr<:»uping of the buildings, as shown in the diagram on the following page. •_>•_' i North I I 110 f.M't y.iuth. Nil. 1 is the ln)spital department for women; a Itrick house, tliree stories in height, \vitii attie ami basement, containing? about twenty- four rooms; the rooms occ'npieaupers were eating. No. i is connected with No. 1; it is the brick part of tin- old in- sane department, now no longer used for that purpose, but the small, barred windows, the cross-barred, grated, iron doors, the heavy wooden doors outside, with apertures and hinj»cd shutters for passing food, all bear witness to its former use. The cells are about seven by eight feet; they are not heated, except^ by a stove in the corridor, which does not raise the temperature in spme of them above the freezing point; the cold however docs not freeze out the vermin with which the beds, walls and Hoors are perfectly alive, and these irresponsible creatures, which are never named in go<^d society, know no fear — they show themselves without shame, and are as iniitertinently familiar v.ith a stranger, who may be a gentleman, as with their intimate friends and associates. The numV)er of cells in this de]>artmenl is twenty-one, ten on the lower and eleven on the upper lloor; many of them con- tain two beds. The other buildings are all frame; none of tliem can be said to have anv [dan — they are more like barns or barracks — immense areas of bare floor and walls, with innumerable windows, and tlu' lloors crowded with cheap iron strap bedsteads, on which are tlisplaycd wearisome rows of army blankets; large vcdcano heaters lift their heads .above the general level, like solitary mountain peaks in a desert; lying and 225 sitting in all directions, may be seen the squalid faces of men, wo- men and children, camped out, so to speak, in the wilderness, with- out privacy, without comforts, and not bound to each other by any tie of common descent or mutual interest. It is a sad sight. The heat- ing is insufficient; there is no ventilation; and in winter every crack is closed, to keep out the cold, when the atmosphere necessarily is loaded with foul odors of every description, and with the germs of various diseases — tuberculosis, syphilis, etc., etc. The arrangements for bathing are so imperfect, there being no hot water, that during the winter months the inmates are not bathed; even in the summer, the number of tubs is too small and they are inconveniently placed. There are no halls in these buildings, but the entire space is divided into rooms, and the stairways are either on the outside, or in the centre of the room; in the latter case, the upper and lower floors are practically one apartment, so far as heating and ventilation at least are in question. Of the buildings shown in the diagram. No. 3 is occupied by men; No. 4, by boys; No. 5 is the hospital for nien; No. 6 is occupied by men, and No. V by both sexes — the lower story by women and children; No. 8 is a small carpenter-shop, used largely for making coffins in which to bury the inmates, after death releases them from their misery; and No. 9 is a small wash-house, with no suitable laundry apjjaratus; soap is also made in this house, by hand, in two large iron kettles. The number of beds in these various houses is about as follows: No. 1 100 " 2 20 " 3 25 '' 4 60 " 5 GO " 6 175 " 7 190 Total 630 The total number of inmates in the poor-house department is about eight hundred, of whom one hundred and fifty are children. A small frame school-house has been built upon the grounds for the use of these children, and a school-master is employed; one-half the children at- tend in the morning and the other half in the aftei'noon. « No notice of this alms-house is complete, which does not make mention, however disagreeable it may be to do so, of the lack of privies of proper size and in sufficient number, properly ])laced. The result is, that the ground all around the buildings is offensive, both to the sight and to the smell, but the subjeci, is one vvhich will not bear more than a faint but unmistakable allusion to tiie actual state of the premises. There is but one term which will characterize the Cook county poor- house: it is an old rookery; and should bo turn down. It is a disgrace to the county and to the state and to every individual who is directly or indirectly responsible for its condition and management. The pres- ent buildings cannot be made decently habitable, and such as they are, they are in a wretched state of repair — floors giving away, plas- 16 — 226 teriii'^ f:illin«r, paint worti comiili'tcly off in spots — and it is impO!<- siVtli' to kec'j) them clean. JiiKune An(/lnin. — The insane i-rintendents of llospitals for the Insane. Like the almshouse, it is sal water urn, and one steamer. Everything in the kitchen is dirty. l'\)od is conveyed to the wards by a car, running on a track, through the basement, and dumb waiters fnun the basement to the wards. Tlic l.iiiiidiv is in \\\V('v rooms; the wash-room, with four cylindri- cal washing-machines, hans; the flrying-room, with stationary horses; and the ironing-room, with a small roiHii olf it for heating irons. The bakery is large, an6 :uiy purt'hase. nor to do any work not expreHsly authorized by the com- i;i!tlif. Thf committee do the uurchasinj; themselves. Neither one of the five persons named ean discharge the othei's; ancl the printed rules for their LToVfrumcnt do not clearly si-t forth their mutual relations and obliLTations. These rides are very (lefeciive in many imp much property all the power required to enable him to meet those responsibilities, including the power of choosing his «»wn subordinates, discharging all employes who fail to do their duty, and attending to the business uiayagi-nuMil of the establishment, including the pun'hases, the accounts, the stores, the premises and all else ))er- taining thereto. The state, for a series of years, tried the experiment of divided responsibility, and was forced, as the county of Cook will be forced sooner or latei' to do, to aban»lon it forever. With regard to the separation of the two establisluuents. this m.iy be said: As at present organized, no man living can tell, with any cer- 229 tainty, wliat proportion of the cost of maintaining the institution is chargeable to the asylum and what to the almshouse ; an expert in book-keeping could not do it, if he were to keep the books himself, except by adopting some purely arbitrary line of deinarcation ; it is therefore impossible to make any satisfactory or valuable comparisons between the expenses of this insane asylum with those of similar in- stitutions in this state or elsewhere. But the great objection to the association of the two is tliat they are essentially unlike ; an insane asylum is intended for a different class of unfortunates from those wlio constitute the great mass of our pauper po))ulation, and the evidence is aV)undant, at Jefferson, even to a casual visitor, that the insanity of of the insane is lost sight of, in the sense of their poverty — thej^ are regarded and treated as beggars, not as persons suifering fi'om disease of the brain, who appeal to our sympathy and compassion ; the asso- ciation is not only degrading to them, it is injurious. The same remark applies, mxtiitis mutandis^ to the heterogeneous assemblage of all poor people, whatever their history, antecedents, character or culture. At Jefferson, one sees, side by side with the loathsome victims of their own depravit}', persons once wealthy, with all the refinement induced by the highest associations, even in kings' palaces, who have by accident been overthrown, in a prosperous and honored career, without fault of their own. Surely it is a Avrong to place these classes on a dead level, and that the lowest level consist- ent with the existence of life itself. Humanity rebels against a sys- tem of charity so unfeeling and so unjust. One final remark, and we disniiss the subject. To the unfortunate, it matters little what motive induces neglect and ill treatment; it is the neglect itself which is complained of. Whether the money Avrung from the paupers at Jefferson goes into the pockets of a corrupt ring, as has been charged against a former administration of county affairs, or into the county treasury, as is claimed by the present administra- ti(m, can inake no difference, when the question is whether the paupers t)f Cook county are treated humanely or not. No res})ectable citizen, rich or poor, desires that any cruelty shall be practised in his name or for his benefit — and the diet and accommodations furnished at the county-house deserve no other name. For this result, as has been already said, we hold the system aiut not any individual to be respon- sible. We have not seen nor communicated with a single member of the advisory medical board, but we have not a doubt that every Avord said by us will receive their unanimous and hearty approval. County Tlospital. — The Cook county hospital, partly completed, is one of the best planned institutions of its class in tiie United States, and an honor to the city and county. The original design contem- plates the erection of six detached pavilions, connected by long cor- ridors, with French windows, swinging inward; these corridors are open in summer and moderately warmed by steam-coils in ^vinter. Each pavilion is three stories in height, witli an attic, and contains, on each story, in addition to a large, well-lighted, well-ventilated ward, a smaller ward and a suite of private rooms. In the main wards, a cylindrical air-shaft runs up through all the floors to the roof, and the foul-air registers, of which there is one between each two beds, lead to this shaft; the smoke and heated air from the gas jets arc also 230 onrrit'il off. Hcsidos the lini-.iir Hiu-s aiitl roi^istei's, there is a fire- place ill eaeh eunu'r. There are also marble wasli-hasins <>n the •nil- side o( the central air-shaft, in eaeh ward, with hot and cold water, 'i'he walls of the wards are painted. The entire arran^renient is i^ood and satisfactory. Two of these pavilions are completed ami in use. In another hiiildin^ is the amphitlieatre, which scats about six. hund- red jiersons; this is useiler, six steamers, a set of three large brass urns for hot water, tea and cotfee, a beef-tea boiler, soup-kettle and hot closet. In each pavilion there is also a special diet kitchen, and a small dining-room for convalescent patients. Crawford. — No I'ounty farm. Paupers arc kept on farm, twchr- miles northwest of Robinson, by a well-known and highly resjK'cted citizen, Mr. ^l. T. \'ance, who has the re])utation of being a good manager and prosperous farmer. Number of paupers, eighteen, of whom one, a woman, is insane, discharged from .Jacksonville. He fur- nishes everything, exce])t medicines, etc, and receives two (U)llars a week for each sane, and two ilollars and a half for ea«'li insane, pauper. The county ])hysician lives at Eaton. Out-door relief very limited: does not exceed thiee hundn.'d ANi). — I'ariii of three liuiidrccl and sixty at-rcs, three and a lialf miles northeast of Prairie City, all under cultivation except about twenty acres. 'I'he kei'per pays a rent of two dollars* and a half for each tillable acre, and receives one dollar and fiu'ty cents a week f«»r each paupi-r; the county furnishes nieons, in ditt'erent i)arts of the county, and are lea.se'i to the lowest biddei-s; most of them are with their relatives. The number of paupers main- tained is seven; the total expense on this account, in IH7s, was about twenty-three hunilred dollars. The county is small, but worthy of espe- cial praise for its morality, intelligence and thrift; settled originally by English emigrants, it is the wealthiest county, in proportion to its poj)ulation, in southern Illinois; there are no saloons at the county- seat, no prisoners in the jail, ancl the grand jury rarely has occasion to find an indictment, while tire taxes are less than in any other county of the state. Effin'Gham. — The old court-house at Ewington, the former coimty- seat, is now used as an almshouse; the county has no poor farm. This l)uilding, of brick, s«|uare, with a centre hall aivl eight rooms, four on each floor, is in a badly dilapidated state. Twenty-eight in- mates; no special provision for the insane. The keeper receives one dollar and thirty-six cents a week for each pauper, aiui su})plies every- thing exccpi furniture and medical attendance. The county physician is paid by the visit, not exceeding two huiulred dollars a year. The trovision for the insane. The general aj>pearance of the premises is dreary enough; but they have been much Imj^roved since our first visit. The keeper is paid four hundred dollars; all su)>plies furnished at the expense of the county. Large amount of outsi. — No county farm; ])aupcrs are leased to the h^west bidder and kept on a farm near East Ben is that of a villa, with a hi<;h tow(M-; but tlio u'orkmanshij) is inferior tin- walls liavinir s<-ttlf(l ha'Uy, aii«l iIk- |>laii is not eoiiveniejjt; the total niiniln'r of rooms is thirty. TIa* two sexes ilinc in one room, Imt not at tin- same time. Three rooms in the upper st«»ry have been |>re|taree('tion. tw.) of them dischar^^ed froni Jacksonville. The cost of niaintainini; this almshouse, in |n7>^, was about three thou.sand dollars; outside relief, tour liundred (lollars. The keei)er"'s i-nntraet extends to 1S8J; he was lirst employe. it (^>. K. R.; one hundred ;in for six thousand dollars, on the Carbondale road, five and a half miles east of Murphysboro. Keeper lives in two-story frame house, with seven rooms; the pauper-house is also frame, two stories in height, twenty -seven by fifty feet, with an "L" twenty feet square, and con- tains eighteen rooms, the two sexes occupying different floors; this house was built in 1875, for about twenty-five hundred dollars. There is al- so a pest-house, two hundred yards ofl^, vrith two rooms. No special provision for the insane. The keeper receives six hundred and fifty dollars a year, salary, and county meets all expenses. Jasi'Er. — No county farm. For over twenty years past the paupers have been kept by the same person, on his farm, fourteen miles north- west of Newton, the county seat. He is paid two dollars and a quar- ter a week for each; at present there are seven. This arrangement has proved so satisfactory that it is not proposed to change it; no com- plaint exists. Jefferson. — Three miles east of jVlt. Vernon, on Fairfield road; one hundred and sixty acres, timber laud, nearly all cleared and cultivated. There are two buildings; that occupied by the keejjer is a one-story 238 fraiii'.' house, five ruoins; the otluT is a story aiitl a half lojf cabin, with six rooms, for tht- ust- of the paupers. Sevi'iiteeii inmates, of whom seven uiMv fechU'-minded; three eliildren. One of the inmates, wlio is inofTensive (luring the day, and aUowed to wander at Mill, heeonies wiM and uninana>;eahle at nii^hl; he wakes from sh-ep in a paroxysm of fnrv, tears his own ehtthinir, and attacks those tiear him. This man was fiirinerlv kept in a state of nudity, un straw, in a j)en huilt expressly f«»r him; the onlv precaution ny soil-pipes; the fioor of the passage is, for some reason, fourteen inches higher than the cell-tloors; there is an attic over tlie cells, not used. One of the cells is daubed with filth ami retjuires fre(pu'nt cleaning; some of the patients are kept in almost continual seclusion. There were seven insane, three adult male idiots and twenty-one children in this almshouse, when inspected; a school is kept for tliese in the hou.se, during the winter season, and was taught one winter by a ]»auper inmate. The kee[)er receives a dollar and a half a week for each pauper; the county su])j)lies everything. The amount of out-door relief is large, but could not be ascertained by the visiting commis- sioner. Jo D.wtKss. — Two miles southi-ast of (ralena, (m the Hanover road; the site is «'levate^lit cells, about -eight I'eet square, four on each sidn' of a hall running through the centre; studding partitions; plank doors, fastened by wooden bars on outside; openings in cell-walls for observation and fo- passing in food and water; heated by a furnace in basement; iron bars at windows; no bedsteads except in one cell — patients slee]) on straw-ticks, on the floor; privy-seat in each cell, discharging into a metal trough or ]>ipe, which is washed out by hand, and empties into a vault below. Nine insane, when inspected, of whom one has not stood on her feet for thrte years, on account of rluMimatisin, and another has chorea; six of them have been discharged from our state hospitals. The present keeper lias held his place for eleven years; he receives a salary of six hundred dollars, and ]iays for all needed liired help; all sup])lics are furnished by the county. JoHNsox.— One hundred and twenty acres, bought in 1870, for one thousand dollars; four miles northwest of Vienua, on the Marion road. Keeper lives in a one-story frame house, with three ro<)ms; the female paupers occupy a double log cabin, with enclosed porch between the two rooms; there is another log cal)in, with one rooni for male paupers. In one corner of the latter a little pen, four by six feet, has been built up with wooden slats, in which an epileptic idiot is at times con- fined; no special provision for the insane. Eleven inmates when inspected; they a})peared to be comfortable and contented. The premises were reasonably well cared for,, but might be cleaner, and the beds and bedding of better quality. The keeper pays one hundred and ten dollars rent for the farm, and receives a dollar and seventy-five cents a week for each pauper; he furnishes everything' except medicines and medical treatment. Kank. — Two miles southeast of Geneva, on the road from Batavia to Turner Junction. Farm contains one hundred and ninety-seven acres, of which forty are woodland. The almshouse is built of stone and is fifty by seventy-four feet, three stories in height and a basement, with a two-story addition in the rear, nineteen by thirty feet; it con- tains in all forty-eight rooms, of which the keeper occu])ics seven; this building, erected in 1872, c'>st twenty -five thousand dollars, and will accommodate about one hundred inmates; the addition, in 1875, cost three thousand. There is also a story and a half frame house, with six rooms, and stairs on the outside, which was formerly the keei)er's residence, but is now nsed as a pest-house. Three rooms in ihe fii-st story of the main building have been speciallly fitted up for the care of insane paui)ers; they are simply stone cells, like those in county jails, seven by ten feet, with iron grated doors and fiat cross-barred gratings across the windows; one of them has no window; these cells open into a corridor, and form an apology for a hospital ward. This county has never treated its insane well; two of the present inmates, who are insane, have been shut up for seventeen years; one was kept for many years in chains; they are not ])roperly cared for in respect of cleanliness; and of seventeen inmates, the number present wdien inspected, (all of them dis- charged from our state hospitals), six were in seclusion; the rest wander at their own pleasure. There were also nine children in this alms- house, under nine years of age. The buildings are in good repair, clean, and well-furnished; the beds and bedding comfortable; and the paupers well cared for, except the insane. The keeper has acted in 240 that capn<'ity since 1^71; he receives one thousand dollars a year for the services'. )f himself and wite. The outside relief granted in this counlv is very larije: at a late meetinj^ of the board of sujiervisors, there were six hundred and forty-one persons aidt'ied hei' position, for which she has j)ei'uliar qualitications, since the year IMIT; the salary jiaid her is eight humlred dollars; the almshouse is maintained at the expense of the county treasury. Lake. — An irregularly shape: it is of brick, two stories and a basement; an **!/' was added, on the north end, in 18'. 8; the house contains in all twenty-two rooms; the sexes have a common dining-room and a common sitting-ro<,>m; the average number of inmates is about thirty-live. The insane depart- ment is a one-story building, in the shape t>f the letter "L," containing twelve cells, with brick ))arlitions; oak, cross-barred lattice doors; tran- soms above, barred with oak slats; iron bars on windows; piece of st«.»ve- pipe through the wall, over each window, for ventilation; no privy- 241 seats; some, of the patients sleep on liay, on the floor; one insane man has his feet shackled; the male and female insane are not separated; seven insane in seclusion, when inspected; eleven insane inmates in almshouse, of whom seven have been discharged from state hospitals. The keeper's salary is five hundred and fifty dollars; everything fur- nished by the county. The poor-house is sustained by appropriations, which are suject to the order of the chairman of the committee on paupers. In 1877, the almshouse cost about twenty-three hundred dol- lars, for support; the outside relief granted is larger in amount; there are some thirty families in Waukegan, who receive aid from the coun- ty treasury, and about twenty-five in other portions of the county. LaSalle. — The largest almshouse in the state, (outside of ('ook county), and one of the best. The farm, containing one hundred and ten acres of bottom-land, lies three miles west of OttaM^a, on the road to Utica; it was bought in 1875, and cost seven thousand one hun- dred and fifty dollars. The building cost forty-five thousand dollars. It is a two-story brick house, with a basement, heated by steam, and supplied with water over the whole house by an artesian well, which flows into a tank in the attic; it is also lighted by gas, manufactured on the premises. The design may be described as a truncated Greek cross in the centre, and two transverse wings at the extremities of the opposite arms of the cross. The extreme length of the building is one hundred and ninety feet; the length of wings about one hundred and twenty; the number of rooms is one hundred and sixty-four, of which ten are for the keepei-'s use. The basement contains the kitchen, dining-rooms and laundry; the engine-house is in the rear, at a dis- tance of about sixty feet. The two sexes occupy different wings, and are separated even at meals; they have separate sitting-rooms. Forty- eight cells for insane inmates have been provided, twenty-four in each wing; the rear portion of each wing is devoted to this purpose; there are 1;herefore four distinct wards, two for each sex, each containing twelve cells, in two rows, with corridor in centre and day-room at one end. These cells are about six by nine feet; studding partitions; ])lank doors, locked with padlocks; iron bars and wire screens at windows; iron bedsteads; no privy-seats in cells, but a water-closet and also a lavatory in each ward; every cell ventilated by register. This depart- ment is clean and well kept. The entire establishment, in all its parts, is organized and managed very much like a state institution, and re- flects the highest credit upon the county — but hardly suftieient to take off the curse of the LaSalle county jail. When inspected, there were one hundred and twenty-two inmates, of whom thirty-one were insane, and twelve were children under thirteen years of age. All expenses are met by the county; the keeper's salary is eight hundred dollars, which includes the services of his mother. The amount of outside re- lief, in 1878, was aboixt fifty-five hundred dollars. Lawrexce. — Farm of eighty acres, four miles west of Lawrence- ville, on Olney road. There are two frame buildings, of which the principal is only one story in height, contains ten rooms, and is occu- pied by the keeper and the male paupers; the other, for female paupers, is two stories, with two rooms on each floor. One room has been prepared for the care of the insane, by placing an iron grating over the window and cutting through the wall to allow the insertion of a second 17— 242 gratins:;, opposite the stove in the adjoinins; apartment; this cell has little lii^ht or air ami is placed as the eonucriini; link between the two houses, 'riu-re is no plan or arraiii^finent about this establishment; the beds, and bi'ddinif were scanty and dirty. Thirteen inmates; live i>f them chililren under eijzht years of aj;e, three idiots, two paralytics. The keeper has the farm riMil free, and receives one dollar and eij;hty- two cents a week for each pauper; the ctumty provides furniture and medical treatment. The amount of outdoor relief exceeds the cost of njaintainin<,' the poor-house. Lee. — Compared with the other alms-houses in the >aiiie ^e^•^loll oi the state, or with the county jail of Lee county, the almshouse in this county is decidedly below aupers crowI 'ixty acres, four mik's southwest of Pontiac, on the C. & A. K. R. three frame bjild- ings. The main building, two stories, thirty-six by fi rty-four feet, contains eighteen rooms, of which the keeper occupies seven. The second building, about thirty-six feet sijuare, contains a hall, sitting- room and six bed-rooms. The insane de|)artment, shaped like the let- ter "T" (the front twenty-four by forty-seven feet, the rear sixteen by thirty-five), is one story in heiglit, and is divided as follows: At the north end of the front part are four cells for women, about eight feet square, two on each side of the hall running through the centre; at the south end are four similar cells for men: there are two other cells on the north side of a se(u)nd hall crossing the first at right angles; in the rear are a dining-room, kitclien and pantry. The jiarti- tions between cells are of studding, ceiled with piank; ih>ors of plank, double: aperture in wall of each cell, for passing food; the windows are narrow slits, nine inches wide, protected by iron bars, heated by a furnace; iron beilsteads; no privy-seats. When inspected there were eleven insane inmates, four of them discharged from Elgin anartitions, cro.ss-barred iron doors, locked by padlocks, and wooden ])ars across the windows, nailed on the inside of the lower half of the sash; the cells are arranged in a double block; back to back, with a corridor, three feet wide, on three sides; they are heated by a stove in the hall, and in winter the patient,s must suffer from cold; no bedsteads, but loose straw, without ticks, on the floor; vi-ntilation has been attempted by grated openings in the walls, but there is no current of air; no privy seats, except one in the yard, not protected from the weather and with no vault — the hogs act as scavengers. This department is simply disgraceful; the in.sane are treated as if they were animals and not men. There are two yards, for the two sexes, separated by a high board fence. The out-builes not occupy as high a relative j)osition among other institutions of its class, as the county jail. The county farm, if it can l)e called a farm, contains only twen- ty-five acres, of broken timber land, cleared, in the outskirts of the town of Edwardsville, about three-<)uarters of a mile south of the court- house. Twelve acres are cultivated as a garden and the <»rehar the flddr; privy-seats, opening into iii'>v:iltlf boxes <»r tlniwers iitiiK-riiOatli, wliieh can be «lra\vn out from tlif oiitsiile. Seventeen inmates, of whom six were insane, five of them clisch:iri;eors; iron bars at windows; heated by stove in hall; wooden bedsteads; no privy-seats. The jirolKible cost was es- timated at seven hundred dollars. When visited, there were on this farm, besides other paupers, nine children under fifteen years of age, two insane and three idiots. An insane woman occupied a room in the wash-house; she tears her clothes from her person and has been in close confinement for five years. An insane man, eiglity years of age, also cuts his clothes to pieces, but is allowed to go at large; he often has to be dressed two or three times a day. The children at- tend the district-schoi»l in the neighborhood, one-tenth of the cost t»f the school being |)aile, be- lieving it cheaper in the end. The supervisors evpect to build a new j)i>or-house in isT'.i. Massac — -Two miles south of .Metropolis, on the \ icnna road; one Innxlred and nineteen acres, purchased in IsTo, for t wi-nty-tive hundred dollars; fifty-nine acres cleared, the rest limber. .\ one-stiU'v log-house, with frame additions on the north and south; six rooms in all; neatly kept, with clean beds :iiid bnlding, and the paupers well cared for; no special |»rovision for the insane. There were only three inmates, of whom oni' was an idiot. The ki'cpcr receives spventy-fivu cents a 24V week for each inmate, the county furnishing clothing and merlical at- tendance; he has the farm free of rent. Tiie total pauper expense, in- cluding out-door relief is about two thousand dollars a year. .McDoxocGH. — Five miles north of Micomb, and one mile east of "the ]\ronmouth road; good farm, of one hundred and sixty acres; county furnishes plows, harrows and a corn-cutter; all other implements, also teams and labor, are furnished by the keeper. One two-story frame house without basement or cellar, containing twenty-five rooms, of which the keeper 0(.'cui)ies four; sitting-room for men, women sit in the kitchen, and the two sepces dine together; no special provision for the insane. This house is badly planned, and greatly out of repair; the inmates are dirty. Twenty-nine inmates, when inspected, of whom five were insane; four of them discharged from state hospitals; one is violent at times, and when excited he is seated in a chair and hand-cuffed, with his arms around a post; one room has been fitted up for the insane, but it is of insufficient strength; one insane man has two perfectly healthy children, under .seven years of age, with him in the poor-house. The keeper is paid one thousand dollars a year, and furnishes his own apartments; all other necessaries are supplied by the county. The county supports all paupers, except in the towns of Bushnell and Macomb, from which it collects one-half the cost of maintenance. Cost of county-farm, yearly, about six thousand dollars; the cost of out-door relief exceeds this sura. Five physicians are em- ployed by this county — one for the almshouse, one for the jail, and three for certain townships, in addition to which the town of Macomb employs a sixth. McHexry. — Each town supports its own poor; no county farm. McLean. — Four miles south of Bloomington, on the Clinton road; farm of two hundred and twenty acres, prairie, bought in IStiO, for fifty-five hundred dollars; vegetable garden, orchard and burial ground. Four buildings: the first, a two-story frame house, used by the keeper for a residence — it contains four rooms, and an addition in the rear, for a kitchen; the second, for female paupers, is a two-story frame, about twenty-four by forty-four feet, of which the lower story is a single room, used as a dining-room, and the story above is divided by a partition into two associated dormitories; the third is like the second, and is for male paupers, but is not now in use — the lower floor has been converted into a carpenter-shop; the fourth, new, of brick, is the insane department and infirmary. It was erected in 1878, and cost, for building, nine thousand dollars, and for furniture and improve- ments, such as furnaces, watei'-works, etc., eight thousand, making the total cost sev'enteen thousand dollars. The county designs the erection of three other buildings, similar to this, at an early day, when it will have a very complete establishment. The infrniary buildijig contains twenty-four rooms fitted up for insane occupants, twelve for each sex, upon different floors; these rooms have iron grated doors and wire screens over the windows; they are heated by furnaces in the base- ment, there being two furnace-rooms, one at each end of the building; iron bedsteads, fastened to the floor, with wire mattresses; privy-seat in each cell, opening into sewer, and flushed with water from a tank in the attic, supplied by a wind-pump on the outside. The condition of this department is good; several of the inmates have filthy habits. 248 l.iit tlieir cells are clean. The house is well supplietl with Imth-rooms, lavatories, and water-c-lost-ts. Seventy-f«»ur inmates, when inspeeled, of whom twenty-two were irtsane and twelve feehle-minded; they are well fed, cmfnitahly clothed and in all respi-cts kindly treated. The pres- ent kef|»i'r has been in ofhce f«tr eitrht years; his salary is one thons- anement, with a frame "L" one story and a half; the keeper occu]>ies the lat- ter, the main buildint; is occu]»ied by the ])aupers, whose average number is about thirty; np strict separation of sexes; whole number of rooms, seventeen. A*^ room in each story has been prejiared for the care of insane paupers, with iron gratings at the wiiuhsws, but they are not heated; a wooden cage for insane has also been bulk in a corner of each of two rooms used as sitting-rooms. Four rooms onlv, in this almshouse, are heated in winter; the appearance of the premises is neat, but extremely bare, the furniture cheap and the wood-work in- f«'rior. The keei)er receives six hundred dollars; all su|)j)lies furnished bv the county. The annual cost of maintaining the almshouse is about two thousand dollars, and of out-door relief about twenty-tive hundred. When inspected, there were si.x insane, of whom four had been dis- charged from Jacksonville; five adult idiots; and four children under ten years of age, of whom all were illegitimate, and the mother ^A' one of them was in the penitentiary, at .loliet. Two of the paupers piesent had resided on the county tariii continuously For nineteen years. MoNKoB. — The Monroe county almshouse is situated in the town of Waterloo, the county seat. 'I'he amount of ground is only one acre, aner kept l>y him; the numbi-r of paupers was nine, when visited; the count v supplies nothing, exci'pt medical treatment. 249 Montgomery. — Two miles south of Hillsboro, on the Greenville road. The present farm was boui^ht in 1874, for about six thousand dollars; it contains one hundred and seventy-two acres, all prairie. The almshouse is a frame buildinti, two stories high, thirty-six feet square; in the rear is a kitchen, with sleeping-rooms above; the two are joined by a one-story connexion; the total number of rooms is twenty-four, of which the keeper occupies three. The insane depart- ment is of brick, twenty-four feet square, one-story, and contains eight cells, four on each side of a hall running through the centre; these cells are composed of wooden slats, an inch and a half thick, at right angles to each other, forming a lattice-work; slat-doors, with padlocks; the windows are not protected; wooden bedsteads, movable; the cells are heated by a stove in the hall; no-privy seats. The insane depart- ment, or "jail," as the keeper calls it, is surrounded by a large yard. Three insane inmates, when inspected, all of whom have been dis- charged from our state hospitals; one of them, who is at times boiste- rous and tears her clothing, was locked up. Keeper's salary four hundred and eighty dollars; all ex-penses paid by county. Outside relief is granted, but paupers are sent to the poor-house whenever practicable. MoRGAX. — Four miles from Jacksonville, on the road to Arenzville; two hundred acres cleared woodland, bought in 18(36, for thirteen thousand dollars. The present keeper, a German, has retained his position for six years past, and discharges its duties with great effi- ciency; his salary is twelve hundred dollars a year; all expenses paid by the county. The premises are neatly kept, well furnished, in ex- cellent repair, the paupers kindly treated, the discipline good, and the general impression made upon a visitor is very favorable, although the house itself is not so well planned as some others. Great attention is paid to the vegetable garden, which contains twenty-five acres; and by the labor of the paupers themselves, under competent direction, and stimulated by gifts of tobacco, in small (juantities, enough fruit and vegetables are raised not only for summer, but for winter consumption by the entire house. A great deal of fruit is canned and the paupei's have the benefit of it. The almshouse consists of a main edifice, about fifty feet square, two stories, with basement five and a half feet above ground, and an "L" in the rear; it is well built, with pressed brick face, stone water-table, caps and sills, circular window heads, and a heavy wooden cornice. On the outside are several good .out- buildings, namely, a brick wash-huuse and smoke-house, twenty by thirty and two stories high, a brick bath-house, twenty feet s(]uare, a brick laundry, eighteen by thirty, and a frame milk-house. The provision made for the insane is in the "L"; -there are sixty-seven cells, nine by twelve feet; brick partitions; the doors are some of them of wood and others are cross-barred iron gratings; iron bars at the windows; no privy-seats; iron bedsteads, not fastened to the floor; ventilated by openings in cell walls near the floor; heated by furnaces in the base- ment; an enclosed yard is used as an airing-court; this department is perfectly clean, and the insane confined here have personal attendants. There were thirty-five insane inmates, when inspected, of whom twenty-one have been discharged from the state hospital; one insane woman is kept constantly in seclusion, in a strait-jacket. Outside re- lief is confined largely to the aged poor. There is in this county a jjrivate orphan asylum, at Jacksonville. 250 Moi'i.TRii:. — Two ami oiio-half miles west of Sullivan; farm of two luimlied acres, of whieli forty are tiiuher laiul — the rest all uiitler cul- tivation: it is a tine boily of land. The keeper lives in a story-and-a- half frame house, ohl, containinj^ six rooms; the hiiildini; f'»r paupers is also frame, one story in heiijht, tifty-two feet lonij, witii "L" thirty-two fei't, and contains eiijht rooms; no special provision for the insane, except that an insane woman, who occuj)ies one room, has ha'(0, and is in good condition' both as to cleanliness and repair. Tliere are tour iron cells in the basement, for the confinement of refractory inmates. On each floor, in each wing, are tiv(^ cells for the insane, or twenty cells in all. 'i'hese cells are six by thirteen feet; brick partitions: plank doors, with ir(jn gratings, some of them secured by a wooden cross-bar on outsidi', and they have openings for pas^ing food; iron bars at win- dt»ws; iron bi-tlsteads, movalile; no privy-seats. There is an enclosed vanl, used as an airing-court. Sixty-two insane inmates, when visited, of whom forty-live iiave bei'U discharged from state hospitals; s(»me of them were nakt'd, some have been in a stale of seclusion for a long time; the county contcmplatt's erecting an insane (U'partinent. The keeper receives lifteen hundred dollars a year. I'verything furnished by 251 the county- Tho county physician's salary is one thousand dollars. About four hundred cases of out-door relief. The city of Pectria main- tains a hospital for the sick. Perry. — One mile south of Pinckneyville, on the road to Murphys- boro; farm of nearly one hundred acres, cleared woodland, half of it in cultivation. Two-story brick building, thirty by fifty feet, with "L" twenty by thirty-six; twenty rooms; cellar under the rear addi- tion; no special provision for the insane; twelve inmates, none of them insane, but three children under twelve years of age, two of them with their mother. This is one of the best conducted almshouses in Southern Illinois; the county supplies every thing required and pays the keeper three hundred and fifty dollars a year. Piatt. — Three miles west of Monticello, on the Decatur road; farm of nearly three hundred acres, about sixty of it timber land; six acres in garden and three in orchard. The almshouse proper, of brick, with two stores and a basement, contains eighteen rooms, six on each floor; it cost fifty-five hundred dollars, is well furnished, in good order, clean and comfortable, but larger than necessary — there being only eight paupers, when visited, of whom five were feeble-minded, two in- sane, and one has an injured back. One of the insane, a woman, has been in seclusion for seven years; she tears her clothes, goes about in a nnde state and is very filthy in her habits. The insane departmeiit is a log-house, fourteen by twenty four feet, with two rooms; inside ceiled with undressed lumber; each cell has a closet; no con-idor; opening^ in doors for passing in food; windows a foot and a half by four feet, protected by iron bars; wooden bedsteads, movable; no privy-seats, but an opening in the floor leads to a sewer underneath; heated bj- a stove in one of the cells; on the outside is a yard, forty by fifty feet, enclosed as an airing-court. Keeper's salary, five hun- dred dollars; all supplies furnished by county. Outside relief abont twelve hundred dollars. Pike. — Three miles southwest of Pittsfield; forty acres, prairie; the stock and implements belong to the keeper, who has the use of the farm, and is paid two dollars a week for each pauper; all supplies are furnished by the county. The almshouse is large, containing thirty- six rooms, and is partly of brick, partly of frame; the sexes separated. The insane department is a one-story frame building, sixteen by twen- ty-five feet, with four cells, two on each side of a hall running through the centre; doors of plank, Avith iron bars across upper half, and aper- ture, with hinged shutter, for passing food, near the bottom of each door; heated by stove in hall; two of the cells have wire screens at windows; iron bedsteads, with woven wire mattresses; privy-seat in one cell; partitions of two-inch studding, nailed together and painted. Fifteen insane inmates, six of them discharged from Jacksonville; five of them sleep in cells, the rest with other paupers; two, who are epi- leptic, are usually in seclusion; there is an enclosed airing-court. This county requires all paupers to go to the county-farm, unless their at- tending physician certifies under oath that the condition of their health is such as to render it impossible or dangerous. Pope. — No county farm; nearly all the paupers are kept on the farm of H. M. Craig, two and a half miles south of Golconda, who is paid 252 ten .I'llhirs a iiKnitli f<>r f:r-li person kf]it liy him, ami lie is required to furnish everytiiinu'- Tuelve inmates, when visitems; huilt same year, for twelve hundred dollars; no s]ieeial provision for the insane; eleven inmates, of wlu)m one was insane and one feelile-minded. The keeper contracts to supply everythinu; reunty and few pau- pers; the almsh()use is Ljeiierally ein|)ty. The county-farm, three miles north east of Hennepin, on the (iranxilie road, c(»ntains thirty-one acres, and was liought in isiio, for fifteen humlred dollars. There is a common farm house upon the place, a story and a half in height, with eight rooms, six of them on the lower floor. One of these rooms has ail aperture in the dtn; for pissing fo^)d, and an opening in the wall, next the stove in the adjoining room, for the admission of heat; there are hars across the windows, hut the partitions are light, of sttulding, lathed and plastered, and would not hold a determined ma- niac for three minutes Randolimi. — One hundred and sixty acres of cleared land and twenty of timber, two and a half miles north east of Chester; three buildings, all one-storv. The house occujiied by the keeper and by male pau- j)ers contains eleven rooms, the house for female paupers three, and the insane de|)artfnent two; the latter is used for store-rooms; it is of brick, with iron cross-bars on the outside of the doors, and iron bars at the windows; not heated. Forty paupers, of whom seven were feeble- minded, tAo insane, and six were children under nine years old, three of them illegitimate. The county furnishes everything and pays the k».eper live hundred dollars a year. Premises in good order. A tight fence seven feet high surnuinds the yard. Outside relief,- in ISTS, twenty-Hve hundred dollars. KiciiiwVXi). — Four miles east of Olney, on the N'incennes road; one hundred and sixty-seven acres, timber and cleared land; two houses, one a log cabin with one room, occu]iied in common by paupers of both sexes, and the other a story-and-a-half franu', with eight rooms, occupied by the keeper and a i)ortion of the female paupers; no spe- cial |)rovision for the insane. Six pauper inmates, of whnin one was insane and two feeble-minded; the insane woman has her child with her. The rei)Utation of this poor-house has been very bad, on account of the relation of the sexes, but it has changed hands, ami an improve- ment is looked for. The kei'pt'r undertakes to receive and care for all paupers sent him for one year, for twelve hundred dollars; he sup- idies eNcrytliing except medical care, and iias the use of the farm, free of rent. Koi'K IsiANK. — Two miles southwest of Coal \'alley. on the I', and K, 1. K. K., lifteen miles from Kock Island; one hundred aiid st'vi'uty- seven acres, prairii'. The main itiiilding, erecteil in isii!, thirty-six S53 by sixty feet, and two stories in height, with basement and attic, con- tains twenty-five rooms, all occupied by paupers; this house is of wood and cost thirty-five hundred dollars. The keeper's residence was built in 1873, for three thousand dollars; it is a two-story frame, with nine rooms. The insane department, built in 187(), cost over five thousand dollars; it is fifty-two feet long and twenty-six feet wide, two stories in height, with a high brick basement underneath; it contains twenty- four cells, twelve in each story; the lower story arranged in two blocks of six cells each, back to back, with corridor next outer wall; in the upper story, the cells are on each side of a corridor in the centre. The partitions between cells are of plank; the front wall next the cor- ridor is of upright wooden bars, two and a half inches square, and the doors the same; doors fastened by padlocks and iron cross-bars on outside; apertures for passing food, in the cell walls; windows guard- ed by iron bars; wooden bunks, built solid in the cells, on lower floor; iron bedsteads, movable, on floor above; privy-seats in all cells, flushed with water from tank in attic, supplied by wind pump and force- pumps; the building heated by a furnace in basement. The impres- sion made by a visit to this establishment is painful in the extreme; the ventilation is bad, the separation of the sexes imperfect, the odors foul; and of twenty-seven insane inmates, when inspected, nearly twenty are kept in permanent seclusion, while the rest have only the freedom of the airing-courts, of which there is one for each sex. Nine children, under twelve years. The total number of paupers present was about one hundred, and they were overcrowded, from three to five sleeping in one small room. It is injustice to the keeper to expect good results, with the means placed at his command. The keeper's salary is one thousand dollars; everything found by the coun- ty. The amount of out-door relief granted is large. Saline. — Two miles south of Harrisburg; one hundred and seventy acres, cleared land and timber; two-story brick house, thirty by thirty- two feet, with basement; twelve rooms; built in 1877, for thirty three hundred dollars; no special provision for the insane. Fonrteen in mates* three of them feeble-minded, and four children under eight years old. Premises clean and in good order; inmates comfortable. The keeper is paid one hundred dollars a j-ear for each pauper; he supplies every- thing except furniture, beds and bedding, and has the farm rent free. Sangamon. — Two miles east of Buffalo, on the Wabash railway; three hundred and seventy-eight acres, bought in 1870, for nineteen thousand dollars; all prairie and of first-rate quality; it is nearly all in grass and eighty acres of it rented out. The building erected upon this farm cost seventy thousand dollars; it stapds on the summit of a beautiful rise of ground, about half a mile south of the railroad, com- manding an extensive view. The outside appearance is imposing, and the rooms too large — the ceilings are sixteen feet high; it was origi- nally heated by furnaces, but furnaces could not do the work, and it is now heated by stoves. The number of rooms is si'kty-six; the sexes occupy opposite wings, and dine separately; the liouse is neatly kept, but scantily furnished. Twelve cells have been provided for the insane — six in each wing; partitions and doors, of scantling; doors secured by iron cross-bar on the outside, aperture for passing food in the wall of each cell; iron bars at windows; heated 554 bv a rttove, pljiced in tlie hall; movable bedsteads; jio privy-seats; en closed airiiitj-eoiirt for each sex. Sixty-six inmates, when inspected, of whom twentv-foiir were insane, two of tluMu in serluiiioii; twelve of them disehai'u'ed patients from Jacksonville; one insane inmate has been in the <-ouiity for twenty two years. The keeper's salary is five hiindreil d<»llars a year, and the county supplies everythin<;. 'IMie poor- farm costs the couiitv about twenty-tive hundred dnllars a year: the ammmt of out-door relief irranted is lari^e. Sr seven thousand three hundred and liftv dollar>. The main buildin*; is of br ck, two stories and a base- ment, and one-hundreil and twenty-two feet long, it contains forty- two rooms The whole of the upper story is occupied by female pau- pers; the male jiaupers and keeper are on the lower tloor: separate dinini;- rooms for the two sexes. Forty-one paupers, of whom ti\e were insane anauperism j)ermanent. Scott. — Two miles west of Winchester; eighty acres, bought in 1847, for eight huner is required to furnish everything and to pay four hundred dollars rent for the farm, while he ' is allowed for keeping paui)ers only twenty cents a day for adults and fom-teen cents for children under ten years old; this compensation is shamefully iiuidequate. The county grants con- siderable out-door relief. SiiKr.HY. — Four miles southwest of Slielbyville: two liundred and forty acres, bought, in IsiiT, for nine thousand and sixty doll.irs. The maiii building, thirty-two by sixty feet, with one room projecting, in the centre, from the front, is of brick, two stories and bas«'ment, and contains twenty-one rooms; at a distance (e. On the south sitle of the liall are the twi> main wards, one on each Hctor, twenty feet wide and nearly forty-five feet long, lightene connects Ihe almshouse with the county clerk's offici'. The cost of out-door re- lief is large, amounting to about seventy-five hundred dollars annually. The proximity of St. Clair county to the city of St. T^ouis increases its pauper expenditure roper is a stone buililing. thiriy-six by eighty feet, two stories, with cellar under the whole liouse. and contains twenty-five rooms; it is old, somewhat dilap- iilated, and the walls have cracked on accoiint of the poor foundatitm. 'i'he insaru' de]»artment. of brick, one story in height, has ten cells, earty feet, not plastered on the inside, but ceiled with lumber, and contains twenty-one cells, about si.\ by eight feet, with lu-avy open slat doors of oak timber; these doors lift off their hinges, and are fastened by two padlocks, one at the toj* and one at the bottom; apertures for 261 passing food, near the bottom. The windows in the lower story are protected by a light wire screen. Each cell contains a privy-seat, with galvanized iron pipe leading to sewer below; flushed with water; but the sewerage and ventilation are not good, and a foul stench pervades the house. An attempt has been made at ventilation, by the intro duction of wooden flues into the partition walls between the cells, emptying above into the attic, but as no artificial current has be.-n or can be created in tnem, they are of little real service. The depart- ment is imperfectly heated by a stove in the hall running through the centre, on each floor. Water is supplied from a reservoir in a wooden tower outside, filled by a wind-pump, and a bath-room has been fitted up in the northwest corner of the lower story. There were fifteen insane inmates, when inspected, of whom thirteen were in seclusion; of these, one had been confined for one year, three for six years, two for thirteen years, one for seventeen years, and one for nineteen years. This is unnecessary and censurable cruelty. The best building on the premises is the hospital, which is very neat and comfortable. This almshouse is well kept, and well furnished with conveniences, such as a wood-shed, potato-cellar, milk-cellar, bake-oven, washing-machine, wringers, churns, etc. The keeper's salary is seven hundred dollars; all just and proper bills are paid by the county. Woodford. — Three miles southeast of Metamora; two hundred and forty acrtis, bought in 1867, for ten thousand dollars. The almshouse, of brick (with stone trimmings), forty by sixty feet, two stories and a basement, contains twenty-five rooms; the male paupers sleep in the attic, and the female paupers on the second floor; they have separate dining-rooms; this house is conveniently arranged and comfort- able, it was built in 1807. The insane department, erected in 1877, is also a two-story brick, and contains twelve cells, eight of which are on the lower floor; brick partitions below and hard wood above; plank doors, with aperture in centre; iron bars and wire screens on windows; heated by stoves in the halls; water closet on each floor. Five insane inmates, of whom some have been in confinement for a long time and one is naked. There is an airing court for their use. There are also nine pauper children on the county farm. The keeper's salary is one thousand dollars. 262 Table, nhoinnff aize and capacity of Ahnshouses in Jlh'nois, and num- ber X When punh'd O 3 OB 3 P* S-x ^ * S s" o 2 3 cs. - 3: 1 3) < "5 - '■ 3 7 97 12 16 5! S 3 •3i • : d; " X . ^ : a ; 1 8 4 2 > : i ■ £. Adams 1 1901 IRA? 1 $5,000 **A 000 66 18 12 24 T 16 4 5 1 5 1 2 50J 1 6 4 28 1 t 17 1 8 • 7 9 17 26 11 31 5 11 7 8 34 1 6 2 9 4 1 2 2 1 2 3 4 3 6 3 8 150 5 8 ■3" ■ 'ii 10 2 10 •> Alexander Bond ■!? 1853 1876 600 595 Diione Rrown 107 240 :mo 160 180 Vi 160 "1855 18.-.0 1856 1866 1870 18 72 8 25 ■31 14 19 19 27 ■"■ 56 ....... 30 9 26 18 18 33 1,300 18 38 22 11 32 7 Bureau Calhoun Carroll "2,500 10,000 6x 1 1 Caas "2. 100 6.400 " 1.460 4,700 Champaign 24 5 I 3 5 "s 1 4 4 Christian Clark <^lay Clinton Coles 147 160 316 160 1868 1858 1868 2.250 1.000 "k Cook Crawford {-iiMiberland 360 120 200 160 No 1,525 10 45 a5 24 32 DoKHlb 1853 1870 1871 alms 10 I 4 "■ 2 14 1 5 6 I 2 9 8 6 5 ""21 5 9 17 1 12 5 2 1 ■■■■\f 2 3 2 9 •2 1 H ■"h 5 1 5 2 5 '3' ■■5" 3 '4 4 I)c-\Vitt Douglas 9,500 6,400 house. 1.250 2,000 DuHage Eflgnr 142 E<1 wards No alms house. Effingham Fayette Ford 120 1,.550 Franklin Fulton Gallatin isol 1861 60 1854 1.200 2.200 "26,066 i2 48 11 59 8 i3 26 8 11 34 "7 17 ii 30 122 13 19 25 38 80 11 17 8 1 4 Greene 156' 1870 IKO 1862 30 12 6 42 7 14 a5 25 27 Grundj- 880 1 a** 2 5 24 '4' 3 IH "3" ik" 1 Hamilton 160 160 4 4 Hanfofk 1855 2,666 2,400 2,700 7,000 ■ 's'soo 50.000 5,;joo 2,4ftt Hardin ?20 1871 Henderson Henry 160 160 230 1855 14 14 Iroquois 1&57 3,i66 6,440 Jaekson Jasper 161 1872 1' Jefferson \m 18. 3 •a n Q" 2! 2! 2! 2! > > > Counties. o -1 X 03 3 3 o. of p pers wh visited . . p o a aw 5' a; ^ on a__ ; 3 H 3- -. "^-o? 3 : » p 3 D- p : o • 1 Cj " T. re ^ "1 • "1 • » "^ _! !_ ' ' McDonough . .NfcHenry McLean Menard Mercer Monroe Montgomery. Morgan Moultrie Ogle Peoria Perrv Piatt Pike Pope Pulaski Putnam Kandolpb Richland Ruck Island. Saline Sangamon. .. Schuyler Scott Shelby Stark St. Clair Stephenson. . Tazewell Union Vernii ion. .. Wabash Warren Washington . Wavne White Whiteside Will Williamson . . Winnebago . . Woodford 160 No 220 130 220 1 172 200 200 .50 2W 96 293 40 alms house. 1860, §5,500 817,000 1.700 185' 18.50: 1863i 1874! 1866 1864! 1878 1848 1865 1866 1.200 6,020 13,000 5,800 80 31 180 167 177 170 378 310 80 240 160 40 188 208 120 187 83 130 80 320 80 106 80 80 80 240 1870 1869 1866 1869 1860 1863 1870 1855 1847 1867 1868 18441 L650 4.116 1,2.50, L500| 5,000 . 4,900 . 1,200 6. .500 3,300 70.000 1,403 19.000 7,-3.50 875 8, 000 4,769 16,000 9,060 6,000 450 18701 1870 1866 i 1876 18601 1868, 18681 1S67J 1869 18501 1860 . 1853 . 18671 14,000 1,400 10, 000 2,500 3,::J60 3,000 4.000 599 4,240 1,300 10,000 9,500 12 48 29; 74 10 12 "is 11 1 40 95 14 66 41 23 45 109 46 11 17 33 30 7 3 29 2;^ 11 12 16 9 27 51 44 9 12 a5 37 2'4 2 H. 6 %. 1(1 1 9 4 2 H 11 12 6 V?. 8 6 1 3 3 ^ 3 1 11 1 9 I 4 2 1 Vt 9 2 5 5 5 4 3 5 3 3>^ 5 2 4 13 5 4 5 2 3 4 4 1^ 3%i Vi Vz 2 1 1 204 Tahi.k, shoinnij tianie, address and compensation of keepers of abns /louses, in Illinois. Counties. Name of Keeper. P. 0. Address. 1 Salary by year. Amount i perpauperl by week. 1 Amount of bond. Madison Doran B F. Brown B. F. I'n-stfrove I»a\ id Danitls .Miiiini MiLaun-hlln.. David (' ("ooper. Harnion and Savage Jaiiii's \V. Lake John Kinney SmiiiucI Jones William H. Wilson.. >^atnuel l{. Jennini^s. K. K. Hose 1 Coatsburg TheWes $500 00 #1.500 AU'xandcr •f 1 75 Hi.iiil lilHIlK' (ireenville Parks ("orner . . . Mianids Station.. Princeton Hardin 400 00 1 450 00 900 00 600 Bn)Wii 1.000 Calhoun •1,76 .500 Mt. Carroll Bluffs Springs.... I'rhana OwanecD Marshall (KW 00 I.INNI Ch88 I.IIOO Chumpnigrn Christian 4.Vt 00 700 00 3 25 1 75 1 10 1 40 1.000 2.000 Clark Clay Xenia ... .500 Clinton Veieiia Bross J'isluia Kickett.s HiTiry M Pciers M . s! N'ancf Carlyle • .\shmore 3,000 Coles Cook Jefferson Eaton 1,200 00 None Crawford 2 00 1 40 Cumhfrland DeKalb T. (' Holsapher Uol.ert Heed William M' Moore W. Turveyville Majority Point... Cortland Hallsville Tuscola ""eoo o6" 700 00 3.0(X» DeVVitt 13.000 DouKlas •3 00 3,000 J. W. Mapes Paris 600 00 None. Eflinf^hain ... Ira Pendley William Beer A. T. Blake Ivlward Miitcbins Jam^'s Pritchard Joshua Harjfett .-\sa Sloan EfiSnghnni 1 36 •3 25" •1 50 3,000 Favette Vanditlia 400 00 None. Ford East Bend None. Franklin Benton Canton Hidgwav 5o6'66" None. Fulton Gallatin 1 87'^ 1 50 i 25' 3.000 Win. Stephen NichohLS U. (Jiillic. .. Will. M. Whittle...;.-v. 'Ili..m:m K (IrilHth. .\mos U. Liirhlt'oot.. I. J WilkiIl^*on Isaae W Ca.st Koliert (ioodwin Stf'pnen Miisjrrove. .. (Jeorge Varnell Geortre T. Scrilnier. Benj. Zerington W. NV. Stout Clark Wood Morris MeLcansboro . 75 00 1,000 1.000 «50 00 ' i.ioo (k) 1,300 00 600 00 650 00 5, (NX) Hardin Klizabetntown ... ()0 i'76 i.;)00 S.tXX) Jelferson Mt Vernon .5. IN) 2.400 609 00 "i.ooo'oo None Vienna Batavia None None. Kciulall Klinx Lakf LaSalio Mrs L. J. Cleveland G. W. Myriek W. W. Arnold... . Isham Wells Harlow K. Chadwiek. Hilton Woodliury. . .lames L Yates H M. Waito Kno.wille I.ibertyville Ottawa 800 00 .550 00 H(K) (XI None. None. None. Lawn^nce Bridgeport Kldena •1 83 3.(100 [,(•(• 400 (H1 (MH) (HI I.INNI (Kl I.INKI INI •MMl INI .540 (N) ■m) iKi .V)(l W) .575 00 3. INNI LiviiiK-ston l.INN) Lineoln Decatur Carlinville Kdwanlsville .... Salem 3.0IN) 3. (XIO .Mainiipin Al.i.-I Hi'.ys 3.5(N} None. S 1* Cliapln None. H J. A. lams .Tacoli S. Dolison 1 lax id ICdwanls John S. Bowlin Siiarlaiid 'I'cheran Metropolis 3. (NX) •'75' None. 3. (X)0 McKdMouKh .Mclliriry 1.000 (X) 1.000 J n Vandervorf. . .. Alr.xand.r .Miller.... J W. Dii-hl Bloomington . ... l'ct<.Tsliiirg 1,000 (K1 3.0(K) .Mcniinl 2 00 ll.iNK) Alcdo Waterloo CM) 00 340 00 S,(NN) iMonroo James Dean 3,000 205 Keepers of Almshouses — Continued. Counties. Name of Keeper. P. O. Address. Montgomery John Stobhs Morgan Louis Friciilander Moultrie Ogle Peoria .... Perry ... Piatt Pike Pope Pulaski Putnam Randolph . . . Richland — RocR Islnnd. Saline Siingamon . . Sihuyler Scott Shelby Stark St. Clair . . . Stephenson . Tazewell Union Vermili -n . Wabash Warren Washington Wavne .. . White Whiteside. .. Will .. Williamson . Winnebago . Woodford. . . James Byram. Rdwin Eaton William Gladson. S.. W. Seits Isaac N. McClintock. H. M. Craig .Aug's Biiiidschuh. . . John Cam it hers David Hiinley. .. , Joseph Kdmonds William S. Bailey... Willifim C. Roper.. Meredith Cooper Richard M Meade.. George W. Murray. John E. Lane John \V. Morrison.. Peter Mcder Z. S. Reisinger Jesse Cooper William P. Stokes. Adam Wolff John P. Smith J. W. Bond Frederick Stieht .... J. L. Hollingsworth Robert J. Thomas . L. C. King Charles Cropsey illiam G. Doty ... J. M. Atkinson William Hicks Hillsboro Jacksonville. Sullivan Peoria Pinckneyville... Monticello Pittsfleld Golconda Olmsted Hentiepin Chester . . .. Clarcmont Coal Valley Harrisburg BufTtilo Hushvillc Winchester Shelby ville Toulon Belleville. F reeport Tremont Atina Danville Mt Carmel Lenox Nashville Fairfield .. Carmi Round Grove . . Joliet Marion Rookford Metamora Salary by j Amount ! ^^^,„^^ y^^'-- l^bj^wee^k I «fbond. *480 00 1, 200 00 1,500 00 350 00 500 00 tL450 00 500 00 + L200 00 LOOO 00 500 00 700 00 500 00 700 00 600 00 700 00 2,250 00 480 00 'soo'oo' 700 00 700 00 400 00 700 00 1,000 00 1 73 *2 00 2 50 *2 50 1 92 *i'40 1 78 '*i'35' n 75 1 oi' *2 25 $1,500 00 2, 000 00 2,000 00 700 00 5,000 00 None. 2, 880 00 500 00 1,000 00 2, 000 00 None. 1,000 00 None 2, 000 00 500 00 5, 000 00 5, 000 00 4,000 00 1,000 00 2, 000 00 1,000 00 5,000 00 '2, 0(10 00 1,100 00 3,000 00 None. None . 1, 000 00 2, 500 00 10, 000 00 ♦Clothing furnished by county. tUndertakcs to keep all the paupers sent for amount named. 266 Tamik. s/ioirinf/ iiomes and compenn'ttion of C'^nntif Phi/sicians in Jl/i)i<)i\'<. Counties. Nameof County Physician. P. O. Address. Salary per Am't each year visit Clay Skirborn Coatsburg' S124 00 f),)n(l Wni. P. Brown Greenville ISO 00 W. T. Hobbs Charles .V. Palmer J H Pli'a«ants Mounds Station Princeton 76 66 90 00 ■ Hardin Mt. Carroll 150 00 Ciimill Hourv Shinier J .\ " Ft'lonv 100 00 WOO 150 00 Beardstown tJrbana Chnmpaign Christian Clark Samuel H. Birney Cozzens Owaneeo fS2 50 R. Jenninflrs E S Shirley Marshall Clay Clinton Xenia 2 00 E S Ramsey A. T. Robertson Carlyle Ashmore 100 00 ... 1 50 Crawford Cumbfirland DeKalb* DeWitt F. G. C Orifflth Raton Majority Point 75 00 70 OO' Currier D. W. &J. A. Edmondson.... W. Brenton Sycamore Clinton Tuscola 30 00 450 00 2 50 nuPajfe Edjrar J. W. Mapes Paris I'.lflnM'ham J. Licrom HicUman & Beach J T Kovsdale Kffinjrham 2 50 Vnndalia Elliott Benton Canton 250 00 25 00 100 00 100 00 75 00 225 00 149 50 65 00 93 00 Ford Z. D. Hickman Edwins. Swisher J. M. Asbury J. F. Simj)s(>n Fulton Giillittiii Omaha . CarroUton A. D. Smith A. D. Rathboue W. F. Hannan R. J McGinnis Morris McLeansboro Carthage Hancock Hardin Hose Clare Wells & Antis n. L. Jewett T C. McKinney S. B. Matheny Geneseo Watseka 125 00 Iroquois* Jackson . . .... 150 00 280 00 isooo 275 00 160 00 120 00 Carbondale Jewett Mt. Vernon Jersey ville Galena Vienna Batavia Walter Watson Jersey » J'hnson Kane* E. L. H. Berry B. F. r'owlcr Georjje Bratton "2 56 Kendall M. A. McClelland Knoxville Libert vvlUe 200 00 Lake LaSallo* Samuel Galloway Herd & Mc.\rthur Ottawa a50 00 124 00 Lawrence C W. Carter H. A. Bunker Lawrcnce^'lllo ni.\on Pontlac Lincoln I»ecatur Lee- LivinRston* 100 00 - - 50 00 120 00 600 00 100 00 300 00 100 00 W. W. Houser .Macon B. F. Sidley A. C. Corr Ca Hi n ville Kd wards ville Salem Sparland Madison W M. Fenlcy Henry 'I'ismer 2 66 Marshall A .M. Bird Mason City Metropolis 250 00 w J. T « iUis . 95 McDonough M(*H(>nry M. C. Archer Macomb 145 00 .McLean John Little F. P. Antle RIoomiiiKton Petersburg Kcithslairg 300 661 60 no Mercer E. L. Marshall Alphonso Wetmoru 125 00 Monroe Waterloo 400 00 267 County Physicians — Continued. Counties. Name of County Physician. P. O. Address. Am' t per Am' t each year. visit. Montg-omerj- Morg'an Moultrie Ogrle.... Peoria Perry Piatt Pike.: Pope Pula.ski Putnam Randolph. .. Kichland . . Rock Island Saline Sangamon Schuvler Scott . Shelbv Stark St. Oair Stephenson. . Tazewell Union .... Vermilion Wabash Warren Washington . Wavne White Whiteside Will Williamson. . AVinnebago. . . Woodford S. H. McLain No regular physician. B. B. Everett Hillsboro Jackson%ille Sullivan .. . J. R. Snelling R. S. Peyton Jame.s Moffett Joseph H. Ledlie... . No reaular physician James M. Gore No regular physician.. William A. Gordon E . W. Ridgeway J. H Rathbua.". Baker & Lee L. P. Rogers J. M. Spe-^d Daniel 1). Brengle E O. Stilwell "^Jo regular physician.. Rubach & West C. M. Hilderbrand.... ^. R. Saltonstall W. C. Lentz Oscar Leseur W . C Ridge way W. H. Shultz C. Bernreuter — — Johns J. F Burkes Nowlan & Son J. E. Casev S. H. Bundv C. J Prickett A. H. Kinnear Peoria Pinckneyville Monticello .. .. Pittsfield lOlmsted I Chester Olney Milan Harrisburg. Buffalo Rushville Winchester. Shelby ville.. Toulon Belleville..., Freepoi-t .... Tremont — Jonesboro .. Danville Mt. Carmel Monmouth . Nashville. .. Fairfield ( armi Morrison. . . . Joliet Marion Rockf ord Metamora . . $160 (10 "330 00 1,000 00 17.5 00 90 00 150 00 100 00 500 00 175 00 100 00 400 00 80 00 1,50 00 lUO 00 800 00 200 00 300 00 250 00 160 00 140 00 200 00 95 00 90 00 88 00 125 00 200 00 350 00 238 00 300 GO $5 00 2 50 3 00 26S Tai-.i.!-: xfiinr'nit/ amitniit of Lire Stock mi ('imnti/ Farms. Counties. Horses Colts. Mules. Cows. Cnlvr-s and \' WK Cattle. Hoffs. Pigs. 3 2 2 15 2 32 8 n.>nd n,.c.nc 2 16" 8' 8 '" Few. 130 flO" 5 4 8 6 4 15 4 12 Bureau 3 Cass 2 3 o' 8 4 2 2 4 6" 6 6 1 11 3" 4 1 16 28 36" 20 12 29 Christian Clark Clay 2 2" Clinton Coles 2 3 Cook DoKalb 3 2 1 ' 9 9 DcWitt 4 48 25 DuPagre Edjfar 2 5 1 40 Favf'tte 1 2 5 10 Ford Franklin 4 2 2 4 1 15 16 Fulton 2 4 3 6 18 8 3 3" 8 5 4 16 Grundy 4 6 18 2 &5 10 75 30 40 32 27" 10 15 32 67 2 15 Hant;fick 5 1 3 4 5 1 I" 5 2 2 4 13 4 4 11 4 3 3 ■ 3 35 2 2 2 Henrv 100 ..:::. ...' 45 2 2' Jasper Jefferson i" 16 JoDaviess 15 2 2 •-'3 60 Kendall 8 3 4 4 2 5 6 1 3 4 1 1- 18 H 4 9 10 9 5 11 1 5 6 6 5 7 2 5 2 2 4 9 11 100 30 41 60 21 13 45 113 50 25 37 !)2 15 42 80 28 Lawrence Lee LUingston 2 4 2 2 103 3 MacMiupin 3 14 13 2 6 31 Marshall 1 57 Masiiii 4 1 12 MM«sa<^ 2 M<'l)<>noii)rh 20 MfHrison. commission, with the official delegates, met in the Midddrhus, or house oi Lords, to complete the prejiarations for the congress. The hall of assembly, which was placed at their disposal, is a sjtacious apartment, the walls of which are hung with the armorial shields of the nobility, to the number of about three thousand; these constitute its only but suf- ficient decoration; the room is interesting, on account of its histn- gresses to be held hereafter, and original articles and communications, on the ])rison (piestion. The interval of five years is prescribed as the j)roper time to elapse between each congress and that which follows; and for the expenses of the commission, governments are requested to contribute a sum annually etjual to not less than five nor more than ten dollars for each millioji of their i)opulation. The members of the commission are to be named by the governments, and when not in session, the business will be attended to by an executive committee of three, chosen by the commission itself. The king of Sweden has un- 275 dertaken the task of making the proper official I'epresentations to the governments of the entire civilized world, as to the necessity for this serai-official medium of inter-communication with reference to the means to be employed for the repression and prevention of crime, and there is little or no doubt that the project adopted at Stockholm will receive their sanction. It seems to me to be of some importance that the United Stiles should licartily co-operate in this movement, espe- cially in view of the fact that it initiated it. The congress proper assembled at the a})|)ointed time, namely, at ten o'clock on the morning of the twentieth of August. It adjourned on the twenty-sixth. It was opened by Mr. Bjornstjerna, the minister of foreign affairs, in an address of welcome, after which Mr. DeGrot, a councillor of state of the Russian empire, proposed the names of Mr. Bjornstjerna as president, and of Dr. E. C. Wines (my father) as honorary president of the congress. Messrs. DeGrot, of Russia, Almquist, of Sweden, and Thonissen, of Belgium, were elected vice- presidents; and Dr. Guillaume, of Switzerland, secretary. The language employed in the debates was French. The congress divided into three sections — one on j)enal legislation, one on penitentiary establishments and one on preventive institutions. The piesiding officer of the first section was Mr. Pessina, of Italy; of the second, Mr. C'hoppin of France; and of the third, Mr. lUing, of Prussia. Each morning the congress met in general session from te^i to one o'clock', and the sec- tions met separately, in the afternoon, at half past two. The questions submitted by the commission were first discussed in the sections, and the, answers agreed upon were then formulated, after which they were reported to the congress, again discussed, and adopted or modified ?s the case might be. A detail of business is here wortli mentioning, namely: that the answers agreed upon in the sections were printed each evening, by the papyrograph process, and placed in the hands of all the delegates the next morning, and the vote on each proposition was not taken viva voce, but in writing. Each delegate signed his name to each proposition, pro or con, and deposited it with an official, by whom the ballots were subsequently counted. The number of questions thus disposed of was sixteen. I append a list of them, with the answers. FiKST Sectiox. — Criminal Laic. I. To what extent ought the method of execution of sentences to be defined by statute? Ought the prison authorities to be allowed any discretionary power with respect to prisoners, in those cases in which the general regime may not be applicable? AxswER. — The principle of uniformity in the mode of application of penalties ought not to be violated: but the officers of prisons should enjoy a discretionary power, within limits prescribed by law, in order that they may, so far as possible, apply the spirit of the general regime to the moral condition of each convict. II. Is it desirable to retain the various designations of penalties which consist in the deprivation of liberty? or would it be better to adopt imprisonment as the only penalty, varied in respect of its dura- tion and of the consequences to the prisoner, after his discharge? 270 A. — Except inferior and specific penalties for misdemeanors, not grave in themselves nor indii-ative of depravity in the offender, it is desirable, '.inder any prison system, to hrinj; about, as far as possible, the Ii'firal assimilation of penalties involvinij the loss of liberty, without oth<'r flistinrtion between them ihan their duration and the incidental (•onse«|uences whifli ihcy may subserable for its size, it is not less so for the character of the attendance. Among its members were many officials of high rank, many of the professors of jurisprudence in the leading European universities, and many of the most devoted living students of social and philanthropic (juestions. It was felt by me to be a high privilege to meet and to be numbered among such men, and the impulse derived from partici])ation in the deliberations of such a body will last as long as my life. In the preparation of the declaration of j)riiiciples adojjted, tlie con- gress was greatly aided by a series of monogra|)lis on the various questions to be discussed, written and printed in advance of the meeting. The authors of these papers were: Flr-ft Section. Messrs. Ekert, of Baden; Thonissen, of Belgium; Holtzendorff, of Bavaria; and Alniquist, of Sweden. Second Section. ^Messrs. Yvernes, of France; Beltrani-Scalia. of Italy: Bruun, of Denmark; Pols, of the Pays lias; Vaux, of the Uni- ted States; and Stevens, of J^elgium. Third Section. Messrs. Robin, of F^rance, and Armengoly Cornet, of Spain; Lamarque of France; Miss Carpenter, of England; Messrs. Peterseji, of Norway, and Brace, of the United States; Guillaume, of Switzerland, and l>aker, of England; and Wahlberg, of Austria. I will not attempt to give an abstract of the substance of these es- says. They will appear, with the o.ther transactions, as soon as the difficult task of arranging for ])ul>lication the statistical and other in- formation furnished by governments can be acctimplishcd. It is natural to compare the congress of Stockholm with that at London. The congress at London gave an impulse to prison reform, which has been felt throughout the civilized world, as was very clear- ly shown by Dr. E. C. Wines, in his address at tho opening of the congress at Stockholm. I>ut the Loudon congress formulated no ex- pression of opinion; while the debates are interesting and instructive, they do not necessarily and in every case ]>oint to a conclusion; the ability shown in the (liscussion was that of theorists, well acijuainted with their subject and compi'tent to hamlle it. The congress at Stock- holm, on the other hand, was made up largely of men engaged in the actual ailministration of ])risons; it was said by a member who inves- tigated the matter that three-fourths of the prisons of Europe were directly or itidirectlv u» der the control of gentlemen present. This imparted to the deliberations a peculiarly jjractical turn and gives 281 promise of more immediate, visible fruit. At the same time, the crys- tallization of thought into expression imparts to the labors of the con- gress a more positiA^e and permanent value. It is somewhat dou])tful whether, in ])lanning the work of future years, the congress did wisely in ignoring to such an extent th'e in- rerest taken in the prison question by those not officially connected with the prison work. The basis upon which it is proposed to organ- ize the international prison congress hereafter, excludes from member- shi]) many of the al)lest and most distinguished laborers for the ad- vancement of prison reform, and deprives the cause of the benefit of their suggestions. While it is undoubtedly desirable to discourage the attendance of ambitious or enthusiastic pretenders to a familiarity with the questions involved, yet it appears to be almost essential that in the adoption of the project of the international commission to be created by governments, some modification should be made of its too exclu- sive character. In reflecting upon the application of the propositions enunciated at Stockholm to the condition of the prison question in the state of Illi- nois, the observations which follow appear to me to be important. 1. The congress lays down the general principle, that it is essential that there should be, in the stn''^, a central authority, which shall have control of all prisons, without exception. In the prison system of Illi- nois, this principle is violated, first, by the^ appointment of separate boards of commissioners for the two penitentiaries, at Joliet and at Chester; and second, by the entrusting of the administration of the county jails of the state to local boards of supervisors or to county courts. There does not appear to be any sufficient reason for the division of the control of our state penitentiaries. Such division increases the expense of supervision and diminishes its effibiency. If the manage- ment of the two penitentiaries were united, the commissioners in charge would be able to compare the results attained in both, to introduce into each whatever might be found to be an advantage in the admin- istration of the other, to place the finances of both upon a better basis, and to harmonize the action of the legislature with regard to the en- tire body of convicts in the state. As to the county jails, it is beginning to be apparent to the pub- lic that the existing system of control of prisons for minor offences is wholly inadequate to meet the demands either of an economical or of a reformatory prison discipline. The multiplication of prisons increases the cost both of construction and of maintenance; the number of pris- oners in most jails is too small and too fluctuating to admit of the introduction of any of the features of a well regulated prison; and the double use of jails as places of detention and of punishment ob- literates a distinction which should never be overlooked — that between the guilty and the suspected, while the association of these two class- es is injurious to both. Our county jails are admitted, on all hands, to be a failure and a blot upon our boasted civilization. They must ul- timately be replaced by prisons owned and administered by the state it- self, and whenever the state rises to a proper conception of its obli- gations and of its true interest in this regard, when it creates distinct prisons and introduces into them compulsory labor, then such prisons 282 in:iv well l)L' plactMl uikUt ilu- same central administration as the pen- itfuliaries. Tlu- iniiiri]ik' t'nuncialt't' all camlifl, well inf(jrriiencst lif<': it solves the aracjraphs under this di- vision might be made the text of elaborate remark. .'). The subject of aid to discharged prisoners, has never recieved the attention, in thi» state, which it deserven. It not unfreort, without making special mention and acknowledgment of the hospitality and innumerable courtesies extended to the congress and its members, while in Sweden. No words can convey any adequate notion of tiie simplicity, delicacy and unaffected heartiness of the welcome extended to us. The king him.-elf came from Norway to the capital to greet the congress; he attended one of our sessions, and we were invited by him to an evening reception at the palace of Drottningholm. We were feted by the city of Stock- holm and by the Swedish members of the congress, in two magnifi- cent banquets, one at IIassell)acke, and the other at the (rrand Hotel. We were taken on sp-cial excursions, by rail and l)y water, to Upsala, the site of the great Swedish university, and to llall, where we were shown a reformatory for boys, founded by l^ueen .Iose})hine, in honor S85 of the memory of Oscar I. The city of Stockholm, in its situation is unsurpassed for beauty; it is sometimes called the Venice of the North. Its people are noted for their intelligence, their strength of character and their tenderness of feeling. All that Stockholm has worthy of seeing Avas thrown open to us, we were in effect granted the freedom of the kingdom, and not one who was there from foreign lands can fail to cherish the most delightful memories of this visit and the highest regard both for the nation and for its king. One especial feature of our entertainment was the public exhibition of a very large collection of handiwork, illustrating the various sorts of labor carried on in the Swedish prisons. To the Swedes of Illinois, of whom we have so many, I may say, in closing, that a marked interest in their welfare on this side the sea was manifested by all with whom I came in contact, and that their countrymen at home, (who greatly resemble the Americans in many traits of national character), while they regret their loss to Sweden, are proud of the record which they are making for themselves in their new home. There are more Scandinavians in America than there are subjects in the little kingdom of Denmark, and the presence with us of so large a body of people of this race has done much to cement the ties of international good-will between these two great nations. May those ties never be broken! EUROPEAN PRISONS. The prisons and reformatories visited by me, while abroad, were: the great prison at Louvain, in Belgium; Langholm, near Stockholm, and the agricultural colony at Hall, in Sweden; Mazas, Roquette, la petite Roquette, and la Santt^ at Paris, and the departmental prison for women, at Clermont, in France; and in England, Milbank and New- gate, at London, the jail at Gloucester, and the reformatories for boys at Gloucester and at Red Hill. It is not so easy for a stranger to see the prisons of Europe, as it is to visit those in the United States. The system in vogue among us, of admitting the public, as if a penitentiary were a place of enter- tainment, and especially of charging visitors an entrance fee, for the benefit of the library fund, is revolting to the mind of one who has not become familiar with it. An officer of an insane hospital, wath whom I was conversing, put the objection to it in the form of a neat dilemma: If the prisoner is innocent, it is an outrage to expose him to the public; if he is guilty, he has no right to be amused by the sight of visitors — seclusion is part of his ])unishment. In order to ob- tain admission, one must be known or properly vouched for, and must make application to the government for authority to visit such and such prisons, specifying their names. In France, one often has to wait for an answ^er two weeks or more, before receiving a reply. The authorization granted me in England read as follows: "Home Office, 1 October, 1878. "Allow Mr. F. H. Wines to view the prison between the hours of 9 and 11, A. M., and 2 and 5, P. M., on any day except Saturday and Sunday. By desire of the Secretary of State." To the Governors of the Convict Prisons. 286 TIr- French jn-rmission was more elaborate in f(inn: "MlMSTKY OK THK I.NTKKIOR. liureau of Prison Adiiunistration, Office of the Director, J'akis, .M August, 1R78. "SiK : — Vou Ijave expressed the desire to be aUowed to visit, in the interest of your researches, the prisons of * * (ntirniu;/ them). I have the honor to inform you tljat I have issued the necessary onlers for your admissi(»n, on presentation of this h'tter, and that every facility l»c atfonlcd you f<»r the accomplishment of your mission. Receive, Monsieur, the assurance of my most distinguished consid- eration. TllK .MlNISTHi OF lUK InTKKIoU." Jii/i/linn. — I was not able to learn very much concerning the jtrisons of Uelgium, for the want of time to make ini|uiries and o])servati75,000; and the annual cost of maintenance is about *!500,()00, of which 8200,000 covers the items of food, clothing and bedding, furniture, heating and lighting, cleaning, religious instruction and medical care, and the rest is for su)»crvision, guarding, repairs, etc. The average daily cost of food for each prisoner is a trifle over eight cents. For the information of j>rison officials, I subjoin the food ration allowed each convict per week. Article. TAUI.K. yiiinmer. Winter. Flour, rye 1 .3 i {)ounds 1.31 pounds. Flour, barley 1 .02 " Pearl barley Us '' Peas " : . . 1 ..iO " Fresh meat 37 " Salt meat 74 " Salt pork 28 " Herrings 50 " Salt 28 " Pepper II " .88 .7!) 1.40 .74 .37 .28 .50 .30 .05 Total pounds 0.95 6.68 Potatoes 2.43 quarts Milk i .00 (piarts 1 .00 «|uarts' Tiic entire cost of the prisons is borne l>y the government. The earnings of the prisoners belong to them, except that they are required to pay the director of the prison oiu'-thii'd, on any sum less than live hun- dred and sixty dollars, and one sixth on all over that amount, to com- pensate liim for procuring them employnu'iit ; and the prison employes receive one-half as much as the diivctor. Tliis leaves the prisoner one- 289 half or more of his gross earnings, a portion of which is ]ilaced to his credit and may be used by him in the purchase of extra diet, such as wheaten bread, butter, cheese or small-beer; the remainder is pat in a savings-bank to accumulate as a fund for his benefit, at his discharge. The amount paid for a day's work is very small; it does not exceed twelve or fifteen cents. The labor ))erfornied is various, and includes, in tile several prisons of the kingdom, the manufacture of cotton and woolen cloths, stone-cutting, splitting match-sticks and making paper match-boxes, oakum picking, beating wool and feathers, and tailoring, (chiefly for the army) — these are the principal avocations followed; the others can scarcely be enumerated. The only prison which I visited in Sweden was that of Langholm, in the snburl)S of Stockholm. The old ])art now in use contains ten associated dormitories, with beds in double tiers, one above the other, (something like those in the Pontiac reform school, in this state), and one hundred and seventy cells. Only seventy of these cells were oc- cupied. The number of prisoners present was four hundred and eighty- eight. On the same ground the government is building a new prison, which will contain seven hundred cells, of which four hundred will be for solitary confinement by day and night, and three hundred for use at night only. This building will cost about one hundred and .seventy- five thousand dollars; the present prison will be used for workshops and for culinary and other domestic work. It is well jdanned for its purposes, in nearly all respects, but I doubted whether the provision tor steam-heating is adequate to the demand in a climate so far north as that of Stockholm. The Swedish cells are not exactly like those of Belgium; the furniture consists of a hammock, (which is folded up in the day-time, and suspended at night from hooks in the walls), a table which swings from the wall, a stool, (fastened to the floor), a shelf, and a water-closet seat or a prisoners' bucket. The windows are small and placed high, in order that the prisoner cannot see anything of the outside world except the sky. The rules of the ])rison are hung up in each cell, and each is su)»plied with a testament and a hymn and prayer-book. If it is necessary to call a guard, a bell on the outside can i/e sounded by the i)risoner, and at the same time a plate bearing his number is displayed in the hall. Thy inmates of Langholm are near- ly all advanced in years, this prison being reserved for men of middle life. The prison school-room, which only accommodates flfty-two pu- pils, is large enough to hold all who are under thirty-five years 'old, beyond which age attendance is not compulsory. School is in session two hours on week-days, and on Sundays six. There is also a training- school for the under officers, which lasts from seven to eight every evening, except Sunday, when the hour is changed to five o'clock in the morning. The results of this school are very satisfactory, and it has furnished a number of officers of the departmental prisons. The agricultural colony at Hall is the property of a private corpo- ration organized in June, 1873, the fifteenth anniversary of the arrival of Queen Josephine in Sweden. On this occasion the queen endowed the association with eighty thousand dollars, a munificent gift, which was supplemented by contributions from other sources. The object of the society is to rescue young offenders from a life of crime and to assist discharged prisoners to obtain honest employment. The farm at Hall, on the seashore, three leagues from the ancient village of 20-- 290 SodfTU'lt^i', contains two th«»usan(l acres. The reformatory was founded in 1874, after the nuttlel of .Mettray, in France', and Ruysele, in liel^iuin. It is proposed to erect six lanuly l(uildinor- tioii of the labor at command into any one pursuit, as well as to em- ploy the labor of convicts as much as possible in the furnishing of supplies for the government itself. Hut tlio feature of French j>rison inlniinistration to which the reader's attention is called is the system of enti'eprise, or the contract system. There are two methods of pro- curing work for prisoners, by the administration of the prison itself [reyie) and by middle-men {entrepri.se). Both are in use. Under the latter, (which has been abolished in Sweden), a contractor undertakes to pay the entire cost of maiiitaitiing the j)risoners, including furniture and necessary repairs to buildings, in consideration of a stipulated sum allowed him per day for each prisoner, and of an allowance for work done for tb.e prison, and of certain privileges, such as the sale to prisoners of articles of e.vtra diet. The contractor then receives a cer- tain share of the ))risoner''s earnings, varying according to the classi- fication of convicts, from three-tenths to seven-tenths. Of the prisoner's share, one-half is placed at his immediate disposal, the other reserved until his discharge. The privilege of the canthie, namely, of e.\j»end- ing the jtortioii allowed him for e.vtra diet, etc., is taken away from him as a punishment for disorderly conduct or violation of the rules of the prison. The amount earned by prisoners, in lf<77, was nearly a million ami a half of formed however that there is no necessity for spending money to make the cells strong, if the prison itself is strong, the guards vigilant and the discipline good. The corridor floors are tiled with brick. A very objectionable feature of this prison is the common court in the centre, where prisoners mingle freely. Prisoners in the infirmary have a separate court for their use; and prisoners who have given information respecting crimes committed are placed in a separate hall, so that they do not come into contact with their fellow^s at all. In the chapel, I 294 notifcd also a separate gallery, enclosed, for the use of prisoners sen- tenced to death. Both Mazas and la Rocjiu-tti' have an historical interest for the vis itor, on account of their connexion with the record of revolutions and attcnipteil revolutions, particularly the roup d'etui of |H51 and the risiui^of the rinitiiiuity, the archl>ish>p of Paris; and in the court in front of the inlirniary, at the corner of the wall, is a railiui^. ornanu-nted with wreaths of i iinHnrtetlen, and inside the railiuLf a H »wer bonier, opposite the place where the archbishop and his five assoeiates were shot by the coiuniune on the twenty-lifth (»f May. A whit»- marble tablet, witli a black border and the names of the vic- tims, is inserted in the wall, to c tmtnein')rate the event. La petite Roipiette (little Ro(/piette) is a prison for boys. It somewhat resembles .Ma/as. but the radiatin<; corridors are connected by cross corri- dors at the emls, like the tire of a wheel, while the spokes do n<»t e.vtend to the hul». Instead of a hitreun, on the lower Hoor in the centre, there is a piirloir: ami a chapel above, with stalls for the se(jaration of pris- oners, diiriiiLf service. This chapel is also used as a school-room, and to accommodate it to its double purpose, the altar is placed very high, and the schoolmaster's desk below it. There are no workshops, but all labor is solitary. The cells have com'n')n plaster walls, i)ainted, and the corridor Hoors are of brick tiling. With a capacity for five huiulred prisoners, there were only two hundred and twenty present. The boys were making steel purses, and clasps and hinges for travelling bags and trunks. Those of different religious professions, Catholics, Protestants anarl<>!r is used for these conferences. La Santc is a departmental prison, with a ca|)acity of one thousand inmates, who are separated by night, but not during the riiioners receive one half the amount paid for their labor; the other half is divided equally between the prison and the contractor [entrepreneur). One detail of construction at La Santc attracted my attention, namely, the mode of lighting the cells. An o]»ening is made in the cell-wall, for the gas jet, with a ground glass bull's eye on the side next tiie pris(Uier, and a shutter with a bolt on the side next the corridor. Air is admitted through a pil»c from below, and the smoke carried off through a pipe above, leading out into the corridor. I observed also the special parloir for lawyers who visit their clients in the prison, and the cells with baths. Tlu- liltr.iry here is very large, and numbers live thousaml volumes. Tile ••entnii pi'ison lor wonieii al ( 'Iciiiiinit , oecupies an oM chateau, from wliicli, it is said. St. Louis led the sixth crusadi-, in the year Il'JS. There are two dejiart nients. ime of etu'rection ami the other of preven- tion of crime, (iirls are placed in the latter by their parents, without undergoing judicial sentence. The number of prisoners, Se|»tembi'r I, IhTs, was seven humlred and forty-three. (There weri' only two vacant bcfls). They are all employe(l, the greater part in making cloth shoes, but they also manufacture corsets and false hair. Kighty-five \\ere in solitary continement ; the ri-mainder sli-ep in associated dormitories and eat in a common rel'ectorv. It is a sad siLcht to witness tlieir exercise. 295 In the central court, on the stone pavement, are marked out certain lines, and the poor women are placed on these, at a distance of six feet apart, all facing oneway, when the word is given and for an hour the monotonous march continues, to l)e repeated again the next day, and forever, or until death conies to open the prison door. A certain ])roportion of them are prisoners for life. In case of violation of prison dis- cipline, the culprit is brought before a tribunal, of three officials, when the evidence in the case is heard and sentence pronounced with as much delibei-ation and gravity as at the time of the original convictibn, outside. An effective regulation for preserving the book? in the library is as follows: a blank i)age is inserted in the front of each book, on which are recorded the dates when mutilated, the names of the offenders, the character of the injury done and the penalty inHicted. The prison is managed by sisters of charity, under the control of a governor and assistants appointed by the government. I add to this brief notice of the prison work in France, that there are two societies, of recent organization, namely: the National Prisoners' Aid Society and the National Prison Association, which are very active and inlluential in advancing the cause of reform, as well as useful directly in the prevention of crime, through the relations formed with individ- ual convicts. The Societe Generale des Prisons, of which, since my return, I have had the honor to be elected a corresponding member, publishes a monthly bulletin, full of the most interesting and val- uable matter touching every phase of the subject, and containing the mature results of the experience of all nations, in dealing with o'ime for its repression. England. — ^[y observations in England were very limited, as my attention was especially directed while there to the treatment of the insane. The English prisons are of two sorts — convict prisons and county and borough gaols. Until the year 1878, the latter were in the hands of the local authorities, as our county jails still are; but by a law which went into operation on the first of April, the control of- all prisons of this class has been transferred to the general government. The number of convict prisons in England is thirteen, with 10,000 prisoners, and 1,200 more in the convict prisons of Ireland. The num- ber of gaols in the United Kingdom is over two hundred, of which one hundred and eighteen are in England. The total number of prisoners under the care of the Home Office is about 45,000. We groan under the load which crime imposes upon us in Illinois, but our troubles have not begun. The importance of the prison question for us lies in our ability, by timely precautions, to reduce the amount of crime and to prevent its growth. If public attention can be drawn to the subject, and an intelligent interest awakened in it, we may in some degree forestall the evil which lies athwart our future. The Milbank prison, of Avhich Captain Hervey is the governor, is one of the largest in England, and accommodates, I believe, some thir- teen or fourteen hundred convicts. It is almost strictly cellular. I saw it all, except the quarters for women, of whom there are two hundred and fifty. The dress of the convicts consists of a cloth jacket aiul waistcoat, fustian trowsers, a peculiar cap, and blue stockings with red stripes. Intone of the yards the military prisoners were engaged at the "shot drill." They stand at a distance of four paces from each other, and at each man's feet is a thirty-two pound cannon ball, which 206 must }»e liftt'd and carried four |)ace« to the next man's position, de- posited, and ri'tiirii fur another, deposited by the man next in liiu* on the othiT siili-. 'J'lfe time allowed is ten seconds, for each round, and the nutvenient is executed with military precision. The time spent ill this exercise is three hours a day, half in the morning and half in the aftennu»n; in this time each prisoner lifts seventeen tons of iron to a level with his hips, and lowers it again, for no earthly purpose except t(» tire him out. The reniaining seven hours are spent in pii-king o:ikiitn. In the cells is another Knglish invention, the "crank." On the inside of the wall is the hanille of a wiixllass. and in the hall out- side is an apparatus for registering tlie numher of revolutions. Tlie friction is a]»osed |)liysical strength and endurance. The Hrst two months of incarceration are spent at the crank. The following tahle shows the pounds of pressure, the number of revolu- tions exacted per day, and the daily amount of oakum to be ]>icked \)\ j)risnners of eadi class, each month. firxt iniinth . Nuii)l>f*r of rc'Viilutions Poniiils <»f prf'SPure Ounces of oakiiin Secniid mnnth . Niiniber of revolutions Pouiuls of pressure Ounces tif oakum Clasb A. Class B. Class C. U H 12, .500 12 8 10,500 10 None. ll..'>IMI 14 Ifi 10, .500 12 IB B.O00 10 If, The thinl month is spent at the sliot drill. During the first two numths, of thirty days eadi, they are allowed six marks a day. or one hundred and eighty per month, for making tlie reroassed, they work in association, at printing, ruling and binding, repairs on the prison, and tailoring. To avoid, as much as possible, interference with honest labor, they cut and make all the clothing (uniforms) worn l>y tlie Lrison is the "chain room," where the chains are kept, to which gangs of prisoners are secured, ten to each chain, whenever it is necessary to move them from one 297 prison to another. The discipline at Milbank is thorough, and the gov- ernor kind, but the syst'?ni must strike every American as more bru- tal than our own, and no more reformatory. It may be more deter- rent, but I doubt it. The Newgate prison is simply a place of detention for the accused, while awaiting their trial. It is interesting from its many historical associations, and to the friends ii tlic |piiiicii>K's advocated liv .I<>lm Howard — the fiol- itarv ••i.ntineiiKiit of luisdiicrs. It \v;is the only place wliere I had the (»|»}turuinily of sceinir tlie Kntrlish "tread-inill" — a wheel, like an un- d(M>«liot water wheel, with steps, aeeoiniiiodatint; ten or a dozen jirisoners, who are eompelletl to mount it and k«'ep it in motion, with intervals of rest, for a <,Mven h-niith nf time. Like the shot-r Kii'jland is its system of reformatories for juvenile dc- lin-2, by (ie<»rire l>cn'4oui:h and T. H. L. Baker, was tlie seed sown by the wayside, which in a (piarter of a century has b )r(ie fruit in the re- duction of the number of juvenile commitments in the rnitcd Kin<;- dom to one fourth the former number — a fine illustration <»f the |»ossi- ble restilts of intellii^ence and devotion in reducing; the vohune of crime in a i;iven communitv, and full of eneourai^ement to the laborers in this tield in our own state. It is true that Brenton. a retired cap- tain of the British navy, haearance from any farm laborer's cottage in Knglaml, except jierhaps that it has been some\<-hat enlarged, and this would not be perceived at first by a stranger. The school- room ami dining-rof)m are as unpreti'iiding as possible, and the pupils, of whom there are not more than thirty, sleep in a loft, in hammocks, side bv side, stretched across from one wall to the other. The absence of pretension disarms prejudice, especially the natur.il ami reasonable dislike of the honest poor to see young rogues better cared for than their own sons. There are' but two otticers — a teacher and a farm su- perintendent, and the only work ])erformed is the tilling of the Helds. All safeguards against running away, such as walls, locks or guards, are wanting. Tlu' absence of these is however less felt than it would be in countries where a rural police is unknown. The English police, as may not be understood by American li-aders. unli'ss the fact were expressly stated, is not conlined to towns, as with us; and its presence evervwhere renders practicalile a system of condition.il discharges of prisoners, .i-; well as of police supervision, (to which criminals may be siiiij<-ctrd. instead of committing them to gaols), tlie like (»f which woulil l>c impossilile in the Cnited States, for many reasons, but which works admiralilv there. England is full uf reformatories like 299 the one described, maintained in |)art by funds from the public treas- ury, but cliieHy by gifts of the charitable and the earnings of the in- mates. Tlie aim of the goveriimeut is to enlist the co-operation of private persons in the effort to prevent crime, by turning the feet of evily disposed children into paths of honest toil. In a letter by Mr. Baker, dated April, 1S78, he calls attention to the striking fact, which has a great signilicance for us also, that from 1856 to 1860, the total ju- venile commitments of England and Wales had fallen from 13,981 to 8,029; concerning which he makes the following remark. "Now this sudden decrease was certainly owing to the reformatories — but with equal certainty it was not owing to the reformation of the boys com- mitted to us. There were not a thousand boys a year sent to us in those four years, yet convictions were lowered by nearly six thousand a year, and crime was lowered much more than that; besides very few of the boys were discharged by 1860, and therefore it was not known whether they were reformed or not. No, this great result was simply the effect of clearing the tovvns of the old offenders and receiving near- ly every boy on his second conviction, thus preventing almost the possibility of his becoming hardened and practised in crime and so fitted by his success to excite the emulation of others and by his skill to teach them to follow in his steps. This has always inclined rae to feel strongly that great as is the happiness of being the means of reform- ing one boy who has fallen, it is still better to be the means of pre- venting six boys from falling." On this same subject, he said to Ba- ron von Iloltzendorff, "•Cheltenham alone produced formerly almost as many young thieves as all the rest of the county together. In the year 1852, forty-five boys were iinpris )ued; four years later, fifty-three. After long endeavors, we found out who were the leaders and who the apprentices in crime. We caught the two young master thieves, and beholdl in the year 1857 only fourteen boys were convicted. Thereupon we turned our attention to the rest of the county with equal success." The Philanthropic Society's Farm SL'hoi)l, at Red Hill, Surrey, was established there in 1849, before the one in Gloucester just described; but the society itself was organized in 1788, when three or four houses were hired in Hackney. The institution was afterwards re- moved first to St. (4eorge''s-in-the-Fieids, and later to Red Hill. The farm contains three hundred acres, and there are upon it five houses, witli sixty boys each._ Tiie pupils, except so many as are re- quired to do the laundry-work, shoemaking and tailoring for the n^st, are occupied in cultivating the fields with the spade — the use of the plough being prohibited, in order that the boys may experience the healthy infiuence of personal contact with the soil. As committed they are a bad lot, jail-birds, many of them young thieves from London. Yet under the influence brought to bear ui)on them, such a revolution in their character is effected that not one in ten is ever afterward convicted of crime. Nearly or quite one-half of them are sent to Cana- da when discharged. The subsequent history of the boys after leav- ing the farm is traced, and a connexion maintained, by correspondence, so that it is known that the boys who emigrate do better than those who remain in (4reat Britain. 300 Hospitals an'i> Asyi-tm^ for the Insane. Thv t'stablishnuiits for tlit- insane whifh I ha;iiiil \ . Iroin an architectural :uid adniinistrati\ e point oi' vu-w, in ditVcrcnt countries, appear to 301 spring for the most part from diflFerences in their social condition, habits and organization. For example: in the matter of classification of patients in an insane hi spi- tals. The fundamental fact of European social life is the existence of rank founded upon previous family history. Rank, in this sense of the term, is unknown in America. The distinctions in social position which exist among us depend rather upon the personal characteristics, attainments and ability of individuals. No social gulf separates classes, and the same person rises or sinks, according to his varying personal fortune; at one time upon the top of the wave, he may be at another in the trough of the sea. Education and social experience of some sort are here well nigh universal, and the great majoiity of our citizens have at some period of their career attained some measure of financi- al success and prosperity. Our only knowledge of pauperism, in the European signification of that word, is derived from our experience of the foreign jiaupers cast upon our shores. In our hospitals, therefore, private patients and patients who are a public charge are not separated; they mingle in the same wards, and are subjected to the same regime. Our only principle of classification is convenience of administration, by associating together such patients as can best adapt themselves to each other, changing them, if necessary, from one ward to another, until they find their natural level. I am very far from asserting that this condition of . society will be permanent, but while it lasts, it offers certain great advantages in the medical and moral treatment of the insane. In Europe, on the other hand, clas« distinctions are so marked and permanent, that the private and pauper insane are cared for either in separate institutions, or in separate departments of the same estab- lishment, and the classification adopted depends principally upon the amount paid for support. The distinction is apparent in dress, in diet and in the privileges granted. This separation is sometimes carried to the point of allowing to a single patient a detached residence. The extreme limit of social exclusion, in its most absurd form, may be seen at Earlswood, the great English asylum for idiots, where imbecile children of aristocratic birth are, at the request of parents almost equally senseless with their unfortunate offspring, allowed private suites of apartments, private attendants and a private table, to the great dis- comfort as well as injury of these victims of family pride. Or to take another illustration; the airing-courts of the French asy- lums are quadrangular enclosures, bounded on two sides by the two ad- joining sections of the hospital building and on the other two by high walls of brick or stone. These courts are usually laid out with gravel w^alks, grass plats and flower beds, in the most formal manner, and to an American or English eye they have a stiff, if not a prison- like aspect. But they are not unlike the enclosed gardens of Paris; these walled yards are characteristic of the country, and to a native they must be r?ther attractive than otherwise. I fancy that very much of the difference which exists between Amer- ican and foreign insane asylums, in respect of freedom and of occu- pation, could be traced to this same root — peculiarities of national character and customs. It would be impossible to naturalize the French hospital in America or the American hospital in France; yet the alien- ists of each of these two countries may learn much from those of the othei. 302 The influence of cliinale upon aii-liitectiire ant lie down at night, but slept in an erect posture, leaning against the wall, and bruised herself by repeated falls, when I suggested the employment of a crib-bedstead, to secure for her the rest so essential to her recovery, I observed a very great hesitation to adoi)t the suggestion. In another, a superin- tendent pointed out to me a highly suicidal patient, who begged to have her hands tied; but he said that he declined to do it, for three reasons, first, because he desired her to contend with her insane im- pulse as an e.xercise in self control, second, because he did not want the attendant to relax any of her vigilance in observing her, and third, because, if he once allowed himself to depend upon i)urely me- chanical means, to obviate the necessity for constant personal attention, he could not tell where the adoption of that principle would lead him. The remark was niade to me, more than once, that the English alienists occupy precisely the same attitude toward the camisole, that American super- intendents do toward the shower-bath; they admit its value in certain cases, but nevertheless banish it from their institutions, on account of its liability to abuse. My visit to England convinced me that our superintendents are in error when they assert that the alternative is between mechanical, manual and medical restraint, and ecjually in error in supposing that hypnotics are administered in larger doses or to a larger proportion of patients than in this country. As to the latter point, the very reverse is true. The principle of non-restraint is a single principle, it applies alike to all forms of restraint: and the English alienists may safely challenge a comparison of the number of doses of chloral or morphia administered on either side the sea. The dilemma as stated by our American physicians is not exhaustive, because it takes no account of )»hysical exercise as a fourth alternative, which is the main reliance of the superintendent of an English asylum. "What would you do," I asked, "with that man, in a ))aroxysm of excitement":''" pointing out a fellow, evidently a recent ease and highly maniacal. "Do?" was the reply; "put him in charge of two attendants, with instructions to walk him five or six miles and back; and if on his return he should prove to be still in an agitated state, detail two other attendants in their place and repeat the dose." The shower-bath is not banished from France: the use made of hyd- ropathy in the insane hospitals of our sister republic is surprising, at least to a novice like myself. A complete bathing establishment, in a se])arate building, is there an almost indispensable appurtenance of a well-regulated institution. One is shown long rows of cojijter bathing- 304 tubs, of tlio iij^ual pattern, except that they have copi»er covers, which are locked, with an opei'int; jnst large enough to hold the neck — twelve or foiirteeji tubs in a sintrle r(»oni, with a patent in every one, nothing visible of him or her except his liead, and possibly liis knees or his toes sticking up above the surface of the wati-r. Sometimes a canvass cover is substituted for a copper one. and is buttoned to a row of small knobs on the sides of the t«d). There the poor creatures sit in soak, for hours, sometimes even for six or seven hours at a sin- gle stretch. Tiieir appearance is indescribably grotciipie. It is fair to sav tliat the rules reipiire an interne, a physician, to remain in this establishment and siiperiiit 'ud the bathing, to see that the water is of the proper temperature and that the patient's pulse dck«'hy- sician and attendants, with removal of the j»atient from his home, and I d(t not care what the house is." The <|Uestion of the amount of liberty possible IS very largely a t the presence and oversight of an attendant. The ibictor and his assistants visit them daily, on horseback or in a carriage, just as ordinary patients would be visited by their family physit-ian, and enjf)y the change and the exercise in the open air. The t-ottage bv the sea is kept as a })lace to which to send jiatients from the asy- lum or from the outlying cottages around, when they need recreation, '^riie result of this exjierimeiit is entirely satisfactory to the supi-rinten- dent, who says if he had charge of six hundred insane jieople, he w<»uld not want hospital accomnnxlatioii for more than one hundred; and that he linds it convenient lo remo\t' troublesonu' patients from the wards ane carried. It may be accepted as an axiom in the treatment of insanity, that in order to the maximum of liberty there must be a minimum of idle- ness. Idleness breeds discontent and discontent danger. The amount of labor of which the insane are capable has been great- ly underrated in America. At IVForningside, in Scotland, with seven huiulred and tifty inmates, of both sexes, one hundred and eighty men are at work on the farm, and tifty are engaged in mechanical pursuits, besides others who do odd jobs about the house. In a shed were one hundred and tifty wheelbarrows, piled in rows, for the use of patients in wheeling dirt and gravel, than which there is no better exercise pof^sible for excited or demented men. The patients in this institution manufacture all the clothing, nearly all the boots and shoes, and do all the smith-work and all the printing for the entire estab- lishment. At Cupar-Fife, ninety out of one hundred and thirty male patients were usefully employed, seventy on the farm and twenty in shops; and on the female side, in order to have work for patients to do, no washing machines had been purchased. At Lenzie, I saw patients in gangs working on the grounds, and in the stone-quarry, and upon the buildings, under the direction of their attendants, who were working side by side with them, at the same employments. In this institution, insane men and women work together in the laundry and at the tailor's-bench; and it may be added here, though out of this immediate connexion, that at Cheadle there is a dining-room for patients of both sexes, where about twenty of them meet and chat together, daily, at their meals, to the great enjoyment of both: there is no danger, where the supervision is thorough. At Cheadle, the number of jjrivate patients being large, and since it is impossible to compel patients of this class to labor, they are encoui'aged to engage in athletic sports, and a pack of hounds is kept for their particular benetit. At Broadmoor, to induce patients to work, the value of all labor performed by them is computed, and one anc^ a half pence in each shilling is allowed them as a pecidhon, to be spent as they may elect, subject to the superintendent's approval. Each patient has a pass-book, in which his earnings are entered, and the disposition made of them. This system is said to give satisfactory results, and the in- stitution tinds it protitable to continue it. Even in the Earlswood in- stitution for idiots, the halfwitted inmates are busy — printing, litho- graphing, making matting, baskets, brushes, tinware, clothing and furniture. They make all the furniture, clothing, boots and shoes re- (juired by the establishment. If now we cross the Channel, we tind in France, workshops connected with every public asylum, where the inmates follow the trades to which they have previously been ac- customed. At Clermont, Dr. Labitte assured me that of 1,622 inmates present that day, all had useful employment of some sort, according to their capacity, except one hundi'ed and seventy, who were either epileptic, superannuated, violent, indecent or sick. At Quatre-Mares, out of an insane population of seven hundred and fifty, more than one-fifth were engaged in useful labor. 808 It is not easy to comprehend the contrast in this respect between the KiifDpean a> furnishiiiLC them witli it diminishes or obviates the necessity tor seclusion, restraint and drii<;s. Idleness is one of their greatest perils. There does not seem to be, when one thinks about it, any suf- ficient reason why an insane man should be supported in idleness, at public expense, in America any more than in Europe. Is it not pos- sible that we take away the domestic and farm work from our patients, by makins; such use of machinery as we do; and that the liberality of the state is drawn upon to furnish clothini; and furniture ready-made, when it would be better for the insane themselves, if they were re- quired to help themselves by their own exertions ? • In what has been said respectin*^ foreii^n institutions for the insane, I have confined myself almost entirely to general observations, not of universal application, and any impression made upon the reader's mind is siil)iect to correction, were it j)ossible to go more into detail. 1 have saioints of construction and man- agement. I was much interested in the farm buildings, so different from our own; in the disj)osition made of sewage, in drying-pits or by irrigation; in the apparatus for domestic labor, especially in tlie French kneading troughs and baskets for baking bread, as well as the laundry machinery, and the gas ovens in use in England; in the Porter-Clark process of softening hard water by the adilitioji of lime water and by an ingenious system of filters; in the remarkable water-tower at Qua- tre Mares, built in stories, with a separate tank for each level; and in many other things seen and remembered, but which I cannot here describe. Autopsies of insane i)atients are much more frecpieiit than with us. There is a growing sentiment of doubt as to the value of airing- courts. In England, the walls of these courts are fiecjuently sunk, in such manner that patients can look over them and enjoy the beauty of the landscape, without feeling themselves hemmed in by artificial barriers. At Banstead, there are separate yards for the occupants of the several sections or blocks; but they are divided only by a low wire fence. In Scotland, they have been practically abandoned. The most oflFensive sight tf) an American who visits the French asylums is the mode in which seclusion is practii-ed, even in the best of them, as at St. Anne, in Paris. The cells for violent and excitable ()atients are arranged in a sen\i-circidar building, witli a hall on the inner and the cells on the outer side. Each cell has a small yard with a high wall, and these yards radiate from a common centre like those seen in cellular prisons for criminals. Even more ])ainful to me was the visit i)aid to the insane hospital at Konradsberg, in Swcilcn, where I found fifty-eight patients confined in solitary cells, a large proportion of them entirely destitute of clothing. The total number «if insane in the institution is two hundred and sixty. A word now as to the number of insane in our t'ountry comi)ared with England, Scotland an, 015 Irieinls '.l,(t'.>'J " " the nation .{12 Total 4:.,02(5 The jtopulaiion of France is .■i(i,:i!H,T0L'. 'I'lie ratio of insane in institii- li«>ns to the |)o|iuhition, therefore, is one to eii^iil hundred. These tii^nres liave an aharniing signiticance for ns. 'I'iiey are a warninj^ and a |)roj»heey. Tliey shcnv that liinaey in America is as yet in its infancy. If the amounts hvvished on expensive hospitals, especially in the states of New York, New Jersey and Massaciiusetls, had V)een husbanded for meeting the wants of the near future, a far M'iser course would have been pursued. The policy of the state is to care for all its insane, which cannot be done, uidess the cost of car- ing f«>r them is kept within reasonable limits. The day is past when our institutions for this class of sufferers could probably be calleIrange land; and I shall cherish the hv able at some lime to recijirocate some of the kindness shown me. 1 have the honor to lie, W-rv respectfull v, FHKDKKICK 1 1. W 1NE8, Cuniinissin„er. I ^k^ Eg---