DEPARTMENT OK Agricultural Experiment Station UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. ' n Books are not to be taken from the Library Room | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY C'?.s- Book 3go Ja09-20M EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF STATE COMMISSIONERS CF PUBLIC CHARITIES OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. PRESENTED TO THE GOVERNOR NOVEMBER. 1884. SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, H. W. RoKKER, State Printer and Binder, 1885. BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS. Fi'esident, J. C. COFvBUS, M. D. Co7n7nissioners, V. B. HALLEK, M. D., Vandalia. Term expires 1885. J. C. COKBUS, M. D., Mendota. Term expires 1886. W. A. GEIMSHAW, Pittstield. Term expires 1887. JOHN M. GOULD, Moline. Term expires 1888. CHARLES O. TRUSDELL, Chicago. Term expires 1889. Secretai'y, FRED. H. WINES, Springfield. 157314 STATE OF ILLINOIS, Office of Board of Public Charities, November 1, 1884. Hon. John M. Hamilton, Governor: The Board of State Commissioners of Public Charities has the honor to make to you its Eighth Biennial, or Sixteenth Annual Report, as required by law. We are, with respect, Your obedient servants, J. C. CORBUS, President. JOHH M. GOULD, F. B. HALLER, J. C. CORBUS, W. A. GRIMSHAW, CHARLES G. TRUSDELL. Fred. H. Wines, Secretary. EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT. CHAPTER I. THE STATE INSTITUTIONS. Organization of the charitable institutions— Principles of organization— Powers and duties of trustees— The state board— The national conference of charities— Results of the present system— Keview of the past ten years— Growth— Annual expenses— Per capita cost— Financial statement for 1883-4— Movement of population— Changes in officers. The system of organization and management of the state charita- ble institutions of the state of Ilhnois is now well understood. It has not only been approved by our own citizens, but has attracted the attention of citizens of other states, as has been demonstrated by the letters and personal visits received at this office and by the officers of our institutions. We apprehend that so long as it con- tinues to work well in practice, it is not likely to be materiallj'' changed, much less abandoned for any other whose results must of necessity be theoretical and problematical. A brief outline of its main features will, we believe, be of general interest and utility. The essential principles of all thorough, effective organization are three : subdivision of labor, accountability, and the spirit of emulation. The first of these principlts, subdivision of labor, is secured by committing the direct charge of each institution to a separate board of trustees, with sole executive power and responsibility, identified with the institution by every natural sentiment of mterest, pride and affection. It is beyond dispute that such a board, with a single aim, and no divided sympathies, will give the affairs of the institu- tion committed to it a degree of attention which could not be expected from any central board of control, charged with the details of executive management of a number of institutions, unlike in their special character and purpose, and intended for classes of persons whose traits, situation and necessities are dissimilar. Tlie second principle, accountability, is recognized and pro\-ided for, in the creation of a central hoaixl, with no executive i)ouer or responsibility, to which the trustees must report, and granting to this ])oard practically unlimited powers of visitation, inspection, suggestion and criticism. The state board, not being itself respon- sible for any error or defect in the practical administration of the atfairs of the institutions, has no interest in concealing the errors and defects which it observes ; its interest is rather to expose them. Its sole duty is to hold the oihcers of the institutions to a rigid account for their official acts ; to inform itself, and then to inform the executive and legislative departments of the government, whether the institutions are economically and efficiently managed, whether they accomplish results commensurate with their cost, and whether they do or do not sufficiently cover the lield of their usefulness, by providing for all who have a claim to be admitted to them. It may be said that direct accountability, on the part of the institutions, to the executive, as represented in the governor and auditor, or to the legislature, as represented in the visiting committees of the senate and house, would be simpler and better. But, in fact, the visits of legislative committees are unavoidably hurried, infrequent and superficial, as universal experience proves ; and the time of the governor and auditor are so taken up with other duties, that they cannot give to this branch of the public service that degree of con- stant, careful oversight which the public good requires. Wherever a state board has been established, its creation has been followed by an immediate improvement of the service, and if any such board has ever forfeited the confidence and good-will of the legislature or of the executive, it has been through inefficiency or mal-adminis- tration. The third principle named is emulation. To insure. a healthy emulation between institutions, what is required is a thorough sys- tem of comparison of results and frequent publication of such finan- cial and other statistical tables as will enable the people who pay the money for their support to judge of their relative economy, efficiency and usefulness. These are the main ])rinciples of theflllinois system. We proceed to show some of their practical applications. In the matter of trustees and their appointment, the State has declared its preference for boards of limited size, because the fewer the number in each board the larger the share of personal respon- sibility attaching to each individual member; for boards composed of appointees from as many counties as there are members in each board, in order to break the power of local intluenco in the man- agement of the institutions ; for the division of each board into classes, so as to secure continuity in the board, in spite of changes in membership ; for the appointment of trustees by the governor, because that method of appointment, rather than election by the legislature or by the peoi)le, removes the institutions as far from immediate connection with ])()litic8 as is consistent with the reten- tion of power over them by the State ; for unpaid service on the part of trustees, for this prevents the position from becoming a prize for ])artisan service rendered. The powers of trustees are limited, in order to protect the authority of the superintendent from 9 invasion, since the superintendent is the chief executive officer, upon whose personal efficiency the successful administration of the insti- tution depends, and his is the primary responsibility, which he can not share with another. The powers of the State commissioners of public charities are restricted to the right to inspect the premises, the inmates and the records ; to ask questions, under oath, if necessary ; to make sug- gestions ; and to give information and counsel, at their discretion, to the legislature and the governor. The special function of a State board of charities is to make comparisons, to criticise and to advise. To enable it to do its work, it must have power to prescribe the forms of financial and other statistical returns to be made by the institutions, to examine accounts and vouchers, and to inquire into everything connected with the management of the institutions. It must be authorized, on the one hand, to inform itself thoroughly as to the care of the unfortunate by the counties, and, on the other hand, to learn the methods adopted by other States, in order to the introduction of improved methods at home. For this purpose a certain amount of visitation of institutions outside of the State is essential. The organization of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections has been a great aid to us in this respect, by wid- ening our outlook and bringing us more directly into contact with our co-laborers throughout the country, thus enabling us to profit by their experience. As will be seen, our work is professional, rather than administrative. With the general result of the labors of the past sixteen years in this field, the people of the State are tolerably familiar. They know that the institutions have been free from scandal of every sort ; that the per capita cost of maintenance has been reduced more than one- third ; that a vastly increased number of unfortunates are cared for ; that the facilities for their proper care have been improved and augmented ; that the county farms are or soon will be freed from the presence with other paupers of the chronic insane ; that the principle of the supremacy of the State over its institutions has been made prominent in their management, and that they have been kept free from local or partisan control for selfish ends ; that the laws for their government have been strictly enforced ; and that the reputation of the State of Illinois for liberality, humanity, integ- rity and economy, in this, as in other branches of the State govern- ment, is deservedly high. It is now ten years since the enactment of the general statute under which the institutions subject to oversight by this board are governed. We are therefore prepared to give a summary view of the operation of the law, and of the history of the institutions, as a guide for the future. Their growth is shown in the following table : 10 3! 00 is. 00 2§g «- c <» o L-H a ® ® • ■5 -T T T> r» -i •f^ =•. — 11 P '^ Ir ^ -;.'"? '~ ^ 00= -r^irr o I* ffiif^Qp i ^ ^ to -^ -^ r> ss?s jjsia — sJS^^is'^'- 30 3C t- o ■?» <- 00 (- S; c. 5si "^ ^ ^-l ■-•; r~ ■M u5 00 1- -' o M •^ o Li t ■■ r~ «~ r» — • - 5i Sccq c _: «- « 3! ffl C — pi'" !■ -^ -r :^ 50 00 ;; 5 ;^ OT ^ -rt' "' ^^ — •>^ it "3 ® =s > r^ to o •-£ lO £ s o C-. . -^ 00 S-. ts n M :c :fy S«'3 ill a -: b o as J3 Sq. S5 33 w »n 00 o 11^ O OS S i^- '^ |o -^ -» 00 — — M C-. to O o w — tr. "M TJ ri ^- ;i n CO ^r -^ ^^ lO O O »C »0 »f3 ooocicoooioSatiOcxcw 11 ^ Their growth, as shown, from an average of 1,795 inmates, to an average of 3,702 mmates, within ten years, has necessitated an in- crease of expenditure, but not in a corresponding rate. The in- crease of expenditure, annually, for maintenance only, not including special appropriations for building, etc., has been: from $373,998.79 for ten months in 1875, (which is at the rate of $408,798.55 for a full calendar year), to $741,040.90 in 1884. We print, in this place, three tables, the first of which exhibits the total annual expenditure, both ordinary and special, and in the second are given the details of ordinary expenditure, for mainte- nance only, for the past ten years, while the third shows the cost per capita, annually, for those items of expense most directly affected by numbers. Animal Expenses jor Ten Years, from IS/o to 1884. Institution. Year. Ordinary. Special. Total. Northern Hospital for the Insane Totals Eastern Hospital for the Insane. Totals Central Hospital for the Insane. Totals Southern Hospital for the Insane. Totals. 1875 187(5 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 18S2 1883 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1875 1876 1877 1878 187!) 1880 1881 1N82 1883 1884 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 18SI 1882 1883 1881 77,601 50 105.348 85 107, 713 62 104,080 09 110,667 .56 104,167 17 117,547 66 110,465 96 106,257 21 109,549 44 $1,053,399 06 2,286 60 35,419 86 62,071 38 76,825 36 93.017 96 103,053 73 $372,674 89 78,6,36 35 109. 248 90 9(i,835 16 106,905 73 105, 075 30 116,955 06 113,638 17 120,643 77 114,291 84 121,902 78 $1,014,133 06 38,876 73 51,011 68 57, 176 73 80,040 41 82.721 55 92,990 70 88,552 45 98, 1X0 77 103,993 35 102,689 20 $796,2.33 57 21,345 92 2, 463 03 27, 042 65 14, 899 23 14,454 86 5,491 15 22, 7;!9 52 23, 766 80 21,081 68 24,9.31 08 $178,275 92 15,298 65 96,526 89 100,106 29 9S, 758 54 65, 030 45 83, 098 05 87,314 22 326,920 19 873, 053 28 10,011 65 2, 767 93 27,508 96 48, 192 22 49, 252 57 13, 433 .':.9 8,204 6ii 8,684 85 9,665 19 68, 109 05 $1,231,674 $1,245,728 17 88, 648 00 112,016 83 124.344 12 155,097 95 154,327 87 130,388 65 121,842 77 12il,328 62 123,957 03 190,011 83 $245, 8o0 61 $1,329,963 67 66,364 16 1 105,240 89 42,720 79 i 93,732 47 114,004 70' 171,181 43 14,506 05, 94,546 46 14,351 48 97,073 03 7, .564 56' 100,555 26 44.396 27 132,948 72 73,382 53 171,5Ij3 30 21,081 (I3| 125,074 38 41.793 93 114,483 13 $440, 165 50i $1,236,399 07 12 A rinual Expenses — Concluded. 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I 1 ■;« § J3 S H £5- 1- X 00 y 5 -ri- CM>- rs r 5: tit ©ao rj 0-- . -CC > 1 ^ r ert 1 •»_ lA-J > r~a ■ "5 a 1 ^ 1 1^ 5 (X. 1 • a 5 01 3 a a 3 0( 5 a 3 a 27 ^ c ^ 5 a M S (D .2 '^ a as-a 3 0) ® -" tj ^ s 2 C OJQ S2S 5=^ "a cc rt CO §■ I' c 5 o - o »— Ot — CO O :0 'M 00 O lO : t^ t^ t* l"» t^ t^ i-* t* r* lO it:- to lO 'X! tO ic " Cqr*Q0T-i00^-!pCM'^-O OC — OCD^iO — 'Mtor^ H-^-^-^-^lfllOO COf-c^-TOOCOO.— 't^Oi O — "M C5 00 t* {>. X> f* l-^ oor^or>-ooi-*coooot^ (M ^1 -^ x: Ci I - 00 — f>- lO Tf i>- -M -^ ITS r* »o -* c: '^^ I— 'C.Ci'-'^tO — iOt*lO O -t-T OO t^ -O •-:= CO 00 CO t^ tS oo:cco^^3lO*or^r^^>- iC-fiOffiuOf^lCO-^OO— * ■ooot^^^^otoec^co Lr5-;*''M'rt<— ^1— tOOCi--"<*< cr: r^ *! Ci t^ I— 1^ ooooo o c; *-•: f r* =^ c- rM t-* :=> O0-C*^000i— iOO". -XJOi t - I * ::0 ^O l-* t-* l^ CO tj 1:0 iO"Xf>-OOCiO^^"^TOO'^ k^i^r^ i^t^ y 00000000 ococooocoooooooooooo OCO'^OOOClt^*^ I- X ^ ^ r* 1^ "o 0^ fiOCO ^1— Csl 10 O i« -- O lO 'r: -M 00 i.'S ccooco •M'-liT .— ^ *1 10 ,_, CMO-. 0-- lO "f •— ' ^^ 1^ oocoo -T-S'lO 10 10 -rjH C>. t^ "^ Ci — Ci *0 *>! ^0 (M-M-ri — :oio — lO^?^ COt-'^-'TftCCO-^OOO'* COCOOOi-«QOiQi>:COX' --ioa:c o — 00 00 -sO -oi (- r>- o w-o ',0 ic lO oi 00 w^ OOOOO^iC'Tf-fTC-rfa:.-^ (M Cs — - -^ 1-. ^ O — "^ *1 r^ ^ o o — — c; CO TJ t» ■:C O *>! 00 (Ti "M iC GO lO -O c^oooo:oi.ocoiocD:oto T+HCOt^^roO^t^OCO-f "N I— I lo iO-^CO'MdOu^'T^— '^-1 .-^ — .— I -H ffi C: t^ OC C-1 ^ f^iO"*COiO »oc;r^"^-.ocor*CiOCO r^ ^ -o o o iM -^ -M 00 CO CO lO ^ O iO iO O to iO iO LO *0 *^ 00 Ci Ci — ' Ol CO "^ f -• f-* f^ ( ^ . ^ 00 00 DC 00 00 ooacooxooxoooo x;oo 28 o o 6q O 13 o !»; •c^ l-H "a o ^ — i»ocr:i.-5r;-T?;r: 1 •^JT^ — — ^ — — — ^— 1 KoD Eye and Ear Infirmary. Soliliers* Orphans' Home. Asylum, for feeble Minded. r* w o cj o o 1^ t^ 00 ci 50 IS l^ X 30 -^ ■?! =; C-. O a low l-H ■* ■«••-= C-. -^ — -.i C-1 = C5 i-H t>. ?^ I.- -O =-. IC ^ >- O C-. cii—Jti— or^oiooo «» ^ ,-1 -^ >— ^ I— ^ ,— Institut'n for the Deaf and Dumb. iOOo:c-T-woooti^ = oo 2«-tJ 3S5S ^-oo^-c. — l-'ow^-r-- -»• ?^ 00 1.-: = <~ =-. vs OJ -»• '3®'5 ®Co »-iooo-<5- -X) ;o i-i»oeocotMi-Hr;gococ« I— I r-i 1— 1 1— 1 1— I N IQ i-Hrl OOOOOCO^— 'i30D??.-H o — f^ior-oooi — oo ;oi-Hiot^cooo:0!M:MOO Tj«'^co-^coo^?^!Mr:c-oocoi^oocOf— (— ) ■>! Tl ^^ ^-^ ;=^ in — r-- ^ 'M r:: w! '-o rr o f— I iO -rf C: O O •— I — O S^ -rf 00 ff: >0 — r^ LO CO Ci 'M Gs|^H!7q:?q.— ■S'li— 'ccrars OOiO'MCOOD^i— CCOCO C" o -si: c: re t-- :Zi OCOCO'MOCi'>JOO(MC5 1— '0O0Ct>-^fM'NI00--'M ^> CO =: lO O Ol ^- CO C. LO o> urti LO oc i> UO lO -^ -^ m LO C-C0t>-00(Mi-"00=> ".OCOCCIMO — = .— lOO 1 l-O 00 r— -M ST C^ CO ri CO s-^'r-oo-s-^: — - ' _ : CO -^^ c; o -^ ' to o 00 00 cr. -^ c (^^ ^ — — . 1.T — ^ — M -* ^- — CO'— ^- — r^^to^f ''^ 00 — CO * 1 o •>) -f ^^ -M CO Csl CO C-l ^ ^J 0-1 Ol ^ c^ »o^:r>-?ooocoor»r>-oo -^0000>lt^00OOO»O l-O = (M -» 00 ^ -* (M lO O r^ lO i-o »c CO to -v t^ c^ r^ X'p-fo^coas*ooi:ci>'^ Oi O O l-O O t^ 00 '-^ :=> to C^ — — — — 'C-. CJr-00 COCO-^COIQOa^-7101 — cTiOdoooi-^r^M^^tooo c4 oo ^- 00 oo £^ c:j ■ a:t>-QOiooioc;o=)^ f*OCOOO*'-01CO— lOCO -*-^--^COO^t>-00 lO^T-icor^tsi^Cit^oo — >o^s;i>.oof»C5a3t^ lO rl 00 O i-O CM 0-. Ci ■» t^ a:'^0CL0ior^t>-00'--co CiCOC~. -— OOOOi^OOOOOi ■*COOO-*lO 1— I « ce 1— I (M in CO 04 0-1 ca oi CO ^ c; tT: o — ' «— I Lo lo COLO — tr. cO'-i = oo — -^ coi:^oi2C^'*2^'^'^i295 cooai5oqoio3 6]i-(^l>-0C0CQO0O0O ooocooc^ooooooocoooo The value of this hi.storieal record a.s an aid to tlie forma- tion of a correct estimate of the amounts required to be ap])ri)- priated, from time to time, by the General As-sumbly, is clear with- out explanation, but will be more ai)parent iu the next chapter. Financial Statement eou 1.ss:',-S4. Dr. On the tirst of October, 1832, there were, in the hands of the several treasurers of the ten institutions under our care, cash bal- ances amounting in the aggregate to $( JO, OS;!, •20. In addition to the cash balances in the hands of local treasurers, they had, in the state treasury, unexpended balances of appropria- tions undrawn, to the amount of S(52(l,()9G.8(».' The Thirty-Third General Assembly appropriated, for the use of these ten institutions, the sum of S2,4!ll,r)46.77, for the two years from July 1, LSBH, to July 1, 188",.' Besides the income derived from appropriations, the institutions receive a minor income from the proceeds of sales of farm produce, stock and manufactured articles, from collections for clothing, etc., the amount of which, during the past two years, has been i?131,025,04. The sum of these four items, which is S3,812,f);")4.58, is the total amount to be accounted for in the present report and in the reports of the institutions herewith transmitted. It is evident that this amount must have been expended by the institutions, or remain either in the state treasury or in the hands of the local treasurers. The distribution of debits among the several institutions is as follows : Institutions. Cash Oct. 1. 1882. Appeopbiations. relit Receipts. Total 1881. 1883. Northern Insane 1 1 7.779 54 8(J.515 28l 254.72177 IS.-^WSl 154.M2 :ttj itlO.oiHi (III 8.387 11 85.012 S'l 377,000 00 2:<.'.II4 8:i 7C..012:« 2.')4, 150 00 '.62 8T (i.5.8;ii;o2 uM.ono oo 1.4(;!l 117 2i.(i:Ci 41 71.250 00 8,.S37 50 50.!t74 20 12".. 000 (Ml :i'.0 431 40,055 74 118.,'iOO 00 1.122(131 l(i.423(i!i 3!t,!'.50 00 1397 09 21.778 ;i7 iso'.c.'i on 28.30r> 73' :<77.413 32 10.782 .■■>2 1.093 C98 'M Cfiiir.il liisiino 20 (Ml! 98 'I'll liKii 98 8ouIliern IiiMino Di'iif iiiul Dumb Bliml 19. 473 23 19.4>9 .VJ 3.591 03 11,<'N9 25 791 Jtl <;i5 w\ l(i. lOli 55 373. .S80 39 295.322 74 99.949 11 lr'*'''ial |iurpo.>-os. Of this amount. $1.0SI.Oi)i) was appropriated for ordinary expenses, and $807,510.77 for special purposes. ; Overdraft. 31 Cr. The cash disbursements, by ten institutions, during the past two years, in the aggregate, ^2,163,678.27. The amount remaining in the hands of local treasurers, Septem- ber 30, 1884, was $103,582.08. The amount remaining in the state treasury, undrawn, at the same date, was $1,042,110.86.* The sum of $3,583.34, appropriated but not drawn, lapsed into the state treasury. From the "Burr Fund," belonging to the hospital at Elgin, $5,000 was invested in a loan, which, in the table below, is included with the cash disbursements, but is no part of the actual expenses liquidated. The sum of these five items is $3,312,954.53, which was the amount to be accounted for. The distribution of credits among the several institutions is as follows : Institution. Total dis- bursements Cash Sept. 30, 1884. Approp'ns undrawn. Lapsed Sept. 30, 1883. Total. Northern Insane 266,291 74 611, 4:-!3 80 24,308 25 ,31.486 74 86,217 36 450,085 22 176, (164 66 89,936 54 75, 895 84 26,203 76 48,770 96 41,633 94 13,205 66 34,096 92 505 67 692 60 351 36 482 14 377,413 32 Eastern Insane 1, 093, 698 36 Central Insane 313,968 86 699 10 265,889 49; 17,272 22 217,085 45 2,341 45 68,188 06; 5,427 98 129.9115 07 15,505 96 112,446 58: 5,616 91 44,548 36, 387 80 133,920 861 445 65 491,086 98 Southern Insane 373,580 39 Dfaf and Dumb 295,322 74 Blind 129 31 1,418 96 99,949 11 Feeble-Minded 195,600 95 Soldiers' Orphans 159,697 43 Eve and Ear 58,141 82 Reform School 168,463 43 Total $2,163,678 27 .1103.582 06 $1,042,110 86 $3,583 34' $3.312.9.54 53 Further details of these receipts and disbursements will be found in the tables appended to this report, and in the reports of the in- stitutions named. It will, of course, be understood that the figures above given rep- resent cash receipts and disbursements, and that the actual expenses, during the fiscal years 1883 and 1884, may have been more or less than the cash payments, according to the amount of outstanding debt at the beginning and at the end of the period. In fact, they were less. The actual expenses incurred have been : Institution. Ordinary. Special, Total. Northern Insane Hospital Eastern Insane Hospital Central Insane Ho^fiital Soul hern Insane Hospital Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Institution for the Blind .. Asylum for Feeblf-Minded Soldiers' Orphans' Home Eye and Ear Infirmary State Reform School 215.806 65 196.071 69 236.194 62 206. 682 55 202.248 69 59,(MI7 75 116,154 S8 99,149 78 35,380 ,33 88,763 81 46, 414, 77, 62, 15, 9. 13, 13, 9, 45. 012 76 234 41 774 24 874 96 885 53 178 31 744 48 296 8(» 168 03 157 05 Total $1,455. 462 75 261, 610. 313. 269, 218, 68. 129. 112. 44, 133, 819 41 306 10 968 86 557 51 131 22 188 06 899 36 446 58 548 36 920 86 $707,326 57 $2,162,789 32 *0f this amount , $787, 750 was for ordinary expenses, and $254, 360.86 for special purposes. 32 The a{?reemont between the statement of cash payments and that of actual expenses, is shown as follows : Cash disbursements, during 1883 84 S-2, 158,078 27 Deduct payments on account of expenses of 18S1-82 . . . 14,295 01 Paid on expenses of 188M-84 S2, 144 888 26 Indebtedness of 1888-84 outstanding, Sept. 30, 1884 18,40(; OG Total expenses, 1888-84 .s2.1(J2,7H9 32 To meet this indebtedness of $18,400.00, the institutions had the following cash resources : In hands of local treasurers 8108.582 06 In state treasury, on call 20,108 97 Total cash assets $129,091 03 Deduct amount of debt 18,406 06 Cash surplus $111,284 97 This surplus was divided among them as follows : Northern Insane Hospital 822,493 12 Eastern Insane Hospital 27,488 53 Central Insane Hospital '.),340 [;0 Southern Insane Hospital 18,420 00 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 8,488 01 Institution for the Blind 5,809 29 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children 17,794 16 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 5,616 91 Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary 387 80 State Reform School 445 65 Total §111,284 97 This statement of surplus does not include ledger accounts (for clothing and incidental expenses of inmates,) outstanding and un- collected. It will be observed that the biennial period closed without a deficit in anv instituticn. 33 ■*t^wo»a3oomo5u:it^CT: t>--*t^o;ooj:o i-Ti—'oi 1 -^ H 1 t^ «» 1 ** 1 oo-^^-ooo-M • « r>- -^ -^ t* -s o r* io as •«»• i^ o eooio 1/3^1 i3 OlI3t^-T^t^ •K0C^Nr-c;DC;iOClC2^O00 tcoo O ?S = c:-*:^^- — 'M •-*-oo:ooo'»c^^»'Oi-*'M*^iO'M OC-. o OO 1^ i-t O i-tl "M -^ r^ • 07 00 "M IC OC C>- C^ L-J c; ^ ^ Ci (^ 1 ^ ^ = 1-: o -^ b |X^i~?4K:c jgo?; cx> "-• «» a- o i-^ViO CO • ^ •— « 01 C5oQ s 1 «e- . 10r700»/2:0 — — OCC^-O'M t^ CO ■* lO lO to o to jSz: ^ ^ -O O 1< ?3 C-. = CO ?3 O r^ O i-O O lO o to l~ o 00 Ol cc 1-0 It -f -o s; S-. ?: oo o ira cc o r^ f^ ;::; ? ^- ''' ■^ CO to I^3««l.-:'^•r-T•T■-Hoo = f~— 1 0^ to 00 OI '^ l^ ©bS -» o r: i~ T OI 1^ ^ *; rt (M — l-l l-H '~ »» >.,-^ ^ -^OO" rH w^« «6 la t "-^ ai ».0— ocf>-:oo 3rCi--^oOiO— — looot^ — — 'CO OO 25 s?'-; fcj C (U .t- 0) a O — 00 ^ !C -1 -r r- OO o -<■ OQ -»■ to (^ C5 f— 00 ot^ ^ o 05 a — r^ — Oli-O — — :o — :ccr. OILO — coc »— 'O^ l-OiO ^ iO! 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Ol *^ "/: *;C "M 5'" "-0 'O CO 00 "o ^ <— ' o <— to o-.^ P^ io = woo =i o ^^ Ol to to r- 01 — — — "O -^ £^ O — ^ Ol o — ^ CO Oi CO -a- ^ tr. oc lO oti^ — t- — ccrioi^^Tg — lo 2 k^ ?! 5^ ? r^ CO I ^ CO 04 to -r ' * t-- "^ "— ' lO Ci " — "■ !««■ (T, jfd=^' S-^" ■-J -- CO to to oi ^ -w =; oc CO — OQ Ol — CN Ol •se- ^ iooc"t^ irioj r^^ T-> ._-T3 J3 C_ I en a P ■5 ■'^ c a > a CO c © '3 a: cf a ■y c s c y a "5 c is SI ' ^§osi:53e^£l§-2S^Si1g2iS^7o-c r\ < P^ c::)!-: pt t-^ t^ S(JHa-pc Z. J? yi^P: fc. (2: &- S pRp; H^ h: 32 p: pi; < CM 1 34 3< CO 00 CO S2 CO ^ <3 '^ I OH cu a 5 5s;?rigVi /5 *0 71 -f 77 1.7 f ^ 1 * ffi ^- * r: ff". ^- — * :i 5-. -O 1 i 7l 77 » « iC 71 30 5c 71 1~ y 2 X •«?r: o o i'2 r 1 j_-=:^ «„ ^"'^="--'^'" "^ii -^N $12,734 47 14,200 51 4. 1(» 59 797 81 3.092 (M 801 80 • 7>1 7171 ^ c^i^r: 1.7 s «=> i7lU77 i/7:£77 71 — ^O— -rtOClOOOi..^ mi.7l^3Ct»00O — ^OOoSfflCCTl 00OKC7 — 07 = i-7oo-i5 — = 1^1.7 30 — ^iot; ; C-. •^S:ciCc7i56-»'tt?i:ci ■" or 71 3 "' S is t07177 t-^71 ci -^77 77 ^^5 5 o «» 1 • O 7* 1/2 C. O lO lO on O o — — 1-7 = — » ■■ CC-r^-'O^ISi ■S'O'V71r-,r-i00i.7"500il7r'-'^r-"5M — 77 CCCOS^O — C^ '-?I^C^07 — -rl>-ir7^CC0071i.7'^OS O — 00 — 1^ O 00 C7 *^ ' — *.* 'O ^ 1.7 O X r^ 1.7 — O ^ ^- ^^ ^^ O ^- — 1-7 or-. lOO-. 710-- 'O — 0-r77-T 0077— 71-»' ,— r- — 77 71 !>.— !• O ri 77 « • — « v= r-- 77 -o -o 71 = -o o 71 -rm •^ t^ ^^ ^s s ^1 ^^ ^^ ^^^ OOSi.0 — ^077 — 71 •* O U3 00 6l " 00 -o o t>. s o s 71 — 1.7 =: r- c. 75 c. s; I- sr. I»071-Ta0-T— -OXJSOOOOTICCC". — CI 1- t~ 71 1- 00 7JC(>. = 1-7 1.7 7171 Ci CCi-i O 00 =V -O 71 — — 71 00 00 7 ^ 7f 71 = 000 lO '" = ^00 00 C:-^ C5 = OOCCiOn .r^TJOOOOOCV Ot-U5CCC-. D7r»=. = C35 = i ' ' — TH.OOOTTlr-JOoOOO'^; • r^ 77 00 00 o cv • K C7 O 7H- O r o t>- ST. 00 0077000i7r C07IC. O". 7177 .OOI- — 77 — OOSC-. = = -rOO-- CO-fOO ^-97=1-1.771 ■l.7^:•07;77u7 — 71=-.'V — OOO— r-< 7171 07*7;-O — — —71 .■OI — •O T = 71 77 O ■ — -^ 00 — 1.7 = -O X- 75 O OO 71 1— .^ 71 -^ -^ -T c. ••o— i-o-=r-C". i» = ■voo-^■^-l■• ,-| m oo •* 71 CO • 07 71 00 00 71 1^ lO 71 C-. m 1.7 -1" 77 = — =•0 00 •■"TTtM'l-XCCIM = -rl---=l-i.7 077777CO — 1^ • 71 "37771— <0 7171'S" 770 •O00l>^ ,-<71 • — = e<3 7J ri 1—177^^ 77 r-i = ■o = "..r :oio • t> :Sr.£ :«!ixrt : •~i- c^'T ~ ^ ■ :2=.i.2>i.xS 35 MOVEMENT OF POPULATION. The admissions and discbarges, together with the number of days' board furnished to inmates of institutions, are shown in the following table. It is to be noted that under the head of discharges are in- cluded deaths, elopements, etc. Institution. n-CB • CD 00 oo to & 3 ^% ; c . CD •-i U m' a a- S TO 1^ Days' Board of Inmates. 1883. 1884. 1883-84. , Northern Insane. .... 520 326 639 5110 494 h - 302 289 89 250 257 599 481 375 130 c 212 e 306 183 864 292 777 925 1,120 875 624 212 608 / 472 953 542 244 286 487 280 a 137 d 88 291 119 868 241 533 639 683 595 487 124 317 353 85 301 4,067 191, 85S 145.627 229,945 192, 123 136,339 28,968 107,008 99,658 31,495 104,013 192,350 188,356 230,286 210.9,35 134,734 34.654 106.758 116,033 28,684 112.890 384, 208 Eastern Insane 333,983 Central Insane 460, 231 Southern Insane Deaf and Dumb 403,058 271,073 Blind 63,022 Feeble-Minded 213, 776 Soldiers' Orphans' Eye and Ear . . ^ 215, 691 60,179 Eeform School 216, 90S Total 3.409 3,699 7,108 3,041 1,267,034 1,355,080 2,622.114 fi— Including 95 temporarily absent. ?;— In vacation, c— Including 65 former pupils returned, ri— Including 34 temporarily absent, e— Including 195 former pupils readmitted. /—Including 21 temporarily absent. The 5,387 dispensary patients treated by the surgeons of the Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, during;^ the past two years, are not counted in the above statement. BONDS FILED. We furnish a list of all bonds of superintendents and treasurers filed in this office, as required by law, since the date of our last report. By Superintendents. Eastern Insane Hospital, Kankakee. — Eichard S. Dewey, princi- pal; Increase C. Bcsworth and Edward C. Lovell, sureties; amount, ten thousand dollars ; dated November 2, 1883. Southern Insane Hospital, Anna. — Horace Wardner, principal ; William P. Halliday and W. A. Hight, sureties ; amount, ten thou- sand dollars ; dated August 4, 1883. Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, Lincoln. — WilHam B. Fish, principal ; John D. Gillett and James H. Hoblit, sureties ; amount, five thousand dollars ; dated October 3, 1883. Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago. — Edgar C. Lawton, principal; Koswell Park and John Davis, sureties ; amount, five thousand dol- lars ; dated April 9, 1883. State Eeform School, Pontiac. — John D. Scouller, principal ; James A. Caldwell and Charles A. McGregor, sureties ; amount, five thou- sand dollars ; dated July 25, 1883, By Treasurers. Eastern Insane Hospital, Kankakee. — Haswell C. Clarke, princi- pal ; Emory Cobb and Lemi B. Cobb, sureties ; amount, fifty thou- sand dollars ; dated September 23, 1883. Southern insane Hospital, Anna. — Robert B. Stinson, principal; Thomas M. Perrin, Oliver Alden and Jesse E. Lentz, sureties; amount, tifty thousand dollars ; dated August 7, 1873. Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, Lincoln. — John D. Gillett, principal ; Jonathan Merriani, John H. Holdit and David T. Littler, sureties; amount, tifty thousand dollars; dated September 4, 1883. State Reform School, Pontiac. — James E. Morrow, principal ; Squire Linscott, Thomas Spotford and Ogden P. Bourland, sureties ; amount, twenty thousand dollars ; dated July 18, 1883. CHAN'GES OF OFFICERS. In 1883, Mr. George S. Davenport, superintendent of the Chari- table Eye and Ear Infirmary, resigned his position on account of ill- health, and Mr. E. C. Lawton was appointed by the trustees to take his place. Dr. Charles T. Wilbur, superintendent of the Asylum for Feeble- Minded Children, resigned in October, 1883, and was succeeded by Dr. William B. Fish. 37 CHAPTER II. APPKOPEIATIONS. Classification of appropriations— Ordinary expenses— Reduction in per capita cost- Items of expenses affected by numbers— Estimate for next two years— Average number of inmates— Special appropriations— Appropriations by thirty-third general assembly- How expended— Appropriations requested of thirty-fourth general assembly— Old friends —Repairs— Grounds— Electric light— Side tracks— Other requests. The Board of State Commissioners of Public Charities was created in 1869. Since that time, including the appropriations made in 1869, there has been appropriated to the ten institutions now under our care, for ordinary expenses or maintenance, $7,880,992.48, and for special purposes, principally for buildings, $4,283,200.53, making the large aggregate sum of $12,164,193.01. The institutions are maintained almost wholly by appropriations from the public treasury, the amount of miscellaneous income from petit sales and charges for clothing being comparatively insignifi- cant. All the inmates are supported wholly at the expense of the state ; there is no charge for board, tuition or treatment against any county or any individual who is a resident of the state. The institutions absorb more than one-half of the general revenue of the state. Hence the importance of a rigid surveillance of all the operations of this branch of the government. The appropriations made are classified under the two general headings, "ordinary" and "special," according as they are for main- tenance of the inmates, oi* for additions to the land, buildings and equipment and for necessary improvements and repairs. Special appropriations must be expended strictly in compliance with the terms of the act by which the appropriation is made ; there is no restriction upon the use of the ordinary expense fund, and the only way to prevent its misuse is to limit it in amount, so as to leave no large surplus to be expended at the discretion of the officers. I. Ordinary EaPEnses. There is no very great diflicnlty in estimating the amounts proper to he ajipropriated for tlie or(Hnary expenses of the institutions. The institutions are open to tlie puiijic ; tliey are constantly vis- ited hy county officials and hy the friends of the patients or pupils ; the numher of persons discharged from tliem, who, from time to time, return to their homes and make report of their condition and management, is large ; the memhers of the legislature can see and judge for themselves whether they are extravagantly or corruptly conducted. The absence of any complaint respecting them is presumptive evidence that no serious ground of complaint exists. Comparison of their expenses with those of similar institu- tions in other states will demonstrate that our own are above the average, if not in the very front rank, in respect of economy and efficiency. To maintain them at their present level of usefulness and acceptability, a certain average rate of expenditure is necessary. What this average is can be ascertained by consulting the record of their past experience, which was given in detail in the previous chapter.* In the application of the experience of former years to the present needs of the institutions, certain principles must be ke])t in mind. It will be observed, that with the increase in their capacity, and the increased accountability of their officers, there has been a gradual reduction in the per capita cost of maintenance, both in the aggregate and in the separate items of wiiich it is composed. The cost of attendance (salaries and wages) was, in 1875, for 1,7'.:5 souls, $83.11, but in 1884, for 3,702 souls, it w^as $74.05. The cost of food fell, in the same period of time, from $65. 7G to S55.'23 ; of clothing and bedding, from $"21. '24 to 813.30 ; of laundry supplies, from $3.52 to si. 83; of medicines and medical su])plies, from S4.10 to S2.13. Other items exhibit a like decline. T^he total per capita cost of maintenance fell from S250.02 to S200.0(). The appropria- tions for ordinary expenses, made in 1883, aggregated $1,()84,0(KI for two years. Had they been made on the same basis as in 18;"5, they would have amounted to over $2,000,000. Part, at least, of this reduction is due to the work of the State Board of Public Char- ities ; part may be attributed to the fact that there is less margin allowed tlian formerly for permanent improvements at the expense of the ordinary fund; part to the fact that certain items, such as fuel, light and farm expenses, for instance, do not increase directly in i)roportion to the increase in numbers; and part to the stability and permanence of official life in the institutions of Illinois, wliicli has Ijorne fruit in an increase of capacity on the part of those in charge, resulting from their continuous experience and training for the proi)er discharge of their duties. It is to be noted that a new]\- organized institution always costs more per capita than one which is filled up witii inmates and in thorough running order. ♦Pages H J'.t. 39 We divide the ordinary expenses of an institution into two groups of items, — those which are, and those which are not, directly aneeted by the number of inmates in each. In estimating the amount re- quu-ed to be appropriated by the Thirty-Fourth General Assembly, we assume that for the first group* a jjcr capita appropriation of $145 will be necessary, which, for 5,000 beneficiaries, will amount, in gross, to S725,000 per annum. For the other group of items, it is our judgment that there will be required, by ten institutions, in the aggregate : For fuel $72,000 For light 21,000 For water 3,000 For freight and transportation 30,000 For postage and telegraphing 5,000 For l30oks, stationery and printing 8,000 For household expenses 10,000 For furniture 15,000 For improvements and repairs 25,000 For care of farms and stock 21,000 For all other expenses 25,000 Total $235,000 In other words, the annual cost of the ten institutions, for the next two years, with their enlarged capacity, will not vary greatly from $960,000. An appropriation of this amount is, however, not required, since a portion of this expense will be defrayed from the petit or miscel- laneous income derived from "ales and from charges for clothing, etc. The amount of this miscellaneous income we estimate at $90,000. The annual appropriation should, if these figures are cor- reqt, be $870,000. It remains to apportion this aggregate sum approximately and equitably among the several institutions. They do not, of course, have the same needs. They are of diverse character. Some of them are educational and others not ; some of them have vacations ; the ages of the inmates are different, the classes of persons to be cared for are very different, and the internal economy exhibits a corres- ponding dissimilarity ; various local conditions, also, such as the severity of the climate in winter, the distance of the institution from market, the architectural construction of the buildings, etc., etc., influence the expenditure in this or that direction. Taking the ex- perience of the past ten years as a guide, we offer the following estimate, in detail, for the consideration of the General Assembly, but with an absolute conviction that it can not be materially de- parted from without detriment to the interests which the legislature and the people of the State have at heart and desire to conserve. *The principal items directly affected by numbers are: SaUuies and wages, food, clothing and bedding, laundry expenses, and medicines. Other items depend not so much upon the number of inmates as upon ihe extent of the premises and upon local conditions. The cost of fuel depends upon the locality, the amount of space to be heated, and the use made of machinery; that of light, on the number of burners, and the mode of ligliting adopted; that of the farm, on its size, and the amount of live-stock to be fed, etc. 40 5^ Si ; = 3 S 5 = ?£S = S = « =. f = 1 -5 5 lg f O — Tires CC.— *'-;^*r*^ CVT >:rtTi^ 1 " cs -' '■^' -5 i" ri =;' "' 5 *i' '^" *•*' ^ ' ~ - • z 'i ^, :^' — ' — " 1 — * y « 0- •~ 0. ^- 1 ' a" ri « 1 1 " 1 OC — cs^ -oc^ — — ^~ — — ^^ — » 's ^ . 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(t— ;> ?! pi,a,2;c?=Wfc •s* Pb < K •< < U L 41 With regard to the educational institutions in which there is a vacation, (for the deaf and dumb, the blind, the feeble-minded and for soldiers' orphans), it should be said that the average number as stated in the foregoing table, and also on page 10, is not the average number present during term-time, but during the calendar year. To find the average number during the calendar year, the number of days' board furnished in the year is divided by 865 (or in leap-year by £66), the number of days in the year, and the quotient is the average. But to find the average number during^ term-time, the same number of days' board must be divided by the number of days in the year, less the number of days of vacation ; that is to say, by the number of days included in the terms of school. The difference in these averages is shown as follows : Days' Board, Ateeages. Institution. For year. School term. 1883. 1884. 1883. 1884. 1883. 1884. Deaf and Dumb 136, 3;» 28,968 107,008 99,658 134,734 34,654 106,758 116,033 374 79 293 273 368 93 292 317 511 118 353 350 50» Blind 134 Feeble Minded Soldiers' Orphans 353 399 Evidently, the average during school-term, since it is the largest number, will give a lower per capita cost when the total ordinary expense of an educational institution is divided by it, than the average for the calendar year. The precise difference, for the in- stitutions named, would be as follows : Pek Capita Cost. Institution. Yearly Average. School Average. 1883. 1884. 1 1883. 1 1 1884. Deaf and Dumb $273 55 350 96 210 74 165 07 $271 83 3:n 88 186 41 $200 00 236 (13 175 02 $190 23 Blind Feeble Minded . 232 62 154 03 Soldiers' Orphans 170 58 '■ 128 78 136 27 For this reason, these institutions naturally insist that the aver- age during school term shall be taken as the divisor, and the aver- age for the calendar year ignored. But there are serious objections to the rule which they desire us to adopt. (1) The comparison which we make is between institu- tions which have no vacation and those which have. It is fair to the former, that the cost of the vacation should be shown. The only possible basis of comparison between them is found in the number of days' board furnished, and unless a common divisor is employed, such comparison is impossible, but the number of days in the year is the only common divisor. (2) The purpose of our calculations is to furnish a basis for a correct estimate of the 42 amount of appropriations requisite for maintenance of the several institutions; for this special purpose, eitlier rule is eijually appli- cable, and both <,uve in the end an identical result.* (:}) The state- ment of cost on the basis of school attendance is not quite accurate since the expense is apportioned over the entire year and not con- fined to the periods when school is in session. The salaries of teachers in some instilutions are i)aid during vacation, but in others not. (4) The application of the rule proposed, instead of that which we have adopted, is practically impossible, for the reason that in some of our state institutions all the pujiils return to their homes For improvement of grounds, si, 000 jjcr annum 2,000 00 For front fence and gateways 1,500 00 ooO 87 For patients' lil)rary, ^'AK) per annum. . . . 1,000 00 . . For changing heating apparatus in south wing and centre building 18,881 77 17 88 For two new boilers 4,340 00 For washing machines, mangle and ele- vator 2,000 00 For electrical apparatus 1,000 oo 8!I8 00 Total S42,721 77 i?r),091) 50 To the Eastern Ilos/iital for the Insane. For rei)airs and improvements, $4,000 /)t'r a)inum For imi)rovement of grounds, SI, 000 jier annum For additional stock and farm imple- ments, $2,000 ])er annum For additional boiler and pump for water- works For lire-hydrants and hose $8,000 0(1 $90(; 2(; 2,000 00 750 12 4,000 00 020 00 (i.OOO 00 l.tMK) (K) 549 ()0 * Tho showiiiK on the plan propospd by the educational institutions Is of course better for all the institiitiitns. It would if iidop'od. nialce the per capita cost in ten institutions, for the llseul year issi. $1!I7.:,(; instead uf luoo.o*;. 43 For filter-bed and basins 12,000 00 12,000 00 For refrigerating-bouse (additional appro- priation) 3,000 00 For additional land 10,000 00 For furniture 3,500 00 913 70 For library . 500 00 58 22 For musical instruments, etc 1,000 00 908 56 For pipe covering in new buildings 1,000 00 313 70 For completion and furnishing of addi- tional buildings, to accommodate 1,000 inmates 400,000 00 104,765 06 Total ^452,000 00 ^122,035 22 To the Central Hospital for the Insane. For repairs and improvements, ^5,000 per annum $10,000 00 $2,289 35 For improvement of grounds, $1,000 per annum 2,000 00 1,306 93 ±or renewals of w^alls, (additional appro- priation) 5,000 00 17 20 For renewing heating surfaces, $2,000 per annum 4,000 00 280 95 For fire-pump 1,000 00 For additional building, to accommodate 300 inmates 135,000 00 80,028 43 Total $157,000 00 $83,922 86 To the Southern Hospital for the Insane. For repairs and improvements, $3,000 per annum $6,000 00 $2,452 43 For improvement of grounds, $1,000 per anniun 2,000 00 216 50 For new^ main sewer 3,000 00 For filter and basins 10,000 00 1,053 79 For fire-pump and outside fire-line 2,500 00 For new fence 250 00 For converting barracks into cottage .... 4,000 00 For furnishing barracks 2,000 00 139 79 For purchase of 160 acres of land 6,400 00 For addition to north wing 22,000 00 5,658 36 Total $58,150 00 $9,520 87 To the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. For repairs and improvements, $2,000 per annum $4,000 00 $549 12 For pupils' library, S500 per annum 1,000 00 324 50 For kitchen building and employees' quar- ters ! '. . . . 6,000 00 19 98 For refrigerator-house 5,000 00 111 91 Total $16,000 00 $1,005 51 44 To the Institution for the Education of the BVnuI P'or repairs and improvements, $1,;jOO per annum $3,000 00 For new fence 1.200 IM) For purchase of 22 acres of land 2, ')()() 00 For mau'de for laundrv o50 00 Total S7,2oO 00 To the Asylum for Feehle-Minded Children. For repairs, 82,000 per annum $4,000 00 For improvement of grounds, $500 per annum 1,000 00 For laundry building (additional appro- priation 2,000 00 For iinisbing and furnishing basement. . 5,000 00 For cistern for rain-water 1,0(M) 00 81,602 33 122 86 37 26 81,7<;2 45 8279 7'"^ 793 53 1,409 98 996 50 Total §18,000 00 $4,479 7f; To tlie Soldiers' Orphans' Home. For repairs and improvements $5,000 00 8807 31 For hospital building 2,500 00 311 65 For library booiis 500 00 72 29 For furniture 500 00 Total $8,500 00 $1,191 25 To the Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. For repairs and imjirovemeuts, 81,000 per annum $2,000 00 For additional furniture, $1,000 per annum 2,000 00 $455 66 For brick stable and shed 1,950 00 Total $5,950 00 $455 (56 To the State Reform School. For extraordinary and incidental expenses, $1,000 per annum For library, 8-00 per annum For alterations in west wing For new family l)uildiug For new boiler For heater and purifier For three cisterns For stand-pipe and hose For fire-pumi), pi])e and connections. Vov inside i)aiiiting Total $46,975 00 $2,000 00 •100 00 9,000 00 . $707 35 Kw 52 30,000 00 2,500 00 1,000 00 500 00 375 00 700 00 500 00 500 (X> 875 00 700 00 147 05 $4(),975 00 82,596 92 45 Recaintulation. Northern Insane Hospital $42,721 77 $5,099 56 Eastern Insane Hospital 452.000 00 122,085 22 Central Insane Hospital 157,000 00 83,922 86 Southern Insane Hospital 58,150 00 9,520 87 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 16,000 00 1,005 51 Instiiution for the Blind 7,250 00 1,762 45 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children 18,000 00 4,479 96 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 8,500 00 1,191 25 Eye and Ear Infirmary 5,950 00 455 66 State Keform School 46,975 00 2,596 92 Total $807,546 77 $232,120 06 Concerning the expenditure of many of these appropriations, there is no occasion to make any remark. Some of them deserve special mention at our hands. The changes in the heating-apparatus at Elgin are well conceived, well executed, and in every respect satisfactory, to the best of our knowledge and belief. The trustees say of the front fence and gate- ways : Two years ago we apked for an appropriation of three thousand dollars for a front fence and gateways. The cost of the work was closely estimated, and that amount was thought to be very moderate, considering the length of the line and the character of the fence which should border the fore-gi-ouiid of such an institution. In improving the grounds, we built a substantial and handsome gateway at the north end. Commencing at that point we have erected an iron fence extending south beyond the culvert. This work has bf^en done in the manner contemplated when we made our original estimate, at which time we intended to construct the entire fence in like manner. For the portion already completed, we bought the iron and piping in Chicago, at very low prices. The engineer and his assistants have cut, made and fitted the same, when not otherwise engaged, thus reducing the expense to a very low figure, considering what would have been the cost of cons suction, had we purchased it outright. The legislature gave us only one thousand five hundred dollars. With this small sum at command, we have endeavored to comply with the law. keeping wthin the amount appropriateil, and have a trifteover five hundred dollars unexpended, with which to complete the remainder of the work. Without a furtht^r appropriadon, the portion of the fence left unfinished will have to be constructed in a cheaper manner, not at all in keeping with the grounds of the institution or its general surroundings. It is true the state will have a fence, hut we bf>g leave to submit that such a fence would be little more than a blemish upon the landscape, and would sadly mar the beauty of the grounds. We ask that the legislature r<>eonsider this subject and t;ive us an additional one thousand five hundred dollars to make up the amount of our original estimate, (very low for the quantity of work given the state), so that we may complete the work in harmony with the portion already constructed. We do hope the legislature will favorably consider this matter, which we feel sure they would do, could they but see for themselves the s.tuation and what has been done. . In the last (seventh biennial) report of this hospital, an estimate was printed (page 69), which was submitted by Harding, Barbee & Co., in which the cost of four hunrlred and eighty feet of iron fence, including four large stone posts, drive-gate, entrance-gate, blind- gate and lamps for the top of posts, together with two hundred feet of fence at south end, to be of lighter construction and made of a combination of wood and iron, inckiding one gateway, was said to be three thousand and forty-eight dollars, for which sum the firm named offered to do the entire work. We declined to endorse the appli- cation. The legislature made an appropriation of one thousand five hun- dred dollars, for two hundred and thirty rods of fence at Elgin, but it appropriated only five hundred dollars for two hundred rods of fence at Anna. Ki The law wliitli p;overns the expenditure of spt'cinl appropriations provides that "if at any time the sum appropriated by the t,'eneral assemhly for auj' specific purpose shall be found insufficient to com- plete and accomplish the puri)ose for which said ajjpropriation is nuide, then no part of said sum so appropriated shall he expended or drawn from the state treasury, nor shall any liability on the ])art of the state be created on account of said appropriation."' It is difficult to see how the action of the ofiicers of the hospital can be regarded otherwise than as an evasion, if not a violation of the law, and as such it does not receive our approval. When an insti- tution asks for an appropriation of three ♦housand dollars for a specific purpose, and submits an estimate in detail, showing that three thousand dollars will be required to accomplish the purpose in view, and the legislature makes an appropriation of one thousand five hundred dollars, for the same purpose, this action on the part of the legislature can only be construed as an implied direction to modify the proposed plan, so as to cheapen the cost of construction. But the trustees say that "the work has been done in the manner contemplated when we made our original estimate." If, as they say, the original estimate was "very moderate, considering the length of the line and the character of the fence," then an appropriation of one-half the amount asked by the institution was, (if that plan was to be adhered to, in spite of the failure on the part of the legisla- ture to approve it), "insul'ticient to accomplish" its erection "m the manner contemplated;" and it was the duty of the trustees either to change the plan or to let the appropriation lie in the state treasury untouched. The course pursued puts the General Assembly in the dilemma of either accepting the situation made for it or re- fusing to do what it desired and intended to do, namely, to secure the erection of a suitable fence along the entire front line of the hospital grounds. We must add that a handsome stone gateway, of which the trustees make no mention in their report, has been erected at the south entrance to the grounds, and that it is unjiaid for. The amount appropriated for the use of the Kankakee hospital for the insane was so large that it seems to call for a somewhat fuller account of the expenditure of this money than is given in the report of the institution, where the items are all named in the "itemized statement," but the separate funds are consolidated, so that the disposition of each in detail cannot be ascertained. The fund for additional stock and farm implements was spent as follows : 1 Holsfein bull "Diiko of Kiino" L' bro(j(l maiv's an(i(i 00 :.i"> 00 117 .10 KM) 00 17 00 125 00 KW 00 5-(8 00 25 M 111 (-.1 121 Pump beds 88 87 Fire-brielc and clay -^4 5ii Architect's fee 174 76 Total $ ix Halancf on large Worthington pump i.H-' *>^ Lagging •• •• •' .fL'^';; One It X 554 x 10 Worthington pump ■^•>> •>'' Iron smoke-stack, 50 feet by :50 inches .,'u*^ -a betting boilei.s ■}^'\ '° Labor •^'; ^L* Iron rods and bolts -i "'. Grate-bars, plates and skeleton arch t" '"^ Inspection of boilers /-"' |'1| Hardware , \-^ ''' Locks l--"'" "^' Concrete paving.'.'.'.'.'.'.".' *>• ^'''I '"' 1.4«!>feet flagging (part) „ r'* ^'1 Hot-air furnaces •'..nKt nO Registers 1."''^" "" «tone : J- '.'"' 1 raveling expenses 1-^ <^ Prin'iiig and advertising <- &*' Freights ^'■*< ^"^ Total $2S0.'.I53 51 At the Jacksonville hospital for the insane, the work of renew- ing the heating surfaces by the substitution of Gold radiators of the Utica pattern, for the pipe-coils formerly in use, has now l>eeu com- pleted. The steam fire-pump purchased is a Worthington "F," with sixteen-inch cylinders and ten-inch stroke. The principal work done during the past year has, however, been the partial completion of the detached building, for three hundred additional patients. The plans were approved by us, after the submission of an estimate showing that the entire work could be accomplished for the amount of the appropriation. They are, in substance, identical with those for the extension of the Connecticut hospital, at Middletown : two large, common dining-rooms, separated by a hall, in the lower story . of the centre building; on the second Hoor, a sewing-room, and rooms for the officers in charge ; on the third floor, rooms for employees. The wings, which are also three stories in height, have central cor- ridors, with eight single dormitories, and four associated dormitories, in each ward; each ward has a clothes-room, bath-room and water- closet. The wings are connected with the centre building by two- story passages, with a reception room on one side. In the rear is the kitchen, and behind it the boiler-house and smoke-stack. The effect is very good, aud has been secured at a very moderate cost. The a])propriation, which was at the rate of four hundred dollars a bed, will probal^ly be more than sufficient to accomplish its pur- pose. The appro]iriations for the hospital at Anna have been judiciously used. A full account of the disjiosition made of them is contained in the report of the trustees. The filter appears to us small, for the capacity of the institution. The extension of the north wmg is a great improvement. The new fence does not iminess us favor- ably; it is too cheap and light. This institution is satisfied with improvements which are not what we would like to see them, in 49 respect of durability and excellence. We see no reason for discrim- ination against it, as compared with the other insane hospitals of the State. With regard to the other institutions, there seems to he little which calls for special notice from us. The erection of a new build- ing at the state reform school affords some relief to the over- crowded condition of the inmates, but it is not adequate to the demand. This building accommodates sixty pupils, and is complete in itself, having a separate kitchen and dining-room, as well as school-room, play-room and dormitories. It is in the form of a Greek cross. The trustees say of it : The building: is almost equivalent to a separate institution, as the boys living there only mix with others in worlvshops tUiriner working: hours. 'I'lie boys atteml school, sleep and eat, iind all the cooking for the sixty tioys is done, ill this building. We were very crowded for room, and this additional structure was a great relief, though not to the ex- tent really required. If tliere was any possible way of reachiiii-' the point where we could aboli-*h our double ^tl>rv beds in every dormitory in main building, a'^ we have done in our family buildings, using sint'le beds everywhere, it would greatly add to the comfort and the sanitary condition of the institution. LIST OF SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS ASKED. Thr following is a complete list of the special appropriations asked of the General Assembly, at its present session, by the institutions under our care : By the Northern Hospital for the Insane. 1. For repairs and "contingent fund," $5000 per annum $10,000 00 2. For improvement of grounds, $1,000 per annam... 2,000 00 ,3. For electric lighting 10 50) 00 4. For front fence (in addition to former appropriation) 1.500 00 5. For artiticial lake or reservoir £.000 00 6. For outside fire-line 4 289 53 7. For side-track to C. & N. W. R. R 17 96^ 59 B. For detached building for 300 patients 150,000 00 Total $201,258 03 By the Eastern Hospital for the Insane. 9. For repairs and improvements. $15,000 per annum.. 30,000 00 10. For improvement of grounds, $2,000 per annum. ... 4,000 00 11. For additional stock, and farm implements, $2,000 per annum 4,000 00 12. For fixtures for kitchen, laundry and shops, pipe- covering and furniiure for south wing and other new buildings, bath-house and morgue 4,000 00 13. For library, musical instruments and pictures for wards, and for patients' carriage 3 5('0 00 14. For painting, inside and out 7.500 00 15. For seventeen acres of land 3 COO 00 16. For addition to present farm 20 000 00 17. For farm drainage 2.000 00 IS. For construction of fourth section of main building. 8'), 000 00 19. For north wing of employees' quarters 27,000 00 —4 50 20. For sewing- room, tailoring and upholstering shop. . 10.0(K> CO '21. For alteration and enlargement of kitchen ,5.(i(i() .000 00 53. For hospital 7.000 00 54. For gynmasium 3.000 00 55. For new boiirr l.SOO 00 5(S. For purchase of 52 acres of land 10,000 ()(► 57. For purchase of four city lots 6,000 00 58. For side-track to W., St". L. & P. It. K 6,000 00 Total $66,800 00 51 By the Institution for the Education of the Blind. 59. For repairs and improvements, $1,500 ^er annum.. $3,000 00 60. For pipe organ 3,000 00 61. For extension of north wing 8,700 00 62. For refrigerator, bakery and store-rooms 13,000 00 Total $27,700 00 By the Asylum for Feehle-Minded Children. 63. For repairs and improvements, $3,000 per annum. . $6,000 00 64. For improvemement of grounds, $500 per annum... 1,000 00 5 orty acres of land 6,000 00 6. For hospital building 7,500 00 Total • • • • $20,500 00 By the Soldiers' Orphans Home. 67. For repairs and improvements 5,000 00 68. For pupils' library '. 500 00 Total $5,500 00 By the Eye and Ear Infirmary. 69. For repairs and improvements, $1,000 per annum. . 2,000 00 70. For furniture, $1,000 for 1885, and $2,500 for 1886. 3,500 00 71. For new floor 800 00 72. For new range 225 00 73. For enlarging kitchen 600 00 74. For library 200 00 75. For team and ambulance . . . ■. 700 00 Total $8,025 00 By the State Reform School. 76. For "extraordinary and incidental expenses," $1,000 per annum 2,000 00 77. For pupils' library, $200 per annum 400 00 78. For new kitchen, bakery, dining-room and assembly room 54,498 00 79. For repairs to workshop 4.291 00 80. For carburetter and fan 850 00 81. For grading 1,000 00 82. For painting brick-work of new buildings 875 00 Total $63,914 00 52 necapitnlation. Northern Hospital for the Insane $201. •2r)8 03 Eastern Hospital for the Insane 33(*» (lUi) (M) Central Hospital for the Insane 3'J.ut we are not disposed to recommend their abolition, just yet, though we do not think that they are likely to be perpetually made in future. Electric Licjhting. At the last session of the legislature, the institution for the edu- cation of the deaf and dumb asked for an appropriation of 810,500 for the electric light. We advised against granting the request, because, principally, we regarded it as inex])edient to invest that amount of money in an experiment. The Western Edison Light Company, of Chicago, subsequently agreed with that institution to place in position in the engine-room one Edison dynamo (machine for generating electricity) having capacity for the production of sixty lamps of sixteen-candle power each ; also one hand-regulating resistance-box, to be located near the dynamo, for controlling the current generated, so as to maintain the lights at their normal (sixteen-candle) power; also an adequate system of conductors, pro- vided with the necessary safety appliances, to he placed upon poles and brackets out-of-doors, and on cleats inside of the buildmgs, to convey the current from the dynamo to ninety-eight sixteen-candle Edison lamps, with key-sockets, to be placed on attachments to gas-lixtures, or o'n electroliers, as required for convenient use; the conductors to be so arranged, with switches, as to leave always one light in each room under control of the occupants, and to prevent the use of more than sixty lights at one time, that being the maximum capacity of the dynamo. This plant, as described, the company agreed to rent to the institution for nine months from October 1, 1883, for a monthly rental of one hundred dollars, pay- able at the end of each month ; with the proviso that at any time ?5,000 is now requested for the second time, is an improvement partly orna- mental in its character, and to some extent useful as a convenient water supply in case of conflagration. We have nothing to add to what was said by us in our last report. The whole question is fully discussed by the trustees and superintendent ni the report of of the hospital. On the ground of its being an additional protection against lire, we favor it. We recommend the appropriation of !!^4,000 for an outside fire- line. (It is desirable to get rid of the e.:tra dollars and cents in these appropriations, and make them, as far as ])racticable, in even .suras). 59 Eastern Hospital for the lusane. The most important and pressing want of the hospital at Kanka- kee is the completion of the main huilding, by the addition of a section to the north wing for male patients. The original plan of the institution embraced a close hospital proper, with detached buildings ; the hospital proper to consist of a centre and two wings, each wmg to include two sections. The two sections for female patients have been constructed and occupied, but only one section on the male side. The necessity for this' addition arises from the want of proportion between the number of patients in the detached wards and the number who require the severer form of restraint. It is indispensable to the successful operation of the hospital that this section should be built without any further delay. The amount asked for this purpose seems to be rather high. For the corres- ponding section of the male wing, an appropriation of $73,000 was made, and prices are lower now than they were then. With the enlargement of the hospital and the increase in the number of inmates, a corresponding increase of officers and em- ployees is inevitable, for whose accommodation additional room is required. The plan adopted at Kankakee for the care of employees is : not to scatter them, as is commonly done, but to collect them together in a single building, where they are under observation and have proper facilities for social intercourse, when not on duty. Next to the completion of the main building, in importance, is the completion of the employees' quarters. If this is not done, they will have to be housed in one of the detached buildings for patients, which will diminish the number of patients who can be admitted. The room for officers will be most economically provided by building a separate residence for the medical superintendent. The centre building is not large, and was not designed to accommodate the entire staff of officers. It cannot be enlarged, and its enlargement w^ould be much more expensive than the appropriation of the small amount needed for the construction of an ordinary dwelling-house. We approve the request for $6,000 for this purpose, and hope that it will be granted without hesitation. There are also great advan- tages to the discipline of the hospital, which will result from the isolation of the superintendent, who needs the rest and refreshment of body and mind, under the heavy strain of responsibility attach- ing to him, which would be secured for him by giying him a home for himself and family, apart from the daily life of the institution. It is proposed to erect this dwelling-house on a tract of seven- teen acres, joining the hospital grounds on the northwest, and sit- uate between the hospital and the Illinois Central railroad. The public highway runs along the west side of this tract, next to the railroad. The price asked, $3,600, is not unreasonable in view of the location ; and the land brought this price at private sale. It was purchased by Mr. Lillie, the contractor who built the hospital, and it is his intention to sell it out in town lots, if the State does not take it. He has agreed, at the solicitation of the trustees, to hold it until the question of its purchase for the use of the institu- tion shall have been determined by the General Assembly, and to let them have it at the price paid by him, with simple interest on CO the amount of the purchase money. This hind is well situated for a vegetable garden. It is so near to the hospital buildings, and especially to the pleasure-grounds for women patients, tiiat its sale to small lot-holders would be a misfortune, and should be prevented. It is situated precisely where the main entrance to the grounds will ultimately be. We think that it should bo bought by the State while the opportunity offers. It has been found advantageous, in other institutions, particu- larly at Elgin, to buy beef-cattle on the hoof, instead of buying dressed meats from the butchers. This is not only a saving in ex- pense, but insures a better quality of meat. The plan suggested by the trustees is to build a slaughter-house, ice-house and packing- house in conjunction, on the bank of the river, at a point near the farm buildings but remote from those occupied by patients. The scheme is feasible, and we believe its accomplishment to be every way desirable, but we do not see that the institution would suffer from delay in its realization in practice, as much as it would suffer from the failure to make some other of the appropriations asked. The enlargement of the present farm is a matter of absolute necessity, with^ an average population of 1,500 patients. We believe that every hospital for the insane should have one acre of ground for every patient. The number of acres owned at present bj'' the Kankakee Hospital is only 500. As one illustration of the need of land, it may be stated that milk, of uniformly good quality and in sufficient amount for 1 500 patients, cannot be obtained from private parties in the neighborhood at a reasonalile price, and with certainty that the supply will not at times be short. The number of milk cows required will average not less than one to every ten patients, or 150 cows, who will probably require two acres of pasture and two acres of meadow land each for their sustenance, or not less than 600 acres for this one item. This calculation does not include the cows who are dry, the young stock and the cattle for meat, nor the land for corn. The distribution of food to the detached buildings is a problem of considerable magnitude, which does not appear to have been fully solved ni the original plans for the general kitchen and bakery. It was not supposed, when they were designed, that the number of patients to be provided for would be as great as it now is. The trustees and superintendent prefer a general kitchen and distribu- tion from a central point by hot-water carts. I^ut if this method is adopted, the present kitchen and bakery are not large enough, and they are sunk below the surface of the grc^ind in such a way as to make it very inconvenient to take food from tbera ; besides, there is no opening from them on the male side. It has been suggested that the whole of the building now occupied by the kitchen, bakery, a small dining-room for employees, and a few sleeping apartments of small size, be converted into a kitchen; the Hoor raised so jis to britig it to a level with the ground ; all partitions above this level taken out, and. the space below used for kitchen store-rooms; and an entrance be made on each side from the open air. These changes can, in the judgment of the architect, be made for $5,000. A new bakery will then be necessary, which can be built in the rear of the employees' quarters, next to the railroad switch, so as to 61 admit of the easy handling of fiour, and bread can be distributed from that point. This bakery might, if thought best, be connected with the detached kitchen and boiler-house, which are required in connection with the general dining-rooms for patients and em- ployees, which have already been built. All of these changes appear to be desirable. The drj'ing-room of the laundry is of insufficient capacity for 1.500 patients and must be enlarged, which can be done by build- ing an addition to the laundry building on one side, and making an opening through the wall. The capacity of the amusement hall, which is also too small, can be increased at slight expense by erecting a gallery, room for which was purposely included m the original design. The legislature re- fused to give the amount at first asked for an amusement hall, which was, we think, a mistake ; the amount asked was too little, rather than too much. These are, in our judgment, the primary needs of th's hospital. The other requests are sensible and proper, but of less importance. We oppose any appropriation for detached wards, at present, be- cause time must be given to allow the institution to recover from tbe embarrassments incident to such a sudden and overwhelming increase in numbers, which is a terrible strain upon its organization and management. The appropriation for drainage will, of course, not be wanted, if no additional land is acquired. An appropriation of some amount is indispensable, for furniture ; its size must de- pend upon the extent of the changes and additions authorized by the legislature. A mortuary, house for storage of .plants, and addi- tional protection against fire, are advisable and necessary, but might be postponed. Of the need for shops, we are fully convinced. We are also strongly impressed with the necessity for a large amount of inside and outside painting. We have not named amounts to be appropriated for the foregoing uses, because we have not the plans and estimates on which the applications are based before us, nor have we any assurance that the plans would not be changed after the appropriations have been made. Our general impression is, that the amounts asked are high, and that the majority of the improvements suggested could be made in a satisfactory manner at somewhat lower figures. Central Hospital Jor the Insane. The arguments advanced above, on the question of additional land at Kankakee, apply with augmented force to the hospital at Jack- sonvi.le, since that institution has a capacity of nine hundred and thirty patients, and only two hundred acres, including the ground occupied by buildings and for the recreation of patients. Southern Hospital for the Insane. The most important request from the institution at Anna is for new boilers, which are certainly much needed. The present boilers have been in use for many years, and should be renewed at once. c.-i We remarked, in our last report, upon tlie applications for a stone culvert, a carpenter shop, and a slaughter-house (see Seventh Bien- nial lieport, pp. 8()-7). We doubt whether the amounts asked for the shop and slaughter-house are sufficient. The e^^timate for a cul- vert has, we observe, been raised from $'2,(100 to $8,258. Whenever this culvert must be built, it will probably be advisable to slightly change the grade of the road. For the present, we think that the wooden bridge, if kept in repair, will suffice. The conservatory and gate-house would be an improvement, but these are not of paramount necessity. New fences on the farm are badly needed, and we have repeatedly urged attention to this want. The demand for a second settling basin is to enable the institu- tion to make use of the two basins alternately, so that either can be cleaned when it l)ecoraes foul. This is the proper course to pur- sue ; but if the appropriation were delayed for the next two years, no harm would come of the delay. Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. We refer to our Seventh Biennial Report for our views respecting- the requests of the institution for the education of the deaf and dumb, for a cottage for girls, the purchase of fifty-two acres of land and of four city lots, and the proposed side-track. (See pages 75, 88-92 and 101.) We continue to be inHexihly opposed to any increase of the capacity of this institution, and therefore do not favor either the cottage for girls or the new hospital building; par- ticularly as the institution has a hospital department, in a separate building, over the dining-room, completely isolated from contact with the pupils. At the last session of the General Assembly, the institution asked for an appropriation of $19.7-41 for a gymnasium and bath-rooms. The present request for §8,000 for a gymnasium only is much more reasonable, and we recommend that it be granted. We regard the physical development of these children as a matter of great mo- ment. We also recommend the appropriation for a new boiler. Of the necessity for a dairy barn, the legislature can judge. We incline to favor it. The appropriation for the extension of the articulation depart- ment, and the establishment of an aural school, should, if made, be an addition to the ordinary expense ap])ropriation, rather than a separate fund. We have discussed the (juestiims of articulation and aural training elsewhere in this report. Institution for tJte Education of the Blind. The number of pupils at this institution is so small, that we should regard the appropriation of $13,000 for a refrigerator, bakery and store-room, as an extravagance. 63 The extension of the north wing is desired, to give more room for a chapel. The chapel is large enough for the pupils, but not for visitors, when public concerts are given. It would be cheaper to hire a hall for public concerts, down town. We do not regard this as important. For the purpose of enabling the blind to learn the use of the organ, as a means of livelihood, the purchase of a pipe organ, if the legislature will grant the money, would be a proper and wise thing to do. Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children. The erection of a hospital building for the asylum is, we think, demanded by hj'gienic and sanitary considerations, for the isolation of the sick, in an institution numbering three hundred pupils. A smaller sum than $7,500 would accomplish all that is required. We decidedly recommend the purchase of the forty acres of land asked for, which adjoins the asylum grounds and is needed for the use of the institution, besides giving an opportunity to employ the older boys at profitable and healthy labor, calculated to develop their faculty for self-support under competent direction. Soldiers' Orphans' Home. We favor, for the soldiers' orphans' home, the appropriation of an amount considerably in excess of that asked by the trustees, in order to enable it to erect a new kitchen, dining-room and chapel, so as to relieve the present main building of the pressure uiDon it. It is very much over-crowded, and at best poorly adapted to the needs of the institution. At some time in the future, to be deter- mined by the people of the State and their representatives in the legislature, the sphere of activity of the Home will embrace the care of neglected children who are not the orphans of soldiers ; and it would seem to be judicious to prepare gradually for the change in the object of the institution which is inevitable. But, irrespective of this possibility, and even if the institution should be continued on its present basis for many years to come, there is an immediate necessity for relief, which should be met. We, of course, recommend the small appropriation asked for the pupils' library. Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, We see no objection to any of the modest requests preferred by the infirmary. State Reform School. The principal need of the reform school is for' more room to ac- commodate the constantly increasing number of inmates committed to the nistitutioD by the courts. The main building was erected in 1870, and the school opened in 1871. At the close of the year 1872, the number of pupils was one hundred and sixty-five, and an appli- cation was made at that time for an appropriation of a sum suffi- 64 cient to erect four additional family huildinss, which was not granted ; hut in 1875, an appropriation of nine thousand dollars (increased in 1H77 to fifteen thousand dollars) was made for one additional building, and in 188:}, thirty thousand dollars was ap])ro- priati'ii for another. These two famiiy buildings have a combmed capacity of less than one hundred boys. In the meantime, the number of inmates has increased from one hundred and sixty-live, in 1872, to three hundred and eight, in 1884 ; and the numljer, by the close of 188G, will probably be in excess of three hundred and fifty. At the present time the boys sleep in double-deck Junks, one over the other, placed close to each other, side by side and end to end, with passngcs at the ends to enable them to crawl into bed. The dining-room barely contains room enough for them to eat standing — not enough for them to sit down at their meals. From every point of view, sanitary as well as disciplinary, this arrange- ment is in the highest degree injurious and discreditable to a great and wealthy State. The chapel is almost equally crowded, ami the room reserved for a hospital has been converted into a dormitory. We see but one practical mode of relief, namely: To do as was done at the institution for the deaf and dumb, use the present m.iin building for dormitories and school rooms only, and provide a separate building for kitchen, dining-room and chapel. This would very nearly doul)le the present amount of space for dormitories. The en ;n\'ement would probably still be inadequate, and additional family biiildiiigs would require to be erected at some future time: but the iintnediate relief would be very great. Plans for such a separate building have been prepared by Mr. L. D. C'eaveland, of Chicago, a competent architect, who estimates the probable cost of constructim at !?o4.49S. We are very decidedly of the opinion that a sufficient appropriation for this purpose should be made at once. The institution is not in the position of the other educational and charitable nis:jitutions of the State, which can refuse to admit in- mates and discharge them at will : it must receive and hold all who are sent up by the courts, and it is not right that it should be required to do reformatory work without being granted the necessary facilities for accompli.>hing the end of its creation. The necessity for strengthening the shop, which has been pro- nounced to 1)6 in an unsiife condition, and liable to fall, is obvious. The amount e-^timated by Mr. Cleaveland to be necessary for this purpose is 1^54,291.50. The loss of life which would follow from the collapse of tiie north and south walls, already out of plumb, would be feiirful to contemplate, and we uige immediate precautions against such a peril. Insteiid of appropriating eight hundred and lifty dollars for ad- ditions to the present apparatus for lighting the school, we would recommend the introduction of the electric light. The other requests pre ferred, for one thousand dollars for grading around the new building, eight hundred and seventy-live dollars for painting, and two hundred dollars a year for keepnig up the school library, have our approval and endorsement. 65 CHAPTER III, PEOYISION FOE THE INSANE. History of the controversy as to the care of the chronic insane— Dr. Godding's paper- Propositions of the Association of Superintendents— Miss Dix— Dr. Kirlvbride's book on the Construction of Hospitals for the Insane— Dr. Ray on the situation in 1866— Action of the New York Superintendents of the Poor, in 1855— Report of the Senate Committee— Dr. Willard's report, in 1865— Creation of the Willard Asylum— Tewksbury— Dr. Hill's proposed "Hamlet Home," in Ohio— The Journal of Insanity— Discussion, in the Association, of Dr. Butler s paper, recommending the establishment of a State Farm for incurably insane patients— Dr. Cook's paper, 1866— Dr. Walker's resolutions— Dr. Chip'ley's substitute— Mis- apprehension of the question at issue— Dr. Chapin's paper. 1S67— Dr. Jarvis' paper. 1870— Discussion, at Toronto, in 1871- Article in the Journal of Insanity— The Illinois Conference, in 1869— Views of Dr. MeFarland— Report of the Pennsylvania Commissioners of Public Charities, in 1874 -Creation of the Kankakee Hospital, in 1877- Mr. Wines' report on Euro- pean Institutions for the Insane— Gheel and Clermont— Gheel discussed by the Associa- tion, in 18711— Detached buildings in American hospitals for the insane— Growth of the feeling in their favor— Remarks on Kankakee— Dr. Ray's observations on European Hos- pitals—Suggestions to- those about to build, on the detached plan— County care, and the Wisconsin expei'iment. In a recent paper on "Progress in Provision for the Insane," read at Philadelphia by Dr. W. W. Godding (the accomplished superin- tendent of the Government Hospital tor the Insane), on the occa- sion of the fortieth anniversary of the Association of Medical Super- intendents of American Institutions for the Insane, he divides the history of the progress made in this country into three eras : (1) that of small institutions, chiefly of a curative character, from the adop- tion of the "propositions" of the Association, in 1851, until 1866, when a material moditication was made in the one relating to the proper maximum number of patients to be cared for in a single hospital ; ('2) that of large institutions, embracing both the acute and chronic insane, with a centre building and wdngs, with all the wards for classification of patients under one roof, or connected by corri- dors, and each ward complete in itself ; and (3) that of detached build- ings for the insane, which seems to him to have just begun. The creation of the Willard Asylum for the Chronic Insane, by the State of New York, marked the transition from the first to the second period, and that of the Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane, at Kankakee, marked the transition from the second to the third. —5 r.i; The part taken by the Illinois Board ol Public Charities in the history of this movement makes it proper for us to review it as briefly as is consistent with a perspicuous exposition of the charac- ter of the movement to be elucidated, and of the reasons for it. We write this review, primarily and chiefly, for the information of the people of the State of Illinois. This will explain why certain names and events are not mentioned, to which reference might have appro- priately been made, and why some facts are stated with more full- ness of detail than would have been necessary for the information of specialists, to whom they are already familiar. There were insane people in the United States, before there were any hospitals for the insane. They were kept, as the insane for whom there is now no room in hospitals are kept, wherever it was possible to keep them, at their homes or elsewhere, and many of them, as at the present time, in almshouses and prisons. The de- mand for Ijetter accommodations led to the establishment of insti- tutions for their especial benefit. These were at first only depart- ments of general hospitals.' The oldest American hospital for the insane is the Eastern Lunatic Asylum of Virginia. Then followed the Friends' Asylum at Philadelphia, opened in 1817 ; the McLean Asylum at Somerville, ^fassachusetts, in 1818 ; the Bluomingdale Asylum, New York, in 1821 ; the Ketreat, at Hartford, in 182-t ; and others, in succession, until the number of those now in operation, public and private, is over one hundred. In 1845 was organized the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane, which held its first meet- ing in the city of Philadelphia. This Association, in 1851, adopted a series of twenty-six propositions on the construction of hospitals for the insane, which were written by Dr. Thomas S. Kirkbride, superintendent of the Pennsylvania Hospital. They are so admir- able in themselves and have exerted such an influence upon the de- velopment of the American system of care for the insane, that they are here reproduced in full. Without a knowledge of them, the history of the controversy, which began in IHi'S and is not yet at an end, would be unintelligible. 1. Every hospital for the insane should be in the country, not within loss than two miles of a larye town, and easily accessible at all seasons. !i. No hospital for the insanf?. however limited in its capacitv. should have less thau fifty acres of land devoted to tjardcns and pleasure-«rounds for its pniients. At least one hundred acresshould be p((s.s("-scd by <>very Stati' hospital, or otln-r instiluti-n. for two hundred patients, to which number these i>ropositious api)ly, unless otherwise men- tioned. 3. Means should bo provid"d to raise ten thousand gallons of water, daily, to reser- voirs that will supply the highest parts of ilie buihliner. 4. No hospital for the insane should be buili witliout the jdan having been first sub- mitted to some iihysician or |>hvsician^^ who have had charge of a similar estahlishment. or are practically ace made secure from accidents by (Ire. 7. Every hospital, having iirovision for two hundred or more patients, should have in it at leant eight distinct wards for each sex— making sixteen classes in the entire estab- lishment. «. Ea<;h ward shotdd have in it a parlor, a corridor, single lodging-rooms for patients, an assoi'iated dormitory communicating with a chamber for two attendants, a dotiies- room. a bath-room, u water cluset. a dining-iooiii. a dumb-waiter, and a speaking-tube lending tn the kitclu-n i>r other central part of tin' building. 67 9. No apartments should ever be provided for the confinement of patients, or as tlieir lodging- rooms, tliat are not entirely above ground. 10. No class of rooms shoulil ever be constructed without some kind of window in each, communicating directly with the external atmosphere. 11. No chamber for the use of a single patient should ever be less than eight by ten feet, nor shoukl the ceiling of any story occupied by patients be less than twelve feet in height. 12. The floors of patients' apartments should always be of wood. 13. The stairways should always be of iron, stone, or other indestructible material, ample in size and number, and easy of access, to afford sonvenient egress in ease of ac- cident from fire. 14. A large hospital should consist of a main central building with wings. 15. The main lientral building should contain the offices, receiving-rooms for com- pany, and'aoartments (entirely private) for the superintending physician and family, in case that officer resides in the hospital building. 16. The wings should be so arranged that if rooms are placed on both sides of a corridor, the corridors shouUl be furnished at both ends with movable glazed sashes, for the admission of light and air. 17. The lighting should be by gas, on account of its convenience, cleanliness, safety and economy. 18. The apartments for washing clothing, etc., should be detached from the hospital building. 19. The draining should be under ground, and all the inlets to the sewers should be properly secured to prevent offensive emanations. 20. All hospitals should be warmed by passing an abundance of pure, fresh air, from the external atmosphere, over pipes or plates containing steam, under low pressure, or hot water, the temperature of which does not exceed 212° f ., and placed in the basement or cellar of the building to be heated. 21. A complete system of forced ventilation, in connection with the heating, is indis- pensable to give purity to the air of a hospital for the insane, and no expense that is reauired to effect this object thoroughly, can be deemed either misplaced or injudicious. 2-'. The boilers for generating steam for warming the building, should be in a detached structure, connected with which may be the engine for pumping water, driving the wash- ing apparatus and other machinery. 23. The water-closets should, as far as possible, be made of indestructible material.?, be simple in their arrangements, and have a strong downward ventilation connected with them. 24. The floors of bath-rooms, water-closets and basement stories should, as far as possible, be made of materials that will not absorb moisture. 25. The wards for the most excited class should be constructed with rooms but on one side of a corridor not less than ten feet wide, the external windows should be large, and have pleasant views from them. 2(5. Whenever practicable, the pleasure grounds of a hospital for the insane should be surrounded by a substantial wall, so placed as not to be unpleasantly visible from the building. In these propositions the essential, characteristic features of a well planned hospital, of small size, are clearly and concisely stated. The majority of them embody suggestions which are likely to be of permanent and universal application. But it is to be noted that Dr. Kirkbride, at the outset, warns every reader that the number of patients to which they apply is, unless otherwise mentioned, two hundred. The attempt to make certain of them apply to buildings with a capacity of six hundred or more, is the exciting cause to which, in part, at least, is referable the agitation on the question of hospital construction which has marked the past twenty years. It is further to be noted, that in the language of their revered author, they apply to "hospitals" for the care of insanity, and not to asylums for the insane whose malady has passed into a chronic and probably incurable stage of development. In order to obtain a just conception of the relations of this ques- tion, it m.ust be remembered, on the other hand, that the wretched condition of the chrouic pauper insane in jails and almshouses has been, from the beginning, the principal ground of appeal for liberal action on the part of legislatures in the matter of provision for the insane. Miss Di:, who has made more personal effort to secure such provision than any other livin;,' citizen of any country, and who lias t'njoye(t the unspeakable happiness of seeing her philan- thropic labors crowned, in her life-time, with a degree of success- ful achiLvemont beyond her own initial hopes, said, for instance, in her memorial to the New York legislature, in 1841, (before the organization of the Association of Superintendents, and seven years before the adoption of the propositions) : "My earnest, my imi)or- tunate intercession, is in behalf of the incurable insane, who, lost for life to the exercise of a sound understanding, exposed to suffer- ing and degradation, to neglect and abuse, and often abandoned of friends, are at once the most dependent and most rinfoitmi.ite of human beings."* It is true, thfit the Association, in 1851, at the same nicrtuig at which the propositions were adopted, also adopted a resolution, that "it is the duty of the community to provide and suitably care for all classes of the insane, and that * * * it is improper, except from e::treme necessity, as a temporary arrangement, to conhne in- sane persons in county poorhouses or other institutions, with those afflicted with or treated for other diseases or confined for misde- meanors." But it is highly probable that undue expectations were at that time entertained of the result of the establishment of "hos- pitals" for the insane. This may have been due to an exaggerated estimate of the probal)ility of effecting a cure for the disease, or to a want of foresight of the rapid and extraordinary increase in the number of the chronic insane. Be this as it may, it is certain that the chronic pauper insane are not named in the propositions, and the use of the word "patients" instead of inmates, suggests the possibility that they were not consciously alluded to. The proposi- tions did not completely cover the ground, or else they were not worded with sufficient precision to make their meaning and applica- tion unmistakable. The particular propositions which have occasioned the largest dis- pute are the fourteenth with the seventh and eighth. "A large hospital should consist of a main central building with wings. Every hospital having provision for two hundred or more patients, should have in it at least eight distinct wards for each sex — making six- teen classes in the entire establishment. Each ward should have in it a parlor, a corridor, single lodging-rooms for patients, an asso- ciated dormitory c()mniunicating with a chamber for two attendants, a clot.lies-room, a bath-room, a water-closet, a dining-room, a dumb- waiter, and a speaking-tube leading to the kitchen Or other central pai't of the building." The conception embodied in this language was elaborated, by Dr. Kirkbride, in a book of great* value. "On the Construction. Organ- ization and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane," originally published in 1851, of wiiicli a later and revised edition appeared in 1880. The influence of this book, in the United States, has been even greater than that, in France, of the great work of •II Is wurthy of rtMuark, in pasKiner, lliat Miss Dix, in her ni(>moria! to the k'niBlalure of Ninv Vorlv. u-iod lii« followiiit; rxpi I'^^ion: "«'.)Ua(j;i's niiKlit Ij« ailjai-oiit to a main I'liildini: for tilt' most tramiuil inalis paliiMiis." And atrain: "Tin' true lomody will bo found in Slato Jisylurns, on a cheap luit mmifortabio plan, for tho incurable. " 69 M. Parcliappe, entitled "Des Principes a Suivre dans la Fondation et la Construction des Asiles d'Alienes." Dr. Kirkbride's ideas have been embodied in brick and mortar in nearly all of the great insti- tutions for the insane erected either by the several States or by private corporations ; and every one who has seen any one of these institutions knows, without further description or explanation, what they are. The type is uniform ; the differences are in tbe details. Wards, with central corridors and rooms "placed on both sides;" the majority of the rooms "single lodgmg-rooms for patients ;" each ward complete in itself; the number of wards governed by the total capacity of tbe hospital ; the number of patients to a ward averag- ing twenty-hve, more or less ; all the wards for male patients in one wing and all tbe wards for female patients in the other ; the two wings separated by a centre building for the offices and the officers, which may be believed to have been of moderate size, in a hospital for two huudreG) is how to get them out of the hospital. In the course of a few years, the hospital came to be generally re- garded as the only suitable place for the insane, and their claims on the public bounty were recognized by regular legislative appro- priations. There is not o community among us that thus provides for even one-half of its insane, unless it may be Massachusetts. In this condition of things, the conclusion has been generally adopted, that if any are to be excluded from the hospital, for lack of room, it should be those to whom it would be a permanent home, rather than those for whom a few mouths" residence would lead to re- covery or considerable improvement. The almost universal practice of our State hospitals is, therefore, to discharge their patients after they have clearly become incurable, in order to make room for those recently atUicked. The patients thus discharged, after exhausting, perhaps, the patience and the bounty of their friends, arrive, sooner or later, at a final home in the poorhouse or jail, and thus steadily increase that mass of sutfering humanity whose dimensions seem to defy all the resources of public benevolence. To furnish hospital accommodations for all. is what no community here or abroad has yet done, and it is less likely than ever to be done in this country, while staggering under the burdens which the great national contest has heajjed upon us. Are they then to be left to a kind of custody and care which deprives them of many a comfort and indicts upon them many a sulTcring, with')ut the slightest attempt to better their condition"? This is the question which is now beginning to be con- sidered as scarcely second in importance to that which found its practictal solution in the first establishment of hospitals for the help- less insane." •Join Mill of Insanity, April. ISiKi. 71 A condition like that described could iiot exist without being appar- ent to many, and in more than one State. Efforts began to be made, here and there, to remedy so great an evil. But, for reasons which are obvious, we confine our attention to the movement, in the State of New York, which directly led to the establishment of the "Willard Asylum. At a convention of the superintendents of the poor, in Syracuse, February 21, 1855, the following resolution was adopted : Beitolvpd, That the eonveution do unanimously recommend to the legislature the •establishment of an a--ylum for such insane person.-s as cannot be received by the present State Lunatic Asylum, but more particularly for the reception of such patients as have been discharged therefrom uncured. At an adjourned meeting of the superintendents of the poor, in August of the same year, at Utica, they adopted the following : WnEKFAs, It is already conceded, and has been adopted as the policy of the State, that insanity is a disease requiring, in all its forms and stages, special means for treat- ment and care, therefore. Resolved, That the State should make ample and suitable provision for all its insane not in a condition to reside in private families. lipsolve'd. That no insane person should be treated, or in an>*way taken care of, in any county poor or almshouse, or other receptacle provided for [paupersi and in which pau- pers are maintained or supported. Resolved, That a proper classification is an indispensable element in the treatment of the Insane, which can only be secured in establishments constructetl with a special view to their treatment. Besolvpd. That insane persons considered curable and those supposed incurable should not be provided for in separate establishments. The following resolution, adopted at Syracuse, in September, com- pleted their action : Resolved, PMrst, that the present provision for the insane of the state is defective and inadequate. Second, that their present condition demands immediate attention and re- lief. Third, that the relief should be commensurate with the demand. Fourth, that a •committee of Ave be appointed to memorialize the legislature, at its ensuing seshion, and recommend such action as will secure attention to the wants of this class of our citizens. The chairman of the committee appointed was from Oneida county. The memorial, which was presented in January, 1856, recommended "the immediate erection of two State lunatic hospitals, so located that they may accommodate the largest number of insane at pres- ent unprovided for." A committee of the senate was appointed to visit and examine the poorhouses of the State. It made a report, in which it also recommended "the establishment of two or more asylums for the insane, to be under similar control and management with the State Asylum." But although a bill was introduced for the creation of two addi- tional hospitals, it failed to pass ; and for a number of years the only visible fruit was the effect upon public opinion outside of the legislature. As the result of certain action by the State Medical Society, the legislature in 1864 authorized the secretary of that society, Dr. S. D. Willard, who was also surgeon-general of the State, to investi- gate the condition of the insane in the county poorhouses. The investigation was made by correspondence with physicians appointed, by the county judges in the several counties, to examine in person the institutions reported upon ; and their reports, in the form pre- scribed by Dr. Willard, were by him tabulated and a full report presented to the legislature, in January, 1865. After the governor bad transmitted l)r. Willard's report to the legislature, Dr. John li. Gray, of I'tica. met Dr. Willard and ex- pressed his surprise at his recommendation of the estahhshment of a separate institution for tlje care of the eiironic insane. He told him that the fcieheme had been tried in Eur()])e and failed ; that it would be injurious to tlie interests of the insane and of the eom- niunityat large, to adopt it in this country ; that it was a retrogade step, unnecessary, and condemned by the profession ; and that it would be only the continuance of "the almshouse system, disguised under another name. Dr. Willard asked Dr. Gray to draft a bill sucli as would, in his opinion, meet the wants of the State, wliich Dr. Gray did, simply providing for the two new institutions, one east and one west of rtica. Dr. Gray's bill, or its equivalent, was in fact intro- duced, but before coming to a final vote, what is known as the Willard act was substituted for it.* The name originally given to the institution in the bill was the "Beck Asylum," in honor of Dr. T. liomeyn Beck, but it was changed to the "Willard Asylum," in honor of Dr. Willard, who died while it was pending. This act was an attempt to supersede the system of providing for the chronic insane in the poorhouses. It provided that all cases of insanity not of not less than one year's duration should be sent to the State Asylum at L'tica, and that no more chronic insane should be sent from the State Asylum to the county poorhouses, but that on the contrary the chronic insane in the county poorhouses should be transferred to the new asylum. Reference may be made, in passing, to the fact that this year (18(55) was that in which the long projected receptacle for pauper lunatics of the State of Massachusetts was erected, in connection with the State almshouse at Tewkslniry. It was also the year in which Dr. Hills, superintendent of the Central Lunatic Asylum, of Ohio, proposed, in his report to the legislature, that they should purchase a farm of five hundred acres, and erect upon it two build- ings, one for each sex, each to accommodate one hundred patients, that other simihir buildings, to be clustered in village style, should be erected annually, and that the new institution should be called a Farm Home for the Insane, or, in view of the village style of build- ings ])roposed, a Hamlet Home for the Chronic Insane. Dr. Hills had previously vecomniended, in isno, the building of a State asy- lum for the chronic nisane, rather than to turn back the patients upon the counties. In the October number of the Journal of Insanity. (1805). an article on "The Willard Asylum and Provisicm for the Insane" appeared, the object of whicli was stated to be: to call attention "to some of the fundamental principles upon which i)roper provision lor the insane is based, and to show, inferentially, that the law fails to meet the necessities of the State," ^iu which it was declared that over the gateway to such vast establishments for tbe incurable should be written, "All hope abandon, ye who enter here."' The •Subs(iiiuontIy. In ISfiii, tli»« HinJson Ulver Hospllul for tlm Insan<», at eoiichk<»pp«(t'. WUH CD'iitid hv Oi.> l.'^^ri^-l.'i'iiii' ipf Ni'W Yni U: niiil iiilM'.t I hi> I'.iilTiilo Sliltt' Asylimi f>ir ' ll>> Insune. 73 insufficiency of the law to meet the question of proper provision for the insane was pointed out and argued at length. "There is, perhaps, no suhjeet connected with provision for the insane," it was said, "upon which the verdict of the profession has been more unanimous than their condemnation of asylums for incurables." The writer advocated the creation of three districts, the eastern, the western and central : and the erection in each of a hospital proper, in conjunction with separate l)uildings, less expensive and of simpler construction than the hospital, and disconnected with it, for the quiet, the filthy dements and paralytics. Buildings of a suitable form should also be erected for the treatment of epileptics. Each hospital should have a farm attached to it, of from three to five hundred acres. Upon the farm, there should be cottages for the employees engaged in the various agricultural and industrial depart- ments of the institution. With these employees the orderly, indus- trious chronic or the convalescent acute patient might reside. Such an arrangement would permit a certain amount of family life and a larger liberty to this class than are compatible with the organiza- tion of the hospital proper. It might be found practicable, after due consideration, to withdraw a certain proportion of patients from the hospital and domicile them in cottages, which could, in a great measure, be constructed at small expense by the labor of patients themselves. That some classes of the insane may be thus provided for, with advantage to themselves and at comparatively small outlay, has been fully demonstrated in asylums in England and on the Continent. It should, however, be remembered that, in the judg- ment of those European physicians who have had most practical experience, and whose medical and administrative capacities are of the highest order, although this arrangement is attended by the happiest results in certain instances, it has thus far been found applicable to a relatively small proportion only of the insane. Still, as an appendage to the hospital, it would add greatly to the facili- ties of classification. Its capability of extension, so as to embrace any very large number of patients, observation and experiment can alone determine. The opinion of the law expressed in the "Summary," in the same number of the Journal from which the above quotation is taken, was that it had given a "fictitious influence" to the exploded theory of separate establishments for the so-called incurable class of insane ; that it "was adopted during a period of civil war, when the great question of the day absorbed every thought;" that it was "to some extent based on wrong principles;" and that it was to be hoped that the legisia4-ure would "convene under happier auspices, when the defects of the present law" would be remedied. , At the meeting of the Association in Pittsburgh, m July of the same year. Dr. Butler made an address on the subject of "The Condition of the Indigent and Incurable Insane," which is said to have given rise to the most spirited debate of the session. He be- gan by saying that in the early history of the care of the insane in this country, special steps were taken in the direction of provision for curable cases ; but at that time, when the Association first met, the present condition of incurable cases could not be foreseen. The question before the x\ssociation was : what shall we do with them ? 74 and eiiii w. ilevi>L- any plan at a rational expenditure"? lie favored a State Farm, witli all the appliances necessary for the care of in- curable patients. The presence of the incurables in an institution for the curables he believed to be an evil. The ])revailing sentiment of the Association, as demonstrated by the discussion which followed, was in opposition to the separativ a system of o.as.sillea- tion under wliieji tip- c-iironie insane -imnld !>.- provid-'d for in buildings .itinehed to regu- lar hospitals, und<*r the care of the i(;u'ular siip'-rintendents. Dr. 15r:round. Dr. Karlo fhonu'ht fnat the addition to the State almshouse at I'ewk-bnry for the idi ionic insane miirht Iwue boon made as clieaply ut one of the State hcspitals for the inwano already established. 77 1851 and 1852, and still in force," and that "the enlargement of a city, county or State institution for the insane * * may be properly carried, as required, to the extent of accommodating six hundred patients (the number then in the New York State Asylum), embracing the usual proportions of curable and incurable insane in a particular community." The adoption of these resolutions, taken together, was an affirmation of the doctrine that the incurable in- sane must be cared for in institutions for the curable, constructed after the then existing, type of hospitals for the insane in the United States, but upon an enlarged scale. This was in accordance with the opinion expressed by Dr. Kirkbride, that "the only proper mode of providing for the chronic insane, is for every state to erect just as many hospitals as are necessary to provide for all the insane, and that the propositions of the Association of Medical Superin- tendents, both in regard to construction and organization, should be fairly carried out." There is no more reason to doubt the honesty of the x\ssociation in its opposition to the views expressed by Dr. Cook, than there is to question the honesty and humanity of feeling which prompted their expression by him. It may well be believed that both parties to the controversy sincerely desired the welfare of the insane, and of all the insane ; but the uiifereuce between them related to the mode of provision on the part of the State. There was no possible escape from Dr. Cook's analysis of the situation. All were agreed that the county poorhouses were unfit places in which to keep the insane, even the pauper insane. The friends of Willard said : the State will not build hospitals for the care of incurables ; let us build asylums. The opponents of Willard replied : The State ivill build hospitals for incurables, and the proposal to build asylums is a suggestion to lower the standard of care of these unfortunates, which we must resist with all our might. After the lapse of nearly twenty years, with the added experience and knowledge gained during that period, it appears that the friends of "Willard were right, and their opponents at fault, in their con- clusions. The question was argued, at the time, on the assumption that it was simply a question of caring for the chronic insane together with recent cases or separately. In reality, this question, instead of being vital, as it was supposed to be, was so entirely subordinate to the main question at issue, that it might have been completely ignored, as of no practical moment. The true issue was, whether the State could or would build hospitals, constructed in accordance with the propositions, in sufficient number and of suffi- cient capacity, to empty the poorhouses and accommodate all the insane who were destitute of homes, or who could not, for any reason, be kept at home ; and if not, whether it would be practi- cable and right to build up institutions of a simpler type of con- struction, and of a less expensive pattern, in which to collect to- gether the chronic insane of the State, under proper medical over- sight and control, rather than leave them to perish in the county receptacles. Whether there should be one such institution or several ; whether it should be on the grounds of a State hospital for the in- sane and under the same general management, or distinct and separate ; whether it should or should not receive curable cases for treatment ; were questions wholly subsidiary in importance. 78 At the meeting of the Association in Phihulelpliia, in May, 1867, J)r. John B. Chapin re-opened the (piestion of provision for the chronic insane poor, hy reading an article so entitled. A careful study of his paper reveals its motive, which was to secure addilional provision hy the State for the care of the chronic pauper insane, in such a form and under such restrictions as to secure the discontin- uance of the system of county care, hy rendering it impossihle to divert the provision made from its actual intention. But if separate provision could not he made for these unfortunates, then he sought to have the Association commit itself to the position that they should not he discharged from hospitals for the insane unless res- tored to reason. I'nder no circumstances should they he sent to poorhouses. He thought that institutions for the insane should he lirst curative, hut also custodial, in their character — not hospitals only, hut asylums as well. He (pioted the French Commission as in favor of the separation of the recent and acute from the chronic and incurahle, for hoth economical and medical reasons. But he would he satished if detached huildiugs for the reception of those whose sufferings he sougiit to alleviate, supplementary to hospitals, could be erected. One-third of all the patients would prohahly re- quire the accommodations of the hospital structure, * * * The establishment would permit of considerable enlargement, and the average cost of support thus be materially reduced; the Ituildings would not cost exceeding one-half (pej- capitu) the amounts usually expended in this way ; and a most important result would be ac- complished in the great reduction of personal seclusion and restraint that would ensue. In opposition to the views expressed by Dr, Chapin were quoted the propositions adopted by the Association the year before ; that hospitals for the insane should be constructed, organized and man- aged in accordance with the propositions adopted in 1851 and 1852 ; and that "the facilities of classihcation or waiu) separation possessed by each institution should equal the requirements of both recent and chronic cases. The interpretation put upon these declarations was imdoubtedly unfavorable (1) to classification in separate institu- tions, and (2) to classihcation in separate buildings. The separation must be by classilicatfon in wards of a single buikling ; but the erection of a building with a capacity of six hundred patients, though not desirable, might be tolerated as a necessity, under the pressure for additional room. At the meeting of the Association in Hartford, in 1870, Dr, -Tarvis gave utterance to his opinion, in a paper on "Proper Provision for the Insane," After remarking on the great variety of types of in- sanity and the corres])onding variation in treatment which this diversity suggests, and dechiring that some of the insane may be restored at home, while others only requij'e sejiaration from disturb- ing causes, in order to their restoration, but that others still need both separation and su])ervision, he entered upon the examination of the (piestion whether the hospital, as now constructed, is adapted to the various conditions and wants of all classes of i)atients. The history of the treatment of insanity shows that the original concep- tion of this atlliction was that it was due to possession of the devil, and therefore the patient must either be rescued from the control 79 of his demoniac possessor by the intervention of supernatural agency, or else, as a sinner, be punished as his case seemed to demand. But, as the supernatural or miraculous power of healing was not given to man, "the punitory method became the rule which was, for centuries, adopted by the world. Sometimes, according to the rude notions of the period, the triple purposes of religion, medicine and justice were combined in the treatment of lunacy. In the mid- dle ages, when the monasteries were, in a manner, hospitals, to which the sick resorted for care or relief, the Franciscans had especial charge of the insane. In one of their establishments, some of these severe disciplinarians applied to their lunatic patients the same rule of chastening that they did to themselves, and gave to each one ten lashes a day. * * The lunatic hospital, as it now presents itself, as a curative institution, is modern. * * The question arises whether hospitals cannot be so arranged as to iueet the varied wants, capacities and liabilities of the inmates ; whether they may not provide and offer comfortable, home-like accommodations for the mild and the trustworthy, as well as security for the dan- gerous, and all the intermediate grades of strength and pleasant convenience for the intermediate grades of mental disorder. * * Instead of one uniform construction in every part, with the same means of confinement for all, in a single building, there should be separate buildings, differing in structure and character, according to the necessities of the various classes of patients. While some may be strong as the whole now is, for the untrustworthy and violent, others should be built in the form and manner of ordinary dwellings, with generous, confiding and unbarred windows and doors, such as the patients have been accustomed to in health. * * In all of these the confinement and liberty can be measured in ac- cordance with the condition of each patient. * * It would be a boon to a large portion of the milder patients, to be allowed to be under the faithful care and skillful treatment that now protects and heals them, and yet suffer no needless pain and mortification, and no unnecessary circumscription of their remaining enjoyments. It is not proposed here to adopt the system of Gheel, nor the cottage system of Scotland, nor that of Clermont, but the power and virtue that belong to them are not to be overlooked." Dr. Jarvis' paper was not discussed until the following' meeting, at Toronto, in 1871. Among those who favored the views which he expressed were Dr. Landon, who said : "The cottage system, I be- lieve, is desirable, because it gives liberty and domesticity." Dr. Parsons said: "xisylum accommodations can be increased so as to be admirably adapted to the wants of these classes (the quiet and the incurable) by the erection of detached buildings, one or two stories in height, at a little distance from the main structure — near enough for convenience of administration, but so far off as not to interfere with the completed plan. These buildings should be con- structed in a simple, economical manner. There need be no separate rooms for patients, and no strong guards for the windows. Con- siderable advantage would be gained by erecting these liuildings two stories in height, using the upper story as an associated flormitory, and the lower story as a day-room. The large day-room and the associated dormitory are admirably adapted for quiet, but untidy and 80 filthy cases, that require constant supervision throughout tlie whole twenty-four hours ; while the situation of the day-room on the tirst story so dimniishes the trouble of <,'etting the jiatients out into the open air, that in point of lact they will enjoy this agreeable and healthful mode of life to a much greater extent than tbey would if a flight of stairs intervened between the day-room and the airing courts." Dr. Hughes said: '"In my own exi)erience, 1 do know- that there are numerous patients who certainly derive benefit from being assigned to nicely constructed cottages upon the asylum prem- ises, allowing them the utmost latitude compatilde with their phy- sical and mental welfare, and not having them under lock and key. It is a much more economical system than the present one." On the other hand. Dr. liay questioned whether the patients would be any happier from being managed in the way proposed by Dr. Jarvis; also whether the supervision absolutely necessary to the proper management and treatment of the insane could be secured in scat- tered buildings. He thought that the facilities for elopements and escapes would be better. Dr. Ivirkbride said that he had built a cottage on the grounds of the Pennsylvania Hospital, in 1854, -but that experience had taught him not to build a second ; even the highest officer would find himself making excuses for not visiting these detached structures on cold and stormy nights, and on other inconvenient occasions. The system only leads to the transfer of responsibility to subordinates. Dr. Gray said that just such views as those advocated i)y Dr. Jarvis, sent forth to the public, are more injurious to hospitals than even the public prejudice that exists through ignorance and superstition. In the July number of the Journal of Insanity, following the meet- ing of the Association in 1870, an important article Avas printed, on "Hospital and Cottage Systems for the Care of the Insane," in which the position that "the" best arrangement for all the material pur- poses of a large asylum, so far as a good experience goes, is that of connected buildings, either under one roof, or so adjacent and communicating by protected passages that they may all be readily accessible, at a moment's warning, by the superintendent and attend- ants, without exposure to the weather, and that all necessary trans- fers or removals of patients may be promptly made without a like exposure and without much oiiservation," was maintained by a num- ber of arguments. '•Such a plan excludes the idea of (detached buildings, except, perhaps, porters' lodges, tenements for gardeners and workmen, and such external conveniences as may be demanded for outside service. The compactness and order of such an arrange- ment, as compared with detached buildings, call them cottages or "what you will, is so advantageous for economy of structure, of re- pairs, of supervision, of attendance, of removals, of classification, of recreation and diversion, and of household service, that such cir- cumstances should give it, as they have done in this country, a de- cided preference." "It is proposed by some that the cottages should be scattered about in the vicinity of a central hos]ntal l)Uilding and its offices; sulficiently remote for isolation, but not so distant as to l)e removed from the sui)i'rvision of the hospital officers. On the score of economy, which seems to i)e the chief pretext for such an arrangement, they must signally fail. In a sanitary view, the cot- 81 tage system in any way of management, by isolating chronic cases from the rest, adds to the uuhappiness of a state ah'eady sufficiently unhappy." These citations will suffice to show the new form which the con- troversy as to the best practicable mode of caring for the insane had now assumed. It was no longer a question of separate estab- lishments for incurables. In fact, only four such establishments, owned and controlled by states, and not by counties or municipal corporations, have ever been founded in this country.— Willavd and Binghampton, in New York ; Tewksbury, in Massachusetts ; and the State Farm, at Cranston, in Khode Island. These are not, strictly speaking, for "incurables," but for chronic insane paupers. It was at this moment, when the question under discussion had so far changed its form, that it was rather that of separate build- ings than of separate institutions, that the Board of State Com- missioners of Public Charities for the State of Illinois was created, in 1839.* Without hesitatiou, and as if by instinct, it assumed the position that the classification demanded by the interests of all parties, especially of the insane themselves, was not in separate wards of one building, on the one hand, nor in separate institutions, on the other. It took the only remaining alternative — separate or detached buildings, for the care of both recent and chronic cases, in a single institution, under a single head. This was really middle ground between extreme views on both sides. It was not unaccept- able to Dr. Cook and his friends, for Dr. Cook had said, at the meeting of the American Social Science Association, in New York, in 1867, "The proposition in behalf of the chronic insane poor is simply this : Either in proximity to our present state hospitals for the insane, or in connection with those to be built hereafter, or separate from either, if necessary, build for tliem suitable homes. It is impossible to secure the necessary conditions in our county poor- houses. Give them a hospital building, with every convenience for the care and treatment of the smaller number of excited and paroxysmal cases, and, for the more quiet and industrious class, erect less expensive buildings, at suitable places upon the farm, as necessity and convenience may require." The Illinois Board in effect acted upon the principle "in medio tutissimus ibis." The Board was organized, April 27, 1869, and at its October meeting ensuing, it issued a call for a conference of the State officers, together with the trustees of the three insane asylums of the State, to consider the respective merits and demerits of the two systems, (one large building, with wards, or separate and fcmaller buildings), with a view to determining which of them should be adopted in the erection of the two new institutions at Elgin and at Anna. It applied to every superintendent of every hospital for the *Three similar boards were then in existence, in the states of Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania. —6 82 insane in the United States for an expression of opinion upon this question ; and when tlie conference met, in SpringtieUl, November 10, their rephes were submitted to it:* Three superintendents of insane hospitals were present at this meeting: Drs. McFarland and Patterson, of lUinois, and Dr. Wood- burn, of Indiana. The principal address was made by Dr. McFar- land, who said: "For those who do not need them, the bolts and bars found in all our asylums are not only no advantage, they are positively injurious. They n-ritate many patients and retard their recovery. The present system of architectural construction adapts the entire institution to the demands of its smallest and worst class, while for the great majority all of these appliances are utterly unnecessary. J3esides irritating the patient, confinement abridges his sources of recreation. * * Under the existing system of con- finement, he has not sufficient useful employment. * * The insane asylum, constructed upon the monastery plan, is a costly institution. * * We need more of the element of home life in the treatment of the insane. * * j ^vould not abolish the old form of the institution. I hail the fact that the two systems may exist side by side. I would have the central hospital in the fore- ground. At a little distance I would have a group, not of cottages — they should be houses, of two stories in height, each to accommo- date its forty inmates. * * Under this system, the facility of extension would be very great. * * Classification could be more complete. * * We shall rather protect than weaken the close *Dr. Jiar.itnic -wrote: "The plan proposed for the new State asyhim in Illinois is one which commands mv warm sympathy and approval. * * In my judgment, the arguments in favor of the family system far outweigh those against it." Dr. Tyler: "I am delighted that Illinois is disposed to step out of the long-followed track. * * Let there be the hospital proper for the care of those a^-uto oases which re(iuire restraint; and then let the rest be cared for in houses of cheaper construction, more domestic aspect, and with less of the machinery of restraint." Dr. />7»ii.s-; "For five years in succession I have pressed upon our trustees the neces- sity of ador>ting 1 he segreeate system. Within three months past, I have purchased an estate of about two hundred acre.s, within the city limits, (Worcester, Mass.,) for the purpose of carrying out my plans, and my trustees have voted to petition the leeisl.-iture fur permission to execute them at once. The plan is brielly this: A central hospital, for about one-third of our whole number, comprising <>{ course the violent and dangerous, the acute cases and the very feeble. On the one hand at a little distancn from each otiier, a group of houses for the females; and on the other hand, at a little distance from each othnr, a similar group for the males. * * j hope to execute it." Dr. DfWolf: "The proposal to erect a building upon the present plan, and to supple- ment this by detached cottages near the main structure, is a scheme which commends itself as wonhy of trial on this side of the Atlantic. It has been found to work well, lor years past, in Devonshire, England, and elsewhere." Dr. Enrle: "As I am far from the positive belief that Ihe general plan of our hospitals for the insane is the best that can be devised, I should be glad to have a trial made of the plans mentioned in your letter." Dr. SclinUz: "Our successors, fifty yrr.Jiirris: (To Dr. (^has. A. Lee. of Poughkeepsie. X. Y., read by permission). "In regard to hospital construction, my main idea is: ;•-/>, v.s.s/«)4 liinili^d by Die ui'i-d< <>/ llie palieiii: hospltids iliverse in their pail>— ikM built iu um.' magnillcenl block, to suit the architect's eyt". and be praisi-d by the outi>r Ixdioldors, but varied to meet the wants of the patients. Theiiospital should be in detaehed sections; the house.s separat",'d anil diveise; all the parts as nearly like an ordinary house as pos>il>|(<, to reininil the inmates as little as possible of repression and eonlliiement. Few of them should have gates or locks. They shoulil have woodi n-saslied windows, ami liv'ht, airy nmrns, looking not on another wing, like itself, with strongly barred windows, but on trees, lawns, Holds, or other atttac- tivo dwellings." supervision which a^goocl humanitarian propose dictates. * * j believe that the influence of this discussion, whatever may be the immediate result, will sooner or later be felt by the entire nation."* The follow-ing resolutions were unanimously adopted : BesolPfd. That in the judgment of this conferenee. a combination in insane asylums so far as practicable, of the cottage system with that at present in vogue, is desirable. Besolved. That there are weighty reasons for the belief that such a combination is practicable, and that itwould increase both the economy and efficiency of asylums for the insane. These resolutions -exerted no immediate influence in the modifica- tion of the plans for the institutions at Elgin and at Anna; but they prepared the way for the establishment of the institution at Kankakee, some years later. The want of space compels us to pass without notice many of the indications of progress in thought upon this subject, during the next few years ; but we must quote, from a special report to the Pennsylvania House of Eepresentatives, in 1874, relating to the insane, the language employed by the Commissioners of Public Charities of that State: "Although every hospital built and projected [in Pennsylvania] has been recommended to the legislature with the same view, namely, with a view- to provision for the indigent insane, the system pursued in this State since 1861 has not extinguished and never will extinguish or even abate the evil. The unnecessary ex- pensiveness of these hospital establishments for the indigent insane, and the liberal admission into them of 'paying patients,' forbid the realization of the intentions and desires of the legislature and of the public. The high cost of these structures is on every ground un- necessary and injurious to the mterest of the class for whom they are provided. "We believe that it is practicable to attach, to all the hospitals for the insane of the State, supplementary buildings, for the accommodation of quiet, tranquil patients, who usually find their way to poorhouses, jails, etc. These buildings can be con- structed, including steam, water and gas, for not over five hundred dollars per patient." The history of the origin of the Kankakee Hospital for the Insane may be given in a very few words. The act by which it was created was passed by the legislature of Illinois in 1877 ; the plans (in part) were adopted in January, 1878, and work commenced during the spring of that year. The committee which recommended its creation had said: "W.e have left the question of the mode of construction open to examination and decision by the board of trustees, in the hope that they may be able to ascertain and demonstrate the feasi- bility of a reform, by the adoption of the village plan of construc- * This was not the first public utterance by Dr. McFarland on this question. In 1868, at the meeting of the W'estern Association for the Promotion of Social Science, in Chi- cago, he had read a paper entitled: "What shall be done with the Insane of the West?" in which he said: "A single tyrie has given impress to all our institutions. Nothing has broken in upon the stereotyped monotony of their interior. It would seem as if the insane man was regarded as a species of mollusk. whose shell must concrete about him in a form pre-determined since creation. * * The radical fault of this system is, that the in- dividuality of the subject is stifled and lost in the immensity and compactness of the or- ganization in which he exists. * * Insane asylums must be, as it were, decentral- ized; so much of their truly good features rettiined as adapt them to the necessities of the appropriate class, and into the remainder must be incorporated so mucli of the home element, iu construction and care, as the great classes above excepted Ithe chronic, harm- less insane] imperatively demand." 84 tion, with detached buildings." The trustees hesitated to take the rt'spousiltihty of the innovation, hut consented to accept a plan \vhich was. so devised as to admit of the construction of certain portions of an estahHsljment wiiieh might in the outcome assume either the congregate or the detached form, and to let the next General Assembly decide whether detached buildings should or should not be erected. Mr. Wines, Secretary of the Illinois Board of Public Charities, was sent to Europe, m 187c/, by the State, to attend the International Penitentiary Congress, at Stockholm, and during his journey he made such observations on the methods of caring for the insane, in Great Britain and upon the Continent, as enabled him to submit to the legislature of Illinois a report, which resulted in the making of appropriations for detached buildings at Kankakee. Thus the policy of that institution was determined and forever settled by the highest authority known to the law, under the constitution. At this point, it is proper to remark that, much as Gheel and Clermont and the Scutch system have been discussed in this country, the application of foreign experience to our own needs has not been correctly apprehended by some of those who have taken a prominent part in the debate. They have spoken as if it were proposed to imitate that which exists abroad, in disregard of the different con- ditions to be found in the United States. The true bearing of the many reports which have been made on foreign care of the insane is to show that the method of care practised in American hospitals for the insane is not the only practicable method, and that it is therefore susceptible of modification, in accordance with the con- ditions which exist this side of the Atlantic. Whoever makes the tour of foreign countries in the interest of the insane will lind that they are, in one place or another, very comfortably and successfully cared for outside of institutions, and in institutions of the most dissimilar types of construction; that they can dine in common dining-rooms, instead of each ward having in it a separate dining- room ; that they can sleep in associated dormitories, instead of in single lodging-rooms; that they can be held, without bars on the windows, and even in rooms with unlocked doors; that the "corri- dor" required by the propositions of the Association can be dis- pensed with, and a day-room on the ground floor be substituted for it; that instead of heating wards by steam, they can be and are heated, in some institutions of the highest reputation, by tires in open grates; that the number of patients in a separate ward may vary indetinitely, from one to eighty; that insane ])atients can be and are trusted in the lields ancl upon the ]niblie highways, with or without an attendant in charge, and in large numl)ers ; that the I)roportion of them who may be usefully employed is very large, and the ])roportion who require mechanical restraint very small. These discoveries shake the faith of the observer (who cannot distrust the evidence of his own eyes) in the supposed necessity for an absolutely rigid adherence to a single type of hospital construction, and tend to convince him that detached buildings are not so imi)racticai)le nor so objectionable as the advocates of the "main central building with wings," whose enlargement "may be properly carried to the extent of acconnnodating six hundred patii'nts," have been in the 85 habit of insisting. That is all. It is not necessary to substitute either Gheel or Clermont for the existing American institution for the insane. A new combination of the elements which enter into successful care and treatment of these unfortunates is possible; and at Kankakee such a new combination has been attempted. It is not the only possible combination ; it may not be the best possible com- bination ; but it demonstrates the possibility of a departure from the corridor plan, and that there are certain advantages in such a departure. But Kankakee resembles neither Gheel nor Clermont, any more than it resembles Danvers or Morris Plains. Gheel was discussed at the meeting of the Association of Super- intendents in 1879. Dr. Shew, of Connecticut, had visited it and reported his impressions. In the debate which followed, Dr. Lath- rop said: "I think that an institution for the harmless and incur- able should be established on the grounds of a hospital adapted to the treatment of acute cases, and under the same superintendent. Undoubtedly, as Dr. Bancroft has said, the people demand cheaper buildings than many of the large hospitals." Dr. Nichols said: "It has long seemed to me that the only practicable solution of the difficulty is the one just suggested by Dr. Lathrop. It is certain that the added wards for the chronic patients need not cost, per patient provided for, more than one-third of the cost of our original establishments for two hundred and fifty or three hundred cases. It is my strong impression that the chronic, poor insane can be comfortably and properly taken care of at considerably less cost than the acute an I active cases. The chronic, dependent insane, of whom there are large numbers, must be taken care of, and the question is : what is the best plan of doing it, that the representa- tives of the people will adopt ? Such additions may be detached or otherwise, to suit the site, or the views of those in immediate charge of a p-articular hospital. The Association has not approved of de- tached wards, but, while I think a continuous structure preferable, I do not think detached wards as objectionable as some of my friends in the specialty do." But Dr. Kirkbride said : "My friend, Dr. Nichols, has expressed sentiments that I trust the Association will be very careful about adopting. I trust we shall be exceedingly careful how we give countenance to the idea that the chronic insane are to be treated in a different kind of structur from what is proper for the acute cases, and especially how we countenance the idea that the people of this country are not able and willing to take proper care of all the insane, no matter what is their condition." Notwithstanding the opposition to provision for the chronic in- sane "in a different kind of structure from what is proper for the acute cases," the growth of the conviction that such provision is necessary and desirable, as well as practicable, has been most rapid, as the following citations from recent reports of institutions for the insane will show : Alabama: "Another expedient for meetine the demand for more room is the enlarge- ment of the present accommodations here in Tuskaloosa. This can be done, either by adding now sections to the ends of the present building, or by the erection of a detached buil; leail of the Willard Asylum, at Ovid. N. Y. Bince then. Ur. CioddinK has adopt-d the same policy at the tiovernment Hosiiital for the Insane at Washiiieton. U. C And )iow the State of Illinois is orcctiuK buildings at Jacksonvdio. modeled after the plans of our new south hospital. Let me not he raisuu- derstooil in advoi/atinsr the plan of separate building.s. I deem it of paramount import- ance that each building should be large enough to employ all of the time and bestenergies of an assistant physician, who. with his family, should reside in the building, and be res- ponsible to the superintendent for its proper detail management." Iowa, (Independeucf): "When all parts of Iowa have been provided with curative institutions, then detached buildings, for such incurable insane as are quiet and in good physical ci>ndition.can be ere<-ted, when needed, in connection with either hospital. Such a builiiing may be made two stories in height, and large enough to ac<*ommodate one hundred patients of either sex. It would be less expensive than accommodation for an e(iual number in the hospital proper, because it need not be divided into single rooms; the se(,'ond story would be one large associated dormitory, to be iised by all at night; the first story would contain a large dining-room and a day-room. This detached building would have a kitchen, but no bakery or laundry. Such a building would serve well in connection with a hospital, but not ar a distance from and independent of It. Even if suitable eases are selected for such quarters at the outset, one and another will .soon be- come unfit for the 'congregated' mode of life. Sickness or excitement will make it neces- sary to remove patients to one of the hospital wards. Exchanges can be made, and suitable cases supplied, without inconvenience or expense, if these buildings for incura- bles exclusively are connected with the hospital." KENTfCKY, {Ilopkhisrillc): "We have had. for some years, detached quarters for a class of quiet male patients— accommodations better, in many respects, in my judgment, for such persons, than can be had in any very large buihling. I have been anxious to mak- similar arrangements lor a few females, as a test of the expediency of establishing a more domestic mode of life for such as can be trusted; to give them a larger liberty than is usually found in asylums for the insane; and to remove them as far as possible from the disagreeable associations unavoidably incident to a residence with any consid- erable number of insane people. Such provision will also obviate the necessity of send- ing those ill with certain nervous trouljles to private asylums out of the State, where bet- ter surroundings and more privacy may be obtained than in most public charitable insti- tutions. As means are available, such additions to this and others of the state charities shouhl be multiplied. To secure the ends suggested. I have built a substantial and well-finished cottage, at some distance from the main building, yet near enough for con- stant medical oversight, with all the appliances of a home-like dwelling, including open flre-places, ersonal liberty could be alTiu-ded. * * Buildings of the character mcintioncd can he operated in connec- tion with the i)resent asylum buildiugs at less proportionate cost than institutions forthe chronic insane simply, and their working woulii be vastly more satisfactory. After a carefid con>ideratii.n of the snliji-ct, 1 am of th" o|>inion that thirty per cent, of the pres- ent inmates of asylums could bo provided for thus." Mi-'souni. (SI. ./nsciiln: " I am almost persuaded to assert my belief that less expen- sive segregaieil cottages, erected on asylum larms. for the treatment of the improved and chronic insane, sullb'ienily near the main edillco. wlmreall can be under oiii> su|)ervision. and where exctiianije of patients may readily ho mide. when the condition of the patient requires it, would bo a very great luiprovemonl ou the present mode of provision and treatment of the insane." 87 New Yobk, {Willard): "Guided by our observations here, were we to undertake a new or similar work, such as we have been engaged in, we would advise further changes in the direction we have taken, which we are more firmly convinced, with every year's added experience, was a move in the right course. The Willard .\sylum now consists of a central hospital structure, accommodating five hundred and fifty patipnts; four groups of fletached blocks, each group embracing five blocks; and the former State Agricultural College building, modified as was practicable for the insane. We know of no good reason to depart from the general idea which has prevailed; but experience has suggested de- sirable changes and modifications. If the plans of an asylum or hospital contemplated provision for fifteen hundred patients, a central hospital building, adapted to the care of three hundred cases of the acute or paroxysmal class, would suffice and prove to be a lib- eral allowance. With the general plan of our groups, and the conveniences of adminis- tration they furnish, we are well satisfied, and have no changes to suggest, except as to the interior arrangements. It would be better to place patients on the first floor during the day. and on the secoml floor at night, to sleep, dispensing with many of the partitions now in use. For the care of dements, paralytics, epileptics, and helpless, bed-ridden pa- tients, and patients with dh-ty habits, we would propose a special provision in the nature of a one-story structure, the essentials of which wonld be: a large dav-room. with a broad veranda on all sides; a large dormitory adjoining, and communicating with a few single ■rooms for temporary isolation of noisy patients at night; and ample provision for a night service." Ohio. [CJevelmul) : "The construclion of additional -buildings on the grounds of this asylum is feasible, and, if adopted, wonld bring relief to the district. I have, in former reports, advocated this method, and still am of the opinion that it possesses many advan- tages." (Z)a.vion) : "The open ward, spoken of in the report of last year, has been continued as such. It is gratifying to note that, during the year, but two patients from this ward have eloped; and one of them, after four days' absence, returned of his own accord. I am con- vinced that a number of those who have occupied this ward have been benefited, and their recovery hastened, by having the comfort and satisfaction of going out and in at pleasure." Rhode Island, {Butler): "Plans have also been prepared, and are on file at the hos- pital, tor detached cottages, one for each sex, designed to receive a few such patients as need care and treatment away from home associations, but desire more ample accommo- 8. sec. 21, as ammided. '■"[{. S.. 1878. sec. 591; " no person idiotic from birth." '■'^(i. S., IKKl, uiu.-ky stiiiul<". \ paiip>'i- idiot i-^ an idi •' wdo has beiMi found, bv th« v.-rdtei of .i jury, to h.- au Idiot, and that he has no ..-(.iif miIIi •i--iit for iii«- support; and that his |iar<'tiis. if allvf, hav<' not sulTI'-ieiit ■•-tatx lo n) linta n linn; and thai h'- is unable to \V(U-k for his support. Jur i-..|jctu»M In inipi"'>tH of iiliois is eo II nd to tiie eircuil and eriminal i-ourts. Tno stat- ptovkI"- for tln" >upport of all paiip-T idiots, on III" ba^is r)f an ahowanee for ea.-h of not more ihiii seveniy-fls'i? ilillars u yi-ai. ic- cordiug to the cortilleaio of the court, whiou may not exceed iho sum nam<'d. I'auper 97 erly kept by a committee within the county. But in Florida,'** Georgia'' and South Carohua,'" they are expressly included in the classes for whose beuetit the asylums are established ; and in Ohio/" by implication, in the words, "all insane persons over the age of seven years." Epileptics are excluded in Arkansas f^ and in Kentucky,^" if not otherwise insane. They are expressly admitted in Georgia" and South Carolina.-*" In many states, the question wheiher the patient is epileptic must be determined at the inquest or answered in the certificate of the physicians by whom the patient was examined. Persons suffering from any contagious or infectious disease are rejected in Illinois," Kansas,^- Missouri,^^ Texas" and Washington territory.^" Demented inebriates are admitted in Georgia.^" The definition of a lunatic in' Colorado*" includes them. Habitual drunkards may be sent to the asylum in Kansas.*' The law in New Mexico*' is not specific as to this point, but will bear a similar construction. Per- sons temporarily insane by reason of the intemperate use of intox- icating drinks may be committed to the Western Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane (Dixmont),*^ until such temporary fit of in- sanity is cured. But in California,"" the admission of any case of delirium tremens or acute mania-a-potu is forbidden, as it is also in Utah." Both in California and Utah, the reception of any case of harm- less, chronic, mental unsoundness is prohibited. There is a like provision in the law of Wisconsin, °- to the effect that no physically infirm or mentally imbecile person, not deemed to be dangerous when at large, shall be committed solely because of such infirmity or imbecility. idiots mav be delivered to their friend* or to any otlier person appointed by the court; the court has power to direct that they shall be kept in the county poor-house, if there is one, and in that case the allowances for their support are paid to the receiver of the poor- house, who is liable on his offlcial bond tor a faithful appropriation and a just account thereof. 35McClelland's Digest. 1881, ch. 147. sec. 12. 3»Code, 1882. sec. 1344 5, 1353. 3"G. S., 1882. sec. 1586. ^E. S., 1880, sec. 736; but this applies only in Hamilton county (Longview). 2^Act of 18S3, No. 19, sec. 13. " No idiot, nor congenital imbecile." MQ. S.. 1881 . ch. 53, art. 2, sec. 24. "Revised Statutes, 1883, ch. 85, sec. 11. *2Compiled Laws of 1879, sec. 3113. «R. S., 1879, sec. 4126. «R. S., 1879, sec. 98. «Code, 1881, sec. 2260. «G.L., 1S77, sec. 1731. ^"C. L.. 1879, sec. .3060, 30C3; but the court is not authorized to commit to an asylum, un- less satisfied that the person is insane, sec. 3064. ^'*G. L., 1880, ch. 74, sec. 1 compared with sec. 11. «Act of 1863, p. 539, sec. 5. 6"Hittell's Codes of 1876, sec. 2220; See also act of 1876, (Napa), p. 133, sec. .18. 61 Act of 1880, ch. 31, sec. 17. ^■R. S., 1878, sec. 593 a, sub-sec. 6. 08 The state of Arkansas" forlnds the removal of any insane convict from any penal institution to the state lunatic asylum. The law in most states provides for such removal. In New York ' and Michigan,'* special asylums for the criminal insane have been established. The admission of pay-patients is authorized in nearly all the states.-' But the institutions of Illinois," Indiana,'" Ohio,'" Wisconsin,'-^ Minnesota" and Mississippi'^ are open to all residents of those states, free of charge. Non-resident patients are excluded from the state institutions for the insane in California,"' the district of Columbia," Tennessee,'-^ Utah,"' Virginia"' and West Virginia y" but with the exceptions indi- cated in the notes. The admission of patients from other states is authorized in Alabama,"' Georgia,'" Illinois," Kentucky,'' Nebraska,'* and South Carolina.'* *3Aet of 1883. No. 19, sec. 12. MR. 8.. p. 1910, ch. 4JC. tit. 8. sec. 1-16. ■"^'Act of 188;{, No. 19(>. sec. 1-29 . ^Alabama, Code, isro. sec. 1478-91: Arkansas, act of 18S3, No. 19. sec. 10: California, act of 1H7(>, p. i:«, sec. 19, as amended: Colorado, G. L., 1S77, sec. 1726, 173i»': Connecticut, G. S.. Kev. of 1870. til. .i, ch. 1. part V.i. sec. 7, as amended: Dakota, act of 1881, ch. Si, sec. 2;^-•^: District ot Columbia, R. S., U.S.. sec. 485;k Florida. Digest, 1881, ch. 147. .sec. 12: Geortria. Cod>', 1882, sec. ISbi: Iowa, McClain's Stat., sec. 142(i-21, 14:«: Kansas, C. L., 18;!t. »ec. :jl(i9- 1(1: Kentucky, act of 1S76, ch. 900, sec. 15, (but see G. S., 1881, ch. ."iS, sec. 17): Louisiana, K. S., 1876. sec. 17ti9: Maine, R. S., 1871, ch. 143. sec. 19: Maryland, R. C, 1X78, art. I'tr. sec 10: Massachusetts, Stat., 1K82. ch. 87, sec 33: Michigan, Howell's Stat.. 1882, sec. 19i:<: Mis- souri. R. S.. 1879, sec. 4119: Nebraska, G. S., 18)^1, ch. 40, sec. 28-9. 4S: Nevada, act of 1S79. ch. 42, sec. 16: New Hampshire, G. L., 1878, ch. JO, sec. 17: New Jersey, Rev'n of 1877. p. 625. sec. li»8; p. 625, sec. lU: p. 621. sec. 87-8: New York, R. S.. p. 1905. L. 1874. ch. 446. tit. :J. sec. 22, 30: North Carolina, act of 188:i, ch. 1.56, sec. 39: Oregon, act of 1878. p. 72. sec. 2: Pennsylvania, act of 1845. p. 4tl, soc. 9; act of 1863, p. 539 (Dixmont), sec. 1, 17: Rhode Island, act of 188;{, ch. S48, sec. 7: South Carolina, G. S., 1882. sec. 15S7. 1593, 1603: Tennessee, an of 1871, ch. i:{8. sec. 5: l>xas, R. S.. 1879, sec. 95-6: Utah, act of 1880, ch. 31, sec. 18: Vermont, R. L., 1x80. spc. 2891: Vlriiinia. Code. 1873. ch. 82, sec. 13,52-3: Washington, Code, 1881, sec. 1632: West Virginia, R. 8., 1879. ch. 108, sec. 46. *'R. 8., 1883, ch, 2:3, sec. 44. 68R. 8.. 1881. sec. 2842. 69R. S., 1880, sec. 631. »R. S., 1878, sec. 595. "'Statutes, 1878. ch. 35. sec. 19. «2R. C„ 1880, sec. 659. as amended. •"Codes, 1876, sec. 2109: act of 1876, p. 133, sec. 20. This does not apply to nf>n-residents who became insane in the state, nor to insane sailors, arriving in a port within the >tatt,'. **R. 8.. U. R., sec. 4S.io; but the district commissioners may apply for his icmporaiy ad- mission, if indigent, to the hospital, until he can be removed to his place of residence. •^Act of 1871, ch. 138. .sec. 1. '^''\i^\. of 1880. ch.31, sec. 19; Init persons stricken with insanity while travelling or tem- porarily sojourning in the territory may be temporarily committed and car.'d for. "^•Code, 1873, ch. 82. sec. 22: e.vcept when there is a vacan<"y not applied foron behalf of any ri^siilt3nt. A non-resident whose residence cannot be ascertained may be temporarily kept in the asylum, if there is room. •^B. S., 1879, ch. 108. .sec, 19; same as Virginia. "'Code, 1876, sec. 1478; should vacancies occur, unclaimed by natives or residents of Alabama. ■"Code. 1882. sec. 1351. \:v>S. ■'R. S., 188:{, ch. 23, sec. 4t: but no resident of another state may be received or retained to the exclusion of any resident of Illinois. ■-Act of 1876, ch. 900. sec. 13. "G. 8., 1881, ch. 40, sec. 57. f '*G. 8. 1882, sec. 1587; but no foreign lunatic or idiot shall be admitted or kept to the ex- clusion of subjects (of the institution) being citizens of this state. 99 In some of the states, it is provided that if, for want of room or any other reason, it becomes necessary to discriminate in the ad- mission of patients, a certain order of selection shall be observed. The preferences expressed relate (1) to recent and curable cases, in Alabama,'* Arkansas," Dakota," Illinois," Indiana,'-" Iowa,*° Missouri," Nebraska,'"- Ohio,'^ Pennsylvania,'* Texas'* and the territory of Wash- ington."' By recent cases are meant those of less than one year's standing. (2) To the indigent insane, in all the states just named, except Arkansas. Illinois and Ohio, with the addition of North Carolina." (3) To the order of application for admission, in Dako- ta," Indiana,'" Iowa, Nebraska'' and Ohio.'^ (4) In Illinois," violent, dangerous or otherwise troublesome cases have the preference over those of an opposite description. Similar distinctions are made in the matter of the retention and discharge of patients. There are few if any states, in which the provision made for the care of the insane in pubhc institutions is adequate to the de- mand. Hence it is necessary to ordain rules for securing to each portion of the state its equitable share in the benefits of the exist- ing institutions. This end is reached in two ways: first, by dist- ricting the state, geographically, where there is more than one in- stitution ; and second, by assigning to each town or county its legal quota of inmates, in proportion either to the insane popula- tion or to the total population. Districts have been established, and their boundaries defined, in Illinois," Kentucky, '■•' Michigan, *-'° New York," North Carolina,-'- Ohio'^ and Pennsylvania."* In Virginia,"* commitments are made to the 75Code, 1876, sec, 1478. ^"Ant of 18S3, No. 10, sec. 13; the insane are classed as "acute." (less than one year), "chronic," (more than one year), and "probably incurable," (cas^s complicat(iil with epilepsy, original imbecility or ieeble-niindedness, deformities of skull from injuries old age or general paralysis). "Act of 1ST9, eh. 23. sec. 32. "8R. S.,1883, ch. 23, sec. 21. "B. S., 1881, sec. 2870. soMcClain's Stat., 1880, sec. 1422. SIR. S., 1879, sec. 4127. 82G. S., 1881, ch. 10, sec. 37. «3R. s., 1880, sec. 711. ,?i;Ct of },^%^- ■^^^- -^ec. 15; act of 1876, p. 48, sec. 2; act of 1863, p. 539, (Dixmont). sec. 16; act of 18((), p. 21, (Norristown), sec. 9. . 8^R. S., 1879, sec. 97, as amended. «8Code, 1881, sec. 2261. 8- Act of 1883, ch. 156, sec. 39. 88R. S.,1883, ch. 23, sec. 52. MG. S,1881,ch. 92,art. l,sec. 25. '■«>Howeirs Stat, 1882, see. 1880. *'R- S... P. 1916. L. 1874, ch. 446. tit. 5, (Hudson River), sec. 5-fi; the laws relating to the boundaries of the other districts, are not contained in Mr. Harrison's book. Legislation on Insanity. "'Act of 188,3. ch. 1.56, sec. 4-5; the eastern asylum is exclusively for colored insane, sec. 3. *v, ^^:^- ^f^^i ^^P- *^^^- Hamilton county has the Longview asylum and is not included in> the other districts. -?o'^?* ^U^'^/tT/ ^^^' (pixmont). sec. 18; act of 1868. p. 90. (Danville), sec. 1, as amended; act 0118/4. p.3.«, (Warren), sec. 1; act of 1876. p. 121, (Norristown), seel. s^Code, 1873, ch.82, sec. 15. KlU nearest asylum. In Kansas, '•* all of the state institutions of a ho- nevolent character are under the government of a sinple board of trustees, and the hoard designates the superintendent of one of tlie insane asyluuis, to whom all applications for admission must be made; this superintendent determines, under rules established by the trustees, to which asylum each applicant shall be admitted. In Iowa,"' the superintendents of the two hospitals and the governor of the state adopt reguhitions in regard to what patients or class of patients shall be admitted to the respective hospitals, and from what portion of the state patients may be sent to either of tlu-m. In Michigan,*' the boards of trustees of the different hospitals meet in joint session, for the adjustment of all questions which may arise pertaining to them. In Connecticut,'"' the hospital at Mansfield is set apart for the care of chronic insane paupers who are regarded as incurable or who do not need special medical treatment. The power to transfer patients from one hospital to another will be considered later. The admission of patients in the ratio of population is directed in the statutes of Alabama,""' Arkansas,"' Illinois,"'- Indiana,' ' Maine,'"' Maryland,"' Missouri,"" New Jersey,'"' Ohio,"'~ Pennsylvania.' " Tennes- see"' and Wisconsin.'" In addition to the various classes of insane persons already named, for the purpose of their commitment we find two other classes alluded to, namely, dangerous lunatics and lunatics at large. It will be observed that nearly all these distinctions among the insane relate either to their residence, their pecuniary condition or the manifestations of the disease and its duration. Insanity a Medlcdl Question. That insanity is a disease is almost a truism. A most obscure disease it is in its essential nature, and impossible of satisfactory definition, but often easy to recoguize in its manifestations. Wiien of a pronounced type, there is no need of nicidical skill to deter- '""C. L., 1879. sec. 4Mi. as amemled. '■•McClain's Stat.. 1S80. son. 11:52. ■-Howi^irr^ Stat., IKSJ. sec. l!»-'(). '•■'Act of IS", eh. 1-17. sec. 4. ""'Code. 1S7G, soc. U7(i; in the ratio of insane population, as deteiniined by the annual reports (census) made by the probate judtjos to the secretary of state. •'" \ct of IHKi. No. 19, sec. 20, >"--ll. 8., \sM. eh. 2:5, aoc. 53. "'•It. H.. IWI, sec. '2870. ' ■ "i» |i.inr><>r patitMiLs. ""'11. S., 1K7!I. sec. 4127; aecordinn to insane population, (how determined nut statcil. '"•Ilev'n of 1877. p. (i2:J, sec. KiOfp. (i21, see. \M. >"*K. 8.. 188le to discriminate thus sharply between different states, since tlie insane are in many of them sub-divided into classes, (particularly into the self-supporting and the non-self- supporting), and the processes of cominitment vary according to the class to which the individual patient belongs. It is perhaps worthy of notice, that wherever there is more than one mode of commit- ment provided, in any state, the easiest method is always prescribed for persons possessed of real or personal estate, in apparent foigetful- ness of the palpable fact that the inducements to seek for tlieir incarceration and the chances of injustice and injury are far greater in the case of the rich than of the poor. Not only so, but the likeliliood of their discharge from an institution, after commitment, is less. That this should be so, argues that the framers of the stat- utes had in mind chiefly, if not solely, the question of liability for tlie support of the patient in the hospital or asylum; and that, since persons in independent circumstances are able to pay their own way, no necessity is believed to exist, in their case, for any leference of the question of the patient's insanity to any tribunal for judicial investigation and determination. Commitment on Medical Certificate. The states in which insane persons may be admitted into the hospital (either for treatment or for restraint, as the case may be) on the simple certificate of a physician or physicians tiiat they are insane, are: Alabama,"- Connecticut. "Mhe district of Columbia,"* Geoigia,"^ Kansas,"' Missouri,"' New Hampshire,"' New Jersey,"'' New York,"" Rhode Island,'^' Tennessee,"' Texab"' and Vermont."* Observe that, all these states, except New York and New Jersey, are either in New England or in the south, with the further (doubtful) excep- tion of Kansas ; and that there are only thirteen of them, out of a total list of forty-seven. In Kansas,"'' for the admission of private patients, in addition to the medical certificate, a certificate from the probate jui^tje that he has lieen "informed" of the insanity of the patient is necessary; in other cases he certifies that the patient has been "adjudged" to be insane. In Alabama,"' the district of Columbia,"' Georgia,"' Kansas,"' Mis- souri,"" Tennessee"' and Texas, "^ admission on medical certiticato alone is expressly restricted to pay-patients. In the other states "^Code, 1876. sec. 1479, as amended. ii^G. S.. Rev'n of 1875, tit. 8, ch. 5. see. 6. i»R. S., U. S.. sec. 4854. "^Code, 1882, sec. 1357-8. ™C. L., 1879, sec. 3110. "'R. S., 1879, sec. 412(t. "«Cj. L., 1878, eh. 10, see. 18. ' "t'Rev'n of 1877. p. 623, sec. 101. isoR. S.. p. 1901, L. 1874, ch. 416, tit. 1, art. 1, sec. 1. i2ip. S., 1882, ch. 74, sec. 11. i22Act of 1871, ch. 138, sec. 2. 123R. s., 1879, sec. 91-92. 121R. L., 1880. sec. 2006. as amended. '•25R. S..1879, sec. 4119. 104 named, this risht is unrestricted ; it extends to pauper patients committed hy tlie persons having them in charge, unless in contiict with some other provision contained in the statutes. In Conneeticut,'" Missouri,"' New Jersey,"" New York,'*" Tennessee'** and Texas,'-' the medical certificate must be under oath ; in the other states named, it need not be. The signature of at least one physician is required in Alabama,"* Connecticut,'" Georgia,'-' Kansas,"' New Jersey,"" Tennessee'-' and Texas ;'"^ in the other states named, of at least two. The qualifications necessary in a physician who certifies to the insanity of any person will be mentioned hereafter. The certificate of a judicial or other competent officer to the standing of the maker of the certificate and genuineness of his signature is required in Connecticut,'" Georgia,'-' (if the patient is received from some other state), New Hampshire,'" Texas'^" and Ver- mont.'-' In Connecticut,'" the certificate must be made within one week after the medical examination of the patient, and it must be pre- sented within thirty days after it is made. In the district of Cohnnbia,"* the request for admission must be made within five days of the date of the certificate of insanity. In Missouri."" the certifi- cate must be signed on the same day with the medical examination and presented within two months. In New Hampshire,"" the com- mittal must be within one week after the examination of the patient. In New Jersey,"'-' the committal must be within one month after the making of the certificate. In New York,"" the certificate must bear date of not more tiian ten days prior to commitment. In Tennes- see,'-- it must be dated within one month of tlie presentation of the patient at the hospital. In Vermont,'" it must be made within five days of the medical examination and not more than ten days previous to admission to the asylum. The certificate must be accompanied, in the district of Columbia,"* Missouri,"' New Jersey"-" and Texas,'-' by a written request for admis- sion, signed by the applicant. In Vermont,'-* the two physician=t making the certificate may not be members of the same fiim, and neither of them may be an offi- cer of an insane asylum in the state. It is not lawful, in New York,"= for any physician to certify to the insanity of any person for the purpose of committing him to an asylum of which the said physician is either the superintendent, proprietor and officer, or a regular professional attendant therein. In New Y'^ork, the medical certificate must be approved by a judge or justice of a court of record; and the judge or justice may (not '-■"Code. 1S8-2. ppc. i:{57; certiflcate of three physiciuas, or of oue such physician and two respectable citizeus. '-■■Ibi.l. sec. i:i58. "•"It. H., 1870. sec. 93. '■-•"U. L.. 188(1. sec. 2!MI7. "■U. 8.. p. moi. L. 187i. ch. 4lii, til. 1, iirt. 1, soc. 2. »'R. L., 18811. 8ec. 1W8. '--11. 8.. p. I'.MH. tit. 1. ;iit. 1. i-ec. 3. 105 shall) institute inquiry and take proofs as to any alleged lunacy, before approving or disapproving of such certificate. Commitment without Certificate. The states in which patients may be committed (so far as appears from the statutes) without either judicial investigation or medical certificate are : Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, South Carolina and Virginia. In Louisiana,"' the board of administrators (trustees) is given authority to receive insane persons, not sent to the asylum by a district or parish judge, on such terms 'and conditions as it may see fit to adopt. In Maine,"* parents and guardians of insane minors, if of sufficient ability to support them there, may, within thirty days after an attack of insanity, send them, without any legal examination, to the state hospital or to some other hospital for the insane. In Maryland,"^ the provisions relating to judicial investigation apply to insane persons confined at the expense of the county or city ; but nothing contained in the act shall prevent the friend? or relations of a lunatic or insane person from confining him or pro- viding for his comfort. In Mississippi,"" on application for the admission of any lunatic who is a resident of the state, the trustees may, if they think that he ought to be admitted, receive him as a patient, even though no proceedings in lunacy have been instituted. In South Carolina,'" inquests are obligatory in case of insane pau- pers ; but the regency (trustees) must admit idiots, lunatics or epi- leptics, where their admission is requested under the hands of the husband or wife, or (where there is no husband or wife) of the next of kin of idiot or lunatic ; and nothing contained in the act may be held in any manner to apply to the entrance of pay- patients into the asylum. In Virginia,'" on application for the admission of a person into an asylum, the examining board, if unanimous that he ought to be admitted, may receive him as a patient. Commitment Alter Ii:qiiest. The states in which provision is made for a judicial inquisition into the mental condition of persons alleged to be insane are : all the states except the district of Columbia,'-"-' (where commitments 133R. S..187G, sec. 17G9. "'G. S., 18S2, see. 889, 1603. i^«Code, 1873, ch. 82. sec. 18. 139R. S.. U. S.. sec. 4S4.5-W. The physicians certify to the insanity and the householders to the indigence of the patient. 106 are made on the order of the Secretary of the Interior, based upon the certificate of a judfje of the supreme court of the district or a justice of the peace, that two physicians and two householders of the district have made the required depositions before him), and Maine,"" (where the municipal ollicers of towns are constituted a hoard of examiners, and tlitir decision is final, unless an appeal is taken 'within live days to two justices of the peace and quorum). Iowa,'" Nebraska"- and Dakota'" have each a system of commit- ment, common to these three states and peculiar to them, by boards of county commissioners in lunacy, constituted as follows : with the clerk of the circuit court, in Iowa, but with the clerk of the dis- trict court in Nebraska, and with the judge of jn-obate, in Dakota, are associated two other citizens of the county, one of whom must be a respectable physician and the other a respectable attorney. In Iowa and Nebraska, the associate members of the board are ap- pointed by the judge of the court ; in Dakota, they are elected by the board of county commissioners. Their usual place of meeting is at the office of the judge or of the clerk of the court: the judge is, in Dakota, e.r-ojJicio the president of the board, and in the other two states, the clerk of the court is cx-ojiicio clerk of the board: the judge or clerk of the court, as the case may be, signs all no- tices, warrants, subpcenas or other process given or issued by the board : he keeps a separate docket of their proceedings, and all papers connected with any inquest by the commissioners are tiled in his office : for the purpose of discharging the duties required of them, they have power to issue subpoenas and compel obedience thereto, to administer oaths, and do any act of a court neces'^ary and proper in the premises. In effect, they are the court, acting not through a single juilge, but through a bench of three, for the special purpose of dealing with questions of lunacy in their re- spective counties. The states in which no patient can be admitted to an insane hos- pital without a judicial inquest are: Arizona, California, Colorado, J)akota, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky', Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Caro- lina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Oregon, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming — '24. DouJit/til States. There is some obscurity in the law in the states of Arkansas, Delaware, Florida and Michigan, which renders it difficult to assign to them their proper place in the classification which has here been attempted. It is due in part to the silence of their sta- tutes as to certain points. In Arkansas, it is not clear whether the provisions of section 824 of the Pievised Statutes are or are not su])erseded by those contain- ed in the act of 1888. If they are, which seems probable, then '«"R. 8.. 1871, ch. 1«. 860.12. U. x'Mf'Clnin's Stat.. ISJiO. sec. 1:595-98. »-G. S., 1S«1, ch. -JO. sec. 17-20. "'Act of 1«79, ch. 23, sec. 1(1-18. 107 there is but one lawful method of commitment in that state, namely : by order of a court, made after due and formal inquest. But if not, then an insane person may be placed in the asylum by the voluntary act of his friends or relations, apparently without inquest ; and there are two different methods of inquest prescribed. In what follows, this section will be ignored, as if it had been formally re- pealed. In Delaware,"* (where there is no state institution for the insane), the law relates only to indigent and pauper insane ; it does not ap- pear that there is any law for the comitment of insane persons pos- sessed of any real or personal estate. In Florida,"' it is lawful for the physician in charge of the asy- lum for indigent lunatics, when directed by the l)oard of commis- sioners of state institutions, to receive into the asylum any lunatic, idiot or insane person whose friends, parents or guardians are able and willing to pay for his care, custody and maintenance, but whether without inquest or medical certificate is not apparent from the language of the statute. In Michigan, "'' the law appears upon its face to warrant no com- mitment without inquest; but there is an obscure section which reads as follows: "This act shall not be construed to authorize the confinement of any person in any asylum, except such person be expressly required by law to be so confined, contrary to and against the wishes of any parent or guardian or other legal custodian of any such person, provided said board of trustees shall be satisfied such parent or guardian or legal custodian shall have sufficient pe- cuniary ability to maintain and support such insane person." It is possiljle that this section is designed to authorize the confinement of insane persons by their friends, if of sufficient pecuniary ability. Threefold Purpose of Inqxest. In every judicial inquiry into the mental condition of a person supposed to be instme, there are three possible and proper objects of investigation ; the inquiry has three branches. (1) As to his sanity. (2) As to his property. (3) As to his residence or settlement. If the person alleged to be insane is found to be not insane, the examination is arrested at this pomt. But if found to be insane, a double question arises. What shall be done with his person? and what shall be done with his estate? As to his person, much depends upon the nature of the manifes- tations of insanity. If the case is of recent origin and brief dura- tion, so that there is a reasonable ground for the belief that his i"Act of 1871, vol. 14, ch. 37, sec. 1; act of 1883. vol. 17, ch. 76. sec. 1-2; R. C. 1852. amended 1874, ch. 48, see. 8, 2;i i«Digest. 1881, sec. 12-14. i^Howell's Stat.. 1882, sec. 1. 961. 1(18 commitment to an insane hospital may result in a cure, the pro- priety of such commitment is indis])utahle. If the patient is vio- lent an iiilcrchiinyi'alilc. Strii-ily spcakint,'. u coiiscrvaior lias eliar»,'« of tin- propfrty <«f an iiisain' w.inl; a Kuanlian, of liis purf*ou. lint Uiis ilisiiin'tiou is not always (jliMTved in tho s-talutos. 109 The two proceedings may be separate, or they may be joined in one ; and the two methods of procedure may be identical, or they may be dissimilar and contiicting. The intiaence of the method of support of the state institutions upon the law of inquest is here again apparent. If the hospital is sustained by charges against the inmates, the question of liability for support, instead of being eliminated, becomes prominent, and is likely to absorb the attention both of the authorities of the institu- tion and of the legislature to an undue degree. There being no question as to the ability of patients of independent means, or with relatives or friends in easy circumstances, to pay the hospital charges, they are exonerated from the obligation to submit the question of their sanity to the judgment of any legal tribunal; they are not included in the law of inquest. On the other hand, the poor, who have no real or personal estate of sufficient amount to demand special care on the part of the court to prevent its misuse or dissipation, are not included in the law of guardianship. Courts possessing the necessary jurisdiction may be authorized by the law of guardianship, where proceednigs are instituted for the appointment of a conservator, to commit the person adjudged to be insane to a hospital or asylum. Or they may be empowered, where proceedings are instituted for commitment to an institution, to ap- point a conservator. Or the law of commitment may be silent as to the appointment of a conservator, and the law of guardianship silent as to the commitment to an institution. The chancery courts of Mississippi'** may appoint guardians to idiots, lunatics and persons non compos mentis, and, after inquisi- tion and judgment, the court or chancellor, or clerk (in vacation) may direct the confinement in the asylum of any lunatic who should be so confined. The appointment of a guardian, if the person adjudged to be in- sane is found, on inquest for commitment, to be possessed of real or personal estate, is authorized in Arizona,"' California,'"" Indiana,'" Kansas,''- Oregon'^' and Utah.'"' In Virginia'"' and West Virginia,''^ a committee is appointed for every person found, either by a justice of thi peace or by any court of competent jurisdiction, to be insane; the power to appoint commit- tees is vested, in Virginia, in the county or corporation courts or in the circuit court, but in West Virginia only in the circuit court. In Kentucky,'^' the judge of any court may hold inquest, when the circuit court is not in session, and make all necessary orders i«R. C. 1880, sec. 2n8. i«C. L. 1877. sec. n95. >'*Act of 1876, p. V£i, sec. 19, as amended. 151R. S..1881, sec. 5148. 162G. L., 1879, sec. -.mi. i^Act of 1873. p. 72, sec. 2. J5*Act of 1880, ch. 31, sec. 18. i55Code. 1873, sec. 43-46. i5«R. 8. 1879, ch. 108, sec. 37-39. i^'G. 8., 1881. ch. 53. art. 2, sec. 14, as amended. 110 for the care of the person found to be of unsound mind ; but if it is found, upon the inCodo. 1«8_'. sec. 1855. >i*«G. L. 1H.S0, eh. 74. sec. 10. >WC. L., l«7fi, ch. 70. sec. 1-8. Ill vator of his estate ; and if, further, the judicial inquiry provided for were made obligatory in all cases, irrespective of the patient's pecu- niary condition. Since the special purpose of the present examination of the lunacy laws is the analysis of the laws relating to commitment, and to in- quest had for that end, the subject of guardian and ward will not be pursued farther. The following statutory provisions, cited in Harrison, evidently apply only to the appointment of conservators and their duties as such ; all reference to them will therefore be avoided in the remarks which follow. Colorado: G. L., 1877, sec. 1698, 1724. Delaware: E. C, 1852, amended 1874, tit. 7, ch. 49, p. 240, sec. 1. Kentuckv: G. S. 1881, art. 1, sec. 1-5. Maryland : E. C. 1878, art. 53, sec. 10. Mississippi : E. C. 1880, sec. 2118. Missouri: E. S. 1879, sec. 5787-94, 5799, 5805. New Hampshire : G. L., 1878, ch. 186, sec. 1, 2, 5. New Jersey : Eevision of 1877, p. 601, sec. 1. New Mexico: G. L., 1880, ch. 74, sec. 13-21. Tennessee: C. L. 1871, sec. 3681-87. Utah: Act of 1880, p. 75, sec. 14-17, 51-2. Vermont : E. L. 1880, sec. 2436, 2438-40, 2444-46, 2502-10. Virginia : Code, 1873, ch. 82, sec. 43-48. Washington : Code, 1S81. sec. 1631. West Virginia: E. S. 1879, ch. 103, sec. 37-44. Jurisdiction in Lunacy. Two elements are included in lunacy jurisdiction, the power to hold inquest and the power to order the confinement of the person adjudged to be insane. These are ordinarily united in the same court, but not of necessity, nor always. Jurisdiction in lunacy cases may be either exclusive or concur- rent. 1. In the following states, it is exclusive, in the courts named: The probate court, in Alabama,'" Arizona,'^' Arkansas,'"' Kansas, '^'^ Michigan,'"' Minnessota,'"' Montana, '"'■" New Hampshire,"^" Ohio,'" Utah,"^^ Vermont,"* Washington'"* and Wyoming."^" i53Code. 1876. sec. 1482, as amended. 154C. L., 1877, sec. 1193. '5^Act of 1883, No. 19. sec. 2. i*<^C. L., 1879, 3000, 3063. ""Howell's Stat., sec. 1901. i^sstat.. 1878. ch. 35, sec. 21. 153R. 8., 1879, div. 5, sec. 711. i«R. S., 1879, ch. 10, sec. 12. i«iR. 8., 1880. sec. 702, 738. Jo^Act of 1880. ch. 31. sec. 16. i«R. L., 1880, sec. 2878. iMOode. 1881. sec. 1031-2, 1645. i«5C. L., ch. 79, sec. 1, 4. 112 The county court, in Colorado,'"' Illinois,'" Missouri,"^ Oregon,"'" Tennessee"" and Texas'"'. In Tennessee, the county court issues the warrant for conveying the patient to the asylum, but the inquest is maile by a justice of the peace. The circuit court, in Florida"- and Maryland ;"' but in Baltimore cily, in the crnuinal court. The district court, in Nevada"' and New Mexico."* The district or parish court, in Louisiana."' The court of chancery, in Delaware'" and Mississippi."* The ordinary, in Georgia.'"" The county commissioners of insanity, in Dakota,"' Iowa'"' and Nebraska. '"" Any justice court, in Rhode Island.'"' •2. In the following states, it is concurrent, in the courts named : In California,'' Idaho'"* and Wisconsin,'" in any court of record. In Pennsylvania,"' in any law judge. In Kentucky,'"' in any court having general equity jurisdiction. In Massachusetts,'"-' in any judge of the supreme judicial court or superior court, in any county wliere he may be, or of the probate court, or of a police, municipal or police court, within his county. '"«G. L.. 1877, sec. 1725. .is amended. ^"'R. S.. 188:3. ch, 85, pec. 1. i-^R. 8.. 1870. sec. 41ii5. 4132. •'■''Act of 1878, p. 72. F.ec. 2. J""Act of 1871. ch. 138. sec. 4. i"'K. S.. 1879. sec. lOG. i'-Dige.st. 1881. ch. 147, sec. 3. »"1{. C. 1878. art. 53. sec. 2. '■*C. L.. 1873. sec, 3743; act of 1S7!>. ch. 43, sec. 15. '■•■■G. L.. 1880. ch. 74. sec. 1. >'»R. S.. 1870, soc. 1708. '"Act of 1?71. vol. 14. eh. 57. sec. 1. i"«a.C., 1880, sec. atki. 2118. i'»Code of 18*2. sfc. ISiil. isoAct of 187!), ch. 23. sec. 16. 10. i*'McClain"s Stat., 1880, sec. 1305. 1.398. "s^G. S.. 1881, ch. 40. sec. 17, 20. i"P. 8., 1882. ch. 74. sec. 1. >'e. 2il0; for special authority jriven to county jiidces and to probate judge of city and county of San Francisco, see act of 1870. p. i:t{. sec. 17. '"Act of 1881. p. 300. sec. 3. ""■•U 8., 1878. sec. 5.t3. '"•Act of 18C0. p. 79, sec. G. 9; in any court of record, act of ISI5, p. 411. sec. 14; act of 18(v<, p. 5:i0. sec, 1. '•^G. 8.. 1S8I. i-h. ^>.i. art. 1. sec. 1. and art. 2. sec. ^-ts of idiots, is confined lo the circuit and criminal courts, by the amondmout of April 21, 1882, bOC. 1. '"Statutes, 1872, eh. 87. sec. 11. 113 In New York,"" in any county judge, special countj^ judge, judge of a superior court or common pleas ; but this enumeration of courts is not to be construed as abridging the power and authority of the supreme court. In New Jersey,'"* in the court of common pleas, but without abridging the power and authority of the court of chancery. In South Carolina, ''= in the probate and circuit courts; but the judge of either may direct an order to any trial justice to hold the inquest, and the trial justice certifies the finding of the commission to the judge or to the board of county commissioners, either of whom may issue an order of commitment. In Connecticut, '■'•' in the probate and superior courts. 3. The following states cannot be classed absolutely with any of the foregoing : In Indiana, two modes of inquest and commitment are prescribed. The first"* is by two justices of the peace, at the court-house, (unless an adjournment to another time and place has been ordered), but the subpcenas to witnesses are issued by the clerk of the circuit court, with whom the papers in the case are filed, and the clerk makes the application for admission to the superintendent of the hospital. The other,'-^ where complaint is made, on oath, to any justice of the peace, that any person is insane and dangerous to be at large, is by one justice, with the aid of a jury of sis; the justice has power to appoint some resident of the county to confine such per- son until the next session of the circuit court, to which he certifies his proceedings, and the circuit court re-tries the case, with a jury of twelve, after which it appoints a permanent custodian of his person. In Virginia, the inquest is held by three justices, who have power to order the patient sent to the asylum,'"" (which is in fact juris- diction), but they must certify his estate to the next court of the county or corporation of the county of which he is a resident,''" and the court appoints a guardian for him,"* and may make other orders respecting him. i'»R. S., p. 1901, L. 1874, ch. 446, tit. 1, art. 1, sec, 14, 18; judge or justice of any court of record. "iRev'n of 1877, p, 624, sec. 104-5, 118; p. 601, sec. 1, ia--G. S., 1882, sec. 1588, 1590, 1561, i^G. S., Bev'a of 1875, tit. 8, ch. 4, sec. 6, as amended, and sec. 7, 11. i-^R. S.,1881, sec. 2842-51. i95Ibid, sec. 5142-50. I'^Code, 1883, ch. 82, sec. 14, as amended. "'Ibid. .sec. 36., i-«Ibid, see. 43. Ill Tlie law is the same in West Virginia, except that the inquest is by a single justice,"'-' and the guartluiu appointed l>v tlie circuit court/"' There are doubtless good reasons for the grant di couL-uiicni jur- isdiction in the states in which it is the rule; but the majority of states i)rt'fer the system of exclusive jurisdiction, and it is upon the whole preferable to the other. Proceed'uKj^ hi l^acation. In providing for the exercise of jurisdiction by courts, in the matter of commitments, it is important to lodge power where it can be quickly exercised in case of an emergency. It should therefore be in a court accessible to the parties which may have occasion to call for its intervention, and there should be no delay in its action, when applied to. In nearly all the states, the distinction between a court and the judge of a court is recogni^ied, and power to act is vested in the judge. In Alabama,-'" if the judge of probate is dead, or incapable of act- ing by reason of sickness or otlierwise, one of the commissioners of the county is empowered and required to act in his stead. In Minnesota,-"- in the absence of the prt)bate judge, the court com- missioner of the county acts ; in Montana,-"' the chairman of the board of county commissioners. In Dakota,-'" Iowa="^ and Nebraska/"' in the absence or inability of two of the three county commissioners of insanity, one respect- able physician or attorney is selected to act in the same capacity, so as to make a quorum. In Kentucky,-"' when the circuit court is not in session, inquest may be held by a judge of a circuit court or of a court of com- mon pleas, or by a chancellor or vice-chancellor, or l)y the presid- ing judge of the county court, or by the judge of a city or police court. In Kansas,-'" the probate judge must, on application, in vacation, call a special term of court, for the purpose of holding inquest. In Illinois,-"' for this ])ur))ose, the county court shall be consider- ed as always open. •"'R, 8.. 1879. ch. 108. sec, 11. *"^Ibld. sec. 37, -■""Code. 187G. sec, 1490, 3"=Stat. 1878. ch. 35. sec, 21-2:^ 27. ^"R, 8., 1879. ciiv. 5. see. 711. 2"«Aet of 1879. ch. ■£<, sec. 16, ^"••McCliiln's Stat,. 1880, sec, 1395. S'-'G. 8,. 1881. ch. 40, sec. 17. --"G. 8., 1881, ch. 5M, art. 2. sec. 14 as aiuoudoil. »*C. Ti., 1871. sec. 3im;i. ="^R. 8.. 1sn:«, fh. K-,, s..<-. 1. 115 In Maryland.'"' during the recess of the circuit court, the judge may hold inquest, as when in session. In Indiana and Mississippi, the clerk of the court performs the duty which in other states devolves upon the judge. Subjects of Inquest. The limitations of jurisdiction of the courts, (if they can be prop- erly so called), in respect of the classes of insane subject to inquest, have been already partially indicated, under the heading "Classifi- cation of Insane Persons." It may be assumed that the language employed to designate the forms of insanity which may be sent to the hospital or asylum receives, in practice, the most liberal con- struction; and that it is not intended so much to restrict the power of the courts, as to. serve as a general expression of the will of the legislature in this regard, leaving to judges the largest possible measure of discretionary power. The states in which patients may be received, in certain cases, without inquest, have been named on pages 103-5. The question of the temporary confinement of lunatics who are unsafe to be at large will be considered separately. The following are descriptions of insane i3ersons who may be con- fined by order of the courts, in the different states, taken from the words employed, either in the allegation of insanity, the' medical certificate or the finding of the court, as the case may be. Any insane person : in Florida, =•' Kentucky,"' Minnesota,^'^ New Mexico,-" Ohio,"'' and South Carolina'^'-s. Insane and a fit subject for treatment or custody in an asylum : in Arkansas.^'' Dakota,"'" Georgia,^-*' Illinois,-" Indiana,-" Iowa,-' Kansas,"' Louisiana,-" Massachusetts,--"^ Mississippi,-"' Nebraska,--- -"^-R. C, 1878, art. 53, sec. 9. 2'iR. S., 18SI, see 2851. 212R. C. 1880, see G()3. 2i3Digest. 1881, ch. 147. sec. 3-4. =»G. S., 1881, ch. 53. art. 2. sec. 6-7. si-'^Stat. 1878, ch. 35, sec. 21. =i«G. L., 1880, ch. 74, sec. 1, 3, 10. 2"R. S. 1880, sec. 702, 704. 2">2G. S., 1882, sec. 1.588. 2i8Act of 1883, No. 19. sec. 2. =i»Act of 1879, ch. 23, sec. 20. 22«Code, 1882. sec. 1855-56. "iR. S.' 1883. ch. 85, sec. 5. "-R. S., 1881, see. 2849. "^McClain's Stat., 1880, sec. 1399. 1401. 22*C. L.. 1879, sec. 3064. 2"R. S., 1876, sec. 1768. ""Stat., 1882, ch. 87, sec. 11-13. -■'R. C, 1880, sec. 663. -^G, S. 1881, ch. 40, sec. 21. 23. no North Carolina/-' Ohio," L«>ngview,=" Virginia. West Virginia- ■ and Wisconsin.'" Insane and requiring to be restrained ; in Pennsylvania,-'* Rhode Island-' and Texas.-" Insane and suffering from want of proper care : in Dakota,*'' Iowa,- " Nebraska-" and Pennsylvania.-' Unsafe to be at large, or sulfering: in Montana,'-" Nevada,*" Oregon-'" and Peunsylvania.'-" Insane and dangerous to be at large : in Arizona/*' California,"" Colorado,'"" Connecticut, -'' New Hampshire,-*' Indiana/- Missouri,-'' New York,'-- Ohio,'' Pennsylvania,- ' Rhode Island,' South Caro- lina,- "'■; Vermont.-'' Insane and dangerous or cural)le : in California,'^' Tennessee'" and Utah.'- ■' *»Act of 1883. ch. 56. sec. 17. -»K. 8.. 1880. sec. 788. -"Code. 1873. ch. 56. sec. 15. *«R. S.. 1879. ch. 108. sec. \2. -"R. 8.. 1878. sec. 593. -"Act of 1869, p. 79, sec. 6. -«P. 8., 1872. ch. 74, sec. 6. »«R. 8.. 1879. sec. 106. 2''Act of 1879, ch. 23. sec. 27. «^«McCitvln's 8tat.. 1880, sec. H05. ^^''G. 8.. 1881. ch. 40, sec. 22. si^Act of 1S69, p. 79, sec. 9. s*iR. 8., 1879. div. 5. sec. 711. -*-C. L.. 1873, sec. 3743. s*'Act of 1878, p. 72, soc. 2. «"Act of 186:3, p. 539, sec. 1. lUixmont). '*'^C. L., 1877, sec. 1193. "«Codes, 1876. sec. 2210. 2217. -*'G. L., 1877, sec. 1725, as amended. -*'G. 8.. Rev'n of 1875, tit. 8, ch. 5. sec. 10, 11; (justice of the peace, subject to order of superior court). '-*'G. L., 1878, ch. 10. sec. 12. =^'R. 8.. 1881. sec. 5142-46. ='''R. S.. 1879, sec. 5S28-29; two justices or judge of any court of record, until furtiier order by probate court. '-'-'11. S.. p. 1901. L. 1874, ch. 416, tit. 1. art. 1, sec. 6, as amended; if relatives or guard- ian fail to confine him. -•'•K. 8.. 1.880, sec. 708; insane not entitled to admission to asylum. -^Act Of 1861. p. 248, sec. 1; (Harrlsburg.) ^''P. 8., 1882. ch. 74. soc. 1; trial justice or clerk of justice court. i^'-^JuG. 8.. 1882. sue. 1590; probate judge. -^.\.ct of 1882. No. 47. soc. 1-8; select men may notify guardian or overseer of poor to restrain dangerous lunatic at large, and if no guanlian, may apitly for appointment of guardian by probate court; if adjudged insane, and guardian appointed refuses to accept and n'> gimnlian is appointed, boc.iuso a pauper, the overseer inu>t restrain him, -■'Act of 1876, p. i:«. see .17. (Napa). s^Act of 1«7). cIl 13!*, .sec. 4; (I). -*Act of IWO, di. '31, soc. 16. 117 Insane and unfit to go at large : in Connecticut,'" and Mon- tana.'- ' Insane paupers : in Connecticut,'-"- Maryland,-"' Michigan/''* New Hampshire,-'' New Jersey-"" and South Carolina.'-''" Insane and indigent, hut not paupers : in Connecticut,-' '■ Michi- gan,'"' New Jersey'-™ and New York.'" Insane and indigent : in Alabama,'"' Delaware'-'"' and Idaho.''"* Destitute insane without settlement: in Vermont.''"' Insane poor, not paupers : in Vermont.''" Insane poor, (county court patients) : in Missouri.''? "The words insane poor or indigent insane, when applied to a person without a family, shall mean one whose estate, after payment of his debts, and excluding from the estimates such part of his estate as is ex- empt from execution, is worth less, in cash, than three hundred dollars ; and the same words, when applied to a person having a family, shall mean one whose estate, estimated as aforesaid is worth less, in cash, after payment of his debts and the support of his family for one year, than one thousand dollars ; provided, that when the said words are applied to a married woman, her estate and that of her husband shall be estimated as aforesaid, and the amount shall determine the question aforesaid, whether she be a poor person, or not, whithin the meaning of this chapter."''' Statement and Application. The exercise of jurisdiction by the court usually is based upon a written paper filed with the court, which is variously known as the statement, or application, or petition, or allegation, or suggestion, or information, or complaint, or affidavit, or deposition, in which some person alleges his belief that some other person named is in- sane, and that action on the part of the court is necessary, for the patient's good or that of others. -^G, S.. Rev'n of 1875. tit. 8, ch. 5, sec. 7; superior court. -''iR. S., 1879, div. 2, sec. 431; any ward of unsound mind. ="-0. S., Kev'n of 1875, tit. 8, ch. 4, sec. ti, as amended; probate court. "'=*R. C. 1878, art. 26, sec. 11; art. 53. sec. 2, the expression, "a lunatic or insane pau- per" is ambiguous. 2MHowell's Stat, 1882, sec. 1901. -"■'G. L., 1878. ch. 10" see. 15; supreme court, if overseers of poor neglect to commit. ^''''Rev'n of 1877, p. 624, sec. 104. -«'G. S.. 1882, sec. 1588. 2'5fHoweirs Stat., 1882, sec. 1904. 2""Rev'n of 1877, p. 624, sec. 105. ="iR. S.. p. 1901, L. 1874. ch. 446, tit. 1, art. 1, sec. 14. -'-Code, 1876, sec, 1482, as amended. -•■^Act of 1871. vol. 14. ch. 57, sec. 1. 2'^Act of 1881, p. 300, sec. 3. -•^R. L., 1880. sec. 2875-76; state paupers. 2"«Ibid. 2885-89. -"R. S., 189, sec. 4125, 4132; county court patients. ="«Ibid, sec. 4152. IIH It may Ije reniarkt-d, in passing', that every term which suggests any analogy between proceedings in lunacy ami criminal proceed- ings ought, as far as possible, to he eliminated from the law, as both unfeeling and misleading. For this reason, the term applica- tion or petition is preferable to information or complaint. Really, as just pointed out, the original paper in the case consists of two parts, the statement or declaration of insanity, and the re- quest for action. ^ By Whom Made. The tiling of the application may be voluntary or obligatory, oth- cial or unofficial. Application may be made, in the great majority of states, by any person ; but in Arkansas,-"'' Indiana,-" Mississippi,'-"' Missouri,'-"- North Carolina,'-' Ohio,'-"' Tennessee'"'' and Wisconsin,'"' by any citizen. In Illinois,'-"' by any near relative, or in case there be none, by any resident of the county. In Delaware,-"" by relatives or friends of the patient. In Vermont, '-"' by the wife, any friend or relative, or the overseer of the poor. In Oregon,'-"" by any two householders. In New Mexico, by a relation by blood or marriage, or by a person interested in the lunatic's estate. (G. L., 1880, ch. 74, !< 3.) Application must be made, in Connecticut,-"" for the commitment of i)auper insane, by a selectman of the town ; in Michigan,'-"-' by the county superintendents of the poor, or any town or city super- visor; in New Jersey,'"' by the township overseer of the poor. In New York,-'"' if the relatives or guardian of a dangerous lunatic fail to confine him, it is the duty of the overseers of the poor or constables of the city or town where such lunatic is found, to re- port the same forthwith to the superintendent of the poor, who must a])ply for his commitment. In Kentucky,'-'-'' all a))plications are by the attorney of the com- monwealth, or, if he be absent, of the county attorney. -■■'Gantt's Digest, 1874. sec. 1482. 2*"R.S., 1881. sec. 2843. =*'R. C, 1880. sec. (i63. "-*ni. 8., 1879. sec. 4132. "■'.^ct of 1883. ch. ISO, sec. 17. ■'Hi. S.. 1880, sec. 702. s^'Act of 1871 , ch. 138, sec. 4. -■'*>R. S.. 1878. sec. 593. -"■R. S.. I88:ich.85. sec. 1. -""Act of 1871, vol. 14, ch. 57, sec. 1. s^fR. L., 1880, sec. 287<:, 2S87, 28S9. 2"'Act of 1878. p. 72, sec. 2. -'"G. S.. Uev'n of 1875. tit. 8. ch.4, sec. ti. -"-'Howell's Stilt., 1882. sec. 1901. '-""Rev'n of 1877, p. (;24. sec. Hi4 ^'♦R. S.. p. 1901, L. 1S74. <'li. 4 HI, tit. I, ait. 1. sec. G, as amended. -'^■•G. S., 1881. ch. :>:!. art. 2. see. ti. 119 In Kansas,-"' Missouri-"' and Wyoming,-'- it is the duty of any judge of the probate court, justice of the peace, sheriff, constable or coroner, who discovers any resident of his county to be of unsound mind, to make appHcation for an inquest. In Virginia""' and West Virginia,*"' any justice who "suspects" any person in his county or corporation to be a lunatic, must hold an inquest to determine his condition. The purpose in making application by certain ofiieials obligatory, is to insure the performance of an unpleasant duty, which might otherwise be neglected, and, where the insane person is a pauper, to guard him against the consequences of official apathy and neglect. This statement is in some states required 'to be attested by an oath, in others not. It would seem to be according to the analogy of judicial proceedings in ordinary practice to require it to be veri- fied in all cases by an affidavit. In Kansas,"'^ if the person alleged to be insane is discharged, the costs are paid by the person at whose instance the proceeding is had. In Washington territory,"- if he is discharged, and it is thought by the court that there w'ere no grounds for such impression of in- sanity, the applicant is taxed for the costs. Notice. Notice of the proposed inquest is required to be given to the in- sane person, in Connecticut"'' and Rhode Island.-"* In New Mexico,*^ it must be given to himself or to some of his near relations or friends ; in Pennsylvania,™^ to the alleged lunatic and his friends or kindred ; in Colorado,"'" at least ten days' notice to the alleged lunatic and to the guardian ad litem to be appointed by the court ; in Georgia,-'"* ten clays' notice to the three nearest adult relatives of the insane person, unless there is no such relatives in the state ; in Michigan, ■"'■' to the subject of inquest and to the prosecuting at- torney of his county and the supervisor of his township or ward. In Massachusetts,^'" the applicant for inquest must first give no- tice in writing to the mayor, or one or more of the selectmen, of the place wliere the lunatic resided. In Ne.v Hampshire,"' the -^C. L., 1879, sec. 3063. 2»'R.S., 1879, see. 57P0. -^C. L., 1876. eh. 79, sec. 4. 293Code, 1873. ch. 82. see. 14. as amended. 300R. S., 1879, ch. 108. sec. 11. 3<»C. L., 1879, sec. 3066. 302Code, 1881. sec, 1637. so^jRev'n of 1875, tit. 8. ch. 5, sec. 7; when case is in the superior court. 3'>4P.S.,1882. ch.74. sec, 7. ^''SG. L., 1880. ch 74, see. 4. su^Act of 1861. p. 248, see. 1, "To persons affected," act of 1860, p. 79, sec. 9. =»'G. L., 187,7, sec, 1826, as amended. 3'»Code, 1882, sec. 18.55. 3<»HowelI's Stat., sec. 1904. siostatutes. 1882. ch. 87, see. 14. 311G. L., 1878, ch. 10, sec. 12. rio judge notifies the selectmen or the guardian or any other person whom he may think hest. In New York,"= if it is alleged that the patient is indigent, notice must be given to one of the superinten- dents of the poor of the county chargeable with the expense of supporting him in the asylum if committed. Place of Inquest. In many of the states, there is no specific provision as to the place of holding inquest. Two views may be taken of the duty of the judge, where the law is silent as to this point; either that the inquest is intended to be held at the court-house, the place where judicial business is ordinarily transacted, or that the judge has the right to use his discretion in this regard. The latter is the more humane interpretation, since there are cases in which the })atient cannot be brought to the court-house, without great hardship and risk. It is common to order that the patient shall be brought before the judge; but he is before him, if in his presence, wherever the judge may be. In Missouri,"' the patient must be brought before the court, :tt a specified time, which time shall be the lirst day of the first meeting of the court thereafter. In Ilhode Island,"^ before some justice court. In Wyoming,"' before the court, in its discretion. In Indiana. ' the hearing must be at the county court-house; in Dakota. '■ Iowa'" and Nebraska,''-' at the office of the judge or clerk, unless for good reasons, the county commissioners of insanity fix on some other place; in Kentucky,'-' in open court ; in Louisiana,''-' in chambers. In Idaho, ^-'- all examinations of persons alleged to be insane must be public. In Massachusetts,'" Montana,"' Nevada,"' New York,'^*^ Oregon''-' and Washington,'" the judge is expressly authorized to name the time and place of hearing ; and the same right is convey- ed by implication in Illinois,'-' Michigan,"" and Texas."' s'=R. S., p. 1901, L. 1874. cli. 446. tit. 1, art.l, sec. 14. ^I'U. S.. 1879, sec. 4133. »''Act of 1879. ch. 23. sec. 17. ^""McClain's Stat.. 1880. sec. 1391=. 3>'--G. S., 1881. ch. 40, sec. 18. »'G. S.. 1881, ch. 53. art. 2, sec. (J. •«'Il. S., 187ti. sec. 1708. •«»Act of 1881, p. 300. sec. 4. ■'■i-'Stat.. 1882. ch. 87, sec. 12. •«*R. S..1879. div. 2.-sec. 711. »'C.L.. 1873. sec. 3743; Act of 1879. ch. 42. sec. 15. ^R. 8.. p. 1901. L, 1874, ch. 4«C., tit. 1, art. 1, sec. 14. =«"Act of 1878. p. 72, sec. 2. ^'s^Codo. 1881. sec. I(kt2. •'"-'"R, S.. 188.3. ch. 85. sec. 2. ^*"Howell's Stat.. 1882. sec. 1904. *"R. S.. 1879. sec. 108. 121 Presence of the Patient. Where the patient is arrested by warrant, as shown in the fol- lowing paragraph, his presence in court is assuredly deemed essen- tial. In Illinois,"- the case must be tried in the presence of the pa- tient. In Indiana"' and Wisconsin,'" if there is a trial by jury, he must be present. In Kentucky,"' no inquest can be held, unless the person charged to be of unsound mind is in court and person- ally in the presence of the jury ; but his presence may be dispensed with, if two physicians make attidavit that they have personally examined him and verily believe him to be an idiot or lunatic, as the case may be, and that his condition is such that it would be unsafe to bring him into court. In Dakota,'*' Iowa'*' and Nebraska,"' the county commissioners of insanity may dispense with the patient's presence, if they are of opinion, from such preliminary inquiries as they may make, that it would probably be injurious to him, or attended with no advantage. In Massachusetts, ■■'■••' the judge must see and examine the person alleged to be insane, or state in his final order why it was not deemed necessary to do so. He has hioi brought before him, if in his judgment his condition or conduct renders it necessary or proper. In Ohio, if, by reason of the character of the affliction or insanity of the patient, it is deemed unsuitable or improper to bring him into court, then the judge must personally visit him and certify that he has so ascertained his condition by actual inspection, and all proceedings may then be had in his absence. (E. S., 1880, § 703). In Indiana,-"" when the inquest is by a justice, for the purpose of commitment to the hospital, he visits and examines the patient, and issues his summons only to the witnesses in the case, to ap- pear at the court house. Where inquest is by commission, it may be assumed that the patient is usually visited at his home, and the proceedings con- ducted with no undue publicity. The humane law of Wisconsin,"' while it preserves to the patient the right of tiial by jury, if he or his friends so elect, yet provides that though the trial shall take place in his presence and that of his friends and counsel and the medical witnesses, all other persons shall be excluded. 332R. S., 1883, ch. 85, sec. 4. 22. ^m. S., 1881, sec. 5145. ™E. S.. 1878. sec. 593. 3^'G. S., 1881, ch. 53, art. 2, sec. 9. 33«Act of 1879, ch. 23, see. 21. ^•"McClain's Stat., 1880, sec. 1400. ■^Q. S., 1881, ch. 40, sec. 22. 33S8tat.. 1882, ch. 87, sec. 12, 16. s-iPR. S., 1881, see. 2844. 3«R. S., 1878, sec. 593. 122 Arrest of Fatieiit. Tlie ie(iuii<.mt'iit that the i)L'r.son alleged to be insane shall he brought before the judge, does not imply that he shall lie arrested by any otHeer of the law, since he may appear of his own volition, or his friends may bring him. This ))t)ssibility is recognized in the statutes of Illinois,"" Massa- chusetts " and North Carolma," where no warrant issues, except in case of necessity. There is a very palpable difference between authorizing a writ to issue, and commanding it. The lunacy laws bear many traces of their derivation from tlie criminal law, of which this is one. The statutes of California," Florida,"' Indiana,"' (where the patient is dangerous), Louisiana,"' Mississippi."'' New York,*-"' (if dangerous), Ohio,"' Rhode Island. "= Texas,-" Virginia'" and West Virginia,'' require a writ to issue. The writ serves one just and kindly purpose: it insures the per- son whose mental condition is the subject of investigation notice of the ])roceeding ; but it affords him no opportunity to protect him- self against any injustice which may be done him. It gives him no opportunity for any resistance by preparing his defence.-'-"' ]V'ttiicsses. The right to take testimony is implied in the right to make in- quisition. The right to compel the attendance of witnesses inheres in a court. The statutes are encuml)ered with minute directions as to evidence, which are superfluous. The following provisions are, however, worthy of attention. The names of witnesses whom it is desired to have present at the inquest must be given by the applicant, in his petition, in In- diana, '■'■ Missouri,"" Ohio,''^'-' (Longview), Tennessee.*"' •■«:R. 8., 1883. ch. 85. sec. 2, »*'Stat..l882, ch. 87. sec. IG. •■'"Act of ]88;{, ch. 15(i, sec. 17, ^•'•Codes, 1870. sec. 2210. ■•'^"DiBest. 1881. ch. 117. sec. '.\ 0. '^"R. 8.. 1881, sec. .5142. ••"Ut. 8.. 1870. sec. 1708. ■^■'R. C. 188(1, soc.Oii;!. '^■'"R. S.. p. litoi, L. 1871. ch. Hii. tit. 1, art. 1. s.'C. 0, as ameiuled. •"^'•R. S.. 188i>, sec. 703. 7(i'.t. ••^-l'. 8.. 1882, ch. 71. see. 1. 8. ='-'R. 8.. 1879, sec. 100-7. ■'•'^Uodo, 1873, ch. 82, sec. 14. as amendeJ. ■•■■'••R. 8., 187'.t, ch. ins, see. 11. as amended. '■"Tho (inesiion of arrnst without warrant will be discussed under the ht-adinp of 'Temporary (Jominitments." '••R. 8.. 1881. sec.2S4.J. 5142. '■■■'R. 8.. 1879, sec. 4132. «>'R. 8.. 18H0, sec. 702. ■""Xc.t of 1H7I, ch. 13S. se.'. 4. 123 The hearing of witnesses on behalf of the person alleged to be insane is provided for, in Dakota,'- Illinois,"- Indiana,"' Iowa,""'* Missouri,"'^ Nebraska,"'" Ohio,"' Ehode Island,"^' and Tennessee/"'-" In Kentucky,^'" Oregon'"' and Vermont,^"- the states attorney is required to attend, and produce any evidence necessary to protect the rights of the state. In Kentucky, it is his duty to prevent the finding of any person as a lunatic or idiot, who, in his opinion, is not such, or the finding of any person an idiot who is a lunatic.'"' Testimony is "offered" in Arkansas,''"* Dakota, Delaware,''"" the district of Columbia,'"" Idaho,'" Iowa, Nebraska and Pennsylvania :"" in most states, it is given in response to a subpcjena, and the court summons witnesses at its discretion. In Virginia''- and West Virginia,'"' the interrogatories to witnesses and the answers must be in writing. In North Carolina,''* the answers to certain questions embracing the medical history of the case must be in writing, and subscribed and sworn to by the medi- cal and other witnesses in the case. Medical Testimony, The question of admission on medical certificate, without inquest, has been already discussed. What remains to be said relates to medical examinations, testimony and certificates, where there is a judicial investigation. The law, in the following states, requires the personal presence of a physician or physicians at the inquest : 3«iAct of 1879, eh. 23, see. 21. sti^R'S., 1883, ch. 85, sec. 3. 303R. S., 1881, sec. 2845. sMMcClain's Stat., 1880. sec. 20. S65R. s., 1879, sec. •1133. »<^Q. 8., 1881, ch. 40, sec. 22. 3«"R. S., 1880, sec. 703. 739. »MP. S., 1882, ch. 74, sec. 7. 3«9Act of 1871, ch. 138, see. 4, (2). 3'CAct of April 24, 1882. s-'Act of 1878, p. 72, sec. 2. 3"2R. L., 1880. see. 2877. 3"3G. S., 1881, ch. 53, art. 2, sec. G. 3'*Act of 1883, No. 19, sec. 2. 3-«Act of 1871, vol. 14, ch. 37, sec. 1. 3''R. S., U. S., sec. 4846. 3"8Act of 1881, p. 300, sec. 3, 381. Act of 1879, p. 79, sec. (J. ^-Gode, 1873, ch. 82, sec. 16. 3S3R. S., 1879, eh. 108. sec. 13. 3s)3, cb. 156, sec. 17, 19. ■'«'R. S., 1880, sec. 703. ^■"Act of 1871, eh. 138, sec. 4. ^'•'^Code, 1873. ch. 82. sec. 14, as amended. •'^''R. 8.. 1879. ch. 108, sec. 11, as amended. =■•'"0. L.. 1877. sec. 1193. «'*Act of 18S.3. No. 19, sec. 3. s'-'Codes, 1876, sec. 2212; act of 1876, p. 133. sec. 17. *'"R. 8., 1881, sec. 2844,2848. <"'G. L., 1873, sec. 3743; act of 1876, ch. 42. sec. 15. *""-Q. 8., 1882. sec. 1588. *''Act of 1880. eh. 31. sec. 16. <"*Code, 1881. sec. 1632. <"-'R. 8.. 1883. ch. 85. see. 4. *"'C. L., 1879. sec. 30G4. <"'8tat.. 1878, ch. 35. sec. 21. *"-Act of 1879, ch.2,3. sec. 21. ^'"AlcClain's Stat.. 1880. sec. 1400. <"'G. 8.. 1881, ch. 40. sec. 22. o'R. C. 1878. art. 53. sec. 2. ^•■-R. C. 1880, see. 663. <''0. L., 1880, ch.74, see. 1,5. <'*P. 8.. 188i. cli. 74. sec. 6. 125 Where the inquest is held hy the judge in person, the statutes of Colorado, Kentucky, Louisiana, New Hampshire, Texas and Wyoming fail in terms to require the presentation of medical testi- mony. No doubt such testimony is furnished, in fact. In Connecticut,"' (where the inquest is by a justice, in the case of a dangerous lunatic at large), Delaware,"' Massachusetts,"' Ver- mont,"- and (probably) New York,"'-' the filing of a medical certifi- cate, without actual presence before the court, seems to be all that is essential. The same appears to be the case in Montana,"" in proceedings for the commitment of an insane ward. Certificate and History of the Case. The medical evidence in any case may be either oral or written ; but it is in nearly every state put in the form of a certificate, for permanent preservation, either in the archives of the court or of the hospital or asylum. It is usually, but not always, a sworn state- ment of the opinion of the medical witness or examiner. The form of certificate demanded, for the use of the court, need embrace nothing more than a declaration that the patient is insane and a proper subject for treatment or restraint. Some such simple form as this is all that is prescribed in Alabama,^-'' Arizona,"- Con- necticut,"' Delaware,"' the district of Columbia,"^ Maine,"' Michigan,"^ Nevada,"- New Jersey,'-' New York.'" Oregon,'"' Pennsylvania,'-^- Ten- nessee,'" Vermont"' and Washington."' The finding of the commission or jury, when it includes a physi- cian, is a medical certificate. But for the information of the medical officers in charge of an institution for the insane, much more is desirable. Accordingly we find that many states direct that an elaborate medical history of the case shall be prepared, at the time of inquest : "SRev'n of 1875, tit. 8. ch. 5, sec. 10. "8Act of 1871, vol. 14, ch. 37, sec. 1. "'Stat, 1882, ch. 87, sec. 13. "«R. L., 1880, sec. 2878. «»R. S., p. 1901, ch. 44G, tit. 1, art. 1, sec. 6, 14, compared with sec. 1. «0R. S., 1879, div. 2, sec. 431. *-iCode, 1876, sec. 1485, as amended, 422C.L., 1877, sec. 1193. ^-^Rev'n of 1875, tit. 8, ch. 5, sec. 6, 10. ■»-*Act of 1871, vol. 14, ch. 37, sec. 1. «5R. s., U. S., 1878, sec. 4846. ■'2'iAet of 1874, ch. 256, sec. 7, as amended. 42'Howeirs Stat. 1882, ch. 87, sec. 1904. «3C. L., 1873, sec. 3743; act of 1876, ch. 42,. sec. 15. ■•■-sRev'n of 1877, p. 624, sec. 104-5. «oR. S., p. 1901, eh. 446, tit 1, art. 1, sec. 1. ■*« Act of 1878. p . 72, sec. 2. «2Actof 1883, p. 2), sec. 18. «^Act of 1871, ch. 138, sec. 4, (3). *-'R. L.. 1880, sec. 2878. -i^Code, 1881, sec. 1632. By the physician, in Avkiinsas/'' California,"' Dakota,'" Iowa,'** Nelmiska,'" North Carolina,"' Ohio,*'- Utah,"^ Virginia,"' West Virginia"' and Wisconsin."^ By the jutl, sec. 1482. as amended. <«C. L.. 1877, sec. 1193. <"Act of 1883, No. 19, sec. 3. 4. *'*Codes, 187(i, sec. 2210, 2217, as amended. Act of 1n7i;, p. IW. see. 17. *'■>{}. L., 1877. sec. 1725. "iRev'n of 1875, tit. 8, ch. 5. sec. 10. <"Act of 1879, ch. 'XA, sec. IG, 19-22. <'»Act of 1871, vol. 14. ch. 37. sec. 1. "'•"DiKost. H81, cli, 147, sec. 3-4. <«"Act of 1881, p. .3u(t, sec. 3. **"R. S., 1881, sec, 2843-49. ^•-McChiin's 8tat., 1880, sec. i395, 1£98. Umi-l. <-"R. S., 187t;. sec.14. <*«Stut., 1882, ch. 87. sec. U-IV, IC. ^'^'Howeil's Stilt., 1882, sec. 1901, IWI. <»«8tat., 1878. ch. 35, sec, 21. <=''U. 8.. 1879. 80C. 4134-35. ^'"G. S., 1S«1. ch. 40, sec 17, 20-1, 23. ^'''■•U. L., 187. sec. 3743; act of 1S79. ch. 4-.', sec. 15 *'*G. L., 1878, ch. 10, sec. 12. 129 Jersey/^' New York/'= North Carolina/'-" Ohio/'* Oregon/^' Rhode Island/"" (by trial justice or clerk of a justice court), South Caro- lina/'-" Tennessee/'-" Utah/'"-' Vermont/'^'" Virginia,"" Washington/"- West Virginia/"' In Dakota/'' Iowa''' and Nebraska/'' as already pointed out, the inquest is by a special county board, composed of three commis- sioners. In Minnesota,'"' the judge or county commissioner must associate two other persons with himself, (one of whom must be a physician), to ascertain the fact of insanity. In North Carolina,''" the justice with whom the prehminary affi- davit is filed, must associate with himself one or more justices of the county, to examine into the condition of mind of the alleged insane person. In Virginia,""' the inquest must be held by three justices sitting together. Inquest hy a Jury. Discretionary power to summon a jury is conferred upon the judge in Alabama,'" Massachusetts,^'" Michigan,'^'% (if the subject of in- quest IS in indigent circumstances, but not a pauper), Missouri,''' New Jersey,'"" (if the subject is indigent, but not a pauper). New York,^"^ and Tennessee,'-' (by a justice of the peace, in the recess of court, in case of dangerous lunatics). «'iRev'n of 1877, p. 6-24, see. 104-5. «'-R. S.. p. 1901, ch.440. tit. 1, art. 1, sec. 1. 6 (as amended), 14. ■•^'Act of 1883, ch 156, sec. 17. <«R. S.. 1880, sec. 702-4. ^'-^Aet of 1878, p. 72. sec. 2. ■»«>P. S., 1882, ch. 74. see. 1. «'"G. S., 188-2, sec, 15S8, 1590. The judge may direct any trial justice to hold the inquest. «"*Actof 1871, ch. 138, sec. 4. *'"'Aet of 1880, eh. 31, sec. 16. •■""R, L., 1880, sec. 2876, 2878, 2887; act of 1882, No. 47, sec. 6. •'""Code, 1873. eh. 82, sec. 14-15. ■^"2Code, 1881, sec. 1632. s'WR. S., 1879, ch. 108. see. 11-12. sf^Stat., 1882, ch. 87, sec. 17. ^''^Howell's Stat., 1882, sec. 1901, 1904. <«"K. S.. 1879, sec. 4134-35. ^■'iRev'n of 1878, p. 624. see. 104-5. ^'■•R. S., p. 1901, ch. 446, tit. 1, art. 1, sec. 1. 11. «»C. L. 1871, sec. 3690. —9 130 The right, on the part of the person alle{,'efl to be insane, to a trial by jury is acknowludged and protected in Colorado,"' Geor- gia,'"" Montana,"" (insane wards), Pennsylvania,' ' Washington" anil Wisconsin," where the inquest must be by jury, if demanded by the patient or any friend acting for him. Trial by jury is obli^jatory, in the states named, in the follow- ing circumstances : In New York, '- where an appeal is taken to the supreme court on behalf of the person adjudged to be insane. • In Arkansas" and Mississippi,"'* when the friends or relations of the patient refuse or neglect to place him in the asylum, and per- mit him to go at large. In Indiana,"' when sworn complaint is made, before any justice of the peace, that any person is insane and dangerous to com- munity if suffered to remain at large ; also when the re-trial of such cases takes phice in the circuit court. In Maryland,^"' for all insane paupers. In Kansas, ''• for all insane persons not placed in the asylum at private expense. In Texas,"' for all public patients, whether indigent or not in- digent. Public patients are such as are not sent under a medical certificate, without inquest ; all private patients and some public patients are maintained at their own expense or that of their friends. In New Mexico,''-' where the inquest is held by the judge in per- son, during the term of court. This applies to all panper and in- digent insane. In Montana,'-" for all insane, except insane wards. In Illinois,'"' Kentucky^- and Wyoming,"' for all the insane. «"Act of 1879, p. no. sec. 1-2. •'""^CodH. 18SJ, soc. 13tU-()5. The i-isjht is given to piiy-pntients, before or fifter ad- mission; but ro others, only if the person demanding trial by jury. l)einK a friend or rela- tive, will make an affidavit ttiat h" believus the ailegcid (jaiise of ('ommitment did not exist, and that the conviction was obtained by fraud, collusion or mistake. ««•«. S., 1879, div. -J. .sec. 431. '•'■•Act of lH(i9, p. 79, sec. 11. M"Code. 1881, sec. 1032. "Ul. S.. 1878. sec. 593, M-U. S., p. 1901. eh. 44ti. tit. I, art. 1, s.c 11. "••'Gantt's Digest, 1874. sec. 3-.'l. '•"R. C. I8S(i. sec. «63. '-^'"R. 8., 1881, sec. 5143, 514ii. "«R. C, 1878, art. 53, sec. li. "'C. L., 1879. see. 30G0, compared with 3110. ""R. S., 1879. sec. 91 (I). 108. '^'"G. L., 1880, eh. 74, sec. 6. •'*'R. 8., 1879, dlv. 2. sec. 431; div. 5. sec. 711. «'U. 8.. 188;}, ch. 85, sec. 1. 4, 22. '■**G. 8., 1881, ch. .5:1, ftrt. 2, sec. 9; act of lK7ti, eh. 900, sec. '^-'C. L., 1870, ch, 79. sec. 1. 131 The number of jurors is twelve, in Arkansas, Indiana, (before the circuit court), and Maryland. Six, in IlHnois, Indiana, (before a justice), Kansas, Mississippi, New Mexico and Texas. Three, in Montana. Two popular misapprehensions with regard to inquest by jury need to be removed, in order to a correct understanding of the subject, namely: that there can be any trial, properly so called, in any case of insanity, w'here there is no issue raised; and ,that a jury of less than twelve is such a jury as is contemplated in the constitutional provision guaranteeing the right of trial by- jury. A trial implies an issue and parties to a suit. An inquest may be had, where there are no parties and no issue. But if an issue is joined, and the constitutional provision referred to is construed as applying in other than criminal cases, the alleg- ed lunatic has a right to have his sanity or insanity determined by the verdict of twelve good and lawful men. A jury of six is no more a constitutional jury than a jury of three. In Kentuek.y,'-* if the presiding judge is of opinion that the ver- dict is not sustained by the evidence or is against law, he sets it aside and awards a new inquest. In Kansas,--^ Missouri'"^ and Wyoming,'-' the court may set aside the verdict at any time during the term at which inquisition is had ; but when two juries concur, in any case, the verdict cannot be set aside. Orders by the Court. The direction to the court to discharge the person alleged to be insane, if not so found, is surplusage. Where the finding is that he is insane, the court may commit him to an institution for. the insane, or to an almhouse, or to a jail, or to the custody of the patient's friends, or of some other person appointed by the court. Commitment to a State Institution. In all states which have state hospitals or asylums for the insane, they may or must be committed to them. The only states which do nor. have such hospitals or asylums of their own are : Arizona, Delaware, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Vermont and Wyoming. These states either place their insane in some private institution, as in Vermont, (Brattleboro) ; or enter into contract with some in- stitution outside of the state, as in Delaware, Arizona and Idaho. In Arizona,"'^' the governor is authorized to contract for the keep- ing of the insane of the territory in the state of California, either in a state or private institution; they were formerly kept, (and still may be so), at the establishment of Drs. Langdon and Clark. ^"-*G. S.. 1881. eh. 53, art. 2, sec. 8. '--'-U. L., 1879. sec. 3067. 5s<5R. S. 1879, sec. 5794. '"-'C. L.. 1876, eh. 79. sec. 8. 528C. L., 1877, sec. 1198. 132 In Idaho, ■ the <,'ovenior ami the president of tlie council are com- missioners to contract with any institution for the insane in Cali- fornia or Oregon for the keeping of the indigent insane of the ter- ritory, and commitments are made accordingly. In Montana, a Ijoard of commissioners for the insane of the ter- ritory is elected by the legislature, one commissioner from each ju- dicial district, " and this board advertises for proposals for the care and custody of insiine persons;' it is empowered to enter into contract with the lowest and best bidder. ' The contractor must provide a suitable building;" and the courts commit to the custody of the said contractor. ■' The governor may, when he deems it ad- visable to do so, send any insane person to friends outside of the territory, at the expense of the territory.^'^ In Dakota, ■ puljlic patients may be taken, by order of the county commissioners or overseers of tlie poor, to the asylum of any state that may be designated by the governor. In Wyoming,"'" they may be sent to an eastern asylum, at tne expense of the county. In New Mexico,'" the power of the judge is unrestricted as to place of coniiuement. In Delaware,"" the chancellor may recommend to the governor the removal of not more than fifteen indigent lunatics, five from each county, to such institution for the insane in Pennsylvania as the governor may select. Or the governor may send them to the new insane asylum in Newcastle county.""' The trustees of the poor may contract with the trustees of the poor in any other county of the state for the care of their indigent insane; and they are re- quired, on the recommendation of the chancellor and the resident dissociate justice, to remove any of their insane poor, whether in or out of the almshouse, to any institution in the United States.'" There are other states which have state institutions of their own, ■which allow patients to be sent to institutions in other states. In Virginia, '"'- the governor may cause insane persons to be placed and kept in any asylum beyond the limits of the state, in his discre- tion. In North Carolina."' the justices who hold the inquest may, ^^••'Act of 1881. p. 300. sec. 1. ^''R. S.. 18711, div. 5, sec. 701. "'Ibid. sec. 700. wsibid. sec. 707. »="Ibiil. sec. 71(1. (^"Ibid. sec. 711. '^■"'Ibid. sec. 722. '■^•^Act of 1879, ch. 23. sec. 25; in case patients can not at once be admitted to the state )iospitiils. '•'"C. L.. 1870, ch. 3fi. sec. 1. compared with act of 1H82. ch.53. sec. 1-2. '^■'«G. L.. lHH0,ch.7-». sec. 11. wwAct of 1871, vol. 14. ch. 57. sec. 1. '•^•'Act of 188:}. vol. 17, ch. 70. sec. 2. «'Ibld. sec. 1. M^Codo. 187;{. ch. 82. sec. 23. •«Act of 1883. ch. 15ti. sc-. -M. 133 together with the physicians, if his income is amply sufficient to justify it, recommend that any person adjudged to be insane, who shall prefer, or his friends prefer it for him, to be placed in any named asylum out of the state, be so placed at his request. TJie Lnsatte in Private Asylums. Insane persons may be committed to private asylums for the in- sane, in Indiana,'''* Massachusetts,''^ New York, "■ Pennsylvania,^" Ehode Island,''' Wisconsin,'" and (by implication) in Connecticut,"" and Maryland. ^=' The governor of Massachusetts and council may license any suitable person to establish and keep an asylum or private house for the reception and treatment of insane persons, and may at any time revoke such license. Such houses are subject to visitation by the governor and council, or any committee thereof, and by the judge of the probate court of the county, wherein the same is sit- uated."'- The Xew York Jaw forbids the establishing or keeping any pri- vate asylum without a license from the state commissioner in lu- nacy. This law does not seem to repeal that requiring the state board of charities to grant such license, subject to revocation by that board for reasons satisfactory to it.""" The board of public charities, in Pennsylvania, has powder to re- quire private asylums to take out license, and to appoint boards of visitors to the same, to provide for their inspection and make regu- lations which must be observed by them.'"' In Wisconsin,"' private corporations may be formed for any charitable purpose, including the care of the insane. Every such corporation is subject to visitation by the state board of charities and reform to the same extent as state institutions. Insane persons may be committed to any such hospital, asylum or institution, in the same manner that insane persons are committed to the state hospitals for the insane, upon the written request of their friends, or, if they are county patients, of the board of supervisors. All such corporations must make an annual report to the state board of supervision ; and they are forbidden to receive patients from other states, until the trustees have executed and filed a bond to the state of Wisconsin, in such form, amount, and with such sureties as the governor of the state may approve, conditioned to indemnify the state of Wisconsin and all parts thereof against loss, in case any such patient shall become a pauper in that state. The Insane in Almshouses. • The commitment of insane persons to almshouses, instead of to state institutions, is allowed in a number of states. When any insane person is confined in jail, in Delaware, "" the ""R. S., 1878. sec. 1875, a sub-sec. 1-10. 5i'\R. S., 1852, ch. 8, sec. 31; ch. 48, sec. 8. 134 levy court may issue an onler to a constable, commandinj,' him to tleuianil and receive from the sheriff such insane person, and deli- ver him at the almshouse to the keeper thereof. The overseer must receive and safely keep all insane persons committed to his charfje by order of the levy court. If he permits any person to be in the almshouse who ought not to be there, he is liable to the corporation for double the cost of sucli person's support. In lUinois,'^' commitments may ba made to a county hospital for the insane, where such a hospital is provided. Whether the courts would hohl that almshouses are concluded in this authorization is uncertain. In Maryland,'' the court may commit an insane pauper to a county or city almshouse : in New York,^^-* to "such public or pri- vate asylum asylum as may be approved by a standing order or resohition of the supervisors. The New Jersey"'" statutes recognize the county insane asylums, and permit any insane person to be received as ])atients in them, OD the same conditions as in the state institutions for the insane. In Ohio,^'' the commissioners of any county vrtiich maintains a county infirmary (almshouse) are required to provide separate apartments in or adjoining such infirmary, for the safe-keeping and, treatment of lunatics and idiots resident in the county, who cannot be received into either of the state asylums or have been discharged therefrom. The directors of the county iniirmaries must provide and care for insane paupers, and are authorized to admit pay- patients. The probate judge may order the confinement of insane persons, if necessary, in the infirmary. In South Carolina, ^'■- the county commissioners must take care of their imbeciles, discharged from the state asylum, in their re- spective poorhouses. In Dakota,''' Iowa,'' and Nebraska,' commitments to almshouses are authorized by implication, though not in express terms. In Michigan,^'^'^ the superintendents of the poor of each county must report to the state board the names and ages of all insane persons who are in the county poorhouses or receive county aid in any form elsewhere. But from and after the opening of the eastern asylum for the insane, the conliiiement of any insane person in any county ahnsliouse is forbidden. The care of the insane in almshouses is mentioned in the laws '"'R. S.. 1883. ch. 85. sec. 21. '^R. C. 1878. art. 5:J, sec. 2. "'•'R. S., p. 1901. ch. 44(), tit. 1. art. 1. sec. ti, (as amended). 8. 37. «i"Act of 1880. ch. 08. sec. 1-3. , f^'R. 8.. 1880. sec. 07(»-71. 7(i7-8. '•^G. S., 1S82, sec. ISM. '■^'Act of 187'.». ch. 23. sec. 25. '^McClain's Stat.. 1880, sec. 1403. '^■■G. 8.. 18S1. ch. 4(1, sec. 30. '^'Howell's 8tat., 1882, sec l'»23, 1028. 1:5 of Pennsylvania,''" and of Rhode Island/'' where insane persons cannot be lawfully detained for more than five days in any town asylum, poor-house, lock-up or bridewell, without the consent of the state agent of charities and corrections. The most elaborate and altogether the best law for the care of the insane in county institutions, is found in Wisconsin/"-'' The board of supervisors of any county in the state, may, if authorized by the governor and the state board of charities and reform, erect and establish county asylums, into which may be received any ine- briate, all inmates of the state institutions for the insane, who belong to said county and are held as chronic or incurable insane, all insane inmates of the county poor-house and all other residents of the county, legally adjudged to be insane ; but acute cases of in- sanity may be transferred to a state hospital. Patients chargeable to other counties, and private patients not chargeable to any county in the state, may also be admitted. These county asylums are subject to the supervisory care of the state board of charities and reform, without whose consent it is unlawful for the authori- ties of any county, to assume or retain the care and custody of any insane person. The plans and specifications for the buildings so occupied, must be approved by the governor and by the state board, and the state bears one-half the cost of their construction. The asylums are managed by trustees, three of whom are appoint- ed by the governor, and two by the county supervisors in each county. The state pays for the support of pauper insane maintain- ed in these county asylums, at the rate of two dollars and seventy- five cents each, per week. The counties must apply this money to the care of the inmates and make whatever additional appropri- ations are necessary, for the improvement of the ground and buildings. The Insane in Jails. The temporary confinement of lunatics in jail is sometimes a necessity. Such detention may be pending inquest, or pending ad- mission to the hospital. It is sometimes limited in its duration by law to a certain number of days. Such temporary confinement is authorized in Arkansas,'™ Color- ado,^" Dakota,''"- Georgia,""' Illinois,^'* Iowa,"" Michigan, ""= Mississippi,""' »«• A.ct of 1863, p. 539. see. 3; taet of 1876, p. 121, sec. 147; aet of 1881, p. 83, see. 8; aet of 1883 . p. 92, see. sMAet of 1883. eh. 348, sec. 6. 5«'R. S.. 1878, see. 604, a to n. "OR. s., 1874, see. 3536; lunatics at large, without friends. ='^G. L., 1877, see. 1725. as amended; if dangerous, pending inquest, and after inquest until otherwise disposed of. "'-Act of 1879, ch. 23. see. 25; if not admitted to hospital, and unsafe to go at large ""■'Code, 1882, see. 1874; until removed to asylum. ^'*R. S., 1883. eh. 85, sec. 12; pending inquest or admission to hospital. *"=McClain's Stat., 1880, see. 1403; same as Dakota. •'^•''Howeirs Stat., 1882, sec. 1902-3; by implication. ""R. C, 1880, see. 663; until room can be had in the asylum. 13C Nel^raska.'" New Jersey/'' New York," North Carolinji,"' Ohio/* Khode Island,"^ South Carolina/"* Tennessee/"' Virginia, "" and West Virginia. "• In Michigan and New York, the time during which n hinatic can he legally kept in jail is limited to ten days. In hoth these states, and also in Ohio the conhnemeut of an insane jierson in the same room with any person charged with crime is forbidden. In New Jersey, any two justices of the peace may order that any lunatic who is dangerous to he at large shall be apprehended and kept safely locked up and chained, if necessary. The warrant is directed to the city or town overseers of the poor, and must specify the i)liice of confinement, within the county. If the settlement of the lunatic cannot be ascertained, and if no other suitable place is provided within the county, he may be confined in the county jail until his legal settlement is ascertained. In Virginia, if the ofiticers of the asylum refuse to admit any patient, he is kept in jail until lawfully discharged or removed therefrom. The confinement of any person in a jail as a lunatic must 1)6 certified by the jailor to the court at its next ensuing session ; and the allowance for the maintenance and care of a lunatic can- not be audited and paid, unless it appears that immediately after his commitment, and at least once in every two months thereafter, application was made to the directors of both asylums for admis- sion, and refused for want of room, or that such applications were not continued because the admission of the lunatic had been refused for some other cause than the want of room. The law in West Virginia is identical with that of Virginia, except that the application by the jailer must be made as often as once in every twenty days. In Arizona,'"' the board of supervisors of each county must pro- vide for the confinement of all insane persons in their respective counties, either in the county jail or in such other manner and place as shall in their judgment be best. The Ohio"'-' statute directs that when any comity has provided apartments for the care of lunatics and idiots in the county infirm- ary, all such who may be conlined in the county jail nuist be transferred to the infirmary, if not received into a state asylum. ^"'G. S.. 1S81. ch. 40. sec. 30; same as Dakota. •''•'■'Rev'n of 1877, p. 605, sec. 21; if furiously mad or dangerous, and at large. »'R. S., p. inoi, ch. 446, tit. 1, art. 1, sec. 8; if dangerous. *<"Act of 1883, ch. l.'')6. sec. 40; if dangerous, and not admitted to hospital. '^■R. S.. laso, sec. 707; if not admitted to asylum. '"'kat of is*i, ch. 31S. sec. 5; insane paupers. P. S., 18>!.', ch. 74, sec. 8; pending iniiuest. '■■•Act of I8H2. No. 121, sec. 3; during period necepsarv for inquest. Nd pauper, lunatic. Idiot or eiiilepiii- may ije conlined in any jail for safe keeping: and it i-^ the duty Vir- ginia,'"" authorizes any person who has given bond for the restraint and proper care of a lunatic to deliver him for confinement in the county jail until there is a vacancy in the hospital. Bonds, conditioned that the patient shall be properly restrained and cared for, if kept by his friends at home, are required : (1) In case of persons acquitted, on the ground of insanity, of a criminal charge, in Connecticut,"'" Florida,'"" Maine,"" Minnesota,'"- and Washington territory."^' (2) In case of persons not indicted for crime, because of their insanity, in Maine."" (3) In case of persons delivered into the custody of their friends, at the time of inquest, in Minnesota,"" North Carolina,"'" Rhode Island,""^ Texas,"'" and Washington territory."' - (4) When a patient is discharged from the hospital, in Ohio."'" Appeals. In certain states, the decision and order of a court with regard to the disposition and treatment of persons adjudged to be insane are subject to an appeal, sometimes on the part of the defendant only, and, in other states, on the part also of the applicant for an in- quest. Appeals are authorized : in Maine,'-" from the municipal officers of towns to two justices of the peace* and quorum ; in New York,''" from the decision of any inferior judge to the supreme court, at any time within three days ; in Oregon,"- from the decision o'f the county judge, in the same manner as from the judgments of county courts in other cases ; in Vermont,''-' from the certificate of a physician to the supervisors of the insane ; and in lowa,"-'^ from the county com- missioners of insanity, at any time within ten days, to the circuit court. «n8R. S., 1879, ch. 108, se;!. 24. 6«°G. S., Rev'n of 1875, tit. 20. ch, 13, part 4, sec. 4, as amended. '''"Digest, 1881. ch. 87, sec. 20. o"R. S.,1881. ch. 137, see. 2-3, as amended. "2Stat.. 1878, ch. 114. sec. 23, s'sCode. 1881. sec. 1101. «i*Stat.. 1878, ch. 35, sec. 23. "^Act of 1883, oh. 156. sec. 17, 24, 25. "«P. S., 1882, ch. 74. sec. 2. "i"R. S., 1879. see. 118. '='«Code, 1881, sec. I(i32. oi'R. S., 1880, sec. 717. «-oR. S., 18><1, ch. 143, sec. 14. 15. '"'-'R. S., p inoi, L. 1871, ch. 4tij, tit. 1, art. 1, see. I. «--Act of 1878. p. 78, sec. 2. «2SR. L., 1880. sec. 2906. as amended. "■-■'Act of 1880, ch. 152, sec. 1-4. 1 1(1 TrdiisftrH of Custudy. TliL' secretary of the board of state charities, in New York,"-' may order the transfer ot any inmate of any ahushonse, who is, in his opinion, not adccjnately and properly treated, to a state asylnm for the insane. In Rhode Island. • if any person is not humanely cared for, or is improperly restrained of his liberty, in any town, the state a^'ent of charities and corrections may complain to the supreme court, which must forthwith examine into the circumstances alleged in the com- plaint, and if the same l)e found to be true, cause such idiotic, lunatic or insane person to be removed to the state asylum for the insane. In Pennsylvania,"-" the board of public charities may apply to the president judge of the court of common pleas, in any county, for the transfer of any indigent insane person, in an almshouse or otherwise, in the custody of the directors or overseers of the poor, to a state hospital. The Massachusetts''-' board of health, lunacy and charity may transfer and commit, to either of the state lunatic hospitals, any in mute of the state almshouse or state workhouse, whose condition requires such transfer, but no such transfer may be made without the certificate of two physicians to the insanity of such inmate. The board can also, on application of the authorities in charge of a private asylum for the insane, transfer any inmate to another private or public asylum, with the consent of the patient's natural or legal guardian. "When it has reason to believe that any in- sane person, not incurable, is deprived of proper remedial treat- ment, and is confined iii an almshouse or other place, it must cause application to be made to a ]udge for the commitment of such person to a hospital.""" In addition to the powers thus conferred upon the state board, the governor may order the removal of any insane person legally confined in a jail, house of correction, or county re(;eptacle, to any other jail, house of correction, or other suitable place.""' Discharges. The subject of discharge from the hospital is second only in im- portance to that of commitment ; but, for want of space to discuss it thoroughly, we pass it, with one or two general remarks. The power of discharge is usually vested in the trustees, but it is some- times shared with other officers, the governor, or the courts, or a state commissioner in lunacy, or the state board of public charities. The laws vary in precision as to the disposition to be made of a discharged patient, and in many states they are very loose in this regard. The status of a discharged patient is often left undefined, and his legal relations in doubt. '■"-'•'R. 8.. p. 180(1, L. 187:J. ch. mi, sec. 9. "••'"P. 8.. 1S82. ch. H, .sec. :W. •^''.Act of lHs:i, I). Oi>. see. 1. "-'"Stat . 1S«2, ch. 7!t, sec. 13. "-■ibid, ch.87. sec, 'ij. ■^"ibid, ell. 87, sec. 60. 141 Supervision of Insane Hospitals. For the purpose of insuring the proper execution of the laws relating to the commitment of lunatics, and ascertaining whether any patients are improperly restrained of their liberty, the official visitation and inspection of institutions for the insane, by persons not connected with nor responsible for their actual management, is provided for in many states. In Alabama,''' Pennsylvania,'"' Tennessee,''-' and Washington terri- tory, '''* the governor, judges of the courts and members of the legis- lature, are ex-officio visitors of these institutions. In New Hampshire,"'^ the governor and council, president of the senate and speaker of the house, constitute a board of visitors of the asylum and must make a biennial report to the legislature. In Wisconsin,"'" the governor, after each election of members of the legislature, and before the first of December following, appoints a visiting committee of three, one from the members of the senate elect and two from the members of the assembly elect, who are re- quired to visit each of the state institutions before the assembling of the legislature. In Vermont,'"'" the legislature elects biennially three supervisors of the insane, two of whom must be physicians, and none of them an officer or employee of any insane asylum in the state, who visit every asylum as often as occasion requires, and one of the board as often as once a month, whose duty it is to hear the grievances of the patients, apart from the officers and keepers, and investigate the cases that require special investigation, and make such order as each case demands. They are required to make a biennial report. In Iowa,""'" a visiting committee of three, one of whom at least must be a woman, is appointed by the governor, to visit the insane asylums of the state at their discretion, and without notice, who may go through the wards, unaccompanied by any officer of the in- stitution, with power to make investigations, to send for persons and papers, and to examine witnesses under oath, and with full power to correct any abuses found to exist, and to discharge any attend- ant or employee gailty of misdemeanor meriting such dis- charge. This committee must make an annual report to the gov- ernor. In Maine,'"'" a committee of the council, consisting of two, with whom shall be associated one woman, is appointed annually by the governor, to visit the hospitals at their discretion, to ascertain if the inmates are humanely treated. If satisfied that any inmate is unnecessarily and wrongfully committed, or unnecessarily detained ««Cocle, 1876, sec. 1502. <"-Acts, 1884. p. 85. sec. 16; 1881, p. 83, sec. 9; 1876. p. 121, sec. 1. «3»G. L., 1871, sec. 1523. «3iCode, 1881. see. 2259. «»G. L., 1878, ch. 10, see. 10. 63"R. S., 1878, 567 a, sub-sec. 19. «37R. L., 1880, sec. 2897-2905. «?8McClain's Stat., 1880, sec. 14;!5-41, 3826. «^»Act of 1874, ch. 256, sec. 4-13. 142 find held as a patient, they must apply to any judge of the supreme judicial court, or judge of probate within the county where the re- straint exists, for a writ of Itabean corpus. At least one member of the committee shall visit the hospital as often as once in every month, at irregular times and without notice. An annual report is provided for. In Minnesota,"" the governor appoints a lunacy commission, of three physicians, one of whom must be a member of the state board of health, whose duty it is to visit the several hospitals for the in- sane, at least once in every six months, or upon the written request of the governor, and inspect said hospitals and examine into the mental and physical condition of the patients, etc., and report to the governor within ten days after each and every such inspection is made. Sliould they find any patient whose insanity they have reason to doubt, they have authority to remand such patient to the probate court, init they cannot discharge any patient charged with crime. In Connecticut," the state board of charities, consisting of three men and two women, must inspect all institutions in which persons are detained by compulsion, to ascertain whether their inmates are properly treated or improperly held, and may examine witnesses and send for persons and papers, and correct any abuses found to exist. No previous notice of their visits may be given, and at every visit an opportunity must be offered to each inmate for pri- vate conversation with some member of the board. The board makes an annual report. In Pihode Island,"" the agent of state charities and corrections and the secretary of state are constituted a commission, whose duty it is to receive, read and examine all complaints, communica- tions and letters to them, or either of them, made, directed or ad- dressed, by or from, or relating to, any inmate of any insane asylum, or any insane person, or any person alleged to be insane, and restrained of his libertv, and must, whenever, in their judg- ment, they deem it advisable, cause an examination and inquiry to be made, and may, in their discretion, petition any justice of the supreme court to have such examination made. This commission, or either of its members, may visit every institution where any person alleged to be insane is restrained of his liberty, and, alone or attended by others, as they may choose, examine into the con- dition and comphiint of any one so confined. It is the duty of the commission, or of either of them, upon probable cause, and upon complaint being made to them, supported by oath or affirmation, that any oificer or person in charge of any one confined as insane has violated any ])rovision of law, or neglected any of the duties enjoined upon him, or inhumanly or im])roperly treated any one so restr;iined ;is insane, to cause comjilaint to l)e made before any jus- tice court having jurisdiction, and prosecute the same to iinal judg- ment. The agent of state charities and correction must visit all «"8tat.. 1878. ell. '.V,, sec. 34.35. '■'♦'G. 8.. Rov'n of 1875. tit. 3. ch. 1, part 13. sec. 1-3. M^P. H.. ISSU'. ch. 74. sec. 2'.». 30. 32. 143 town asylums and all places in the state where any insane person is kept, as often as may be necessary, to see that no insane person is improperly confined, or not properly cared for.''' In Illinois,"'* the state commissioners of public charities may visit the state institutions for the in.-:ine, have access to the build- ings, ground.-, l)ooks and papers thereof, inquire into all matters pertaining to their usefulness and good management, ascertain whether the laws in relation to them are fully complied with, and report to the governor, biennially, the result of their investigations. They may also visit and examine into the condition of other places where the insane may be confined. But they have no executive power : and make special investigation into alleged abuses only when directed by the governor. The M issachusetts "'• state board of health, lunacy and charity has general supervision over the state lunatic hospitals : it must, at least once in every year, visit all places where state paupers are supported, and every private asylum or receptacle for the insane at least once in every six months. It has the same power in relation to state paupers who are inmates of either of the lunatic hospitals, as are vested in towns in reference to paupers supported by them. In Michigan,''"' the board of corrections and charities is required to visit, at least once in each year, the state and countv asylums for the insane. Whenever any abusive treatment of the inmates which demands immediate attention and redress, comes to their knowledge, they must forthwith report the facts to the governor, with such recommendations for the correction of the same as they may deem proper. v In Ohio,"' the board of state charities is empowered to investigate the whole system of state charities, and examine into the condition and management of both state and county institutions, including those for the insane. The law in Minnesota is modeled after that in Ohio. In New York, in addition to the general powers of the state board of charities, which are substantially the same as in Illinois,"'' a, state commissioner in lunacy is appointed by the governor,''' who is ex-officio a member of the board. He must examine into and report upon the condition of the insane and idiotic in the state, and the management of the asylums, public or private, and other institutions for their care. He is given the same powers which be- long to referees appointed by the supreme court, in all cases where, from evidence laid before him, there is reason to believe that any person is wrongfully deprived of his liberty or cruelly or improperly treated, m any public or private establishment for the custody of the insane ; and if the same is proved to his satisfaction, he may order the superintendent or managers of the institution to modify the treatment or apply such other remedy as he may specify. "•■'Act 1883, eh. 348, sec. 4. o«R. S., 1883, ch. 23, sec. 4-6. M^'Stat. 1882. eh. 79. sec. 2, 5, 8. «<''Act, 1871, No. 192, sec. 3. 6. '•*'\\. S., 1880, sec. 636. "*R. S., p. 1883, L. 1867, ch. 951. sec. 4-6. ^^Ibid. p. 1922, L. 1874, ch. 446, tit. 10, sec. 1-6. Ill In Pennsylvania,'" the board of publif charities has the super- vision over all hous-es or phiees in which any person of unsound mind is detained, for pay, and of ail other houses or places in which more ihan one such person is detained, with or without com- pensation. The hoard appoints a committee of five, to act as a committee of lunacy, of whom one must he a lawyer of at least ten years' standing and one a practising physician of equal experi- ence in his profession. The committee appoints its own secretary. It is recjuired to examine, and report annually to the hoard, into the condition of the insane, and the management of all public and private hospitals, almshouses and other places in which the insane are kept for care and treatment or detention ; and to ordain rules, with the consent of the chief justice of the supreme court and the attorney-general, to govern the licensing of private asylums, the proper treatment of persons detained in i)ublic or private establish- ments for the insane, and the prevention of their unlawful deten- tion, the forms used in legal process, the reports to be made by the managers of institutions for the insane, etc. The board of charities must appoint boards of visitors of all houses in which any person of unsound mind is detained, one board in each county in which there exists any such house. In Massachusetts,*^' the state board of health, lunacy and charity is empowered to act as a commission in lunacy, and to investigate the question of the insanity and condition of any person committed to any public or private asylum or hospital for the insane, or re- strained of his liberty, by reason of .alleged insanity, at any place within the commonwealth, and to discharge su(di person, if not in- sane or capable of being cared for after discharge without danger to others and with benefit to himself. In Wisconsin,"'-' the board of charities and reform has like power. In Arizona," ' the governor must appoint some suitable person, living near the asylum of Langdon and Clark, in California, to visit said asylum, once in three months, and see wliether the insane sent from Arizona are properly treated ; also, to examine their mental condition, and, if found to be sufficiently restored to reason, to di- rect their discharge ; and to report to the governor, in writing, after each visit. In Michigan,"" the governor may appoint one or more lady visit- ors, to visit, in behalf of the state board, such state or county in- stitutions as the board may designate. In !Cew York,'-'' on written application of the state charities aid association, a justice of the supreme court is authorized to grant orders for the admission of the persons named in the api)lication to any of the county, town or city almshouses within his judicial district. The association makes an annual report to the board of charities. "•■"Act 1S83. p. 21. sec. 1-16. •^'Stat. 1882. ch. 87, see. 1. "■■^H. 8.. 187V, 5(;7a. sub-sec. 7. «'''C. L.. 1877. soc.isn-j. "•■"♦Act 1871. No. lri>r than tliat of tlif iiiimiM-atoil, wliiio all the doaf art' not. Tln^re can iio no doiilit tliai tin- loss of spocial sense of lieariuK is of much more freiiueut occurrence than tlio loss of eyesiaht. 147 technical phrase, for the want of a better, to designate persons who have either been born deaf, or have lost their hearing so early in life, that their education has not been completed, and who therefore require to be educated in a special manner. The combination of the word "dumb" or "mute" with tbe word deaf, serves to qualify it, and to suggest that persons said to be deaf and dumb have not only lost their hearing, but the faculty of speech as well. This suggestion is misleading, as will be seen.* Strictly speaking, the phrase involves a double solecism, for, in the first place, not all deaf-mutes are deaf, and, in the second place, not all the deaf and dumb are dumb. A deaf-mute, so called, may have partial hearing, just as a blind person may have imperfect vision. There is no absolute line of demarcation between those who can hear and those who cannot, any more than there is between the sane and the insane, or the poor and the rich, or the criminal and non-criminal classes. In the education of the deaf, any child is regarded as a deaf-mute, who is so hard of hearing as to render it impossible, or, if not impossible, extremely difficult, to communicate with him by the use of vocal speech. The analogy between deafness and blindness is in this respect perfect, since many children are educated in institutions for the blind, who can see, but whose vision is too imperfect to enable them to read a printed page. Deaf-mutes who can speak, of whom there are many, belong to one or the other of two classes. We must distinguish between the congenital and non-congenital deaf, between those born deaf and those who have lost their hearing from disease or accident. It is evident that the non-congenitally deaf may have acquired the faculty of speech, before losing the sense of hearing, and may retain it there- after. In fact, many of the inmates of our institutions for the deaf and dumb have not lost the power of speech, or have lost it only in part. Deaf-mutes of this class are called semi-mutes — a phrase as technical, awkward and misleading as the expression deaf-mute has been shown to be, and it is tolerated only for the sake of con- venience. On the other hand, the art of speech may be artificially imparted even to the congenitally deaf, so that, although they may remain deaf, they are no longer dumb. The point to which we desire to call the reader's special attention, is that persons who are deaf and dumb, are dumb only because they are deaf. Deafness, or the want of the sense of hearing, is their original and only infirmity, except in so far as inability to hear speech is an obstacle to their acquisition of it. In a less degree, deafness is an obstacle to the acquisition of language ; but language may be learned, through the eye, without the aid of the ear ; and when language has once been acquired, all the treasures of knowledge contained in books are as open to one born deaf as to any other human being. Of course, very much of our knowledge is acquired, not from books, but from conversation ; and the inability of the deaf-mute to hear the casual talk of those by whom he is surrounded in society, is a great barrier to his intel- *rhe use of the word dumb is particularly offensive, because it seems to imply that the deaf acd dumb are stupid, which is not at all the case. 14H lectual development, especially to the acquisition of that general imformation, which comes to most of us without much elTort on our own part. Ai-conling to the census, the total number of deaf-mutes in the United States, in 1^80, was 88.878, of whom '>! per cent., or 18.'294, were reporteil, were congenital mutes. The rest became deaf through disease or accident, subsequent to birth ; but none are included who did not become deaf before arriving at the age of sixteen years. Not even the congenitally deaf are wholly dumb. In infancy, they laugh and cry, and make inarticulate sounds, just as other children do. Why not? They have all the organs of speech which any child has, and their emotions operate upon those organs, through the medium of their nervous system, just as they operate upon children in general. It is not until they learn that these inarticu- late sounds are unintelligible to those around them, or that, in con- sequence of their voices being untrained, the sounds produced are hiirsli and displeasing to others, that they overcome the natural inclination to utter sounds expressive of their emotions, and lapse into silence. Through life indeed, under the influence of passion, they are apt to utter inarticulate cries, which are expressive of the true nature of their feelings. By the employment of suitaide methods of instruction, many of them can be trained to use their vocal organs to produce sounds which are articulate, intelligible, and often not unpleasant to the ear. The degree of their ability to acquire speech varies according to their individual capacity, both physical and mental. Some of them learn to converse lluently, others with dittieulty, and some not at all. What is the condition of the congenitally deaf child? Evidently such a child, if untrained, is in a state of almost complete mental isolation. Of the two principal avenues to knowledge, sight and hearing, one is forever closed against him. He sees what other children see, but he understands little of what he sees ; and, if he could formuhite his impressions, they would probably be found to be mingled with much of that superstitious imagination which char- acterizes the primitive races of mankind. His range of ideas is necessarily bounded by tlie narrow limits of his vision and of his unaided personal relicctions. He has but one means of communi- cating with others — pantomime, a mode of intercourse which is not only liable to be misunderstood by those to whom it is addressed, but, at best, is incapable of conveying anything but crude and superlicial conceptions. How far words are essential to thought, as an intellectual process, is a disputed question. The uneducated deaf-mute has no words. He does think. Therefore it must be possil)le to think without words. But there can be no (luestion that, for those who have accjuired language, words are ])otent instruments of thought, and that tliey are essential to any high degree of intellectual develop- ment. Tlie deaf-mute, being thus cut oil' by his inlh-mity from social intercourse with his fellows, and from the op])ortunities which they possess for self-improvement, tends to become moody, suspicious, 149 solitary and unhappy. He is more or less shunned by persons of his own age, and it is natural to suppose that he must, to some extent at least, reciprocate this sentiment of aversion. Without instruction, the avenues of useful employment, open to other men, are closed to him. If he labors at all, he can perform only unskilled labor, although capable of something higher and better. It cannot be supposed that he is destitute of the consciousness of his own infirmity, and, on the other hand, of his actual power. He must, therefore, have unsatished longings and aspirations. His condition must be a puzzle to himself. In this uneducated state, he is not only a pecuniary burden to the community, whereas he might be self-supporting, but he is liable to become an actual peril as well, in consequence of the strength of his passions, and the want of that control over them which comes through intellectual develop- ment. The remarks just made are applicable also to the non-congenitally deaf, but in a less degree, in proportion to the age at which they become deaf, and the extent of their intellectual development i^rior to the loss of hearing. The experience of all civilized nations, in the matter of the in- struction of the deaf, demonstrates the possibility of giving them an education similar to that of persons who see and hear; and that some of them at least are capable of a very high degree of mental culture. Their attainments in literature and art are often very creditable. A few of them have even entered the learned profes- sions. In view of their unfortunate condition, and the possibility of edu- cating them through the eye alone, either by the use of the sign language, manual alphabet and writing, or the method of articula- tion, our duty to them is clear. Every instinct of humanity, all our natural sympathies for the weak and the suffering, and all the argu- ments which address themselves to the principle of self-interest, re- quire that none of them should be left to grow up in ignorance, if, by any reasonable sacrifice on our part, such a calamity can be avoided. The theory of our school system is, that every child shall have an opportunity of receiving an education, if he is capable of it. Deaf- mutes are capable of it, as a. class. Whether the proportion of feeble-minded children who are deaf, is larger than that of feeble- minded children who have the sense of hearing, is a question which need not here be discussed. But the state undertakes to train even children who are feeble-minded, in institutions specially planned for their benefit. The difficulty of instructing the deaf can only be re- garded as an incentive to more earnest effort to overcome the ob- stacles to their education. It does not in the slightest degree im- pair their natural right to assistance in obtaining it. This right has been recognized by the state of Illinois, and there is no justice in offering facilities for education to a part of the deaf, and not to the whole. Neither is the pecuniary burden of such special provision for their benefit so great as to be intolerable ; it is m fact scarcely appreciable, when divided among the mass of those upon whom it falls. From these considerations, it is evident that tliere is not, and oiij^ht not to be, any disposition on the part of the people of Illi- nois to adopt or approve any policy which would leave in ignorance any considerable portion of the deaf children of the state. The Enlargement of the Lmtitittion at JacUsonvillc. It has been suggested that we might meet the demand which is upon us, by enlarging the institution at Jacksonville. There are arguments in favor of this proi)osition, which merit our careful consideration. Such enlargement would preserve the unity of the system of instruction of the deaf children of Illinois, and would prevent rivalries between different interests, which might otherwise arise. The larger an institution grows to be, the greater are the facilities afforded for proper classification of the inmates; and the creation of special departments of instruction, as, for in- stance, in drawing, is thereby facilitated. Where young people are collected together in great numbers, they stimulate each other, and those among them who ])Ossess more than ordinary talent are ex- cited to more than ordinary effort to surpass their fellows, ami re- tain the lead which naturally belongs to them. It is said to be no more dilficult to manage and govern a large institution than a small one, if only it is properly organized and manned and equipped. The linancial argument is also sui)posed to be in its favor, since a smaller outlay is required for additions to an existing institution than for the erection of a new one, and the necessity for the duplication of the central governing staff is thus avoided. With respect to the financial argument here alluded to, it is more specious than convincing. The architectural construction of the buildnigs to be occupied by any given institution is, at the time when they are originally planned, governed by the number of in- mates for whom provision is made. All the parts are drawn, or supposed to be drawn, upon a uniform scale. So many persons will require so much space for sleeping apartments ; so much for instruction in the school-room, so much at table, so much for play- rooms and living-rooms. They will reijuire a given amount of food, and a given amount of space will be necessary in which to store and cook it. They will require so much washing, and the laundry must be of sufficient size to admit of the washing and ironing of a certain number of garments per week. The space to be heated ren- ders necessary a given quantity of heating-surfaces; and for the production of the required amount of steam, a certain number of boilers must be provided, and the size of the boiler-house will be thereby determined. Not only the size of the ilifferent buildings, but the numbiM- of acres of land which it is desirable that the institu- tion should own, is governed by the same constant, factor— the num- ber of the inmates to be provided for. Double the number of in- mates, and you must doubli' the number of acres of laud ami the capacity of all the l)uildings, whether or not the additional accommo- dations to be provideil are furnished in (connection with the existing institution or separately. It is apparent that the expense involved in tearing down and rebuilding, (for enlargement usually necessitates more or less tearing down), is. in the end. fullv as great as the cost 151 of original construction, if not greater. Then, as to the cost of superintendence, the increased responsibihty of the officers in charge and the increased amount of labor demanded of them necessitate a corresponding increase in the salaries paid ; while, on the other hand, the more complicated the organization becomes, the more elaborate must become the arrangements lor proper supervision by subordinate oflieers. The ratio of oare-takers to the number of per- sons cared for remains the same ; and, when a certain point in the growth of the institution has been passed, it becomes greater rather than less. "With respect to classification, this is a point which deserves to be considered from two opposite points of view. Classification is the grouping together of persons of similar capacity, attainments and habits. It is opposed, on the one hand, to the massing together of persons of dissimilar capacities, attainments and habits ; and, on the other hand, it is opposed to the separate training and treatment of individuals. It is a mean between two extremes. It is a balance of advantages and disadvantages. It is the principle of subdivision carried to a certain point, and no farther. The larger the number of the inmates of an institution, the more important it becomes. At the same time, it involves routine treatment, the results of which, in so far as it is opposed to individual treatment, must be admitted to be injurious rather than beneficial. This is perhaps specially true of the education of the deaf. The perplexity which we feel in the conduct of human life, arises largely from the impossibility of gaining, by any proposed course of action, certain advantages, without forfeiting other advantages, which would have been secured by a contrary course. It is a ques- tion, whether the interests of the deaf are better promoted by unity or diversification, in the system adopted for their education. The multiplication of institutions not only brings the teacher nearer to the pupil, and secures a larger share of individual attention to the pupil on the teacher's part, but tends to promote emulation and a healthy competition between one school for the deaf and another. This is the old question of competition versus monopoly, in another form. It may be admitted, that larger institutions have some advan- tages which smaller institutions do not possess ; and, on the other hand, there are arguments on the other side, which we feel it our duty to state. A Netv Institution. The process of enlargement at Jacksonville has already been car- ried to a point where that institution is the largest of its kind, not only in the United States, but in the known world. If it has not reached the proper limit of growth, then that limit is a problem whose solution must be left to the future, and when it will be de- termined we cannot even guess. In every other state, with an equal deaf-mute population, two or more institutions may be found. The deaf-mutes of Illinois are scattered throughout the length and breadth of the state, more than half of them being in the northern portion. Cook county, with the city of Chicago, probably contains 15-2 not less than one-fifth of the entire number. It would seem possible to educate them nearer to their liomes, instead of separating them from their friends by so great a distance during the plastic i)eriod of youth. The argument of Dr. Jarvis, showing the advantages of proximity to the insane hospital on tlie part of tlie friemls of the insane, would probably be found to apply measurably to institutions for the education of the deaf and of the blind. Much has been said and written about "atmosphere." This word is used iiguratively, to express what it is hard to define literally, to-wit : the influence upon individuals of a particular type, resulting from their association in large numbers with other individuals of the same type. We all understand, for instance, what is meant by the criminal atmospliere of a prison, and probably no one will dispute that the association of criminals with each other tends to strengthen their criminal impulses, and renders them more impervious to intiu- ences antagonistic to crime than than they otherwise would be. Of course, there is no analogy between crime, which is a moral defect, and the loss of the special sense of hearing, which is a physical accident: but w'e apprehend that, where deaf-mutes are congregated together in large numbers, the clannish feeling, which is one of their marked peculiarities, is heightened and intensified by the mere fact of such congregation, and that it is more difficult to correct the hal)its and defects which result from their want of hearing, than it would be, if they were isolated from each other, and were to asso- ciate entirely with persons who speak and hear. The larger the number in association, the more difficult we think it must be to overcome those tendencies, which it is the aim of the institution to combat. Whatever may be said of the ability of any man to superintend a large institution as easily and efficiently as one of a smaller size, we do not believe it, since it is contrary to reason. It is impossible to know the personal peculiarities of more than a given number of pupils, and, whenever that number is exceeded, the responsibility which naturally belongs to the principal must be relegated to sub- ordinates. Besides, there is a difference in the ca]iacity of men. One superintendent may l)e able to handle successfully a larger num- ber of (diildren than another; and, in view of the perpetual liability to change of superintendents, we do not think it wise to give even to a man of exceptional ability the care of more pupils than are within the capacity of a man of average ability. The present superintendent of the institution at Jacksonville is an exceptionally able man, and it might be safe to increase his responsibility, though we should doubt the wisdom of that ; but his successor may not be equal to him, and we have to consider this contingency. There are special objections to the enlargement of the institution at Jacksonville, growing out of the inadequacy and unreliability of tlie supply of water at that ])oint. The advantages of Jacksonville in other respects are admittedly great. If the number of uneducated deaf-mutes of school-age. who have not reached the institution, is equal to the number now in the institution, 153 any enlargement of that institution, to be adequate, must nearly or quite double its capacity. Small additions from year to year will not meet the prospective demand. Were a new institution to be established, it might be built up from the foundation on the cottage plan, which we regard as prefera- ble to the congregate, and we believe that it is, in the end, less expensive. For all these reasons, we should prefer to see a second institution for the deaf and dumb established at some other point, rather than to see the one at Jacksonville enlarged. Deaf Mates in the Public Sclinols. Still another jDlan has been proposed by Mr. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, whose interest in the deaf is well known. He is the son of that Mr. Bell, who invented the pictorial alphabet known as "Visible Speech," in which the powers of the let- ters are represented by diagrams, which indicate the position of the vocal organs at the time of their utterance. This alphabet has been extensively used in the training of the deaf in articulation classes, in American institutions, and has been of especial benefit to teachers of articulation, in enabling them to grasp the outlines of vocal physiology and of the mechanism of speech. Mr. Alexander Graham Bell has himself trained many of the articulation teachers of this country, and has given personal instruction to deaf children at his own home. His wife is a deaf-mute, who has retained the use of speech so perfectly, that she mingles in general society, in the city of Washington and elsewhere, A memoir read by him before the National Academy of Sciences, of which he is a member, upon The Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Eace, was recently printed, by order of Congress, and has attracted very wide attention on both sides of the Atlantic. The views advanced by him in this memoir may be briefly stated, as follows : He assumes that the laws of heredity, which prevail throughout the animal kingdom, are equally applicable to human beings. Having discovered indubitable evidence of a hereditary tendency to deafness in certain families, he finds the cause of such inheritance in the tendency of deaf-mutes to marry deaf-mutes. Such statistics as he has been able to gather compel him to conclude that the pro- portion of deaf-mute offspring born to deaf-mutes is many times greater than the proportion born to the people at large. The liability of the production of congenitally mute offspring from such marriages he estimates at from ten to twenty times greater than in the com- munity at large. The question therefore suggests itself to his mind : If this tendency should continue unchecked for a series of generations, what is there to prevent the formation, in the course of time, of a deaf-mute variety of the human-race, in America? 151 TliL' Held of investij^atioii opened up by the speculations of Mr. Bell is an interesting one; and the question which he has suggested will, in time, be answered, one way or the other, by the accumu- lation and collation of facts relating to it. We shall not discuss it here. "We desire rather to call attention to his observations upon the causes which determine the selection, by the deaf, of the deaf, in marriage. "The intermarriages of the deaf and dumb,'" he says, "have in some way Ijeen promoted by our methods of education. If we desired to create a deaf variety of the race, and were to attempt to devise methods, which should compel deaf-mutes to marry deaf- mutes, we could not invent more complete and efficient methods than those that actually exist, and which have arisen from entirely dif- ferent and far higher motives." Among these methods, he enumer- ates : (l) the separation of deaf-mutes from hearing persons, and their collection together, in institutions for their especial beneht, where they are kept, from early childhood to the commencement of adult life. ('2) The promotion of social intercourse among them, in adult life, by periodical reunions with former pupils at the institution, and by the organization of societies of deaf-mutes and the holding of deaf-mute conventions. (8) The publication of newspapers and peri- odicals specially designed as organs of communication between adult deaf-mutes, in which personals relating to the deaf and dumi) are published. (4) The use of the sign-language, by which deaf- mutes are taught to think in a different language from that of the people at large, whereby English to them is apt to remain a for- eign tongue. The two principal causes of the preference which adult deaf-mutes exhibit for the companionship of deaf-mutes rather than that of hearing persons are, he says, segregation for the purpose of educa- tion, and the means of communication by a language dilferent from that of the people. Segregation really lies at the root of the whole matter, for from this the other causes have themselves been evolved by the natural law of adaptation to the environment. We commence our effort on behalf of the deaf-mute by changing his social environ- ment. In process of time, the adaptation l)ecomes complete ; and when, at last, we restore him to the world, as an adult, he finds that the social conditions to which he has become accustomed, do not exist outside of his school life. His efforts are then directed to the restoration of these conditions, with the result of intermarriage and a tendency to the formation of a deaf-mute community. Whatever we may think of the views expressed by Mr. ]3ell. what he means is very clear, and very striking. The state commissioners of public charities in Jllinois. learning that Mr. Bell would be in Chicago in -July, 1H84, suggested, to the board of education of the eity of Chicago, the propriety of inviting him to make a ])ul)lic address on the subject of the relative ad- vantages of teaching deaf children in classes connected with public schools, as coiiii)ai(Ml with sjiecial institutions. 155 We find, in the American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb, a report of Mr. Bell's address, which was delivered on the evening of July 20th, and- of the reply to it by Dr. Gillett, superintendent of the institution at Jacksonville. Mr. Bell pointed out that deafness frequently occurs in very early life, and that, owing' to the reluctance of parents to part with their children, the education of deaf children in institutions is apt to be delayed, so that in this way much valuable time is lost, at the period when the child is most susceptible to training and instruc- tion. He therefore thought that the education of deaf children should, if possible, be conducted in such a manner as to prevent the separation of parents and children. What the child gains by residence in an institution, is gained at the expense of the loss of those advantages which would have resulted from a residence at home. He therefore recommended, that we should supplement our present schools and institutions by an extensive development of day- schools ; and he suggested, as the most practical, most useful and most economical kind of school to be established, the formation of classes for deaf children in the public schools. He proposed that a small room should be set apart, in a public school building, for the use of the deaf children of the neighborhood, and that a teacher should be employed, who had been carefully trained in the methods of instructing tlie deaf. It would be economical to utilize a room of this kind for this purpose, since the appliances of a large school might be thus obtained without special cost. He did not advocate the complete co-education of deaf with hearing children. This had been tried before and had usually been a failure. Nor did he ad- vocate the present plan of exclusive segregation of the deaf, since it makes them a class apart from the hearing world. He suggested the adoption of an intermediate plan. He would educate the deaf by themselves, in as small numbers as possible, in the same build- ing with hearing children, in large numbers. He would promote in- tercourse between the deaf and hearing children, by throwing them together during play hours, and by placing the deaf children in the same class with hearing children, for practice in subjects where in- formation is gained through the eye. He would never bring together more children than one teacher could conveniently handle. He thought that about ten deaf children should constitute the extreme limit. In cities like Chicago, where more than a hundred deaf children could attend day-schools, and a number of teachers would be required, he advocated giving each teacher a small school-room in a different public school building, rather than to bring all deaf children into one smgle place. In this case, a superintendent of deaf-mute instruction should be appointed, to superintend the work. As a means of promoting intercourse between children who are deaf and those who are not, he advocated the substitution of the English language for the sign-language, as the instrument of thought, and would teach speech and speech -reading to as many of the deaf and dumb as possible. Home-life, and association with hearing children, would, he thought, act as a stimulus to the acquisition of speech, which stimulus was entirely wanting in an institution, ■ where all playmates and associates were deaf, and where one-third of the teachers themselves could not hear. Personally, he believed 156 that all deaf-mutes could acquire an intelligible articulation, and this conclusion was borne out by the fact that all deaf-mutes of Germany were taught to speak. In giving speech to the deaf, this country, he said, is beliind other countries. The vast majority of deaf-mutus in foreign countries are taught to speak, and to under- stand the speech of others, whereas in our country no attempts are made to teach speech to the majority of our deaf-mutes. The ma- jority of those who are taught to speak in America learn speech merely as an aecomi)lihhraent, and less than nine per cent, of the pupils of American institutions make use of speech as a means of communication in the school-room. Dr. Gillett, in reply, said that Mr. Bell's project was not a new one ; it had been so long discarded that it had been forgotten, and our grandparents had not thought it worthy to hand down to us. It was assiduously tried, during the last century, in various parts of Ger- many, and found to be a failure, and abandoned. (But ]\Ir. Bell asserts that the plan suggested by him is not the plan which was tried in Germany. It diiifer.s from it, in that he proposes the teaching of deaf-mutes in separate classes, instead of in the same class-rooms, and in connection with children who hear and speak.) Dr. Gillett thought it desirable to teach deaf and dumb children to use speech, but said that science has not yet furnished us with a method of in- struction which brings this boon within the attainment of all deaf children. Instruction by signs is best fitted for some children, and instruction by the oral method for others. He advocated eclecticism in the instruction of the deaf, and expressed dissatisfaction with the purely oral schools. He agreed with Mr. Bell as to the import- ance of teaching the deaf to think in English, or rather to speak in Enghsli, for he denied that there is any natural language of thought ; and he remarked upon the importance of industruil edu- cation for the deaf, and said that the articulation schools in America have neglected this very important matter, while the large institu- tions, in which the combined method is in use, are true technical schools, in which trades are taught. The want of facilities for teaching trades in day-schools for the deaf was, in his judgment, a strong point against Mr. Bell's proposition. (But Mr. Jkdl took the ground that other children are not taught trades in the public schools, and that deaf children can acquire them, after leaving school, in shops and factories, as other children do). In order to a full understanding of the issues involved in this controversy, it is necessary to state briefly what are the methods employed in the instruction of the deaf. As lias been said already, childrt ii who hear, acquire speech by imitation, and learn, through the sense of hearing, to associate spoken words with the ideas for which they stand. The transition from spoken to written language is, for them, natural and easy. But children who cannot lu-ar, are de])rived of the o])i)ortuiiity to ac(|uire language by the natural ])rocess, and resort must be had in their case to some artificial method, by which the eyi; may be made to do the work of the ear, as a medium of communication. 'J'lie various methods of instruction in use may be grouptil under four general heads, namely: (1) gesture, or the sign-language; ('2) writing; (ii) the manual alphabet; (4) articulation and lii)-reading. 157 Tlie Sign-Language. It has been said that the sign-language is the natural language of the deaf and dumb. It would, perhaps, be more correct to say, that their natural language is pantomime, of which the sign- language is an artificial development and extension, in which ges- tures are made to represent, not only concrete but abstract ideas, and even grammatical relations. Pantomime is employed, to a large extent, by savages, in com- munication at a distance, and between tribes who do not speak the same dialect. It is a pictorial representation in action, and, as such, is intelligible to most persons of quick perception and lively imagination, although liable at times to be misunderstood and mis- interpreted. But the sign-language is to pantomime what hiero- glyphics are to pictures. Pictures are the basis of pictorial w'rit- ing, such as may be found upon the munuments of Egypt and is in use among the American Indians. Pantomime is the basis of the sign-language, and, in the sign-language, as it is prac- tised in institutions for the education of the deaf, conventional signs, and abbreviated signs, unintelligible to any but the initiated, are of frequent occurrence. That it is a beautiful and expressive language, must be admitted. Communication by its use is rapid and easy, but of necessity it lacks precision. It has, so to speak, a grammar of its own ; but it is no more English, than it is French or German. There are many persons who hear and speak, the children of deaf parents, or brought up in institutions for the deaf, with whom it is vernacular. The child of a deaf mother often learns to exjDress itself in the sign-language long before it learns to speak. Since it is not governed by the same laws which govern spoken and written language, its habitual use is an obstacle to the acquisi- tion of English, just as the habitual use of English is an obstacle to the acquisition of a foreign tongue. For this reason, the readiness with which the deaf and dumb resort to it, in all their intercourse with each other, has been characterized by many of those best qual- ified to pronounce an opinion, as a formidable hindrance to their instruction in English, which is the great fundamental aim sought to be accomplished in American institutions for the deaf and dumb. To prevent its use altogether is perhaps impossible, but that it should be discouraged is generally admitted. In addition to what has been said, it must be remarked, that the use of the sign-language is thought by some to be an obstacle to intellectual development, for the reason that signs, and not words, are employed by sign-makers, as the instrument of thought, which involves the substitution of an inferior for a superior instrument, with corresponding imperfection in the result. In so far as the use of signs prevents the acquition and habitual use of language, it is not only a barrier to intercourse between those who can and wdio cannot hear and speak, but it is also a hindrance to close, con- tinued and precise thmkiug, on the part of the deaf-mute himself, especially upon subjects of an abstruse nature. In this way it pre- vents his mental growth. There can hv little doubt but that the deaf-mute, who fails to acquire the ready use of written language, must remain all his days a mental dwarf. The introduction of the sign-language into general use in this country, is clue to the fact that, when Gallaudet went abroad to qualify himself as an instructor of the deaf, he was compelled, by the force of circumstances, to learn the art in France, of the Abbe de r Epee, who may be called the Father of Signs ; and he brought back to this country, as his assistant in the work, the venerable Clerc, who, himself a deaf-mute, imparted the knowledge of the art to American teachers of the deaf. In this way, the system was brought into general use in all our institutions, and has been per- petuated, notwithstanding the very general adoption of the articu- lation or oral method in England and upon the Continent. It is only of late years that the articulation method has begun to make headway with us, but the indications are, as will be seen hereafter, that it is gaining ground with great rapidity. Writing and the Manual Alphabet. Written language and the manual alphabet, (or dactylolo- gy), are so closely associated in practice, that they may be virtually regarded as one. By this method, the deaf child is taught ideas by the use of written words. He practises writing upon the blackboard, and the formation of sentences, beginning with those which are simple, and passing from these to others which are more complex. Ordinarily, he is taught to read by the word-method, and learns the alphabet at a later period, as other children do, who are taught upon this plan. Having learned the alphabet, and the positions of the hand and fingers which correspond to the letters of the alphabet, he forms the habit of spelling words upon his fingers, instead of writing them upon the blackboard or upon paper. Evidently, this method of instruction differs from instruction by the sign-language, in that words and not gestures are used, both as the means of communication and as the instrument of thought. In this respect, it has a great advantage over the sign-language ; and the best teachers substitute the one for the other, at as early a point in the education of the pupil, and to as great an extent, as may be convenient or practicable. When taught by this method, the child learns language, and to think in words; for just as we can tliink more rapidly than we can speak, so he can think more rapidly than he can spell the words u])on his lingers, or reproduce their forms, in imagination, as they appear upon the printed page. Articulation and S])i'ech-]ie-«'lf-sn>taining, but in order to secure for it permanence, and the highest possible dt-gree of usefulness, an endowment is essential. liPsnl I'd, That we commend the sutiject to the wealthy and benevolent. In the hope that they may pnreeive its importance and take advantage of the oi>portuuity here afTord- ed to render a real seivice to iiumanity. Whf:reas. a knowledgH of tliese iManches must prove. of great usefulne.es to the teaeli'«rs r)f the i-om non -chools also, in enabling them to remove the defects which are finite frequently found in the utterance of the pupils of the common school, therefore, fifsiilrcd. That normal schools, seminaries and all similar institutions of learning, the graduates of which intend to become teachers, be petitioned to olTer facilities for the study of the above named branche.s. In accordance with the spirit of these resolutions, it has been suggested that the state of llHnois, which now makes an annual appropriation for the education of a certain number of deaf child- 161 ren in the public schools of the city of Chicago, might also appro- priate a small sum annually in aid of the establishment of a train- ing school for teachers in articulation, in connection with one of the state normal schools, or with the Cook County normal school, at Englewood, and that the grant for such a school would provide for the education of a certain number of deaf children, at a cheaper rate than that now paid for the education of the pupils in the in- stitution at Jacksonville, without necessitating the erection of any new building, or the purchase of any land. We are of the opinion, in view of all the considerations which have been here presented, that such an appropriation would be wise and proper. On the question of day-schools for the deaf, in connection with the public schools, we are not yet prepared to express any definite opinion, although we believe that the day-schools in Chicago should continue, for the present, to receive recognition and support at the hands of the state. Note.— Readers of the above chapter who may wish to know more of the history of former experiments in the education of the deaf in day-schools, in various countries, are referred to an article road by Prof. Joseph C. Gordon, (of the National College for the Deaf, at Washington), at the meeting of the National Educational Association, in Madi- son, Wisconsin, in July, 1&84, and printed in the Annals, in April, 1885. —11 102 CHAPTER VI. FEMALE LAW-13REAKERS. Female convicts in the penitentiary— Women in jails— Evil influence of wicked women —The Jukes— Separate prisons for women— Female officers- Reformation as an end in prison discipline— Cost of crime— Classillcation of prisoners— The separate system— The Irish system— The Elmira Reformatory— The indeterminate sentence— History of criminal j urisprudence— Inequality of sentences— Habitual criminals— The mark system and ticket- of-leave— Roforinatory institution for cirls— Views expressed by Miss Hall and Mits Mosher— Michigan Industrial Home for Uirls. Our experience in visiting the county jails of Illinois lias led us to retiect seriously upon the necessity for some other and better method of dealing with female law-l)reakers. We have discussed the jail question in the seventh chapter of this report. In the present chapter we desire to confine ourselves to the question, what shall be done with women who are charged with crime, and with young women who are in danger of falling into crime in consequence of their associations. Under our existing statutes, women who are guilty of felonies are committed to the state penitentiaries at Joliet and at Chester. Women who are guilty of misdemeanors are liable to be sent to jail for sh'^rt terms of imprisonment. But in many of our jails, adequate fucilities for separating the sexes are lacking. The asso- ciations to which women are there subjected, are calculated to injure them materially; their incarceration subserves no useful pur- pose ; and their presence in the prison exercises an evil influence over male prisoners. The result is, that judgtis frequently suspend sentence, in case of female convicts, and turn them loose upon the world. The tendency of this policy is to defeat tsvery end of justice. More than that, every woman so released must be regarded as a fresh centre of moral contagion in the community, wliich would, under a better system, have been relieved of her noxious pres- ence. Her discharge emboldens her. and encourages others in deli- ance of the law. By her example and inthience she corru])ts others, and thus the volume of crime is increased. It would often have been better if she had never been arrested. 163 Dr. Elisha Harris, the late corresponding secretary of the New York Prison Association, writing upon this subject, said: "Until the state shall have provided a prison and a reformatory refuge for criminal females, and until every county and city shall have more suitable places of detention for women than the present common jail, most of those who suffer arrest and conviction for crimes will become destroyers and injurers for their life time." Mrs. C. E. Lowell, of New York, in a paper read at the Sixth National Conference of Charities, in Chicago, in 1879, said : "Even a casual perusal of the Tenth Annual Keport of the New York Board of Charities will convince the reader, that one of the most important and most dangerous causes of the increase of crime, pauperism and insanity, is the unrestrained liberty allowed to vagrant and degraded women." The influence Of one bad woman has never been so well illus- trated, as in the history of the Juke family, by Mr. Dugdale. In seventy-five years, the decendants of five vicious pauper sisters amounted to twelve hundred persons, who had cost the state of New York more than one million and a quarter dollars. It must be remembered, that every woman is liable to become a mother, and that crime and pauperism tend to reproduce themselves, in suc- cessive generations, through long periods of time. The propagation of crime is as easy as the reproduction of plants. The whole question of dealing with crime resolves itself into two principal divisions: the repression of crime, and its prevention. Of these, prevention is the more important and the more effective. We will speak first, however, of repression, by means of punish- ment, that is, by the infliction of the penalty of the law. That a woman who has violated the law, merits punishment, equally with a man, is a proposition which cannot be disputed ; and no false sentimentality should blind us to its truth, or be permitted to interfere with the course of justice. Women probably do not commit crime so often as men do ; partly on account of the timidity natural to their sex, and partly because, where a woman desires to have a crime committed, she can generally induce some man to commit it for her. Those who do fall into crime constitute perhaps the most dangerous class in society. The instmcfc of self-protection requires that we should destroy their power to do harm, either by reforming them, so that they will no longer indulge their criminal impulses, or by incapacitating them, by means of imprisonment. We have the authority of Holy Writ for saying that "one sinner destroy- eth much good, " which is especially true m its application to female sinners. The personal and social influence of women, for good or for evil, is far greater than that of mai. x\ll experience goes to prove that the a^ociation of male and female prisoners, under the same roof, or even within the same en- closure, is injurious to both. Men and women do not require the same discipline, nor the same treatment. It is further true that, in the opinion of those best qualified to form a correct judgment, in order to secure the best results in the treatment of female prisoners, it is essential that they should be con- trolled and managed, not by men, but by persons of their own sex. Male officers of a prison are far more liable to be cajoled or im- posed upon, by feniiile prisoners, than are female officers. The ex- cliision of men from a prison for women is desirable, not because there are not men who are sufficiently conscientious to discharge their duties towards tlie female prisoners with fidelity, but because the inlluence of such association upon the prisoners themselves is not good. On this subject, the Kev, Dr. E. C. Wines, in his posthumous work on the State of Prisons and of Child-Saving Institutions, Throughout the World, which was the result of eighteen years of close study and wide observation, has said: "It is the decided be- lief of advanced students of penitentiary science, that entirely sep- arate prisons should be provided for criminal women, and that, for them, as for men, there should be, wherever the population of the state is large enough to require it. two female prisons, one for young women, who are nevertheless too old or too vicious to be jjlaced in a girls' reformatory, the other for those of a more advanced age and a deeper criminality. Where the population is not sufficient to warrant the erection of two prisons, these two classes of women should be treated in separate wards, f'emale prisoners should, as a rule, l)e under female treatment, and although I will not under- take to say that, under certain circumstances, the head of a female prison may not fitly be of the other sex, yet ordinarily the con- trary plan would be better ; and at all events, the care-takers who are constantly in close contact with the inmates should be alwaj's of the same sex. This is the dictate of reason and common sense, since woman alone understands woman, and since she alone can enter into her weaknesses, temptations and difficulties — nay, into the very recesses of her being — and titly minister thereto." In accordance with the views expressed l)y Dr. Wines, Wf should favor the erection of a separate prison for women, by the state of Illinois, and the removal to it of all female convicts now incarcer- ated in the penitentiaries at Joliet and Chester. This we believe to be the desire of the great mass of the women of the state who have given the subject any, even the slightest, consideration. Prisons of this description already exist in the states of Massachusetts, Indi- ana and Michigan, and have proved even more successful in prac- tice, than their projectors had anticipated at the time of their crea- tion. The question of prison management in general may be thought to be outside of the scope of this board, since the law creating the board expressly excepts the penitentiaries from our jurisdiction ; but the question is so closely allied to those to which we are com- pelled to pay attention, and it is of such importance, that we feel ourselves justified in making some remarks concerning it. The word "penitentiary" signifies, etymologically, a place for peni- tence, repentance, or ^formation. Whether the reformation of pris- oners is or is not the primary object of im])risonment, it ought to be regarded as an end to be sought. Prison officers should be encour- aged and required to make every effort in their power, for the reformation of those who are susceptible of reformation. 1G5 It may be admitted that the criminal character is very persistent, and sometimes ineradicable. What the actual percentage is, of crim- inals who are amenable to moral influence in prison, it is dillicult to determine. It is probable, however, that a much larger propor- tion than is commonly supposed, do abandon a life of crime, after having served a term in the penitentiary. Even if they are actuated by no higher motive than the conviction that crime is unprofitable, and if their reformation is rather superficial than deep and real, nevertheless the advantages to society of a merely external and compulsory obedience to law are obvious. In fact, however, reformation is not made so prominent an end in prison discipline as it might be. What the people expect of the warden of a penitentiary, is that he shall prevent his prisoners from escaping, and that he shall, as far as possible, compel them to earn the cost of their maintenance while in prison. The finan- cial results of prison management occupy relatively too large a share of public attention. The cost of maintenance of prisoners is easily ascei'tained, and makes a profound impression. But the cost of prisons is a very small part of the actual cost of crime, which in- cludes the cost of arrests and convictions, the loss resulting from depredations of criminals, and the expense of supporting this great army, which is made up, not only of those in prison, but of those who are engaged in active criminal enterprises outside, together vfith the women and children dependent upon them, and the persons who aid and abet them, in various ways, without themselves falling within the pale of the criminal law. The great need of society is a real dimmution in the volume of crime committed. The pecuniary saving which would result from such a diminution, is enormous. Probably the cost of maintenance of prisoners in the United States, including the county jails, which is estimated at twelve millions of dollars, annually, is not one-tenth of the total cost of crime. It would \)e cheaper to maintain prisoners, in absolute idleness, at the expense of the state, if thereby they could be reformed and pre- vented from relapsing into crime upon their discharge, than to fail to reform them, even if their labor while in prison could be made a source of large revenue to the public treasury. The elements of a reformatory discipline in prison are not very numerous. The first condition of successful treatment of criminals is classi- fication, by which the more vicious and hardened are separated from those whose criminal experience has been more limited, and whose criminal tendencies are as yet not so developed as to render them practically irreclaimable. The extreme limit to which classification may be carried, is that of complete isolation of individual prisoners during the whole term of their incarceration, which is known as the separate or individual system. There is but one penitentiary in the United States organ- ized upon this plan, namely, the Eastern Penitentiary of Pennsyl- vania, at Philadelphia ; and the system is not there thoroughly car- ried out, in consequence of the overcrowding of the prison, and the faihire on the part of the legislature to make the necessary appro- priations for its adequate enlargement and extension. This system ICG is highly favored by some of the ablest students of penology, both in this fouiitry and abroad. It is most efficiently administered in Belghim, whose two great convict prisons, at Glient and at Lou- vain, are the wonder and the admiration of all who have seen them. Many absurd objections have been urged against it, which are not conhrmed by the experience of those who have had practical expe- rience in its administration. The objection which has the most weight, was epigramatically stated by Capt. Maconochie, in the words, "It is only in associa- tion, that men can be fitted for association." That is to say, long continued separate imprisonment does not prepare the prisoner for the social life in which he must take a part when discharged. The Irish system, accordingly, makes separate imprisonment the initial stage of treatment. But the severity of the discipline is gradually relaxed ; and the convict, after spending a certain period in solitary conlinement, and another in an associated prison, passes into the final stage of treatment, in which he is allowed almost as much personal liberty as an ordinary workman employed in a factory. Ultimately, he is released on ticket-of-leave. The i-eparate system of imprisonment in jails, for those who are charged with crime, but as yet unconvicted, while awaiting trial, is advocated by every writer of recognized authority upon this question. In the majority of American prisons, separation by night is rigidly enforced ; though there are some in which prisoners sleep in asso- ciated dormitories ; and others, in which, owing to the want of suffi- cient cell-room, two prisoners are required to occupy a single cell — a mode of treatment which is repugnant to every correct principle of prison discipline. In the Elmira Reformatory, classification is secured by dividing the prisoners into three grades, and they are promoted or degraded from one to the other, according to their conduct and deserts. On the sultject of classification, it must be added, that it is not merely the classification of prisoners which is desirable. The class- ification of prisons is of almost, if not quite, equal importance. There should be separate establishments for prisoners of the male and female sexes: for habitual prisoners and iirst offenders ; for felons and for misdemeanants; and for juvenile ofi"enders who have not yet attauied their majority. A system of prisons for a state requires further to be supi)leniented by preventive institutions, which are not properly prisons, but refuges or industrial schools. A second principle of reformatory treatment hi prisons, which is coming more and more to be recognized as of fundamental im])ort- ance, although it .has not yet been engrafted upon the legislaticni of very many states, is coinmonly, though perhaps improperly, denom- inated the indeterminate sentence. The history of civilization is marked, at every step of human progress, by a transition from the simple to the complex ; and this prin(i])le is abundantly illustrated in the history of crime and pun- ishment. 167 In the primitive and barbarous state of human existence, crime was regarded as a personal offence against the sovereign, and was punished by death. In the course of time, the punishment of death ceased to be universal. Crimes were compounded for, by pecuniary compensation to the offended party. Banishment was often substi- tuted for execution. When, at last, the prison ceased to be a place of detention for criminals awaiting execution, and began to be re- garded as a form of punishment, the first step was taken toward the institution of criminal codes, properly so called. The simplest form of a code is that in which definite punish- ments are affixed to specific infractions of the law, and the code embodies what is known as a "scale of penalties." Such was the Code Napoleon. In a code of this description, the penalty is de- termined by the legislature, so that the sole function of the judiciary is to pass upon the guilt or inuocence of the person accused. When it became apparent that the idea of guilt is not simple but complex, and that it depends upon the motives of the offender and the amount of injury done to society, as well as upon the specific character of his act, legislatures abdicated a certain portion of their powers, and, instead of charging themselves with the responsibility of adjusting punishment to guilt, introduced a new principle into criminal jurisprudence, namely, the discretionary power of courts, within certain limits, in the matter of pronouncing sentence. For definite sentences, maximum and minimum sentences were substi- tuted, and the responsibility of determining the actual sentence in each case was thrown by the legislatures upon the courts. Experience under this system, which is the one almost universally in force in this country, has demonstrated that judges are as inca- pable of determining the degree of guilt of individual offenders, as were the legislatures themselves. The sentences imposed depend upon a great variety of circumstances and considerations, which affect the mind of the judge at the time when the sentence is pro- nounced ; and no one knows so well as do the officers of prisons, unless perhaps it may be the prisoners themselves, what inequalities exist, and what gross injustice and wrong are perpe rated, under this system, in the name of justice. Mr. Henry W. Lord, of Michigan, states that there were, during the year ending September 30, 1877, eight convicts sentenced to the penitentiary at Jackson, for assault with intent to commit murder, one for forty-five years, one for twenty-five years, one for fifteen years, one for nine years, one for six years, one for five years, one for two years, and one for one year. He further says that "at the same term of court, a bank-teller, for a theft of five hundred dollars from his employer or from a customer, was released on a nominal sen- tence, while a boy of thirteen years was sentenced to prison for three years, for stealing a suit of clothes worth perh-ips twenty dol- lars, producing in appearance distortions of justice, like Lord Dun- dreary's distortion of proverbs when he says ; 'one man is hanged for looking a gift horse in the mouth while another may see the whole animal over a hedge and get clear,' " 168 Col. Burt-hanl, of Wisconsin, says that in the prison at Waupun, one man was sent np for two years, for (lis)>osing of a false note for thirty dollars, his hrst otfense, while two others who forged and negotiated a draft for one thousand six humlred and lifty dollars, got ("If with one year each — one of them, certainly, and both of them, probably, old offenders. From Kichlaiid county, two men were jointly convicted for burglary, and sentenced each for two years ; but when tliey arrived at the prison, it appeared that one of tiiem was within the ])rison walls for the lirst time, but the other had already served two terms, for the same offense, from other counties. These cases are samples of an almost infinite number which might be cited, in illustration of the miscarriage of justice, where the actual duration of imprisonment is fixed by the court at the time of conviction. One of the ablest and oldest judges in Michi- gan, who is a writer of standard authority, and of thirty years' experience on the bench, in the trial of prisoners, saireak their trusts, or do not imi)rove. The farm connectey ticket- of-leave, to places of service, for which they receive respectable wages, one-fourth or one-third of which is reserved and placed in a savings-bank, quarterly, for their benetit. Each cottage has three officers, a cottage manager, a teacher and a house-keeper. School-work occupies from two o'clock to live, each afternoon. The del)it and credit account kept with each girl, as to her demeanor, industry and study, is a simple mark system, three being the highest number of credits in each department, and nine the greatest number possible each day. At the end of each month, the accounts are settled, the footings are read to the girls, and balances ei^fen. Upon these records and balances promotions are based, or the necessity established for placing a girl in a lower grade. At the same session of the Conference of Charities, a paper on Prison J)iscipline was read by Miss Eliza 'SI. Mosher, M. D., of the Massachusetts Reformatory Prison for Women, in which she took the ground that all discipline, in its i)road sense, means education, instruction and correction. We have power to improve the spiritual, moral and physical natures of the imprisoned. She enumerated, as the factors of such discipline, (1) Careful religious instruction; (2) Regular employment : (S) A firm and unyielding, but kind enforce- ment of wise rules and regulations; {".) Classification, or division into grades ; (5) Definite and certain advancement for continuous good behavior ; ((5) Intellectual culture, by means of study, reading, etc. With regard to punishment, she said: "Any punishment which fails to produce real penitence in the prisoner upon whom it is intiicted, fails to accomplish aught but an outward observance of a form of justice. Unjust punishment has the same effect. It is not the severity of punishment, so much as the certainty of it, which acts as a deterrent. Very excellent results have been obtained, in the Massachusetts Prison for Women, by the cumulative plan. i. e., l)eginning with a light punishment and increasing its extent in a delinite ratio, with each successive offense. With respect to classi- lication, two methods have been advocated — classilication according to crime, and separation by a division into grades, each i)risoner entering the lowest, or the next to the lowest grade, according to the crime for which she is committed, from wiiich she has the power to pass, by continuous good behavior, to the highest,"" Miss Mosher favored thi' second method rather than the lirst. In order that promotions may be justly and regularly made, she ad\ocated a system of conduct marking, which serves as a kind of moral mirror, in which each inmate sees herself rcHected. as it were, and it thus acts as a stimulus to good conduct. It also renders the system of commutation of sentence for good l)ehavior a more just 173 reward of merit than it could otherwise be. Prisoners, even more than any other chxss of human beings, need "a hope set before them," an object for which they will voluntarily strive ; and no stimulus has yet been found so healthful as the desire for promo- tion, and the power to shorten the time to be spent in prison. It places the future of each individual to some extent in his own hands. The privileges allowed to those who reach the highest grade tend to arouse in them a true self-respect, which helps to lit them for a return to the world outside of prison bars. The following lines, of which we do not know the author, are so appropriate to the subject discussed in this chapter, so true and so happily worded, that we think no apology due for inserting them here : THE OUTCAST. Of all the trades e'er tyranny devised, The most laborious and the most despised. Of all the lives of infamy and pain That wretches suffer for the lust of gain, Of all that mortals bear for passion's sake, Or want impels mankind to undertake,— To our unhappy sisterhood alone, N"0 hope, no interval of rest is known. We change forever, but whate'er our lot. We still from happiness are far remote. Behold the picture on the brightest side. When love is flowing in a golden tide, ■ When, decked in glitter, elegance and show. Pleasure and mirth around us seem to glow. While we indulge, (ere yet our season flies). In every luxury that life supplies. They know but little who infer from this That prostitution is a life of bliss. The gaudy baubles and the gay attire Are but the badges of a slave to hire ; The smile that pleases is the smile of art. To hide the anguish of an aching heart; And all our seeming gaiety of soul Flows from the vapors of the madd'ning bowl. Our sole alternatives, so cursed we are, Are but intoxication and despair. The slave who di^s, or at the anvil glows. Retires securely to his night's repose. But in uncertainty our rest we take ; By noon we slumber, and by night we wake. Although I sj^retch me on the bed of down. The couch of lewdness is not all my own. I'm forced to share it, so severe my fate, 174 Not with the man I love, but him I hate; The fond desire that s]>arkleH in my eyes, Is Init to Hatter him wliom I de.si)ise ; Witli fond atTeetion in my arms I fold The wretch I shudder only to behold. Not to the brave, the generous and kind, Are my contaminatiui,' charms contined ; Submissive still to every lecher's call, Enjoyed, insulted and condemned by all. Now to the feeble arms of graceless age. And now subjected to the ruffian's rage, The madman's fury, howsoe'er unjust, The drunkard's humors, and the whims of lust ; And even his cruel ai)petites t' appease, Who brinj^'s destruction, horrors and disease. If. cursed, the bloominj^' prostitute must live, With all that wealth can liuy or beauty give. If thus unhai)py her most splendid state, How much more gloomy is her humbler fate ! The many evils slie sustained before She feels more keenly, and a thousand more. Of fickle fortune all the world complain, But what so fleeting as the strumpet's reign? By quick descent, the fairest minion falls From gilded canopies to clay-built walls; In swift succession is the victim led From silken sofas to the truckle-bed. Her limb's, that rich brocades were wont to wear, A rag scarce covers from the inclement air ; And she, who never felt the wind to blow. Scarce finds a shelter from the frost and snow. The generous wines, the viands rich and rare, Are changed for hunger, or the coarsest fare. Disease has stol'n the lustre from her eye; Her beauty withers, and her roses die. Unceasing pain and anguish mark her way; She sinks beneath a premature decay. Of her no watchful providence takes care ; No hope sustains, no God accepts her prayer. No eye to shed tlie sympathizing tear, No helping hand, no kind consoler near, In all the agonies of death she lies; l*"riendless, unpitied and alone, she dies. Jler guilty soul quits her in dn-e dismay. And vengeful demons seize it as their prey. 175 CHAPTER VII, THE COUNTY JAILS. Questions to sheriffs— Causes of crime— Remedies— Failures to convict— Amendment of criminal law— Influence of jail life— French experience— Effect of incarceration in the pen- itentiary—The reformation of criminals— State care of all convicts— Condition of the jails. The visitation of the county institutions required by the statute has been made, during the past two years, under the direction of the board, by Mr. John W. VVhipp, and the results of his observa- tions are herewitli submitted. Questions to Sheriff. For the purpose of securing a more thorough inspection of the jails, a blank form of questions was prepared and the answers given were recorded at the time of the visit. This will explain why the reports made are so similar in sound. In the blank used, on the last tour of inspection, twenty questions to sheriffs and jailers were included, which are here reproduced, as follows : (1) How long have you been connected with this prison? ('2) Daring that time, about how many prisoners have passed through your hands ? (3) What other positions, if any, have you held, by which you have been brought into contact with the criminal class ? (4) Are you ni the habit of conversing with prisoners, as to their history and the circumstances which led them astray? (5) What are, in your judgment, the principal causes of the pre- valence of crime? (6) AYhat special cases, in your personal experience or observa- tion, can you name, which illustrate what you have said? (7) What can be doiae, and ought to be done, to diminish the amount of crime in the community, and stop the operation of the causes which lead to it ? i7t; (8) Are your prisoners for the most part residents of this county, or do they come from otlier counties or states? (0) Do many of the ])rison('rs sent from this county to the pen- itentiary return here, when discharged? (10) Have you many prisoners wliu are committed repeatedly for minor offences? (11) Wliat proportion of prisoners are convicted of the offences with whicli they are charged '? (12) Why are not more convicted? (18) How ought the criminal law to ^ he amended, in order to render it more effective ? (14) What do you think about th(; possibility of reforming prison- ers, so as to prevent them from rehipsing into crime? (I;")) Wluit is the effect of jail Hfe upon prisoners? good or bad? and why? (l(t) Would it be practicable to build jails with cells so con- structed that the prisoner would not come in contact with any other, durmg his incarceration? If iwt, why not? (17) Can the counties furnish labo'r to prisoners, profitably? If not, ought not the state to assume their custody and control? Why should the state put this burden upon the counties? (18) Is there any one here, who takes any special interest in prisoners, and visits them in jail? What effect have such visits? (19) What is your observation of the effect of a term in the pen- itentiary upon prisoners? After their discharge, do those of them who return to the county lapse into crime again, or do they lead honest lives ? (20) Do you attend the annual meetings of the sheriffs of this state, or take any interest in their proceedings ? The points covered in the above interrogatories are of such impor- tance, that a brief summary of the opinions expressed will be inter- esting and possibly valuable. Cditucs of Crime. On the subject of the causes which produce crime, there was a very general agreement that intemperance is responsible for a large share of it. Nine-tenths of all the prison officers interrogated in- cluded this in their lists of causes; and many of them put it at the head of the list, or even went so far as to name no other. Next, i)robably, in respect of the number of those who mentioned it, was the natural, inborn propensity of a thief to steal. Other re- plies made, were: depravity, heredity, want of a home in childhood, l)arental neglect, improper training, evil assoeiates. bad women, obscene and trashy literature, idleness, want of employment, ignor- ance, a hasty temper, and b:id lial)its, such as a passion for gambling. Iloir to l>i>niiiisli Crime. The enumeration of causes of crime given above is sufficient of itself to suggest tlu^ renu'dies to be employed for its abatement, since no remedy is adecjuate, whicli does not neutralize the opera- tion of the cause. Nevertheless, the answers made to the seventh question are some of them very striking, and worth repetition here. 177 Stop the manufacture and sale of liquor. Educate children better. Teach them habits of industry and mor- ality. Properly train the young. Keep boys oft" the street at night. Parents should devote more time to their children. Compel children to go to school. Compel the young to learn a trade. If parents are not fit to care for their offspring, let them be taken from them, and trained under the direction of the state or county. Furnish work to the unemployed. Suppress the Police Gazette, and other similar papers. Abolish tramping. Stop criminal production. Execute the law more rigidly. Make trials more speedy, and punishment more severe. Establish the whipping-post. Send convicts to the penitentiary for longer terms. Attach work- houses to jails. Punishment should be made more deterrent. Make the prisoner understand that it pays to be honest. Separate young criminals from hardened offenders, in prison. Reasotis for Failure to Convict. Among the reasons given for the frequent failures to convict the guilty, by which the administration of justice is characterized, were the following: The "law's delay," or the impossibility of securing a speedy trial. The absence of witnesses. Such absence is sometimes due to one cause and sometimes to another, but in some cases it is due to the corrupt use of money. Perjury on the part of the prisoner's friends or associates. Legal technicalities. The quashing of indictments. Incompetency or misplaced sympathy, on the part of juries. The ease with which changes of venue are obtained. Amendments Suggested to the Criminal Laiv. It will of course be understood that we are not giving expression to our own opinions, in quoting the remarks of sheriffs and jailors. With many of them we agree, but do not make ourselves responsi- ble for any of them, since we do not propose to enter upon the discussion of them in this report. —12 ITS Arrests. — Justices of the peace ami constables slionlil be interested in the capture of criminals, by a proper system of fees. The ex- penses incident to their eai)ture should be met. Juries. — Juries should not have the power to fix sentences. Too many persons are excused from jury service. The reading of news- paper accounts of a crime committed should not 'disqualify a juror from serving. Ignorant and professional jurors should not be allowed to serve. Changes of Ventte. — When application is made for a change of venue, the granting of said application should be discretionary with the court. Coiit'mnances. — The same is true of contiimances. In addition, provision should be made for the more speedy trial of minor offend- ers, who should not be held until the next regular term of court. Witnesses. — The expenses of witnesses should be paid, so that they may have no reason to avoid service on that account. They are often dragged about from court to court, and their expenses are a great burden to them. JviUjes. — It would be better, if the judiciary were not elective, as at present. Practice. — Amendments to bills of indictment should be allowed ; and the people should have the right of exception and appeal. Penalty. — The penalties imposed by courts upon persons convicted by them are said to be sometimes out of all pro])ortion to the gravity of the oti'ense ; they are often too severe, and often not se- vere enough. For first offences, punishment should be light, a warning simply, and judges should be allowed discretionary power in the matter of pronouncing sentence. For subsequent offences, the penalty should be increased. Dissatisfaction is especially man- ifest, with respect to the laws relating to larceny, perjury, drunken- ness, and adultery and bastardy. The opinion is freely expressed by many, that there should be no distinction between grand and petit larceny, but that all stealing should be made a penitentiary offense. The vagrancy laws are also regarded as insufidcient. Malicious prosecutions. — No man should be allowed to swear out a Avarrant, unless he is, at the time, perfectly sober. Those "who make charges against others, which are not sustained on trial, should be made to pay damages. Inllucncc of Jail Life. It will be agreed that no persons have such opportunities for the formation of a correct estimate of the influence of jail life upon prisoners, as the officers in charge of jails. Almost without excep- tion, they pronounce it bad. A few, indeed, hold the opposite opin- ion ; and a few discriminate between prisoners, and remark that the effect on some is bad, and good on others. These are. however, exceptions to the rule. We ([uote a few of the expressions noted by us : 179 The effect is bad, on account of the evil associations. Jail life makes prisoners worse. It causes them to lose their self-respect. They learn much that they ought not. One sickly sheep infects the whole flock. The very thing to increase crime. It is demoralizing and corrupting. Even a short term in jail leaves an ineffaceable brand. It is bad, physically and mentally, on account of the want of light, ventilation, and occupation. Short sentences sometimes do good ; long ones never. The older prisoners cannot be made much worse, but the young are corrupted and hardened by it. Tramps do not mind it ; they often commit crime, in order to be sent to jail, for board and lodging through the winter. We have so often given utterance to our own abhorrence of the whole jail system, that it would be a work of supererogation to re- peat what we have already said on this subject. There is no dif- ference of opinion among students of prison discipline as to the desirability of its entire abolition. Sooner or later, the public will refuse to endure it longer, and will sweep it out of existence. But we think that it may be of interest to state that the experience of foreign nations affords a precise parallel to our own, in this regard. At the Eleventh National Conference of Charities, in St. Louis, in 1884, a communication was submitted by M, Desportes, the accom- plished and able secretary of the French Society of Prisons, in which he fully described the French prison system. The central prisons of that country correspond to our penitentiaries, and the departmental prisons to our jails. He says that the Parliamentary Commission of 1872, appointed to inquire into the condition of the French prison system, "after having satisfied themselves that the num- ber of infractions of the law is increasing annually, that the number of reconvictions is increasing still more rapidly, and that this double increase is most marked, and indeed almost solely noticeable, among misdemeanants sentenced to the departmental prisons, entered upon an investigation of the cause of this phenomenon, the reality of which was beyond dispute. It very soon came to the conviction that it had discovered it, in the architectural construction of these prisons of inferior grade, and the consequent character of the dis- cipline maintained in them." "They are under the control of the Minister of the Interior, in respect of the rules for their internal management ; but the buildings are the property of the departments, and the cost of maintenance of these prisons is defrayed by the local authorities. In scarcely any of them is there any attempt at sys- tematic employment, and their wetched inmates drag out an idle existence, in the most pernicious association. The Commission had no difficulty in deciding that certainly this promiscuous intercourse is the cause of the frightful moral deterioration among departmental prisoners. Accordingly, by an unanimous vote, it resolved that, for the future, departmental prisons ought to be organized and managed 180 on the separate system." "Tht' ilepartmental uildiug jails on the separate system. He would approve of retjuiring all prison- ers convicted of any otfence to earn their own living, while in prison, by their labor, and believes that the county could do this with })rolit. '/'he Work-lioitsc belongs to the city of (^)uincy. It is a stone building, one story in height, divided, by a cross-wall, into a male and female department, with six single and six double bunks in 183 ■each. There were fifteen inmates at the time of the visit, twelve men and three women. The men are employed in qnarrymg and breaking stone. The institution is self-supporting. The discipline consists in the deprivation of food. During the past year, about three hundred prisoners have been received and discharged, the most of whom were lazy and profligate. The greater part were from other states and counties. The prisoners are visited by a lady re- siding in Quincy, who talks with them and prays with them ; but many of them are what are known as "revolvers" or "rounders," that is, they return again and again upon discharge. Alexander. —Visited May 11, 1884. We almost despair of this jail. The sheriff admits that it is "the meanest hole in the whole coun- try;" and the language in which he characterizes it, being more forcible than elegant, would hardly bear printing. It is so dark, that the prisoners, when in their cells, are ahnost invisible from the cell-doors, and so hot in summer, that they are obliged to go half- naked. It was the birthplace of a colored baby, a few days before the date of inspection. The jail is as well kept as is possible under the circumstances. It has been newly whitewashed. The grand jury has repeatedly condemned it ; but the county is small, the taxes are high, and it is almost unsafe for any one residing in the county to mention the subject of a new jail, much as one is needed. There were twenty-two prisoners, nineteen males and three females, all of them awaiting trial, except a boy, who had been sentenced to the reform school. There is no jail library, and no necessity for one, since the prisoners cannot see to read, except at night, when they are furnished with lights. There are no facilities for bathing, no opportunity for exercise, and no occupation for prisoners, except that they may Avash their own clothes, when they want to. They sleep on mattresses. The present jailor has been in office for eight- een years, during which time from two hundred to two hundred and fifty prisoners have passed through his hands, every year. He is in the habit of conversing with prisoners as to their history and the circumstances which led them astray, and has come to the con- clusion that criminals are such, for the most part, because reared in ignorance and idleness. Most of his prisoners come from other states and counties. Of course, few of them return here from the penitentiary, when discharged, and what becomes of them he does not know. Neither are tho'e many who are repeatedly committed for minor offences. About three-fourths of all who are incarcerated are convicted of crime, and more would be, were it not for the fact that the prosecuting witnesses are non-residents, and they escape through want of testimony. He would favor the classification of prisoners, so as to prevent the association of hardened offenders with novices ; and he thinks that jails upon the separate system would not be impracticable. All prisoners serving sentence should be employed at hard labor. No one in this community takes any special interest in prisoners, or visits them in jail, and no religious effort is made for their improvement or reformation. Bond. — Visited June 11, 1881. We have nothing to add to our former statements with regard to this jail, which is built over a vault, and, although kept in good order, is permeated at times by 184 a foul and ofYensive odor. Tlieiu was only one prisoner serving sentence. Sinct.' our last report, there have bt-en two escapes, both of them effected by rushing past the jailor at the door. The county is now Ijuildiiig a new court-house. The jailor attributes the pre- valence of crime to ignorance and intemperance. The remetly is prohibition, and better education for the children of the country. He thinks that all ])risoners should be in the custody of the state, and not of the county authorities. BooNR. — Visited August 21, IHS:}. Since our last report, a new vault has been provided for this prison, and a ventilator placed in the jail, which has cured the foul odor formerly noticeable. A new floor has also been laid. There were four prisoners, all awaiting trial. No escapes Prisoners are fed from the sheriff's table. In case of misi)ehavior they are locked in a cell, down stairs, and given a diet of bread and water. They are occasionally taken out for exercise. Newspapers and books are furnished to them, al- though there is no jail library. They bathe, and have change of clothing, once a week. The bedding consists of straw ticks, with pillows, blankets and sheets. Most of them are residents of the county. The jailor thinks that reformation of first offenders is pos- sible, if an interest in their welfare is shown by those in charge of thom. The influence of association in jail, however, is to develop and fix the criminal character, and to render crime more prevalent. For this reason, prisoners should not be confined in county jails, but should be ni the direct custody of the state, which should build prisons adapted to their proper care, with facilities for separating them from each other, and for employmg them at remunerative labor. The experience of this county is that convicts discharged from Joliet do not show any material amendment of character or life. No one in the county takes any special interest in prisoners. Brown. — Visited June 17, 1884. There was only one prisoner, a man, awaiting trial. There is no change to note in the condition of the prison. The prisoners are fed from the sheriif s table, and have the same food that he has himself. The jailor attributes the prevalence of crime partly to intemperance, and partly to natural thievish propensities on the part of prisoners. About a third of those incarcerated are convicted. The faihire of justice, in his opin- ion, is due to lack of testimony, the quashing of indictments, the faihire of jurors to do their duty, and. generally speaking, to the want of vigorous prosecution of criminals. On tlie subject of the reformation of prisoners, he expressed the belief that they are for the most part like Ephraim, joined to their idols. There is very little hope for any but the young. He thinks that the influence of jail life ui)on them is bad, owing to tlieir association with each other, and he would favor the separate system for county prisoners. He would also favor the state taking charge of all prisoners, re- lieving the counties of responsibility, and furnishing those convicted of crime with an o])portunity of expiating tlieir faults at hard labor. Two citi/ens of Mt. Sterling take a special niterest in prisoners, and furnish them with books and i)apers. 185 Bureau. — Visited September o, 1883. The supervisors have in con- temphition the substitution of steel cells for those now in use. Since our last report, four prisoners escaped, by cutting through the iron cells and through the wall. The jail is in fair condition as to clean- liness and ventilation. The number of prisoners, when inspected, was four, of whom one was awaiting trial, one serving sentence and two were awaiting removal to the reform school at Pontiac. Calhoun. — Visited July 1, 188^. This jail has been without an occupant, for several months past, and is now used as a store- house for the books and papers of the officers of the county and circuit courts, during the erection of a new county building. Carroll. — Visited August 21, 1883. There has been no change in the condition of the jad. It smells of carbolic acid and chloride of lime, which are used as disinfectants, in consequence of the want of light and ventilation. It is difficult to keep it clean and in good sanitary condition, owing to its position in the basement of the court-house. The number of prisoners was three, all awaiting trial. There have been no escapes. Prisoners who misbehave are put on short rations. They sleep on straw-ticks, with bolsters and blankets ; their clothing is changed weekly, but they are not required to bathe, neither are there any facilities for bathing in the jail. They have lights at night. Papers and other reading-matter are furnished to them on request. There is no religious service in the prison, and no one in the county takes any special interest in prisoners, or visits them while in confinement. The present jailor has been con- nected with the prison for about eleven years, during which time, two hundred prisoners have passed through his hands, and, like most others in the same position, he regards intemperance as the great cause of crime. The majority of prisoners are from the county, but in the winter, many of them are tramps, who are in prison for petty thieving. Very few of those belonging to the county are sent to the penitentiary, and those who return after their dis- charge seldom have to be committed a second time. Cass. — Visited June 16, 1884. This jail is in first-class condition, and appears to have been always well kept. It is well ventilated, and the only criticism to make upon it, is that the lower tier of cells is too dark. There were four prisoners present, all of them av^aiting trial. They have lights at night, and are furnished with papers. They are fed from the sheriff's own table. There is, of course, no occupation, nor opportunity for exercise. There are no facilities for bathing, and no religious service on Sunday, nor at any other time. The jailor has been in office for six years, and has handled a hundred and fifty prisoners during that time. He attributes the prevalence of crime to intemperance and to idleness. The greater part of the prisoners committed to this jail are from other counties. Seven-eighths of them escape conviction upon trial. Too many jurors are excused from service, and too many cases are continued, or a change of venue allowed. The jailor thinks that there should be a more vigorous enforcement of the existing laws, 185 but he has no hope of the reformation of criminals. Time spent in the effort to reform them, he thinks, is thrown away. He cioes not think it possible for tlie county to employ prisoners profit- ably, but would not ai)prove of building jails upon the separate plan. He sees no beneficial result from continomi-nt in the county jail, but believes that prisoners are often l>eneiitted by a term in the i)enitentiary. Most of those who are residents of this county return to it from the penitentiary, and some of them lead honest lives forever after. Champaigx. — Visited July 14, IHSI. This jail is clean, well lighted, and the ventilation is superior. For its size, it is as well arranged for the classitication of prisoners, as any jail in the state. There have been no escapes since the last visit. The number of prisoners present was seven ; of whom four were awaiting trial, two were serving jail sentence, and one was insane. The dietary is as fol- lows : For breakfast, beefsteak, gravy, bread and coffee. For din- ner, boiled meat, vegetables and bread. For supper, bread, butter or molasses, and coffee. Prisoners who misbeh ive are locked in cells. There is no jail library, but books and papers are supplieil when requested. Prisoners have no occupation, and no opportunity to exercise, except in the jailors corridor, which is allowed for an hour or so each day. Religious services are held, on Sunday, by young ladies and gentlemen from the ditferent churches of I'rbana and Champaign. Prisoners are allowed lights at night, have suffi- cient facilities for bathing, and are require(l to bathe once a week. Their underclothing is washed and changed weekly. The bedding consists of hammocks, (juilts and blankets. The jailor, who has been connected with the jail for four years, has, during that time, received and discharged two hundred and fifty prisoners. It is his opinion that whiskey is the principal cause of crime, and the only remedy that he can suggest is to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating drinks. He says that those who pass through the jail are mostly tramps and strangers. He has very little hope of tiie reformation of criminals. He says: "In all my experience with criminals, I know of only one man who claims to be reformed." lie thinks that jail life has a tendency to corrupt and make the inmates worse. He is not, however, in favor of solitary conlincment, but thinks that jails should be constructed so that prisoners may be properly classilied, and that the state should have the custody of prisoners serving jail sentence, and furnish them eiiiploymcnl. Christian. — Visited October 1, 1888. The jail was found to be in good condition, clean and well ventilated, and the jail register fully written u]i. There has been no change in construction since the last report. The diet furnished to ju-isoners is the same as that on the sheriff's tal)le. There are no religions services, and no facilities for bathing. The jailor lias occupied his i)resent ])()sition for live years. During that time, one hundred and seventy-two prisoners have passed through his hands, most of them residents of the county, and many of them are committed repeatedly for petty offenses. About half of those committed are convicted. It is his 187 opinion that some prisoners may be reformed by proper training, but that others are natural born criminals, and that their crime is due to their organization. Some prisoners who are sent to the penitentiary return to the county, and, so far as he knows, after their return, they lead honest lives, Cllrk. — Visited June 7, 1884. We are delighted to chronicle the erection of a new jail in this county. It cost ten thousand dollars. It is built of brick, and contains eight cells. The plan is by no means a model, but is a wonderful improvement on the jail which we have so often condemned; and, therefore, we congratulate the people of the county upon it. The number of prisoners was eight, all of them men, and all awaiting trial. The diet consists of coffee, bread, meat, eggs and hominy. Papers are furnished, and religious services are held in the jail on Sunday. The prison is not lighted at night. There is no occupation, no opportunity for exercise, and no facilities for bathing ; but the underclothing of inmates is washed and changed once a week. The ministers of the city, and two ladies, take special interest in prisoners, and their visits have had a beneficial result. Clay.— A'isited September 22, 1883. This jail is similar in con- struction to that in Fairfield, Wayne county. It is clean, and somewhat better ventilated than the Fairfield jail, but it is a wretched affair. There is some talk of building a new one. There were four prisoners in confinement, of whom two were awaiting trial. There have been no escapes. Prisoners are sometimes taken out, in this county, and worked upon the road. Clinton. — Visited September 20, 1883. The corridors are unsafe, and prisoners have to be constantly locked in their cells. There is no change in the jail, which is otherwise in good condition. Thei*e was only one prisoner, who was awaiting trial. The dietary is as follows : For breakfast, beefsteak, eggs, bread, butter and coffee ; for dinner, soup, beef, potatoes or sauer-kraut, and other vegetables ; for supper, coffee, meat or eggs, and potatoes, with bread and butter. The only means of discipline for refractory prisoners is a reduction of rations. Prisoners are required to bathe once a month. Then- clothing is changed weekly. They sleep on iron cots, with mattresses and blankets. There is no library, but papers are fur- nished on request. The jailor has been connected with the prison for ten years, and about two hundred prisoners have passed through his hands. He thinks that punishment of crime is not sufficiently certain or severe, and that one principal cause of crime is whiskey. The greater part of the prisoners in this jail are from other coun- ties and states. He believes that petty thieves should not be sent to the jail, but to the penitentiary, where they can be made to earn their own living by hard labor. The influence of the jail is bad, but that of the penitentiary is not so bad, if we can judge by the effect upon discharged convicts, who usually lead honest lives after their return to the county. Prisoners in jail ought to be em- ployed in seme way, even if it were in breaking rock in a stockade. 1S8 Coles. — Visittd June 0, 1884. There is no change to report in the f'ondition of this jail, which is a disgrace to tlie state. It is dark and without ventihition, I)ut is well cared for. and it is as clean as is possihic in such a prison. There were eleven prisoners, of whom three were awaiting trial, six were serving jail t^entence, one was insane, and one in prison for debt. Since our last report, there have been nine escapes, by digging through the floor. Prisoners have lights at night, and papers are furnished them, 'i'hey are re- quired to bathe weekly, and their underclothing is regularly washed and changed. Bedding consists of mattresses and blankets. Of forty-eight prisoners who have passed through the jailor's hands, all but two attribute their trouble to whiskey. About half of them are from other counties. About two-thirds are convicted of the crimes with which they are charged. The other third escape, generally through want of testimony. The effect of jail life, as observed in this county, is bad; and the jailor would approve of county jails upon the separate system, or better still, the state should take charge of all prisoners, and relieve the counties of responsibility for them. Cook.— Visited August 0, 1888. The jail was found to be in better condition than at any previous visit. The cells and corridors were as clean as they could be made, and all were well ventilated. Wherever the walls of the corridors or cells are liable to come in contact with the persons of the prisoners, the whitewash has been scraped off, and paint substituted, which is a great improvement, as the painted walls can be cleaned ; but heretofore, when the walls were soiled, whitewash was applied, and the filth upon the walls was not removed, but simply covered. The number of prisoners was one hundred and ninety ; one hun- dred and eighty-five men and live women; of whom one hundred ^nd lifty-eight were awaiting trial, twenty-seven were serving jail sentence, three were insane, one a witness, and one a debtor. The jail is so secure, and is so well guarded, that no escapes have oc- curred since the last visit. The dietary is as follows : For breakfast, one pint of coffee and half a loaf of bread. For dinner, meat, potatoes, onions and other vegetables, and a half-pound of bread. For supper, bread and coffee, except in hot weather, when no coffee is furnished. Prisoners who misbehave are kept in their cells for a short time. There is a jail library. Prisoners have opportunity for exercise in the corridors, two hours each day. Peligious services are held, on Sunday, by pastors from the different churches of the city. The jail is lighted at night. Prisoners have facilities for bathing. Their bedding consists of mattresses on iron bedsteads, with sheets, \n\- lows and blankets. The jailor has been connected with this j^rison for twenty years, during which time about fifty thousand prisoners have jiassed through his hands. It is his opinion that the principal cause of crime is improper training during youth. He says, however, that some of the ])risoners are born thieves; and that some are klepto- maniacs, who do not seem to be able to help stealing. He thinks 189 that these natural thieves, when sent to the penitentiary, shoukl be sent for longer terms, for the reason that many of them, as soon as released, commit some fresh crime, and are reconvicted. About one-third of those committed to the jail are convicted. Boys are sometimes released, after conviction, through the efforts of parents or friends. Every prisoner who has passed through his hands has claimed to be innocent, but he can not recall one case of innocence ever in his custody. He has very little faith in the reformation of crimi- nals. "Once a criminal, always a criminal," is the general rule, but there are occasional exceptions. He thinks that jail life has a tendency to improve prisoners, because they must behave themselves while there. He is in favor of the solitary system for jails, and thinks that labor should be provided for those serving jail sen- tences. The House of Correction. — Visited August 17, 1384, The House of Correction is a city prison. There were seven hundred and forty prisoners present, of whom five hundred and eighty-nine were men, and one hundred and fifty- one were women. The dietary is as follows : For breakfast, bread and coffee. For supper, mush and molasses, or mush and milk. No supper is served on Sunday. For dinner, on Sunday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Fri- day, beef or mutton stew, with vegetables and bread : Monday, Thursday and Saturday, corned or fresh beef, beans, vegetables and bread. The food is always sufficient to satisfy the appetite, by adding bread. Vegetables are used in large quantities. Prisoners who misbehave are placed in dark cells, vvith half-rations of bread and water. There is no jail library, but plenty of reading-matter. Religious services are held, one Sunday in each month, by the Catholics, and on the other Sundays, by the Protestants. Prisoners are required to bath, and their unclerclothing is washed and changed once a week. The bedding consists of husk mattresses, pillows, slips, quilts, blankets, etc., sufficient for cleanliness and warmth. The superintendent has been in charge for twelve years. During that time, seventy thousand, eight hundred and ninety prisoners have passed through his hands. He names as the principal causes of the prevalence of crimes, criminal heredity and parental neglect. Under the last item, he includes the neglect of moral and indus- trial training. The remedies which he suggests are : to educate the young to industry and morality, secure punishment commensu- rate to the offence committed, make punishment sufticiently severe to be deterrent, drop sentimentality, and make the criminal understand that it pays to he honest. His prisoners are largely residents of Chicago, but are nearly all of foreign birth, or the off-spring of foreign parents. The majority of them return to the institution. Those sent from the country drift into the city early, having made acquaintance while in prison. The tendency of criminals is toward city life, -where they mingle with the vicious and criminal classes, and early return to criminal practices. The number of those recommitted in this city is about fifty per cent, of the entire number. In answer to the question, what 1110 proi)ortion of prisoner^ ait- convicted of tlio otfenees with which thi-y aiv charged".' he says that petty otTtiulers are not often con- victed, and a large per cent, of those guihy of offences against the state hiws, never reacli trial, some are compromised by justices' courts, for violation of city ordinances, instead of heing held ; others are not indicted l»y grand juries: and through "the law's delay," and the power conferred upon the jury to deterrajne the pen- alty to l)e nitlicted, as well as the guilt or itniocence of the pris- oner's the proportion of those escaping proper punishment is prob- ably as high as sixty per cent. He thinks that the law should be amended, by taking from the jury the right to tix sentence, and by freeing the judges from tlie influence resultmg from their election by a popular vote. The laws should be so amended that the people may have some rights which lawyers and criminals are bound to respect. In regard to the possibility of reforming criminals, he says that it is too large a subject to grasp in a short interview. An old maxim, ''more men serve God through fear than through love," is an apt answer. He believes that the discipline of the House of Correction is deterrent for the time, and in many cases reformatory, for the reason that prisoners often are made to realize that it don't pay tu do irrotu/. Imprisonment itself is the strongest reformatory agency with vicious and criminal adults. With the the youth, other agencies may well be used. In relation to the solitary system for prisons, he says that one month of solitary im- Ijrisonnient is more deterrent than six months in a congregate prison. But much depends upon the class of prisoners. He is not • in favor of the state having the control and custody of prisoners serving jail sentence, for the reason that, usually, the nearer local any institution is, the better it will be conducted. It is not the county, nor the city, nor the state, which makes a prison manage- ment a success. The less boards and officers have to do with such institutions, generally, the better. State machinery is too partisan, 'and institution management is thus made defective. Mr. Felton does not regard penitentiaries as reformatory institu- tutions to any great extent. He says that statistics showing refor- mation of criminals can never be accurate, and the statements made can not be proven. Some prison managers boast of huge percent- ages of reform; while others make no such claim. His opinion is that few men are reformed while in prison ; but many cease from criminal ])ractices because of the consequences. The industries, in this prison, are the manufacture of brick, capi- tal !?ir>,()(Ml; cane-seating, estimated capital sl.tHlO: and woolen yarn and stockings, capital S'J,"),()00. Ail work of every nature is done by jjrisoners, with only directory and police force for outside labor. Lay visitors are not admitted to the i)rison, except personal friends of individual ])risoners. Pastors and priests are invited, but few of them apply for admission. Crawford. — Visited June (5, 18.S1. There were three prisoners, when the jail was inspected, of whom two were out in the yard, chopping wood. The other, who was awaiting trial for murder, was locked in. There have been three escai)es since the last report ; one of them from the outside and the other two through the hot-air 191 register. We have twice called attention to the insecurity of this prison in this respect. There has been no change in the jail sinca the last report, but it was found to be in very good condition. The sheriff and deputy were both absent at the time of the visit. Cumberland. — Visited June 10, 1884. A dispute as to the county- seat has prevented the erection of a new jail, which is greatly needed, this prison being one of the old stjde and worthy of con- demnation. It is fairly well kept. There were four prisoners, three awaiting trial. Since our last report, one prisoner escaped through the door but was recaptured. The dietary is as follows : For break- fast and supper, coffee, meat, bread and butter ; for dinner, meat and vegetables, with pie. Prisoners are sometimes taken out, and walked around the town for exercise. Papers are furnished, and lights at night. They bathe and have their underclothing washed and changed once a week. There are no religious services. There are few prisoners from other counties. The total number committed does not exceed, on an average, ten or twelve per annum. Not more than half the accused are convicted. The sheriff thinks that there should be some change in the manner of selecting jurors, and that the county is too reluctant to incur expense in the capture of prisoners. Labor in the county jail is unprofitable, and all prisoners should be taken in charge by the state, which would find it advan- tageous to build jails with cells entirely separate, thus preventing prisoners from coming in contact with each other during their incar- ceration, DeKalb. — Visited August 15, 1888. There were only two prisoners, both of them awaiting trial. There have been no escapes, and no changes. The prisoners are fed on coffee, meat, bread and vegeta- bles. They have butter on Sunday. They are required to bathe once every fortnight, but their clothing is changed weekly. They have straw beds, with pillows, blankets, sheets and pillow-cases. The jail is lighted at night. Books and weekly papers are furnished on application. Prisoners who misbehave are locked in their cells. Of sixty prisoners in this jail, during the last three years, only ten were sent to the penitentiary. Of twelve prisoners, during the past winter, only four were convicted, the principal cause beiug the securing of a change of venue. The jailor thinks that imprisonment makes a man neither better nor worse, but that every jail should have a workhouse connected with it. Some of the ladies of Syca- more, Mrs. Smith, Mrs, Lowell and Mrs. Worcester, take an inter- ast in prisoners, and visit them from time to time, but, so far as apparent, without any effect. DeWitt. — Visited May 29, 1884. There has been no improvement in this jail, and it cannot be improved. A new jail is needed, and would be built, were it not for the railroad indebtedness of the county, the principal of which is being paid off in annual instal- ments. The cells are small, and very dark, and there is little room for passing, in the corridors, but the prison is in as good condition as possible, under the circumstances. The number of prisoners, when visited, was four, all of whom were awaiting trial. There l'.»2 have been no escapes. The dietary is as follows : For breakfast, coflfee, meat, potatoes, bread, butter and pie ; for dinner, meat and ve{,'etables, bread and butter ; for supper, the same as for breakfast, with the addition of milk. The jailor has been in charge for six years, and about four hundred prisoners have passed through his hands. The majority of them claim that whiskey and women are the causes of their ruin. Most of them are tramps. About half are convicted of the otfences with which they are charged. The sheriti" thinks that there is not one chance in twenty, of the refor- mation of a criminal, and that every man who steals a nickel should be sent to the penitentiary. . The eiiect of jail life u])on prisoners is usually l»ad. The state should assume the charge of all prisoners, and place all sentenced prisoners at work. There should be a classilication, which would separate the novice in crime from the hardened offender. Douglas. — Visited July 15, 1884. This jail, which is in the base- ment of the court-house building, is in as good condition as it is possible to make it. It has recently been whitewashed, and is clean. The cells are small, dark, damp and without ventilation. This jail is one of the worst jails in the state, and humanity dictates its abandonment. The building of a new jail is now under discussion by the county board. The number of prisoners present was three, of whom two were awaiting trial and one serving sentence. No es- capes. The dietary is as follows : For breakfast, meat, bread, but- ter, and coffee. For dinner, meat, vegetables, bread, butter and honey. For supper, meat, bread, butter and tea or milk. Pris- oners who violate the rules are locked in cells. There is no jail library, but newspapers and books are furnished by the W. C. T. U. No occupation for prisoners, and no opportunity for exercise. No religious -services. Prisoners have lights at night. Tubs are furnished, for bathing purposes, but there is no rule re- quiring prisoners to bathe. Their underclothing is washed and changed weekly. The bedding consists of mattresses and blankets. The deputy sheriff has been connected with the jail for five years, and seventy prisoners have passed through his hands. In his judg- ment, the principal causes of crime are ignorance and dissipation. Proper training during youth would diminish crime to a great extent. Only about one-half of those charged with crime were convicted. Some escape conviction through the absence of witnesses, and for want of more vigorous prosecution. He believes that, with proper schooling, encouragement and aid, many of the young might be re- formed. He thinks that jail life retards and discourages prisoners in their efforts to do right, and makes them worse. He is in favor of the solitary system; and, as the county could not furnish labor to i)risoners, except at a loss, in favor of placing those serving jail sentence in the custody of the state, where they would be compelled to contribute toward their own maintenance. It would be better for the prisoner, and more economical for the county and state. The ^V. C. T. U. and the Catholic priest visit the prisoners, and their visits have a good effect. Prisoners y\ho return from the penitentiary generally relapse into crime. 193 DuPage, — Visited August IG, 1883. At that date, workmen were engaged in lining the ceihng of the corridor with corrugated iron. The jail was in good condition, clean and well ventilated. There were only two prisoners, hoth awaiting trial. Since our last report there has heen one escape, by passing the jailor at the door. Re- ligious services are held in the jail, every Sunday afternoon, with good effect. The persons who take an interest in prisoners are Mrs. Jones. — the sheriff's w'lfe — Mrs. Marks, Mrs. Miller, Miss Vaughn, Mrs. Hinman, Professor Blanchard and Mr. Boring. The prisoners sleep on cots, with straw ticks and blankets. They ai*e required to bathe, and have frheir clothing changed, once a week. Books and papers are supplied. Most of the prisoners are from other counties, principally from the Comity of Cook. The sheriff looks upon the facility with which a change of venue is granted as an evil which requires correction. He has little hope of the re- formation of professional thieves, but thinks that the young may be saved by sympathy and good advice. As a rule, the prisoners who are discharged from this jail appear to be better men when they leave, than when they were committed. Another evil is the want of employment for prisoners, which cannot be furnished by the county. The state should assume the charge of all prisoners. Edgak. — Visited June 9, 1884. In our last report, we mentioned the fact that the iron floor of this jail was rusting out. It has now become so thin as to be absolutely insecure. One of the county supervisors said that he could kick a hole through it, which he did, and the hole has since been patched. A wooden Hue has been placed over the privy vault, which has relieved the prison in part from the foul odor complained of. There was only one prisoner, who was awaiting trial. Notwithstanding the insecurity of the jail, there has been no escape. Pieligious services are held every Sunday morning. Mrs. Gilbert, of Paris, takes a special interest in prisoners, who seem to be gratified by her visits. The sheriff's experience with a hundred prisoners, in the past two years, leads him to believe that intemperance is the principal cause of crime, and bad women next. He has known of as many as twenty, who have fallen by one or the other of these methods. Most of the prisoners are non-resi- dents of the county. About two-thirds of them are convicted. The failure to convict arises largely from the want of .prompt prosecu- tion, and the possession of money by prisoners, which enables them to employ shrewd counsel. The state should take charge of all prisoners. There are so few in the counties, usually, that the ex- l^ense of employing them usefully and profitably would be too great. The separation of prisoners, during the period of incarceration, is a desideratum. Edwards. — Visited June 3, 1884. The jail was found empty, as usual. There have heen but ten prisoners in two years, and six of them have been from other counties. It is believed that the ab- sence of crime in this county is largely due to the fact that there is no place in the county where liquor is sold. About half of those —13 101 accnscil are convicted. The sheriff heHeves that many are indicted throuj^'h malice. He thinks that jail life has a deterrent eflect and that tlu' entire separation of prisoners durinj,' the terra of their in- carceration would lie too severe a ])enalty. The state shoulil take char^'e of tliem, ajid they might be put at work on the roads, under the care of the sui)ervisors. Effingham. — Visited June 7, L^Hl. The jail was empty. There have been no prisoners in continement, since the month of January. Prisoners who misbehave are hamlcufifed. Most of those committed are tramps. AI)out two-thirds are convicted. The sheriff would, if he had the power, abolish the jury system, and let the cases be decided by the judge. Young prisoners can, he thinks, be reformed, but the effect of jail life upon them is very bad. AH prisoners should be under the charge of the state, and there should be no communication between them during the period of their incarcera- tion. Fayette. — Visited June lU, 1884. ' This jail, which is new, with cells of boiler iron, is in good order, clean and well ventilated. It was supposed to be secure, but experience has shown a defect in construction. The iron railing which surrounds the ]jrisoners' cor- ridor is of rods an inch and a half in diameter, placed perpendicu- larly, from the floor to the ceiling. These rods pas^^ through holes cut in horizontal bars, which are placed at intervals of about four feet apart, the top bar being close to the stone ceiling of the prison. They were so arranged as to be turned by hand, and the prisoners by constantly turning them had worn holes in the stone floor deep enough to allow the rods to drop below the iron bar next to the ceiling. After accomplishing this, they l)pnt the tops, so as to ad- mit of raising the rods, when they were able to make their escape, below, from their own corridor to the jailor's corridor, where they hid behind the cells; and when the jailor opened the door, after ex- amining to see whether there were any prisoners in the outer corri- dor, he passed to the lever lock, for the purpose of unlocking the cells, which gave an opportunity to the prisoners below to rush past him, through the door, and secure their freedom. There were eight present, wiien the jail was inspected, of whom six were awaiting trial. Discipline here is enforced by denial of food. Prisoners sleep in hannnocks, with blankets but no mattresses. Papers are fur- nished, but there is no religious service. The jailor believes that some prisoners are born criminals. He regards giimlihng, as well as intemperance, as a cause of crime. There is a society of ladies in Yandalia, which takes an interest in prisoners, some of whom seem to be benefited by their visits. Ford. — Visited 8epteraber 14, 1888. The jail wa> in excellent condition, well ventilated and clean, having been newly whitewashed. No clnuiges since our last report. The register was fully written up. There were six prisoners ])resent, all of them awaiting trial. No escapes. Tlie diet is as follows: Breakfast, beefsteak, bread and butter, and coffee; dinner, boiled meat and vegetables, bread, butter aurary, no occupation for prisoners, no opi)ortuuity for exercise, no religious services, but lights are allowed at night. Tubs are furnished, in which prisoners can bathe, but there is no rule requiring them to 199 do so. They sleep upon straw, with blankets and comforts. The sheriff, who has occupied his present position for five years, and has had about eighty prisoners pass through his hands, attributes the prevalence of crime principally to the intemperate use of liquor, although some prisoners are naturally thieves. He thinks that if the sale of whiskey could be stopped, the amount of crime in the community would be diminished about one-half. Most of the pri- soners are from the county, and those who are sent to the peni- tentiary do not return to the county when discharged. One man has been in three times, for drinking and fighting. About two- thirds are convicted of the offences with which they are charged, but these offences are of a trivial nature, and the charge in many instances is believed to be brought from malicious motives. One reason why there are not more convictions, is the small pay allowed to witnesses, who consequently avoid service ; so that witnesses can- not be had, even where an offence has been committed. The offi- cers get no pay for service, and do not make much effort to secure witnesses. He thinks that more prisoners would reform, if they were more kindly treated by the community, after their discharge from prison, than they now are. He would favor the construction of jails with separate cells, so as to prevent prisoners from coming in contact with each other, during their incarceration; but is of the opinion that the state should take charge of all prisoners and put them at work, since the counties cannot do so. Henky. — Visited September 7, 1883. This jail remains as at the date of our last report. When there are many prisoners, the odor is sometimes offensive. The jail register was found not to be written up. There were only three prisoners present, of whom one was awaiting trial, and two were serving sentence. There have been no escapes. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, beefsteak, jDotatoes, bread and syrup, and coffee. Dinner, boiled meat and vegetables. Supper, cold meat, bread and syrup, and tea. Prisoners who mis- behave are locked in their cells. There is no jail library, but books and papers are furnished, on request. There is no occupation for prisoners. They exercise in the corridors, and some prisoners are allowed to exercise in the jail yard. Eeligious services are held, on Sunday, which are conducted by Eev. Mr. Dickenson and Eev. Mr. Sanders. Prisoners are required to bathe weekly. The jail is lighted, at night, only in winter. The sheriff says that prisoners, when asked why they committed crime, generally answer that they were drunk ; but he does not attribute crime wholly to intemperance, since he thinks that the want of proper education and training have much to do with it. Two men were hung, in this county, who both claimed that they never drank to excess ; but both, when children, were neglected and had no home, no parental care, and no educa- tion. The sheriff believes in compulsory education. He would stop, if possible, the manufacture and sale of liquor. Most of the pris- oners are from other counties. Those sent from this county to the penitentiary generally return when discharged. About one-half lead honest lives. Not many prisoners are committed repeatedly for minor offences. He does not think that there is so much necessity for the amendment of the criminal law, as for its more vigorous 200 entorccment. In his exptriciict', tlio iJiisoners of whose reform there i-^ iiiDst hope, are those committed for crimes against i)ersons. On the oilier lumd, thievery tends to become chronic. The etfect of jail life upon prisoners, lie believes to be good, and he does not re- gard the separation of prisoners in jail as necessary. Counties can not i)rofitably furnish labor to prisoners, and work should be found, at least for those who are serving sentence, but he does not see how it is to be done. Iroc^uois. — Visited September 1-1, 1883. This jail is in the base- ment of the court-house, which is always a bad location for a prison. It is fairly well ventilated, and was found to be clean and in good order. There have been no escapes, since the last visit. The num- ber of prisoners present was four, one awaiting trial and three serv- ing sentence. The dietary is as follows : Jireakfast, beefsteak, potatoes, bread and butter, and coffee. Dinner, boiled meat and vegetables, with corn-bread. Supper, cold meat, bread, and butter or molasses. There is no jail library, but books and papers are furnished to prisoners, on request. Prisoners have no occupation, and no opportunity for exercise. There are no religious services held in the jail. Lights are allowed at night. Prisoners are re- quired to bathe weekky, but this rule is not enforced contrary to their own desire. Liquor was said, by the deputy sheriff, to be, in his opinion, the principal cause of crime ; and by way of illustra- tion, he mentioned the fact that one man then in the jail was for- merly a good citizen, well educated, and a lawyer by profession, but became a criminal in consequence of intemperate habits. He would punish men for drunkenness. Most of the prisoners are resi- dents of the county. Those sent to the penitentiary from this county generally return. He knows of one who is trying to lead an honest life. Most of them return again to crime and to the penitentiary. He thinks the etfect of jail life upon prisoners is bad, on account of their association, but would favor the construction of jails in such a manner as to make communication between prisoners impossible. The one thing required, in order to deter men from entering a crim- inal career, and in order to reform criminals, is hard labor, which cannot be furnished by the county : and for this reason he thinks that the state should take charge of all prisoners, and confine them, at labor, either in the penitentiary or work-house. Jackson. — Visited May 22, 1884. This jail has been painted on the outside, and the brickwork tuck-pointeil. There is no change in, the interior. The prison proper is clean, and the corridor well ven- tilated, but the cells are dark and without ventilation. The number of prisoners was five, of whom four were awaiting trial. No escapes. The prisoners have meat, vegetables, bread, and coffee, three times a day. The majority of prisoners are, the jailor says, drunk when they commit crime, and ilrunk when arrested. Most of those»in this jail are from other state-*. A. large number of negros — ex- convicts — were brought from Tennessee to this county, to work in the mines. Five of them have been convicted, and some are now awaiting trial. The only convict discharged from the penitentiary, who is now a resident of the county, is leading an honest life. 201 Jasper. — Visited June 5, 1884. When inspected, the jail was empty. Since our last visit, a lever lock has been pat in position, whicli is operated from the outside of the prisoners' corridor. The jail is in good order in in every respect, neatly painted, and the wood floors of the outer corridor as clean as they can be made. One prisoner escaped through the hall, but was recaptured. The prisoners are required to bathe twice a week. The majority of them are from other states. Many escape, from want of testimony sutScient to convict them. The jailor thinks that prisoners should receive instruction during the period of their incarceration, and after they are discharged, they should be encouraged and aided to do right ; and that, if this were done, some of them might be reformed. The pastors of the different churches sometimes visit the jail. Two ex-convicts from the penitentiary are now living in the county, and are industrious and apparently honest. Jefferson. — Visited June 8, 1884. There is no change in this prison. It needs whitewashing, and the mattresses and blankets are badly worn. No escapes. The number of prisoners present was six, four of them from Hamilton county. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, cofifee, beefsteak with gravy, biscuit and molasses. Din- ner, meat, vegetables and bread. Supper, the same as breakfast, except that bacon is substituted for beefsteak. There is no library, no opportunity for exercise, except in the corridors, and no relig- ious services. Prisoners have lights at night. They are required to bathe weekly, and have a weekly change of underclothes. The jailor has occupied his present position for nine years, during which time about three hundred and thirty prisoners have passed through his hands. In his opinion, the principal cause of the prevalence of crime is intemperance. He mentions the case of a man who killed a neighbor, but, when not under the influence of liquor, was the most perfect gentleman he ever knew. [It is worthy of note, that nearly all the special cases cited by sheriffs and jailors, in confirm- ation of the theory that liquor is the proper cause of crime, are cases in which the crimes committed were crimes not against prop- erty but against the person, and for the most part crimes of vio- lence.] About half of the prisoners are from other counties. About two-thirds are convicted, Those who are acquitted, escape, for the most part, through the perjury of witnesses and the sympathy of jurors. It is his belief that petty larceny should be made a peni- tentiary oli'ence, since jail sentences have no terror for evil-doers. ,He believes, further, that sentenced prisoners should be employed at hard labor, and that, with this view, the state should assume the custody of all prisoners ; also, that jails should be built upon the separate system. The Presbyterian minister in .Mount Vernon takes a special interest in prisoners, and visits them in jail, but the jailor can see but .little result. A majority of the convicts discharged from the penitentiary, who return to the county, are leading honest lives. Jersey. — Visited July 2, 1881. The jail and court-house were de- stroyed by fire, January 6, 188-4. Four of the prisoners died through suffocation. The hre is supposed to have caught from a stove-pipe. •2()'2 Tlie slu'ritl' lived ahout two Ijlocks from the jail, and liavinc; the key in his possession, the prisoners were sutfoeated JK'fore tiiey could be taken out. The county will decide what to do about rel)uihling, at the meeting of the county board, next November, When visited, there was one prisoner, awaiting trial, who was found in the city calaboose. JoDaviess. — Visited August *28, 188:1 This jail, which is new, is clean, light and well ventilated. When inspected, it was empty. There have beeu no escapes. Prisoners are punished for the infrac- tion of rules, by placing them in cells without bedding. There is a small library connected with the jail, and nt'*vspapc;rs are furuished, upon request. Prisoners bathe and have their clothing .changed weekly. They sleep on straw mattresses, with blankets, ])illows and pillow-slips. The jail is lighted at night. Of the eight prisoners received since last December, only two were convicted. Johnson, — Visited May 14, 1884. This county has no jail. The prisoners are taken to Alexander county. KA.NE.^-Visited August 16, 1^83. There were eighteen prisoners, of whom nine were insane, for whom there was no room, either at the state hospital or on the county farm. One insane person escaped through the corridor, and has not been recaptured. The jail IS as well kept as possible, but the cells are so dark, that nothing can be seen in them without a light. The corridor on the north side is also very dark. It is an extremely imcouifortable prison, and a very improper place for keeping the insane. The eifect of the habitual criminals act, passed by the General Assembly at its last session, has been felt, in this county, in the reduc- tion of crime. The sheritJ would favor the erection of district prisons, by the legislature, with workshops attached, but does not think that separate imprisonment would bo practicable, nor the ett'ect upon prisoners good. The only prisoners who can be reformed, in his judgment, are the young, and those who commit crime through the heat of passion or inexperience ; but some men steal from natural im])ulsc, which is ineradicable. Kankakee. — Visited August o(>, 1888. This jail is in fair condition in respect to cleanliness, but the ventilation is bad, and the cells and middle corridor are so dark, that artificial light is used during the day. Without a light in the cells, nothing could be seen. Since our last visit, new cots have been provided, with hoop-iron slats. A i)Uinp has also been ])laced in the cistern. The number of |)ris()ners in coninienK'i\t was three, of whom two were awaiting trial. There have been no escapes. The dietjiry is as follows: Breakfast, beefsteak, ])otatoes, bread, biscuits and butter, and cotfee. Dinner, souj), boiled l)eef, potatoes and l)read. Supper, tea, cold meat, bread and butter, and fruits in their season. The mnjority of prisoners are from other counties. Neaily all of those who are accused are convicted. The jailor thinks that seventy-live per cent, of the prisoners who have passed through his hands could be 203 reformed, if employment could be found for them. As a rule, con- victs who return from tlie psnitentiary cannot find employment, and' are compelled either to lead a life of vagrancy or dishonesty. One case was mentioned by him, of a convict sent to the penitentiary, under a fifteen years' sentence, for murdering his wife, who has been at home for seven years, and is a good, respectable citizen. Another was sent up for horae-stealing, who returned, and was sent back to the penitentiary, for the same offence, in less than thirty days. The sheriff thinks that the state should provide work-houses for the care of all prisoners, and relieve the counties of this re- sponsibility. The want of employment in the jails not only demor- alizes prisoners, but l)reaks down their health. He doubts, however, the propriety of separate imprisonment, for the reason that man is a social being, and requires companionship and society, for his best physical and mental development. Kendall. — Visited August 10, 1883. The cells are dark and un- ventilated. The interior was clean, having been recently wdiite- washed. The prison is as comfortable as it can be made, but one of the prisoners stated that, the first night he occupied his cell, he nearly smothered for the want of air. There w'ere two in confine- ment, both awaiting trial. The prisoners are supplied with food from the sheriff's own table. In the opinion of the county clerk, the great want of this state, in order to secure a more efficient repres- sion of crime, is more speedy trial and fewer changes of venue. Nearly all the ex-convicts from the penitentiary, wdio have returned to the county, have relapsed into crime. There is no one in the county, who takes any special interest in prisoners. Kxox. — Visited September 10, 1883. One side only of this jail was occupied, at the time of the visit. The number of prisoners present was tw^elve, of whom seven were awaiting trial, two serving sentence, and three were insane. The condition of the prison was good in all respects. No change, since the last report. The jail register was fully written up. The dietary is as follows : Break- fast, beefsteak, fried potatoes., bread and molasses, and coffee. For dinner, meat, with potatoes and gravy, bread and molasses and pudding. Supper, bread and molasses, tea, vegetables and pickles. Prisoners who misbehave are locked in their cells and put upon a bread and water diet. There is no jail library, but books and papers are furnished to prisoners, v.'hen requested. No occupation for pris- oners. Exercise is possible only in the corridors. Eeligious services are held in the jail, on Sunday afternoon, but the jailors thinks they are not of much benefit. Prisoners are allowed lights at night. They are required to bathe weekly. The sheriff has occupied his present position for three years, and was deputy for three years previous, during which time one hundred and eighty-eight prisoners passed through his hands. He has also been a constable for five years, and has conversed a great deal with prisoners on the subject of their personal history. He attrilnites the prevalence of crime principally to the use of whiskey, having known of many instances in which no wrong was ever alleged against certain oifenders, until after they commenced drinking. He approves the legislation of last 204 session, increasing tbe punishment of erinie for the second otience, and would favor greater severity in the treatn)ent of chronic thieves. Judges sliouhl have discretion as to the amount of punisliment to he inflicted upon first offenders. Most of the prisoners in this county are said to come from other counties. \Vhat are kncnvn as "revol- vers" are not sent to the jail, but to the calaboose. Aljout one- fourth of tht)se charged witli crime escape conviction, most of them from want of testimony. The effect of jail life upon prisoners is bad. A man who serves a jail sentence for some petty (jffence, is not, as a rule, a very bad man ; but association with those who are, of necessity makes him worse. He would favor the construction of jails with separate cells, rendering all communication between >pris- oners impossible. He would prefer to see the state take charge of all prisoners, and put them to work, since the county cannot make labor in prison profitable. So far as his observation extends, there is very little hope of reforming prisoners, except first offenders. Most of those who return from the penitentiary relapse into crime. Lake. — Visited August 13, 188:). This is a basement jail. It is in very good condition in respect to cleanliness, and is well lighted and ventilated. The principal criticism to make upon it is that there is no adequate provision for female prisoners. They are kept in what is called the debtors' room, which is very insecure. At the time of inspection, there were twelve prisoners, two of whom were city prisoners. The rest, one of whom was a woman, were awaiting trial. This woman, with her two sons, was charged with sheep- stealing on a quite extensive scale, and all three of them make great efforts to break jail. The sheriff says that they have a key in their possession, or hid where he can't find it, which will unlock the jail doors, and they have friends outside to help them to tools, etc. They have succeeded in cutting off six or seven bars of the jail win- dow, and would have made their escape, but for his vigilance. This woman is locked up in a cell in the same department with the men. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, cotfee, bread, and potatoes. Dinner, a meat stew, with beans or peas. Supper, coffee and bread. Prisoners who misbehave are fed on bread and water, and are locked in their cells. The sheriff thinks that three-quarters of his prisoners, of whom he has had three hundred in the last seven years, are criminals in consequence of intemperance. The majority of them are non-residents of the county. He thinks that the crimi- nal law should be amended, hrst, l)y allowing special terms of court, so that prisoners may be tried without delay; second, by giving to the people the right of exception and ai)peal : and third, by making changes of venue discretionary with the judge. LaSalle.— Visited August 28, 1883. The jail, which is new, — and a complete descri])tion of it was given in our last report — was found to be in excellent condition, well ventilated and clean. An im])rove- ment has been made, by removing the heating-apjiaratus from the basement to a new building erected on the rear i)ortion of the jail lot. It is ])roposed to heat the jail by steam. The jail register was found fully written up. The number of prisoners present was ten, of whom live were awaiting trial, four serving sentence, and oue 205 was sentenced to the penitentiary and awaiting removal. Since our last visit, lour prisoners have escaped from this prison, through the ventilator. The following is the diet tal)le: Breakfast, beefsteak, potatoes, bread and coffee. (But hash is substituted for steak on Tuesday, and mutton-chops on Friday ; fried bread is given on Mon- day and Saturday, and fried mush on Wednesday). For dinner, the prisoners have beef every day, except on Monday, when they have have pork and beans ; soup is furnished twice a week, potatoes twice, rice once and cabbage once. The usual supper is bread and tea, but, on Sun- day, bread and milk. Molasses is furnished on Tuesday and Friday. Prisoners who misbehave are locked in their cells and put upon a bread and water diet. Daily papers are furnished to prisoners, but there is no library. The sisters of charity visit the prison. Prisoners are required to bathe twice a week. In the opinion of the jailor, the principal causes of the prevalence of crime are want of educa- tion and of parental care. About half the prisoners in this county are from other localities. Most of those who have been sent from the county to the penitentiary, and have returned home, have gone back to the penitentiary. There are many prisoners committed repeatedly for minor offences, principally for selling liquor contrary to law, who pay their lines and resume their business immediately upon ther discharge. Drunkards also are repeatedly committed. Nearly al? prisoners charged with high crimes are convicted. The effect of jail life upon prisoners is bad. There is some hope of the reformation of first offenders, but for most who have grown old in crime no reform is possible. Lawrence. — Visited June 4, 1884. There has been no change in this jail, except that it has been thoroughly cleaned and newly whitewashed. There have been two escapes, through the floor. When visited, Ihe jail was empty. Prisoners who misbehave, are in this county, put in irons. There is no library, no occupation for prisoners, no opportunity for exercise, no religious services, and no facilities for bathing. Prisoners are not required to bathe. They have lights at night, and their underclothing is changed once a week. They sleep on mattresses, with blankets. Mrs. Turner, of Lawrenceville, takes an interest in prisoners and visits them, with good effect. The majority of convicts discharged from the peniten • tiary are leading honest lives. Lee. — Visited August 14, 1883. The walls of this prison have been profusely ornamented, by one of the prisoners, with drawings representing ships under full sail, the capture of forts, cavalry charges, etc. One of the prisoners has amused his leisure moments, by the construction of the model of a ship, which exhibits consider- able artistic taste. Since our last report, iron cross-bars have been placed upon the windows. The jail was found in its usual good condition. There were ten prisoners, of whom nine were awaiting trial, and one was insane. One of the prisoners is a first rate mechanic, but when on a spree, he has no self-control. He is charged with burglary, having stolen clothing from a dwelling-house, in order to obtain liquor by selhng it. His connections are respecta- ble. Not more than half of the .prisoners committed are residents of the county. Ahout two-tliirds of the accused are convicted. The sheiilf thinks that jails are schools of rascahty, and that the prisoners should be classiti.-d, so as to separate the younj^' from the old; but this is impracticable, so long as they are intrusted to the care of county authorities. The erection of proper prisons would cost more than the county Ihiances would warrant, and the care of all prisoners shoulil be assumed by the state. Livingston. — Visited August 31, 1883. An addition to the jailor's residence is in progress of erection; but there is no change in the prison itself, in which there should be built a department for female prisoners, separate from the men, as required by law. The sewer emits a foul odor, which ])ermeates the entire jail. This could be remedied, by inserting a pipe in the sewer, outside the jail, for ventilation, and carrymg this pipe to the top of the jail, which would prevent the sewer-gas from entering the jail. There were seven prisoners, of whom six were awaiting trial. There have been no escapes. The prisoners sleep on husk mattresses, with straw pillows and blankets. The majority of them are from other counties, and some from other states. The erection of workhouses by the state, for the custody of prisoners charged with minor offences, would not only be better for the prisoners themselves, but would, in the opinion of the sheriff, save money for the people of the state. Logan. — Visited August '29, 1883. There is nothing new to report. The jail is in excellent order in every respect; the numl)er of pris- oners live, of wiiom three were awaiting trial. Since our last report, there have been three escapes, by knocking down the turnkey and passing him at the door. Prisoners have meat, bread, potatoes and rice, three times a day, and coffee in the morning only. The religious services formerly held in this jail have been discontinued. The present jailor has occupied his position for four years, and has had personal knowledge of two hundred and fifty prisoners. He attributes most of the crimes committed by them to intemperance, but thinks that prohibition would have only a partial influence in the prevention of crime. About half of the prisoners are from Logan county. About two-thirds of the accused are convicted. The sheriff thinks that the law relating to change of venue requires amendment. He would approve of the state assuming the cliarge of all prisoners, and employing them, at hard labor, in prisons so constructed as not to admit of communication between prisoners, under any circumstances. Macon. — Visited May 27, 1884. The prison is well kept. Since our last report, a steam-healing apparatus has been introduced. The numbar of prisoners present was thirty-two, thirty-one men and one woman, of whom three were city prisoners. Of the county prisoners, twenty-three were awaiting trial, and six serving jail sen- tence. Prisoners who misbehave are locked in their cells, and their bedding taken from them. City prisoners are worked u])on the streets. The present sherilf, during the past nineteen months, has come into personal contact with about six hundred prisoners. The principal causes of crime, in his estimation, are intemperance 207 and the want of education. About one-fourth of those committed to jail are residents of the county. The rest are vagrants and tramps. About half of tbose committed are convicted. The sheriff would favor the assumption of the control of all prisoners by the state. Religious services are held in the jail by the Young Men's Christian. Association. A few of the prisoners seem to enjoy the meeting, but the effect upon them seems to be but slight. Macoupin. — Visited June 25, 18S4. No change, since the last visit, except that the jail had been newly whitewashed. The upper cells are well ventihxted and lighted, but those in the low^er tier are poorly ventilated and dark, especially those on the west side. The number of prisoners was four, all of whom were awaiting trial. There have been no escapes. Prisoners are fed from the sheriff's table. They are taken out on the streets, occasionally, for exercise. Of those in confinement, one, charged with murder, was so intoxi- cated at the time of the commission of the act, that he has no knowledge or recollection of it. The criminal law in this county appears to be effectively administered. About nine-tenths of those accused are convicted. Eeligious services are held in the jail, by students from Blackburn University. Madison. — Visited May 23, 1884. There were seven prisoners, five of whom were awaiting trial. No escapes. The prison is in good condition and clean, but a little odor was noticeable from the vault underneath. The majority of prisoners are residents of the county. About one-third of those accused are convicted. The sheriff is of the opinion that the state should take charge of all prisoners, and employ them at hard labor ; but thinks that the separate system would be too expensive to be practicable. The only prisoners of whose reformation he has any hope, are those who have com- mitted crime in the heat of passion or under severe temptation. Maeion. — Visited September 21, 1S83. Since our last report, a vote has been taken, in this county, upon the question of building a new jail, and the measure was defeated by a small majority. I is supposed that, under a new county administration, the jail will be built, and the county-seat question disposed of. The present jail is in wretched condition, but as well kept as possible under the circumstances. There were three prisoners, all awaiting trial. To the inquiry, how prisoners who misbehave when in jail are pun- ished, the jailor replied it is impossible to punish them any worse than they are punished. He thinks that prisoners should be em- ployed at hard labor, and that it is better to find work for them in the counties where the offences are committed, than to put them in state or district prisons. Marshall. — Visited September 4, 1883. There were present two male prisoners, awaiting trial. Tbe dietary is the same as that served on the slier ff's table. Prisoners who misbehave are locked in cells for twenty-four hours. There is no library, but papers and books are furnished by the sheriff. No opportunity to exercise, ex- cept in corridors. Prisoners have light at night. Tubs are furnished 208 for liathiii^ purposes. No rule as to how often they are recninvd to hiithe. I'luknlothing washed and clianged weekly. Bedding, blankets and unittre.sses. The shentf has heen connected with the jail ahout three years; during that time, about thirty jirisoners have passed through his hands. It is his opinion that drink is the prin- cipal cause of the ]nevalence of crime. an()nt lialf of those accused are con- victed. The sheriff thinks tliat justices of tlie peace and constables should he paid fees for actiiij,' in criminal cases, in order to stimu- late them to make the necessary arrests. The effect of jail life upon first offenders is sometimes beneficial, but as a rule it is injurious. It would be better for the community and for the prisoners themselves, if they were in charge of the state, rather than the county officers. Most of the ex-convicts from the peniten- tiary, who have returned t(j the county, are leading honest lives. The sheriff has known only two, who were reconvicted. The liev. Mr. Wilson and Mrs. Purgitt take an interest in prisoners and visit the jail occasionally. Pope. — Visited May 10, 1HS4. There is nothing to commend in this jail. It is as bad as it can be. There were four i)risoners, all awaiting trial. They are fed from the jailor's table. They sleep on straw beds, and are provided with blankets. Their underclotliiilg is changed once a week, but there are no facilities for bathing, and they are not required to bathe. The sheriff thinks that the crimi- nal law should l)e changed, so as to allow amendments to the in- dictments. He would' be glad to see all prisoners in charge of the state. Prisoners who have been discharged from the penitentiary usually relapse into crime in this county. Out of three who have been discharged within the last three years, two have been recon- victed. Pulaski. — Visited May 14, 1884. There were nine prisoners, all of them awaitmg trial. The majority of prisoners are residents of this county. About half of those accused are convicted. Putnam. — Visited September 5, 1883. The sheriff was absent. The jail was in much the same condition as heretofore stated by us. It is a miserable prison and unfit to be used for the purpose. It was empty when inspected. PiANDOLPH. — Visited May 7, 1884. This is a cellar jail, very dark and unventilated, but apparently strong. There were two prisoners, both awaiting trial. There have been two escapes, but both were recaptured. The men were outside, carrying coal into the i)rison. The sheriff and jailor were both absent at the time of this visit. Richland. — ^'isited June 5, 1.S84. The county authorities are talk- ing of building a new jail. The present one should be abandoned. There was only one prisoner, awaiting trial. No escapes. The majority of prisoners are from other counties and states. About half of the accused are convicted. Many of those acquitted escajje through false testimony. The jailor thinks that every man who steals tifty cents should be sent to the penitentiary. The state should take charge of all prisoners, and employ them at hard lai)or, but prisons on the separate plan would cost more than the public can afford. '215 EocK Island. — Visited September 12, 1883. The jail was found as usual, clean and well ventilated. There has been no change in construction. At a table in the corridor, were boys of sixteen years and under, playing cards with adult prisoners. The sheriff says that he has no conveniences for a proper classification of prisoners. The number of prisoners present was twenty-three, of whom four- teen were awaiting trial, and nine were serving jail sentence. No escapes. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, bread and molasses, potatoes and coffee. Dinner, meat soup, bread and potatoes. Supper, bread and molasses, and coffee. Prisoners who misbehave are locked in a dark cell, and put upon bread and water diet. There is no jail library, but books and papers are furnished to prisoners. There is no occupation for prisoners, and no oppor- tunity for exercise, except in the corridor. No religious service. They are allowed to have l.ghts at night, and are required to bathe weekly. They sleep on straw, and have pillows and blankets. The sheriff thinks that the principal causes of the prevalence of crime are idleness and depravity ; and to diminish the amount of crime in the community, he recommends castration and the whipping- post. The majority of prisoners are from other counties or states. Very few sent from this county to the nenitentiary return, and the majority of those who do, go back to the penitentiary. About half of those committed to prison are convicted. Some of them are falsely accused. Others escape, through false swearing on the part of their associates, and trickery on the part of the lawyers who defend them. A small percentage of prisoners might be reformed, if they were taken in hand and ■ assisted by good people. The effect of jail life upon piisoners is bad. The older ones can not be made much worse, but the younger are gradually corrupted by as- sociation, which ought to be prevented. He would favor the con- struction of jails with solitary cells. Saline. — Visited May 15, 1884. We are sorry to say that there is no prospect of a new jail in this county at present. The one now occupied is overcrowded, poorly ventilated, in process of rapid decay, and it contains no facilities for properly handling or classi- fying prisoners. There were three in confinement, when inspected. The sheriff believes that the effect of the law increasing punishment for second offences is good. Sangamon. — Visited June 26, 1884. This prison is in two parts. In the old jail, the cells are all of wood; they have been long in use, and it is difficult to keep them free from vermin. The old part is used exclusively for the imprisonment of women and boys. The new part is remarkably neat, clean and well ventilated. No change, since our last report. When visited, there were thirty-nine prisoners, of whom fourteen were awaiting trial, twenty-four serving sentence, and one was insane. Discipline is administered by lock- ing prisoners in their cells, and chaining them, if necessary. Prisoners sleep on wire mattresses, and are furnished with blankets. They are required to bathe, and their underclothing is changed, once a week. Papers are furnished, on request. No library. Pie- ligious services are held in the prison, every Sunday, by the Young •210 Men's Christian Association. During the year and a luilf that the present jailor lias oecni)ieil his position, sixteen hundred and thirty- jour prisoners have passt-d through liis hamls. He attributes the pruvahnn-e of crime to whiskey as the principal cause. He would favor prohibition, and he would estaldish the whipping-])ost. The majority of prisoners are from other counties and states. About two-thirds of those accused are convicted. Failure to convict is generally due to the al)Sence of witnesses and want of vigorous prosecution. Punishment of crime should, he thinks, be more severe than it now is. The eifect of jail life upon ])risoner8 is bad, but he believes that it would be practicable to build a jail upon the separate plan, and that, in this county, the prisoners could be worked to advantage by the county authorities. Very few of the ex-convicts from Joliet are leading honest lives. About one-third of them are reconvicted. ScHiYLER. — Visited June 16, 1884. The county authorities are about to remove the old cells and replace them with steel cells. The jail was empty, when visited. One prisoner escaped, by tear- ing down the box belonging to the water-closet, passing up stairs and out. Prisoners are fed from the sheriff's table. The sheriff was absent. Scott. — Visited June 30, 1884. This jail has been very much improved. A steel cage has been placed in position, containing two large cells, each cell accommodating four prisoners. An iron tank has been l)uilt, in the jailor's corridor, which is tilled by a force-pump, and a fixed wash-stand and privy-seat have been placed inside the cage. The entire improvement cost three thou- sand dollars. The Hoors were clean, the cells tolerably well venti- lated, and the light is good. One prisoner escaped, under the south wall. When inspected, there were three present, all awaiting trial. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, meat, potatoes, bread and butter, and coffee. Dinner, bread, meat and vegetables, with pie, pudding or fruit. Supper, same as breakfast, witli the addi- tion of fruit. The prisoners sleep in hammocks, and have blankets. There are no special facilities for bathing, but clothing is changed weekly. Nearly all of the accused are convicted. The sheriif thinks that the state should take charge of all prisoners, but believes that the separate plan would involve great expense, and the prisoners could not be so isolated as to prevent them from communicating with each other. Of the ex-convicts from the penitentiary, three- fourths relapse into crime, and are reconvicted. Miss Parker, Mrs. Gregg, Mrs. Miner and Mrs. Green take an interest in prisoners, and visit them in the jail. Stark. — Visited September 15, 1883. No prisoners are ke])t in this jail for any length of time. Those sent to it are transferred to Peoria. A new jail will have to be erected soon. SiirxiiY. — Visited July KJ, 1H84. The corridors of this jail are so insecure, that it is necessary to lock prisoners in their cells both day and night. The cells are so jjoorly ventilated, that the prison- •217 ers suffer for the want of pure air. The jail has been repainted re- cently, and is in good order. The number of prisoners present was eight, seven men and one woman, all awaiting trial. No escapes. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, hash or beef, bread, butter, molasses and coffee. Dinner, roast beef, vegetables, corn and wheat bread, and pie. Supper, fried potatoes, bread, butter, molasses and "sauce." Prisoners who misl)ehave are handcutt'ed and shackled, and in obstinate cases they are tied with ropes, so that they can not move hand or foot. There is no library. Papers are furnished, when desired. Ijghts are allowed at night. Prisoners have no oc- cupation, and have no opportunity to exercise. No religious services are held. There are no facilities for bathing, and no rule requiring it. Prisoners' underclothing is washed and changed weekly. The deputy sheriff is of the opinion that a lack of parental authority is the principal cause of the prevalence of crime, and that proper training and care during childhood will diminish the amount of crime in the community. He has very little faith in the reforma- tion of thieves, and thinks that the effect of jail life upon prisoners is bad. He is not in favor of the solitary system of imprisonment. He says that the county can not furnish labor to prisoners profita- bly, and that the state should have the custody of those serving jail sentence and place them at work. About three-fourths of those charged with crime are convicted. St. Clair. — Yisited May 6, 1884. This county does not see its way clear to the construction of a new jail, which is very much needed. The county has outgrown the present prison. There were eighteen prisoners, of whom seventeen were awaiting trial, and one, William Brown, was awaiting execution for murdering a peddler. Two prisoners escaped, by digging through the wall, one of whom was recaptured. Prisoners in this jail are as well fed as in any prison in the state. They have the same food and the same variety as the jailor himself. They are furnished with straw beds, blankets and coverlets. No facilities for bathing. Underclothing is changed weekly. The jail is not lighted at night. Prisoners are allowed ex- ercise in the hall for one hour every other day. if they misbehave, they are put upon bread and water diet. The present jailor has held his position for twenty-five years, and is of opinion that the criminality of jDrisoners is born in them. Some men think that crime is the result of intemperance, but his observation is that the worst prisoners do not drink at all. The majority of prisoners are from other counties and states. Those arrested for minor offences are not confined in the jail, but in the station-house. About four- fifths of the accused are convicted. The county has it in contem- plation to build a workhouse, near East St. Louis. But one person was named as taking special interest in the prisoners and visiting the prison — the Reverend Mr. Leigh. Few of the ex-conviets from the penitentiary are reformed. Most of them are reconvicted, and many of those sent for the first time from this county have been in the penitentiary before, either in this state or some other. Stephenson. — Yisited August 22, 1883. This jail was in excellent order, having been newly painted. There were three prisoners, of 218 wliom two were awaitinf,' trial. No escapes. Drunken men are contiuecl in the city prison. Miss Winnie C. Taylor, of Freeport, takes an interest in i)ri8oners and visits the jail. So far as the sheritfs knows, the ex-convicts from Joliet returned to this county are leading honest lives. He does not know of one who has been reconvicted. Tazewell. — Visited September 3, 1888. There has been no change and no improvement in this jail, which is one of the worst in the state. It IS kept as clean as possible under the circumstances. The ventilation is very bad. There is no drainage, and the surface water sometimes stands upon the floor. There were seven prisoners, all of whom were awaiting trial. Prisoners are furnished, for break- fast, meat and i)otatocs, bread and cotiee ; for dinner, meat and vegetables, with bread ; for supper, l)read and meat, and vegetables. Those who misbehave are locked in their cells and put upon bread and water diet. They are allowed to have daily papers. No occupation. The only opportunity for exercise is in the corri- dors. No religious services are held in the jail. It is lighted at night. Tubs are furnished to prisoners for bathing, but there is no rule requiring them to Jjathe. The sheriff has been connected with the prison for live years, and a hundred and eighty-eight ])risoners have passed through his hands. In his judgment, the principal causes of the prevalence of crime are bad training and tht- use of liquor. He thinks that the manufacture of whiskey ought to be stopped. More than two-thirds of the prisoners of this county are from other counties and other states. Many of those sent from this county to the penitentiary return home, when discharged, and those that do return, so far as the sheritt' knows, have reformed. He believes that most prisoners may be reformed, though there are a few whom it seems to be impossible to reform. The effect of jail life upon prisoni'rs, he believes to be both good and bad. Not more than one-half of the prisoners committed are convicted, and the principal causes of this miscarriage of justice are the failure of witnesses to appear and the technicalities of lawyers. He believes it to be the duty of the state to take charge of all prisoners under sentence, and to compel them to labor while in prison. Union. — Visited May 10, 1884. This is a strong jail, l)ut very dark and uncomfortable, the opening i)eing small and the ventilation bad. When insi)ected, the walls had been newly whitewashed, and it looked clean and neat. There has been no change, exceiit the addition of an iron grated door. Tlie nunil>er of prisoners was four, of whom three were awaiting trial. The jailor states that before the prohibition of the sale of liquor in Jonesboro, the calaboose was rarely empty. Since license was refused, there has not been a man in it. The majority of ex-convicts from the penitentiary have been reconvicted. 219 Vermilion. — Visited July 14, 1834. There is no change to note in the condition of this jail. It is always in excellent order; clean, well lighted and ventilated. Eight prisoners escaped, since the last visit; four of them by the aid of a key, and the others by manipu- lating the bolts on their cell-doors. Seven of them were recaptured. There were sixteen prisoners present ; fifteen men and one woman, of whom ten were awaiting trial, five were serving jail sentence, and one was insane. There is no library, but the daily papers are furnished. Prisoners have no occupation, and no oppdptunity for exercise, except in corridors. Religious services are held, on the first Sunday of each month, by the W. C. T. U. Prisoners have lights at night. They have facilities for bathing, but bathing is not required. Their bedding consists of mattresses and blankets. The jailor hns been connected with the jail for the last four years, and during that time he has handled about four hundred and fifty prisoners. He is of the opinion that whiskey is the main cause of crime, and that bad literature ruins a great many boys. He says : "We have a large gang of boys in the city of Danville, who, through reading the Police Gazette and dime novels, have become criminals." He thinks that the sale of liquor and contaminating literature should be prohibited. About seven-tenths of those charged with crime are convicted. The jailor suggests that the law be amended so that immediate trials may be had, and that for the first olfense the sentence should be short. He thinks that some- thing should be done for the reformation of criminals, and that, since idleness is the mother of vice, work should be found for them as soon as they are discharged. He is in favor of building jails on the solitary system, for the reason that jail life is corrupting, and that when prisoners are associated together, the jail has no terror for them. He says that the county could not furnish labor to pris- oners, so as to make it profitable ; and that it would be better for the state to control them, and cause them to earn their bread. He does not regard the penitentiary as a reformatory institution, for while some who return lead honest lives, the most of them are sent back. Wabash. — Visited June 4, 1884. Wabash county has no jail. Prisoners are temporarily locked in the calaboose of Mt. Carmel, and sent to the Edwards county jail, at Albion. Warren. — Visited September 11, 1£83. There is little need of saying anything about the present jail, which we have often criti- cised in former reports, since the county is now erecting a new one, which is nearly finished, at a cost of thirty thousand dollars. The number of prisoners present was six, of whom five were await- ing trial, and one was insane. No escapes. Prisoners are fur- nished, for breakfast, meat, potatoes, bread and butter, and coffee ; for dinner, roast beef, potatoes, and bread and butter; and for supper, l)read, butter, molasses and rice. There is no library, but books and papers are furnished, on request. There is no occupa- tion for prisoners, and no opportunity for exercise. Pieligious ser- vices are held in the jail, every Sunday, which are conducted by the Y. M. C. A., and are thought by the sheriff to have a good effect. The jail is lighted at nij/iit. Prisoners are re(|uired to bathe once ii month. Tluy sleep on miittresses, and have blankets and pillows. The sheritr thinks whiskey the principal cause of crime, since he has known men who were good citizens, before forming the habit of drinking, who ijecame offenders afterwards. He would, if he had tlie power, take children away from })arentH who do not train them proi)erly. Most of the prisoners are from other counties. Not many of those who are sent from this county to the peniten- tiary ever return, and those who do relapse into crime. He can only recall one instance in which a convict released from the peni- tentiary has reformed. So far as his personal knowledge extends, prisoners are often recommitted to jail; some are turned out m the morning, and locked up again at night. About one-fourth escape conviction, prim-ipally through the failure of the prosecution, on account of the want of evidence. Some, of course, are falseiy ac- cused. In reply to the question, How ought the criminal law to be amended, in order to render it more effective '? he responded that noi)ody ought to be allowed to swear out a warrant, unless he is perfectly sober. He has little faith in the probability of reforming habitual criminals, but thinks that those under eighteen years of age might be reformed. The effect of jail life upon prisoners he regards as good, because it causes them to fear to commit crime ; and he thinks that some of those who are committed go out better men, though others are made worse. He believes in the construc- tion of jails with separate cells, and in county workhouses. The county board is at present considering the question of a county workhouse in Warren county. The following is a description of the jail now in process of erec- tion : The sheriff's residence is a two-story l)rick building, which fronts west. The jail proper is of the same material, and is con- nected with the residence, in the rear. The jail contains two de- partments, one for each sex. The department for females adjoins the residence. It contains a large day-room, and two tiers of cells, one above the other, with three cells in each tier. The cells are constructed of steel plate, and have doors of cross- barred steel. The department for males is a room about thirty feet square, which contains two tiers of cells, one above the other, with three cells and a water-closet and bath-room in each tier. A prisoners' corri- dor, five feet in width, extends along the front of each tier. The cells are eleven feet by six feet six inches, and seven feet in height. The sides, lloors and ceilings of the cells, and the lloors and ceilings of the corridors, are of steel plate, and the do(U-s and backs of tlie cells and the grating which encloses the corridors are of cross- barred steel. Each cell is ventilati'd by a four-inch pipe, which runs up on the outside of the cell through the ceiling and roof. Each tii'r of cells is locked by a lever bar-lock, and each cell may l)e locked se])arately. A jailor's corridor, six feet in width, extends arn\ni(l three sides of the cells. Washington. — Visited .lune '2, l.S8t. No prisoners. The jail had been newly whitewashed, and was clean and in good order. The old court-house burned down, January 21), LSb3. A new building is 221 in course of erection, under contract, for twenty-five thousand dol- lars. The sheritf thinks that separate confinement for prisoners would be too severe, Wayne, — Visited September 22, 1883, It is impossible to keep this jail in good order. It should be torn down. Except as a terror to evil-doers, it has no value whatever. There is no prospect of a new jail being erected to take its place. When inspected, there were four prisoners, all awaiting trial. White, — Visited May 16, 1884, A coat of whitewash would im- prove the looks of this prison. The county has recently erected a new court-house, at a cost of about twenty thousand dollars, and a new jail is talked of. We trust that it may be built. There was only one prisoner, who was awaiting trial, A boy, fourteen years old, escaped from this jail, by digging through the wall. Whenever there is a sutiicient number of prisoners to justify it, religious ser- vices are held on Sunday, Mrs. Buckles and others take an inter- est in prisoners, and visit the jail. The present jailor has been in office for six years, and has had charge of about three hundred prisoners. He thinks that intemperance is the principal cause of crime. About half of those committed are from other counties, and about half of the accused are convicted. He complains that, in the winter time, a good many tramps commit petty theft for the purpose of securing winter quarters in jail. The state should, he thinks, take charge of all prisoners, and provide work for them. Whiteside, — Visited August 14, 1883. The jail is clean and well ventilated. Water is supplied from an artesian well. There has been no change, since the last visit, ^yhen inspected, there were live prisoners, four of whom were awaiting trial. There have been no escapes. The new act, inflicting severer punishment in the case of a second offense, works well. The sherift" thinks that the influ- ence of jail life is bad, that thieves are irreclaimable, that men who commit crime in the heat of passion usually reform, and that there should be no jail sentences, but that all prisoners should be sent to the penitentiary or to some other state prison. He is not in favor of separate imprisonment, on account of the expense, and because he thinks that solitary confinement does not tend to im- provement. Will, — Visited August 27, 1883, There is no change in the con- dition or appearance of this jail. The number of prisoners was sixteen, of whom eleven were awaiting trial, three serving jail sen- tence, and two were insane. There is a dark cell, in which prison- ers who misbehave are confined on occasion. Prisoners sleep on leather stretchers, and are furnished with blankets. They are re- quired to bathe, and have their clothing changed, weekly. The only opportunity for exercise is in the corridors. The jail is lighted at night. Papers are furnished to prisoners, when requested, and there are religious services on the Sabbath, which are conducted by the Young Men's Christian Association, and the agent of the Bible Society. Five himdred ami four prisoners have passed tbroufjh the hands of the present jailor. He attributes the prevalence of crime to inteni])erance, the want of education, and evil associations. He says that lie sees the effect of li(iuor every day, and that the liquor tratiic should be suppressed. About half of tliose committed are non-residents of the county. About sixty per cent, of the accused are convicted. The rest escape, through want of evidence and on technicalities. More speedy trials are a desideratum. The effect of jail life is bad, and the state should assume the control of sentenced prisoners. He would not approve of the separate system, but thinks that the law of classiticatiou should be rigidly enforced. Most of the prisoners discharged from the penitentiary return to their old associations and habits. Williamson. — Visited May 21, 1884. The jail has been burned down, having been set on fire by two persons, in September, 188*2, both of whom were sent to the penitentiary. No jail at all, how- ever, is an improvement on tlie old one. Prisoners from this county are now sent to Perry county, for safe-keeping, when there are any. For the su])pression of crime, the sheriff thinks that a better class of jurors are necessary, and that men should be allowed to serve who claim to have formed an opinion through reading newspapers. Winnebago. — Visited August 20, 1883. The jail has been newly painted throughout, and presents a ffne appearance. The sheriff ^vas not at home. There were but ten prisoners, of whom nine were awaiting trial, and one was insane. There have been three escapes. Prisoners have straw beds and blankets ; they bathe and have their clothing changed, once a week. The jail is not lighted at night, and there is no opportunity for exercise, except in the corridors. No religious service on Sunday. Prisoners are furnished with books and papers, on request. If they misbehave, they are locked in a dark cell. Enoch Bretner, of East Eockford, takes an interest in prisoners, and visits them in the jail. Woodford. — Visited September 4, 1883. This jail has been re- peatedly condemned by the grand jury; cursed, times without num- ber, by prisoners ; and reported by this board, again and again, as one of the worst in the state. We can only add that, as time pro- gresses, the logs are decaying, the jail is becoming weaker, and the only strong thing about it is its odor. There is very lit- tle hope of a new jail being constructed in the near future, owing to the continued agitation of the county-seat ques- tion. Since the last visit, one jirisoner escaped, by breaking the door. There were no prisoners present when visited. Prisoners who misbehave, are placed in irons and chained to the ffoor. There is no library, but newsiiapers, etc., are furnished by the sheriff to those who desire to read. Prisoners have no occui)ation and no op- portunity to exercise. There are no religious services, no facilities for bathing, i-xcejit that tubs are furnished, and ])risoners are re- quired to bathe once a month. Tluir underclothing is changed weekly. They sleep on "mattresses, and have blankets and straw 223 pillows. During the three years, that the sheriff has had charge, twenty prisoners have passed through his hands, and he is satis- tied that the commitment of three-fourths of that number was caused by whiskey ; it is his opinion that crime would be materially diminished, if the manufacture and sale of liquor were prohibited. He has no hope of the reformation of professional thieves. He does not think it practicable to build jails on the separate system, or for the state to assume the custody of prisoners held under jail sen- tences. •1-n CHAPTER Vlll. THE COUNTY ALMSHOUSES. Growth of pauperism in Illinois— Births— Deaths— Classification of paupers— Influence of seasons of year on almshouse population— New almshouses— Improvements— Causes of pauperism— Non-resident paupers— Children on the County-farms— Action taken by other states— The insane— Visitation of the counties. During the sixteen years that we have visited the almshouses of this state, the number of i)auper inmates has nearly or quite doubled. We found, in 1869-70, certainly not more than "2, 3(H) or 2,400 paupers on the county farms. The number present, Septem- ber 30, 1884, was 4,()37. The expense of maintenance of almshouses, in 1870, was about four hundred thousand dollars per annum; now, it is nearly seven hundred thousand dollars. The total amount expended, annually, by the ct)unties, on pauper account, approximates a milhon and a half dollars. This expense is steadily growing, and the necessity for careful sui)ervisiou of so great an interest becomes more and more apparent, from year to year. The number of paupers and of pauper insane maintained at Dunning, in Cook county, has risen, in fourteen years, from 34;") to 1,374 ; in Adams, from 40 to 108 ; in Hancock, from 8 to 33 ; in Henry, from 24 to 1~) ; in Kane, from 21 to 09 ; in LaSalle, from 30 to 130; in McLean, from 28 to 1~); in Morgan, from 41 to 90; in Peoria, from 72 to 132, in Pike, from 19 to I.") ; in Rock Island, from 3(') to 79; in St. Clair, from r)8 to 130; in Vermilion, from 20 to 00 ; and so on. But the expenditure for out-door relief has not increased in the same ratio. Of the total mmiber of pau])ers on the county farms, ten and a half per cent, are children under sixteen years of age ; a little over thirty-one i)er cent, or nearly one-third, are insane ; seven and one- third per cent, are idiotic or feeble-minded ; nearly two and a half per cent, .ire blind; and a little less than one per cent, are deaf and dumb. This accounts for a little more than half of the total almshouse ijopulation. The remainder are old. inlirm. crippled, lazy or prolligate. 225 With respect to the movement of population, we find that the number admitted, annually, or born on the premises, is somewhat in excess of the total number at any given date. The number of births is about 250 a year; of deaths, about 700. The months in which the largest number are present, are January, February and March ; those in which the number is least, are from June to Octo- ber. The annual increase in the number of inmates is about 300. During the past two years, new almhouses have been begun or completed, in the counties of Cook, Effingham, Lake, Macon, Mc- Donough, White and Winnebago. The counties of Kane, Ogle, Peoria, Shelby and Vermilion have built insane departments. Ex- tensive additions have been made in St. Clair county, and Pike county has put up a residence for the keeper. In liock Island county, a school-teacher has been employed, and a school estab- lished. We have caused inquiries to be made of the keepers of alms- houses, somewhat similar to those addressed to sheriffs, noted on page 175, and find that pauperism is even more generally attri- butable to intemperance, than is crime. Other causes are said to be : old age, sickness, being crippled, misfortunes in business, in- sanity, idiocy, blindness, deafness, orphanage, desertion, ignorance, improvidence, vicious habits, thriftlessuess, laziness and bad man- agement. Pauperism is to a considerable extent hereditary. For its suppression, very many of the same suggestions were made as for the suppression of crime, in the previous chapter. In addition, the importance of training children to habits of economy and fru- gality, especially of saving money, was insisted upon ; and more or less desire was expressed for some amendment of the marriage laws, which would have the effect of putting a stop to the propagation of paupers and of those likely to Ijecome such. We learn, on inquiry, that there are, in the several counties, quite a number of non-resident paupers. Some of them are residents of other counties ; the residence of some cannot be ascertained ; some are sent from other states, and a few from foreign countries. Some were brought out from New York by the agents of the Juvenile Asylum. One man claimed that his passage to this country was paid by the English government. The condition of the children upon the county farms continues to give us much anxiety. In many counties, pains is taken to find homes for such children, and many thus placed out are reported to be doing well. In others, little or nothing is attempted in this di- rection. There is a general agreement, on the part of poor-house keepers, that the county farm is the worst possible place for a child. In Sangamon county, pauper children are sent to the Home of the Friendless ; and in Cook county, many have been placed out in private charitable institutions in Chicago. But the 500 children now in our poor-houses cry to us for help in some form. The state of Ohio has provided a system of "County Children's Homes." The states of Massachusetts and Michigan maintain State Schools for Dependent Children. We, in Illinois, are behind other states in this matter. —15 226 In respect to the insane, who are not, as a rule, properly cared for in alms-houses, (though thuru are exceptions to this rule), wo have done hetter; yet. with l.oOU persons adjutlged insane 1)V the county courts, each year, as at present, it is not prohable that the provision made by the state will, for any length of time, be ade- quate to meet the existing demand. We observe that quite a num- ber of insane pn-son-i are ciiilined in poorhousas and restrained of tht'ir liberty, without having been adjudged to be insane, and with- out authority of law. Attention is invited to the following reports of the inspections made, of each county hi the state. Adams. — Visited June 18, 188i. The number present was one hundred and lifteen, tifty-four males and sixty-one females, of whom forty-three were insane, two idiots, one deaf, and three blind. Eight svere children under sixteen years of age. All of the insane were found locked in their rooms. With this exception, they are well cared for; and the county proposes to construct an airing-court, so that they may have a larger amount of personal freedom, and opportunity for exercise. The premises were found to be in good condition, both inside and out. The rooms were neat and clean, and the beds and bedding in good order. The floors show the effect of repeated scrubbing. Since our last report, heating by steam has been introduced into all the rooms, and a wash-house and soap-house have been built. A steam-pump has also been put in. The principal causes of pauperism, according to the keeper of this almshouse, are whiskey and self-abuse, thriftlessness. sickness, and sudden accidents. But he knows nothing of the history of paupers before they come to him. Several of his paupers have come from Iowa, Missouri and Nebraska, and have no residence in the county; but none are known to have been recent emigrants from abroad. TJie county endeavors to find homes for children, believing that the poorhouse is not the proper place for them. Neither is it the proper place for the insane. All of the insane in- mates have been committed by a verdict of a court. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast and snipper, coffee, meat, bread, butter and milk. Dinner, meat and vegetables, coffee, milk, bread and butter. The building retjuires a good deal of work in the way of general repairs; and the wooden partitions, which are harbors for vermin, should be removed. The cost of the almshouse, during the last fiscal year, was five thousand three hundred and twelve dollars, and the amount expended for out-doors relief nineteen thousand six hundred and twenty-nine. Alkxandkr. — Not visited, in consequence of its inaccessibility. The inmates are reported to be well cared for, the same man hav- ing been retained in the position of keei)('r for many years past. The total number of pau])crs upon the farm is five, of whom one is an insane woman, iliscliarged from the hospital, and very quiet and inoffensive. The total i)auper expenses of the county, inidud- ing out-door relief, for the last fiscal year, were twenty-three hun- dred dollars. 227 Bond. — Visited June 11, 1884. The premises were found in fair condition, and the rooms and bedding comfortable. Tlae paupers seemed well- fed and comfortable. There were fifteen inmates, nine males and six females, of whom five were insane, three idiots and one blind. Two were children under sixteen years of age. One of the insane was locked in her room. The cells provided for this class of paupers are wretched, badly lighted, and little better than pens built up inside of the house. It is impossible to make them comfortable, or to keep them as clean as they should be. The county desires to get rid of its insane paupers, if possible. The cost of the almshouse, last year, was twelve hundred and fifty-six dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief, twenty-four hundred and thirty- six. Boone. — Visited August 24, 1883. Mr. C. C. Leech contmues to take charge of all the paupers who are sent to him, for which ser- vice he receives the compensation of six hundred dollars a year. The number in his hands at the time of the visit was four, three men and one woman, of whom one was an idiot. The amount paid for out-door relief, last year, was seven hundred and thirty- seven dollars. Brown. — Visited June 17, 1884. — There were then twenty-nine in- mates, iifteen males and fourteen females, of whom two were in- sane, one an idiot and one blind. Eight were children under six- teen years of age. The condition of the premises was good in respect to cleanliness, and the paupers were well clothed, well-fed and in good health. The insane were comfortably cared for. The insane man of whom we have spoken in former reports, has been removed from the outhouse to the main building, and is more cleanly in his person and habits than before. Since our last re- port, a frame kitchen, which cost four hundred dollars, has been erected. It is fourteen by sixteen feet, with a pantry. New floors have also been laid in the halls and in the dining-room. The cost of maintenance last year was twenty-live hundred and eighty-two dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief by the county was one hundred and thirty-two dollars. Each town supports its own poor, until they are removed to the poorhouse. Bureau. — Visited September o, 1883. We can add nothing to what we have said in former reports in praise of this institution, which is a credit not only to the county but to the state. The num- ber of paupers, when visited, was sixty-one, of whom twenty were insane, ten idiots, one blind, and five were children under sixteen years of age. The insane are perhaps as well cared for and as humanely treated as in any county house in the state, if not in the United States. They are locked in their cells at night, but have the freedom of the airing-court during the day, whenever the weather is suitable. The paupers generally are clean in person, well clothed, well-fed and in good health. The grounds about the poor-house are extremely neat and attractive. The keeper regards intemperance as the chief cause of pauperism. He does not how- ever look upon prohibition as the proper remedy, so much as the •2-18 cclueatioii of the ]>ublic mind in regard to tlie danger of using intoxicating drink as a beverage. Much pauperism is due to tlie want of education, of proper training, and of parental disci- pline in youth. Other paupers have become such througli the loss of pro]>erty. in consequence of sickness and misfortune. Some female paupers, who are physically able to support them- selves, cannot obtain employment, on account of their reputa- tion for want of virtue. His experience with regard to placing out children in private families is, that some of them do well; but most of them leave their homes as soon as they are large enough, and, so far as heard from, do not succeed in life. Some of those placed out remain with the families to which they are assigned, but others are taken from their new homes by their parents and relegated to a life of pauperism. The keeper thinks that, with proper facihties for caring for the insane, county farms are as good places for them as any other. Some who have been returned to the county from the state institution, have improved very much since their discharge. He observes that the quieter the insane are kept, the better they are. The dietary is as follows: Breakfast, cotl'ee, meat, potatoes, bread and butter. Dinner, soup, Itoiled meat, and vegetables. Supper, bread, butter, potatoes, or other vegetables, and tea. The cost of the almsliouse last year was four thousand dollars, and the amount expended by the town for out-door relief eight thousand, three hundred and seventy-nine. Calhoun. — Visited July 1, 1884, and found to be clean and in good order. The porches have been completed, since our last re- port, and are a decided improvement. There were sixteen inmates, six males and ten females, of whom three were insane aiul three idiots. The luimber of children under sixteen years of age was seven. The insane paupers are treated just as the others, but the almshouse is not a proper place for them. The cost of maintaining the almshouse, last year, was fourteen hundred and twenty-two dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief was lifteen hundred and thirty-eight. Carroll. — Visited August 21, 1888. The number of pauper in- mates was .seventeen, twelve males and five females, of whom two were insane, one deaf, two blind, and three were children. One of the ini^ine was in seclusion. There is no change to note in the condition of the premises, which are well taken care of, and the paupers clean and comfortable. Most of the men are old ; two of them are bed-ridden ; one has been confined to his bed for twenty years, and another for five years past; two others were in bed, Hick; and a lifth, while on a spree, had both his feet frozen, so that they had to be am])utated above the instep — he was also in bed. T'his man was a line physical specimen of manhood, who, when sober, could for weeks at a time do the work of two men, but as Hoon as he accumulated any money, he would s]iend it for liipior, and intemperance has been his ruin. This county takes great pains to ])lace out ]iau))er children in private fainilit>s. The keeper is re- (piired by the county board to look after all who are thus placed out, and see that they are properly cared for and educated, and all 220 of them are doing well. The association of the sane and insane, and of the old and young, upon the county farm, he regards as an evil. The county talks of making additional provision for the insane, but it will probably not be necessary when the hospital at Kanka- kee is completed and ready for the reception of the pauper insane of the state. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, coffee or tea, beef or pork, bread and butter. Dinner, soup, meat, potatoes and cabbage. Supper, coffee or tea, meat, potatoes, bread and butter, and sometimes cake or pie. A wash-house is much needed. The county board is also contemplating the erection of an additional building for male paupers. The cost of maintenance, last year, was fourteen hundred and twelve dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief twenty-nine hundred and twenty-five. Cass. — Visited June 16, 1884. There were nine . inmates, eight men and one woman, of whom one man was insane, having been discharged from the hospital at Jacksonville. He has a room to himself, in which he is kept, under lock and key, with a small airing-court adjoining. He is quiet, and the only object in confin- ing him is to prevent him from straying away. The keeper regards intemperance as the principal cause of pauperism, and would favor prohibition as a remedy. There have been only two children in this almshouse during the last five years. New buildings are very much needed. The pauper expense to the county, both for maintenance of the almshouse and for out-door relief, during the past year, is thirty-six hundred dollars. Champaign. — Visited July 14, 1884. General repairs and improve- ments have been made, new fences have been built, the farm tiled, an addition to the barn, a wash-house and a milk-house erected; eight rooms have been added to the insane department, and the garret of the main building has been floored and plastered, which furnishes additional sleeping accommodations for forty men. The premises are in good condition. The rooms, beds and bedding are clean and comfortable. The number of inmates present was thirty- five, twenty -five males and ten females, of whom nine were insane, one an idiot, one blind, and three were children under sixteen years of age. The inmates appear to be clean, well-clothed and in good health. The insane are well cared for and have plenty of room. Their quarters have been much improved since the last visit ; they are much tidier, and the odor is not so offensive. All the rooms of the new additions have privy-seats, which connect with boxes be- neath the floor. The boxes are removed daily, as occasion may re- quire. The superintendent is of the opinion that whiskey is the principal cause of pauperism, and that to prohibit the sale of liquor would greatly dimmish the number of paupers. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, coffee, tea, bacon, vegetables, bread and butter. Dinner, beef, bread, butter, and all kinds of vegetables, in their sea- son. Supper, bacon, bread, butter, vegetables, tea and milk, and sometimes mush and milk. The cost of maintaining the almshouse, during the year ending March 1, 1884, was twenty-nine hundred and twenty-four dollars. •280 Christian, — Visited October 1, 18S:3. At that date, more tlian one- half of the inmates were sick with typhoid fever. Tlie premises were in fair condition, and the rooms neat and tidy. The keeper and his wife Mere absent from home. Since the last visit, a new roof has been put upon the house. The register was found to be fully written up. There were thirteen inmates, of whom none were insane, but one was an idiot, and live were children under sixteen years of age. The county physician expressed the belief that in- temperance is the principal cause of pauperism, and that the alms- house is not the proper place for children. The cost of the alms- house per annum is something over two thousand :lollars, and of out-door relief about eighteen hundred, A bath-room for the paupers is very much needed, Clark. — Visited June 7, 1884, This almshouse is not the property of the county. The poor are kept, under contract, on a farm two miles east of Marshall, the county seat, by Mrs, Ann George. There appeared to be nothing worthy of special criticism in the condition of the premises. There were twenty-four paupers present, nine males and fifteen females, of whom two are said to be insane, one an idiot and one blind. The number of children under sixteen years of age is five. One woman, young and active, was chained, by a hand-cuft' on one hand, to an apple-tree near the house, Mrs, George says that the woman is not insane, but devilish, and that it is her delight to make trouble for the other inmates by lighting. The principal causes of pauperism, in her view, are lewdness, sickness and old age. None of the paupers on this farm are non-residents of the county. None of the children here can be ])laced out in homes, since no one will take them. The diet of the paupers con- sists of coffee, bread and butter, meat and potatoes. The amount paid for the maintenance of paupers on this farm, last year, was sixteen hundred and thirty-seven dollars, and for out-door relief thirty-live hundred and twenty-sis. Clay. — Visited yeptember il, 188;5. The condition of this alms- house is somewhat improved since the last visit. The rooms, beds and bedding present a more tidy ai)pearance. There were twenty- nine inmates, nine males and twenty females, of whom two were insane, four idiots, one deaf, two blind, and nine children. The insane require no special care, and appear to be well treated. Among the causes of ])auperism, the keeper mentioned old ago. physical or mental defect, and orphanage, or the neglect of children by their l)areuts. Some of the inmates have been cared for by the county for twelve or thirteen years. Two of them are non-residents of the county. Children who have been placed out in iirivate families are don^g well. 'J'lie dietary is as follows : Breakfast, cotter, bread and butter, and meat when they have no butter. Dinner, corn-bread, meat and vegetables. Supper, corn-bread, meat, vegetables, fruit and milk. The fences on the farm were in poor condition, and need renewal or repair. The cost of the almshouse, last year, was eighteen hundred and fifty-six dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief two thousand and eight. 231 Clinton. — Visited September 20, 1833. There is nothing new to report. The grounds are in the same condition as before stated. Shade-trees are badly needed. The rooms occupied by female pau- pers are clean and tidy, but those occupied by men are not. The house needs whitewashing. The number of inmates was sixteen, eleven males and five females, of whom six were insane, and one a boy. Several of the paupers might earn a good living, were it not for their intemperate habits. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, coffee, potatoes, bread and butter, and cheese. Dinner, soup, with bread, meat, potatoes, and cabbage. Supper, coffee, meat and po- tatoes, bread and cheese. ; The cost of maintenance, last year, was twelve hundred and fifty-five dollars ; the amount expended for out- door relief sixteen hundred and two. Coles. — Visited June 9, 1884. The premises are in fair condition. The rooms are tolerably neat and the bedding clean, but very much worn. The inmates are well-fed and in good health. There were forty -three paupers on the farm, wdien visited, seventeen males and twenty-six females, of whom three were insane, one an idiot, and one deaf. There were twenty children under sixteen years of age, who ought not to be there at all. The county endeavors to find homes for them, but most of those placed out return to the poor- house, though some of them are doing well. There is one family here of seven members, who have always been thriftless ; and all of them, down to the youngest, who is five years old, use tobacco. The week before this visit was made, a man died with the small-pox, who was admitted from Effingham county. There are no paupers who are recent emigrants from Europe. The principal cause of pauperism is intemperance, and the remedy prohibition. Of the three insane, who are now in this almshouse, only one has been committed by a verdict of the court. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, 3offee, meat, biscuit, butter, molasses, rice and hominy. Dinner, meat, bread, milk, beans, potatoes and other vegetables. Supper, the same as breakfast, with the addition of fruit. The cost of the almhouse, last year, was seventeen hundred and six dollars. The amount paid for out-door relief was thirty-six hundred and seventy-six. The improvements principally needed here are a bath-house and wood-house. Cook. — This almshouse was visited August 17, 1883, and the new buildings, which have been completed since our last report, thor- oughly inspected. The group consists of nine distinct buildings, connected by corridors, and arranged in a somewhat unusual man- ner, descril:)ed by the architect as a radiation from two centres. In other words, they are neither parallel nor at right-angles to each other. Five of them are in front, namely, the administration build- ing (A), and four dormitories for inmates. (CCCC), two on each side; the other four are in the rear, and include the centre (B), two dining-room and hospital buildings (DD), and one occupied as a kitchen below and a chapel above (E). The appearance of the group, as it is approached from the south, is imposing, and the effect is heightened by the profusion of verandas. (A). The administration building (60 by 50 feet) contains, in the basement, a reception-room, clerk's office, officers' kitchen, store- 232 room, cellar for ve, 1884, in company with ]")r. Hickman. The appearance of the premises is very bad. The buildings are, without exception, the worst in the state, 'J'he log houses are de- caying fast. The roof leaks, and the other buildings, which are cheap frame structures, are in bad condition. Tlie plastering is dropping off, and the wind passes through without obstruction. This is especially true of the dining-room. The paupers might almost as well dine in the open air, in cold or rainy weather, as in this room. The number of paupers was fourteen, of whom three were insane, two idiots, two blind, and two children under sixteen years of age. One of the two insane men is harmless. The other is locked in his cell. When allowed his freedom, he runs away, and labors umler the delusion that he is the husband of every woman he meets, with all the rights and privileges pertaining to that relation. The causes of pauperism, as defined by the keeper, are old age, disease, ignor- ance, and want of business capacity. There is one man here, who once owned a farm Ijut lost it by bad management. The cost of the almshouse, last year, was thirteen hundred and twenty-six dollars, and the amount paid for out-door relief six hundred and eighty-three. Fulton, — Visited June 21, 1884. This almshouse is in process of thorough renovation, from top to bottom. The floors show the eflfect of repeated scrubbings. An air of neatness i)ervades the whole establishment. The beds and bedding are clean, and the premises generally in excellent order. Since our last rei)ort, privy-seats have been placed in the cells of the insane de]iartment, and the Moor in the corridor has been re-laid. The ])rivy-seats are to be tlushed with water. The grounds in front of the building have been graded, so that the water no longer runs toward the iiouse. The grounds in the rear are well graded and neatly kept. There are two insane men, who are locked in their cells. One of them is almost entirely nude. The number of inmates is lifty-one, thirty-one males and twenty females, of whom thirteen wei'e insane, three blind, and three children under sixteen years of age. The keeper assigns, as causes of ])auperism, insanity, misfortune, and want of thrift. Those who are thriftless are, he says, usually the children of thrift- 241 less parents. In other words, pauperism is hereditary. There have been some paupers received from other counties, but none have been sent from Europe. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, coffee, meat, potatoes, rice, beans, bread, molasses, and occasionally butter. Dinner, meat, vegetables, bread, mohisses, tea and milk. Supper, the same as breakfast, with the exception of meat. The amount spent in repairs upon the almshouse, last year, was a thousand dollars, and the cost of mamtenance five thousand, one hundred and thirty-four, — while the county expended, for out-door relief, nineteen thousand, nine hundred and fifty dollars ; making the total pauper expenditure of the county twenty-six thousand and eighty- three dollars. Gallatin. — Not visited. There are no insane upon the county farm. The number of inmates was thirteen, six males and seven females, of whom one is an idiot, one blind, and four are children under sixteen years of age. The county clerk thinks that pauperism is caused by thriftlessness and bad health. The pauper expense of this county, last year, was thirty-three hundred and seventy-five dollars, Greene. — There has been no change in the condition or appear- ance of the almshouse since the last report. There were thirty-one paupers, of whom eight were insane, six idiots, one blind, and five were children under sixteen years of age. The cost of the almshouse, last year, was thirty-nine hundred and fifty dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief eleven hundred and seventy-three. Grundy. — Visited August 27, 1883. There were twenty pauper inmates, of whom seven were insane, and one a girl under sixteen years of age. Two of the insane were confined to their rooms. There is on this farm one non-resident pauper. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, meat, potatoes, coffee, bread or pancakes, and molasses. Dinner, meat, potatoes, tea, wheat bread and corn-bread. Supper, mush and milk, tea, bread and butter. This almshouse is not of sufficient capacity for the number of paupers cared for. A new kitchen is much needed. The farm requires under-draining, and there should be a good barn erected. The cost of maintenance, last year, was twenty-five hundred dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief fifty-one hundred. Hamilton. — Visited May 17, 1884. The premises were in much the same condition as when last reported upon. There were twenty- eight inmates, of whom none were insane, but six were idiots, and thirteen were children under sixteen years of age. All these twenty- ' eight paupers are condemned to live and sleep in four small rooms. The young and old are crowded together, contaminating each other, physically and morally, by the closeness and intimacy of their mutual contact. A new almshouse is badly needed, and the county is laying the foundation for enduring trouble by permitting so many pauper children to be reared in such surroundings. The keeper thinks that pauperism is due principally to the want of thrift, to old age, and to the want of friends in youth. The dietary in this —16 242 almshouse is : Breakfast and supinr, coffee, rice, biscuit, butter and molasses. Dinmr, meat, potatoes and other vegetables, with corn- bread and milk. The total i)aupfr expenses of the county, last year, were twenty-six hundred and ninety dollars. Hancock. — Visited June 10, IHKl. Since our last report, a brick buildin<:j, twenty-six by thirty feet, and two stories in hei^dit, with a basement, has been erected, at a cost of about twenty-three hun- dred dollars, which is occupied by female paupers, both sane and insane. The numi)er of inmates, at the time of inspection, was twenty-eight, twelve males and sixteen females, of whom seventeen were insane, four idiots, one deaf, and four were children under sixteen years of age. The insane are nearly all of them locked in their rooms. The rooms are in as good condition as ])Ossible, where they are in constant use by this class of paupers. They are not well ventilated, and the insane have no personal attendants. One pauper on this farm belongs in ^lacon county. Of the insane in- mates, only six have been committed by a verdict of a jury. The others are restrained of their freedom by order of the county board. We are not aware that a county board has any legal authority ta issue such an order, but we presume that, when the liosj)ital at Kankakee is completed and ready for occupancy, all these unfortu- nates will be provided for by the state, and relieved from the neces- sity of constant incarceration. The dietary is as follows : Break- fast, coffee, meat, potatoes, rice, dried apples, bread, butter and molasses. Dinner, meat and vegetables. Supper, tea, milk, rice, bread and crackers, with butter, A separate residence for the keeper of the almshouse is very desirable. It would also be advisable to provide better drainage. The cost of the almshouse, last year, was thirty-five hundred and thirty-three dollars, and the amount paid for out-door relief thirty-four hundred and sixty. Hardin, — Visited May 10, 1884, A new one-story frame building, sixteen by thirty feet, and lined with matched i)oards, with two rooms, has been erected since our last report. The blind woman who used to live in a log cabin by herself, has been compelled to leave it, in consequence of its dilapidated condition. She is now provided for in the new frame building, but does not appreeiate it as well as she did her old home. There were six paupers present, when inspected, two males and four females, of whom one was an idiot, two blind, and two were children under sixteen years of age. The premises were in fair condition, in i-espect to cleanliness and comfort. There is no almshouse register kept, the former keeper having taken the book away and not returned it. In consequence of the destruction of the records of the county, through the burning of the court-house, no tigures can be given in respect to the cost of pauperism. Hrndkrson. — Visited September 11. 188'?. The premises were found to be in very poor condition and generally out of rei)air, which ren- ders it very ditlicult, if not imjjossible, to keoj) them clean. The beds nnd bedding are poor, and need renewnig. If it were not for the agitation of tbe question of removing the county-seat, it is prob- 243 able that this county would build a new almshouse and a new jail. There were ten paupers, of whom only one was insane, and that a woman whose insanity is of a mild type, a patient requiring no special care. She was committed by order of the court. The register is fully written up. In the opinion of the keeper of the almshouse, the principal causes of pauperism are want of original intellectual capacity on the part of paupers, the poverty of their parents, and their general indolence and shiftlessness, together with the use of ardent spirits in some cases. What appears to be sickness on the part of paupers, is often mere indolence. The dietary of this house is as follows : Breakfast, coffee, meat, potatoes, bread and butter. Dinner, meat, beans, cabbage, and bread and butter. Supper, meat and potatoes, coffee or tea, bread and butter, and sauce. The cost of the almshouse and jail for the year ending December 1, 1882, was three thousand dollars, and of out-door relief about fifteen hundred dollars. Henry. — Visited September G, 1883. As usual, the premises were found to be in excellent condition, both inside and outside. The rooms, beds and bedding, were all in good order. The rooms oc- cupied by the insane are large and airy and neatly kept. The in- sane have excellent care and attention. The number of paupers present was sixty-three, of whom fourteen were insane, one an idiot, one blind, and three were children under sixteen years of age. All the insane inmates have been committed by verdict of the court, and they are nearly as well taken care of here as at the hospitals. Many of them have improved, while in the almshouse. Of the children who have been placed in homes in this county, some are doing very well, but others have been returned to the poorhouse, which is not a suitable place for them, on account of the want of proper training and the associations, which are bad. They see and hear many things which they should not, and experience teaches that children raised upon the county farm never do well. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, meat, potatoes, bread and butter, coffee and tea. Dinner, meat, soup, vegetables, pickles, coffee and milk — fish on Friday — dessert on Sunday. Supper, potatoes, fried bread, coffee, tea, bread and butter, milk and rice. The cost of the almshouse, for the last fiscal year, was ten thousand, four hundred dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief was eight thousand, nine hundred and thirty- one, Iroquois. — Visited September 14. 1883. The premises were found in good condition, the rooms clean, and the beds and bedding good. The appearance of the paupers was good in every respect. The insane, even of the filthy class, are well cared for. The num- ber of paupers present was forty, of whom seven are insane, one an idi'tt. and six were children under sixteen years of age. Two of the insane were physically restrained. Some improvements have been made upon the farm, such as fencing and tile-draining, A vegetable-house is now in the course of erection. The following 'rules to be observed by inmates may be of interest: "No smoking. No swearing. No spitting on the floor. No lounging. Inmates are required to keep their rooms. Inmates must keep their rooms clean. •2J4 Visitors are not allowed to visit insane patients, except under leave of the sup'.rintendent." The keeper helieves intemperance to he the principal cause of pauperism, and thinks that pauperism might he to some extent prevented, hy prohihiting the sale of licjuor, and hy propiT education and training of the youth. As an ilhistration of the etTect of intemperance, in producing paui)ers, the following case was given: One of the inmates of the almshouse was a very in- dustrious man, hut while intoxicated he attempted to get on the cars while in motion, and hoth of his limhs had to he amputated, which made him a i)auper. The county authorities try to lind homes for pauper children, and every cliild that has heen placed out, so far as known, is doing well. Those who have grown up have proved to be excellent citizens, with very few exceptions. The keeper thinks that the county farm is a good place for insane persons who are not violent or offensive in their habits. Some of the insane inmates have heen received without the verdict of the court, but are not at present restrained of their liberty. The dietary of this almshouse is as follows : For breakfast, bread, butter, syrup, and vegetables of all sorts. Dinner, meat and vegetables, bread and butter, and puddnig. Supper, bread and butter, and potatoes. A pest-house is much needed. The cost of the almshouse, for the year ending September 1, 1888, was three thousand, four hundred and thirty- seven dollars, and of out-door relief three thousand, five hundred and thirty-one. Jackscn. — Visited May 22, 1884, in company with Mr. Hanners. There is nothing worthy of special note in the appearance or con- dition of this almshouse. The paupers are poorly clothed and du-ty, and the bedding old and worn-out. The food is good and abundant, and the general health of the inmates is good. The insane are allowed to come and go at will, during the day, but are locked in at night. A new barn has been built, since our last report. The number of inmates, when inspected, was twenty-eight, ten males and eighteen females, of whom live were insane, four blind, and two were children under sixteen years of age. Old age, sickness and infirmity are, in this county, the principal causes of pauperism. All of the insane inmates have been returned from the hospital at Anna. The total pauper expenses, for 1883, were lifty-three hundred and thirty-six dollars. The almshouse buildings need repainting, plas- tering, and general repairs. Jaspkr. — Visited June 5, 1884. A new frame house has been built, since our last report, which is one story in height, with three rooms. Tlie paupers were clean, well-clothed, well-fed, and in good health. There were fourteen present, four males and ten females, of whom one was insane, two idiots, and six children. The insane woman has been so adjudged recently, but could not be ailmitted to the hospital for want of room. She has her freedom during the day, but is under lock and key at night. Of the female paupers some are widows, with families unable to support them, and others are hiwd women. Homes are found for paupi-r children as fast as possible, but not many of them become thrifty and prosperous in after life. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast and supper, coffee. •245 tea, bacon, bread and molasses. Dinner, meat and vegetables, bread, and coffee or milk. The old buildings upon the farm are in poor repair, and are not sufficiently large for the number of in- mates. The cost of maintenance, during the last year, was nine- teen hundred and six dollars. The amount expended for out-door relief was twelve hundred and two dollars. Jefferson. — Visited June 3, 1884. The buildings occupied by this county are a disgrace to it. They are old, the log walls are rotten, the roofs leak, the cracks are full of vermin, and the houses so de- cayed that they are ready to tumble down. The bedding furnished to paupers is considerably worn, and should be renewed. The ap- pearance of the paupers in respect to cleanliness and clothing is not very good. They are well-fed and in good health. Since our last report, a frame building has been erected, for the use of the insane, which is divided by a lattice partition. There is only one insane inmate, a woman, who is locked in her cell most of the time. Although very destructive in her habits, her room is in fair condi- tion, and she appears to be tolerably well cared for. The total number of pauper inmates, when inspected, was forty-four, of whom seven were idiots, one blind, and eleven were children under sixteen years of age. A number of the female paupers are lewd, and sev- eral of the children are illegitimate. The total pauper expenses, for the year ending January 1, 1884, were six thousand eight hundred and fifty dollars. Jeesey. — Visited July 2, 1884. Since our last visit, the dining- room has been ceiled. The buildings need painting. The premises are in good order, as are also the beds and bedding, and the ap- pearance of the paupers is in all respects good. There were twenty- nine inmates present, seventeen males and twelve females, of whom two were insane, one an idiot, one blind, and four were children under sixteen years of age. One of the two insane men is locked in his cell. He is very rarely taken out, and seldom gets any ex- ercise. The keeper says that he has no time to exercise him, and that the county provides no assistance that would enable him to do so. The cost of the almshouse, last year, was thirty-one hundred and ten dollars, and of out-door relief three thousand and thirty-five dollars. JoDaviess. — Visited August 23, 1883. This almshouse was found to be in its usual excellent condition. An airing-court, ninety six by a hundred and thirty feet, with a fence eleven feet high, has been constructed for the protection of the insane, who are allowed their freedom for about six hours every day. The insane who are inoffensive and are not disposed to stray away, have the freedom of the farm. Some of the men work on the farm, and of the women, some are employed in and about the kitchen. Two of the cells in the insane department have been lined with iron. The number of inmates, when inspected, was fifty-five, thirty-five males and twenty females, of whom sixteen were insane, and two children. Since our last report, a well, a hundred and thirty feet deep, has been sunk upon the farm. Most of the paupers in this almshouse are aged. Several •iu\ of tlu'in are ninetj' years old. Tlit^ county binds out all pauper children, as fast as homes can he found for them. Some of them are doiu},' very well indeed. Of the insane, only nine have been committed I)y the verdict of the court. The cost of maintenance, hist year, was forty-eight hundred and forty dollars. The amount expended for out-door relief was seven hundred and eighty-six dollars. Johnson. — Visited May 14, 1K84. The number of paupers was twenty-two, twelve males and ten females, of whom live were idiota, one deaf, and eleven were children under sixteen years of age. One of the idiots is chained, to keep him out of mischief and pre- vent his running away. A new almshouse is mueh needed. The present log Iniiklings are rapidly falling into decay. The floors are so near the ground, that in order to prevent disease from filth passing through them, they have to be taken uj) every year. The cost of the almshouse, last year, was eight hundred and seventy- five dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief, two hundred and ninety. Kane. — Visited August 16, 1883. The general appearance of the paupers is good in respect to cleanliness, food and health. They are moderately well clothed. The number of paupers present was sixty-nine, thirty-four males and tliirty-tive females, of whom twenty- two were insane, five idiots, and live were children. Of the insane, Hve were in seclusion ; all of them clothed except one, who was entirely naked, it having been found impossible to keep clothing upon him. Among the inmates was one young woman, a recent emigrant from Denmark. The county has placed out about seventy- five children in private families, during the incuml)ency of the present almshouse keeper. The county is now erecting a building for the insane, which will be of stone, forty-eight by seventy feet, two stories in height, with a basement, and will contain about forty rooms. The cost of maintenance of the almshouse, last year, was lifty-nine hundred and fifty-seven dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief fifteen thousand throe hundred and thirty-three . Kankakee. — Visited August 30, 1883. In this county, each town supports its own poor, and no report of the amount expended is made to the county clerk. The county of Kankakee owns an alms- house, to which the towns have the privilege of sending paupers. The number present, when inspected, was twenty, of whom fourteen Were insane. Eleven of them were in seclusion. The house is totally unlitted for this purpose, and it is unprovided with any airing-court. The rooms are as clean as possible under the circum- stancres ; they have to be cleaned repeatedly, on account of the filthy habits of the inmates. One of the inmates is a resident of Iroquois county. No children are kept upon this farm. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, colTee, moat, potatoes, tomatoi-s, stewed apples, and bread. Dinner, the same, with the exception that beans, peas and rice are sometimes given, instead of the vegetables named. Supper, bread and butter, fried mush, and milk. The cost of main- 247 taining the almshouse, last year, was forty-five hundred dollars, and the county expended eight hundred and fifty dollars in out-door relief. Kendall, — Each town supports its own poor. There is no county farm, and the several towns make no report of expenditures on pauper account to the county clerk. Knox. — Visited September 10, 1883. Mrs. Cleaveland — now Mrs. McClelland — was still in charge of the almshouse, at the time of visitation, but did not expect to remain much longer. As usual, the premises were found to be in good order, the grounds well cared for, and the inmates well clothed and well-fed. Everything about the institution seemed to deserve commendation, rather than criticism or remark. There were one hundred and eight inmates, of whom thirty-three were insane, thirty idiots, five blind, and four were children under sixteen years of age. The insane in this county are exceptionally well cared for. Only two of them were found locked in their rooms, and those temporarily. Personal attendants look after those who are disposed to be violent, and the general condition of the patients seems to be as comfortable as even in a state institution. Mrs. McClelland gives the following list of causes of pauperism : Intemperance, indolence, improvidence, infirmity, and sickness. She would favor the prohibition of the manufacture and sale of ardent spirits, and the more thorough training of the young. The chronic pauperism of parents and children is a problem too hard for her to solve. There are in the institution whole families, fathers, mothers and children, with collateral relatives, all of whose misfortune may be traced to inherent, hereditary indolence. Homes have been found for a great many children, who have been bound out, since the poor-house is not the proper place for them. Some of them have not done well, but a number have become good cit- ens. About a half-dozen boys and two girls have been in this almshouse, who were sent out from the Juvenile Asylum of the city of New York. All of the insane have been committed by order of the court. A committee of the board of supervisors has been appointed to report upon the question of making additional pro- vision for the insane. The following is the dietary : Breakfast, beefsteak and stewed meat, potatoes, coffee or tea or milk, with bread, and toast for those who are sick. Dinner, meat and vege- tables, with pie or pudding. Supper, oat-meal, bread and butter, tea and toast. More room is much needed for the storage of hay upon the farm. The total cost of maintenance, during the year ending April 8, 1883, was eleven thousand and ninety dollars, and the amount paid for out-door relief twenty-five hundred and seventy- nine. Lake. — Visited August 13, 1883. We have commented on this almshouse heretofore, and need not repeat what we have said. Since our last report, a brick building, thirty-two by fifty feet, and three stories in height, has been built for the use of female paupers. An ice-house has also been erected, which cost four hundred dol- lars, and ditches have been dug upon the farm, at an expense of 248 seventeen hundred dollars. The new buildin<2;, which cost thirty-oue hundred dollars, contains three rooms in the basement, eight on the main tloor, and ten on the tloor above. 'Hie insane department, which has a bare floor, continues as herefore. Two men were ob- served in their cells, lying naked upon their beds, with only a blanket for covering. One of them has irons on his legs and hand- culfs on his wrists. He is chained to a ring in the tloor, and sleeps upon straw. There were thirty-seven inmates, when inspected, seventeen men and twenty women, of whom seventeen were insane, three idiots, one deaf, and one blind. Two-thirds of the pau- perism in this county is due to intemperance. One-third of those admitted are vagrants, and do not belong to the county. Not long since, two paupers were admitted, who arrived in this country from Ireland, after paying their passage, as they say, with only six cents capital. They said they came to find their boys. There are no children upon the farm, and have been none during the incum- bency of the present keeper. Of the insane inmates, only one has been committed by the verdict of a court, unless the four who have been discharged from Kankakee are excepted. The rest were com- mitted by order of the county board, and are old residents of the almshouse. One of the insane women is locked up, to keep her from running away, by authority of the supervisors. From what source thej' derive this authority is not apparent. The law with re- gard to the commitment of the insane in this state is very defec- tive, and requires amendment in this as in other particulars. The dietary is as follows : The inmates are fed on pork, beef, potatoes and other vegetables, with bread and butter, tea and cotfee. Pork and beans are supplied once a week, and tish on Friday. On Sun- days they have pie. The cost of maintaining the almshouse, last year, was about three thousand dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief, eight hundred and twenty-four dollars. LaSalle. — Visited August 'IS, 1883, in company with Sheriff Milligan. The general appearance of the paupers was good in re- spect to cleanliness and clothing, diet and general health. The in- sane paupers are well cared for, their rooms clean and neat, and all of them well clothed. There have been no changes in the alms- house, since the last report. The register was fully written up. The number of paupers present was one hundred and twenty-one, of whom forty-three were insane, twenty-one of them men and twenty-two women, a list of whom was taken, in order to secure a transfer to Kankakee as soon as the additional buildings erected there should be ready for the n'ception of inmates. Twenty-four of the insane were locked in their rooms, but none were wearing i)hysi- (^al restraint. There were also eleven idiots present, one deaf-mute, four blind, and four children under sixteen years of age. In the opinion of tin; keeper, eighty per cent, of the pauperism of this county is caused by the intemperate use of whiskey. The county farms are not proper places for children, and most of the children in this county have been placed in families, where they are gener- ally doing well. Neither arc they proper places for the insane, on account of the want of pro])er architectual construction and of proper medical attention. lii'sides the insane in the alms- house, the county has forty-seven insane patients in the state hos- 249 pital at Elgin, and three at Kankakee, and is considering the question of making additional provision for the insane. All of the insane inmates have been committed to the almshouse by a ver- dict of the court. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, bread, syrup, butter occasionally, hash, potatoes and coffee. Dinner, fresh meat four days every week, fish on Friday and vegetables of all kinds. Supper, bread and syrup or butter, biscuits on Friday, tea, milk and dried fruits. The improvements most needed at this in- stitution are a smoke-house, ice-house and meat-house. Lawrence. — Visited June 4, 1884. There was tw^enty-three inmates, twelve males and eleven females, of whom one was insane, two idiots, and four wer6 children under sixteen years of age. The almshouse needs a new roof and general repairs. The cost of main- tenance, last year, was twenty-six hundred and forty dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief twelve hundred. Lee. — Visited August 14, 1883. The number of inmates was seven- teen, six males and eleven females, of whom seven were insane, two idiots, and one a child. The insane are well cared for. Their rooms are neat and clean. One of them was locked in. The condition of the paupers is good. There is no change to report in the appear- ance of the premises. The keeper desires to see whiskey annihilated. The county is talking of making additional provision for the insane. The insane woman, who is in seclusion, has never had a trial, the keeper thinks. She could not be kept on the farm twenty-four hours unless locked up, as her insanity is of a violent type. The almshouse needs a new roof, which is to be put on immediately. The cost of maintenance, last year, was about eighteen hundred dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief forty-seven hundred and twenty- six. Livingston. — Visited August 31, 1883, in company with Dr. Scoul- ler. There has been no change since our last report. There were thirty-live inmates, sixteen males and nineteen females, of whom twelve were insane, one an idiot, and six children. One of the in- sane was locked in his room. There is one colored insane man on this farm, who does not belong to the county, and the authorities can not ascertain his actual place of residence. On the subject of the causes of pauperism, the keeper remarked that intemperance is the principal cause on the part of men, but that female paupers are so mostly on account of old age and the want of friends. The county has placed a number of children in private families, but has not bound them out. As a rule, nearly all of them have good homes and are doing well. Some of the w^ants of this establishment, which should be supplied by the county board, are : facilities for bathing the inmates : sitting-rooms for the different sexes ; day-rooms for the insane, and covered walks in the airing-court. Logan.— Visited May 29, 1884, in company with Dr, W. B, Fish. Since our last report, the walls of the rooms and corridors of the main building and of the insane department have been painted, which is a great improvement. The grounds are very neatly kept, •25(1 ard the house is in gooil order. The appe.iraiic-e of the paupers is cleanly and comfortalde. Tlie number of inmates present was twenty, fourteen males and six females, of whom four were insane, two idiots, and one a child under sixteen years of age. Nearly all the insane of this county are provided for in the state hos])ital. As an illustration of the effect of intemperance in producing i)au- perism, the case may be mentioned of one man in this almshouse, who had his feet frozen, while in a state of intoxication, so that they had to l)e amputated, which made him a pauper. The county takes pains to iind homes for pauper children by advertising for them. Nearly all of those who have been placed out have done well. The dietary is as follows: Breakfast, coffee, meat, eggs, potatoes, bread and butter. J)inner, meat, vegetables, bread, butter and milk. Supper, coffee, bread and butter, and fruit. The cost of maintenance, last year, was four thousand and seventy dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief, eight thousand two hundred and forty, Macon. — Visited May 27, 1884. The new almshouse, which was in process of erection at the date of our last report, is now com- pleted and occupied. It is a two-story brick building, sixty-four by ninety feet, with sixty-two rooms, and it is heated by steam. The premises are in first rate condition. The appearance of the paupers was good in respect to cleanliness, clothing, food and general health. Some time ago, there were a number of small-pox patients on the farm, but there are none at present. The number of paupers, when inspected, was forty-nine, twenty-nine males and twenty females, of whom seventeen were insane, seven idiots, one deaf, two blind, and five children. Three of the insane were locked in their rooms, and one was physically restrained. The rooms occupied by the insane are clean and well furnished, and are supplied with water-closets, flushed from tanks in the attic. They are well ventilated. There is one insane man, a recent case, who has been admitted without the verdict of a court, but it is the intention of the county author- ities to have him adjudged insane and sent to a state institution. The cost of maintenance, during the past year, was twenty-three hundred and forty dollars, and the amount expemled for out-door relief seventy-live hundred and ninety-five. Macoupin, — Visited June 25, 18H-4. The improvement in the con- dition of this almshouse still continues. The present keeper is an intelligent and efficient man, and seems to be the right man in the right place. The premises are in the very best condition. The grounds are neatly kept. The front yard has a beautiful lawn, with trees for shade. The impression made by the exterior ajipearance is confirmed, when the building is entered. The floors show r(i)eated scrubbing. The beds and bedding are neat and comfortable. The condition of this almshouse is such as to reflect credit upon the keeper and the county. Since our last report, the county lias erected upon the farm a cow-barn and tool-house, a chicken-house and a house for the filthy insani'. The latter is a frame building, with one room and four bunks. The frame building belonging to the almshouse pmixr has been reiiaired, by tearing out some of the 251 partitions and laying new Hoors. The rooms have also been replasterecl. The quarters occupied by the insane are comfortable, clean and well ventilated, and the insane well eared for ; but one insane woman was observed with handcuffs on her wrists, which it was said were placed there for the purpose of preventing her from injuring other inmates. The number of the inmates, when inspected, was thirty-eight, twenty-four males and fourteen females, of whom twenty-one were insane, one an idiot, two blind, and one a boy under sixteen years of age. Eight of the insane are in seclusion. Homes were found, last year, for four children, of whom one only has been returned. The rest are doing well. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, coffee, bread and butter, or molasses, with potatoes or beans, meat being supplied only to those who are at work. Dinner, meat, vegetables, bread and milk. Supper, mush and milk, or bread and milk, and those who are at work are given meat and coffee. The cost of maintenance, last year, was thirty- four hundred and seventy dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief, thirty-eight hundred and lifty-tive. Madison.— Visited May 23, 1884. There is no change in the con- dition of this establishment. The grounds are neat and clean. The rooms occupied by male paupers, and by the insane of both sexes, require to be completely renovated. The odor apparent upon en- tering them can only be removed by renewing the plastering on the walls. The inmates are well-fed, and seem to be healthy, but are poorly clothed, and not very clean. The insane receive no special care. Airing-courts have been provided for them, in which they are free to spend the day, till locked in their rooms at night. The number of paupers, when visited, was seventy-eight, fifty-seven men and twenty-one women, of whom thirty were insane, two idiots, and four blind. Among the inmates was found a girl from the New York Juvenile Asylum, who was brought from New York about three years ago. She has been living in the north part of the state, and has not been a resident of this county for more than six months. She is about seventeen years of age. The dietary of the almshouse is : Breakfast, coffee, tea, beef, bread and molasses. Dinner, coffee, tea, boiled beef, potatoes and corn-bread. Supper, tea, coffee and bread. The sick have special diet. The cost of the almshouse, last year, was eleven thousand and eighty-seven dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief, eleven thousand five hundred and thirty-three. Marion. — Visited September 21, 1883, in company with Mr. John Cockrell. The condition of the premises and of the paupers was found to be good. There were twenty-five inmates, seventeen men and eight women, of whom one was insane, two idiots, two blind, and one was a boy under sixteen years of age. The insane woman was allowed perfect freedom through tbe day, and seemed to be do- ing quite as well as if she were in a state institution. The keeper was not at home, at the time of this visit. On the question of the prevention of pauperism, Mr. Cockrell expressed the opinion that the marriage-laws should be so changed as to forbid the contraction of marriage between members of the defective classes. The cost of 252 the almshouse, last year, was twenty-one hundred and thirty dol- lars, and the amount expended for out-door relief thirty-nine hundred and eighty-four. Marshall, — Visited September o, 1888. There were ]tresent eleven male and ten female inmates, of whom live males and four females were insane, one male deaf and dumb, one female under sixteen years of age. One insane man and one insane woman were wearing physical restraint, and three males and one female were locked in rooms. The keeper is of the opinion that drink, on the part of the men. and licentiousness, on the part of the women, are the princi- pal causes of pauperism. He says that paupers who come to him are f^^enerally shiftless and weak-minded. Some of the inmates are from the old country, who have been here only three weeks, but he does not know wiiether they were paupers in the old country. He is of the opinion that the poorhouse is not a lit place for chil- dren; homes are found for them in private families as soon as pos- sible. Children thus placed generally make good citizens. The county farms are not proper places to keep the msane, since medi- cal and other necessary attention can not be given them there. The dietary for breakfast and supper is bread, butter, coffee, pota- toes or rice, and syrup. Dinner, meat, bread, tea and two kinds of vegetables — on Sunday the inmates have pie and cake. The cost of maintaining the almshouse, last year, was three thousand, six hundred and eighty-six dollars and nineteen cents. . Mason. — Visited June 24, 183-1. The number of inmates is thirty, twenty-four males and six females, of whom five were insane, three idiots, and four children. Since our last visit, a frame building, sixteen by twenty-six feet, one story in height, with two rooms, has been erected in the rear of the insane department. The insane paupers are well cared for. They have their liberty during the day. Some of them are locked in at night. The house is clean, the beds and bedding neat, and the grounds attractive in appearance. The con- dition of the paupers is good in every respect. The children who have been placed in homes by the county authorities, are generally doing well. Of the insane, only four have been committed by the verdict of a court, 'i'he cost of the almshouse, last year, was fifteen hundred and fifteen dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief thirty-one hundred and fifty-six. Massac. — Visited May 20, 1884, in company with Mr. Bruner. There were eleven paupers, seven males and four females, of whom one was insane, one an idiot, two blind, and lour children. The insane woman, who has been on this farm for thirteen years, is in- offensive and (juiet. Since the last visit, the grounds have been cleaned up and their appearance much imi)roved. The old log buildings occupied i)y pau[)ers are in bad condition, and certainly unlit for occupancy. The walls are decayed, and the roofs leak. The county authorities have it in mind to put up a frame building, and tear the present log houses down. The princijjal causes of pau- ])erism in the county are old age. blindness and orphanage. One of the innuites is a non-resident of the county. The cost of mainten- ance, last year, was live hundred and fifty dollars, and the amount paid for out-door relief about twelve hundred. 253 McDoNOUGH. — Visited June 20, 1884, in company with Mr. Taylor. The grounds were found to be in good condition, but the building occupied by paupers remains the same as described in our last re- port, except that the decay is more visible. The number of inmates present was thirty-nine, twenty-seven males and twelve females, of whom twelve were insane, twenty were idiots or feeble-minded, one deaf, two blind, and four were children. The insane have entire freedom, except when suffering from paroxysms of insanity, render- ing them dangerous or troublesome. They are as well cared for as they can be in their present quarters. Among the causes of pau- perism, the keeper names intemperance, want of thrift, and the intermarriage of relatives. The county has purchased a farm of one hundred and sixty acres, about two miles south of Macomb, on which a building is now in process of erection, which, when com- pleted, will cost about twenty-five thousand dollars, besides ten thousand dollars paid for the farm. It will consist of a centre, three stories in height, with a two- story wing on each side. The county oflticers say that the abandonment of the old rookery, and the erection of new quarters, is directly traceable to the influence of the reports made by this board. The cost of the almshouse, last year, was forty-one hundred and eighty dollars, and the amoant expended for out-door relief was forty-four hundred and fifty-eight dollars. McHenry. — This county has no almshouse. Each town takes care of its own poor, and the estimated amount of out-door relief is eight thousand dollars. Insane paupers are sent to the state hospital at Elgin, if there is room ; if not, those who are violent are kept in the jail, and those who are not are at their homes. There are very few known to be insane in the county who are not in the hospital at Elgin. McLean.— Visited September 8, 1883. Since the last visit, the brick floor has been taken out of the basement of the hospital building, and a wooden floor substituted for it. The frame building on the west has been repaired, and the floor renewed, with a view to its occupation by women. The wash-house has also been re- paired, and a new^ kitchen built and furnished witti a new range. The water-works have been reorganized, and the water-closets are now flushed automatically. The appearance of the almshouse and of the paupers was good, with the exception that one insane man is constantly in a nude state. An airing-court made with slats fastened with galvanized wire, and divided into four separate yards, has been erected, which will be of great benefit, no doubt, to the insane. The almshouse register is fully written up. The number of paupers present, when inspected, was seventy-one, — forty-seven men and twenty-four women, — of whom twenty-five were insane, and of the insane, nine were locked in their rooms. The principal causes of pauperism, in the estimation of the keeper, are drunken- ness on the part of men, and lewdness on the part of women, together with the infirmities incident to old age. Some paupers are in this_ condition on account of the loss of property by misfortunes, for which they are not directly responsible. None of the inmates of '254 this almshouse were paupers in the old country. At one time, the couufy had ui)on its liunds a woman wlio had heen in the state less than a year, and it ])aid her passage back to (iermany. The county has succeeded in iindinf,' good homes for many pauper children, and tiie number present, wiien visited, was only seven. It is the inten- tion of the county to put u]) an additional building for sane pau- ])ers. A hospital building is much needed. The dietary of the almshouse is as follows : Breakfast, coffee, bread and butter, meat, potatoes and other vegetables. Dinner, boiled meat and vegetaldes, with corn-liread and wheat-bread. Supper, tia, bread and vegetables. The cost of maintenance, last year, was five thousand, eight hun- dred and eighty-eight dollars and eighty cents, and the amount paid out for out-door relief twelve thousand and thirty-six dollars and ninety-eight cents. Menard. — Visited June '2-1, 1884. This almshouse is badly over- crowded. In cold and rainy weather, when the paupers are all in- doors, it is ditiicult to pass through the room. The (juarters occu- pied by the insane are wretchedly bad. The window of the north room has been boarded up, so that light and ventilation can enter only through the grated door. The insane have their liberty through the day, but are locked up at night, and also when suffering from a paroxysm of insanity. Since our last visit, a barn has been erected upon the farm. A cistern is greatly needed, and new build- ings for the paupers. The number present was twenty, ten males and ten females, of whom three were insane, eleven idiots, and two children. For these children it is impossible to tind homes, since nobody will have them. The cost of maintenance, last year, was fourteen hundred and lifty-six dollars, and of out-door relief twenty- eight hundred and six. Mercek. — Visited September 12, 1883. There has been no im- provement in this almshouse since our last report. The building is so old and out of repair, that it is difhcult for the keeper to keep the premises clean and neat. The appearance of the paupers in respect to food and general health was good. The supervisors have purchased two hundred acres of land additional, which makes the almshouse nearly self-supporting. The number of paupers present was twenty-nine, of whom nmo were insane, seven idiots, and live were children under sixteen years of age. The keeper thought that the idiots had generally l)eco)ue so through self-abuse, but looked upon drinking as one cause of pauperism. To ])revent ]ianperism, he thought there should be some law governing the marriage rela- tion, which would prevent the proiluction of paupers. In reply to the question whether any of the fiu'eign paupers are n-cent emi- grants, and whether they were paupers in the old country who had been sent here, the keeper stated that there were two Irish paupers, who came direct from the old country to this poor-house, but said they were not paupers in Ireland. They are not now here. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, meat, potatoes, bread and butter, apple sauce, and coffee. Dinner, meat, vegetables, bread and butter. Supper, tea, vegetables, bread and butter. The cost of maintaining 255 the almshouse, the last year, was three hundred dollars; the amount expended for out-door relief was three thousand, three hundred and seventy-one. Monroe. — Visited May 5, 1884. This almshouse is too small for the number of inmates, and deficient in ventilation. An outbuilding in the yard is occupied by the aged and sick, but is a poor place for either sick or well. The jail, in this county, is better than the almshouse. The number of the inmates is fifteen, thirteen men and two women, of whom one was insane and one blind. The insane man referred to has been insane for ten or twelve years, and was discharged from the insane hospital. Of the other paupers, one is epileptic. Another is said to have been worth eight hundred dohars in cash, a year ago, but has spent it all for drink. The town of Waterloo contains a population of eighteen hundred, with eighteen saloons, at most of which, however, nothing is sold but beer. The total amount expended by the county on pauper account, last year, was thirteen hundred and eighty-four dollars. As a rule, no out- door relief is granted. Montgomery. — Visited June 12, 1884. The condition of this alms- house has improved since the last report. The appearance of the premises and paupers is thoroughly good. A corn-crib and shed have been added to the barn. A cattle-shed is needed. The number of paupers is twenty-one, eleven males and ten females, of whom six were insane, eight idiots, and one was a boy under sixteen years of age. There is one insane colored man, whose legs are chained, during the day, to prevent him from doing mischief and from run- ning away. The cost of maintenance, last year, was twenty-seven hundred and twenty-eight dollars. The amount expended for out- door relief was twenty-four hundred and seventy-seven dollars. Morgan. — Visited July 8, 1884. Various improvements have been made during the past two years. New fences have been built, a corn-crib erected, and an addition made to the main building. This addition is of brick, twenty-six by thirty-six feet, and two stories in height, with a basement. The basement is to be used for a boiler- room and a coal-shed. The second floor is a hospital, and the upper floor is used for mild cases of insanity. A new heating-apparatus for the entire establishment has been contracted for. Pig-pens and cattle-sheds have also been built. The grounds continue to be well kept, and are very ornamental. The interior of the building is clean, neat and comfortable, the beds and bedding good, and the appear- ance of the paupers good in every respect ; but, in consequence of the large number of insane inmates, it is impossible to give them the care which they require. There are no personal attendants. They are accordingly locked in their cells and in the corridors, and when in the airing-court are a law to themselves. One woman was observed with both eyes black and blue from blows received in a fight. The number of inmates, when visited, was ninety-two, fifty- five males and thirty-seven females, of whom thirty-eight were in- sane, eleven idiots and feeble-minded, three blind, and thirteen children. Among the inmates, there was one who is the mother of live children. Slie is feeble-miiuUd, and the cliildren are shiftless and incapahle. Several of the boys and girls in this almshouse were brought out from New York. They have grown up in the almshouse, and are absolutely worthless, apparently so by nature. Pauperism is in some cases in the blood. The cost of maintenance of the almshouse, last year, was fifteen thousand nine hundred and sixty dollars, and the amount expended for outdoor relief tifty-one hundred and forty. Moultrie. — Visited July (», 1884, in company with SheriflF Foster. A marked improvement has taken place in the condition of the premises. The tioors show the effect of repeated scrubbings, and the inmates and the beds and beddnig look much neater than at any previous visit. A two-story frame building, containing three rooms and a hall on the first lloor, and two rooms and a hall on the sec- ond floor, has been erected, at a cost of one thousand and thirty dollars, and is occupied by the keeper and his family. On the 18th of May, 1883, the large barn, which had been recently constructed, was struck by lightning and was totally consumed. The keeper lost three horses, three hundred bushels of corn, and a large quantity of hay. A new barn has since been erected. The number of in- mates present was eleven, six males and live females, of whom one was insane, one an idiot, and one a boy under sixteen years of age. This insane woman has been here for a number of years. She was formerly constantly locked in her cell and was very violent and greatly emaciated. The physician in charge, as soon as he saw her condition, ordered her release, and she has since been allowed per- fect liberty. At the time of this visit, she was found to be neatly dressed, and lady-like in her manners and conversation. She looked physically well, and has almost recovered from her insanity. The physician is entitled to credit for the stand he has taken in opposi- tion to the barbarous practice of treating human beings worse than if they were brutes. The keeper names, as the causes of pauper- ism, old age, sickness, being crippled and being orphans. He knows of no remedy, except to teach children to be saving and industrious while they have the opi)ortunity, so that, if misfortune should come to them, they would not be compelled to make the ])oorhouse their home. He thinks it very improper to place children in a i)oorhouse, because they cannot be educated properly, and they see and learn HO much that is corrupt. The dietary is as follows: Breakfast and supper, coffee, milk, meat, applo-l)ntter, bread and molasses. Hin- ner, meat, vegetal)les, bread and butter. The cost of maintaining this almshouse, for the year ending July 1, 1884, was three hundred and twenty-live dollars, and the amount paid for out-door relief eleven hundred and forty-one. OoLE. — V^isited August 15, 1883, in company with ^[r. Daniel Ferrell. The proportion of insane in this almshouse is unusually large. When visited, there were thirty-four inmates, seventeen males and seventeen females, of whom sixteen were insane, one an idiot, one blind, and four children. I'mir of the insane were locked ill their rooms, which were in good order, and all of them are well clotiied and api)arently well cared for. The condition of the paupers generally compares favorably with any almshouse in the state. The 257 county is erecting a building for the insane, of brick, tbirty-two by fifty feet, witb two stories and a basement. It will contain eigb- teen rooms, and will -accommodate sixteen patients. Tbe plan ot it resembles tbat of tbe insane department in Stepbenson county. Tbe keeper says tbat many of tbe inmates could make a living, if it were not for tbeir intemperftte liabits. Two or tlnee of tbe in- sane bave been received witbout tbe verdict of a court. Tbe cost of tbe almsbouse last year was tbirty-five bundred dollars. Paupers not in tbe almsbouse are supported at tbe expense of tbe tow'ns. Peoria. — Visited September 3, 1S83. Tbe register was found to be fully written up. Tue number present, on the day of inspection, was one bundred and twenty-four, seventy men and fifty-four women, of Avbom tbirty were insane, and ten were idiots. Nine of tbe insane were found locked in tbeir rooms. Tbe condition of tbe tbree men found in tbe basement is deplorable. Tbey are placed in cages, wbicb emit a villainous odor, altbongb tbe superintendent states tbat tbey are cleaned out daily. Tbe position of tbe cells, under tbe main building, exposes tbe inmates of tbe floors above to tbe peril of disease result'ng from tbese foul emanations. Tbe paupers are generally well cared for and appear to be contented. Tbe bouse was found to be clean, and tbe general bealtb of tbe inmates good, but tbe clotbing and food of paupers are not up to tbe average tbrougbout tbe state, at least of tbe better class of almshouses. A new building for tbe insane is in course of erection, of brifk, two stories in beiglit, witb a rubble-stone basement. Tbe out&ide dimen- sions are forty by a hundred feet, and tbe bouse, wben finished, will contain seventy-two rooms, including passages. It will cost fifty thousand dollars. We print herewith a plan, showing tbe arrangement of the ba?ement. The first and second floors are similar to this, on tbe east side ; but on tbe west side, the rooms are arranged for dormitories, etc. The building is connected with the main part by a covered passage-way. There is a water tank at each end. The county is also building a boiler-house, forty- four feet square. Tbe keeper, Mr. Henry Haren, regards intemper- ance as the principal cause of pauperism, but does not claim to know much about the history of paupers before their admission to tbe almshouse. There are no paupers in the institution who are not bona fide legal residents of the county. The county has placed seven children in private homes during the past year, and they are all doing well. Tbe keeper does not regard the county farm as the ' proper place for the treatment of the insane : first, because they do not receive sufficient medical and personal attention, and second, because tbey are a great source of annoyance and irritation to sane paupers. Tbe dietary of the almshouse is as follows : Breakfast, cofi'ee, tea, milk, bread, with butter or molasses (and on Sunday, gingerbread). Dinner, fresh meat and vegetables (and on Friday, fish). Supper, coffee, tea, milk, bread and butter, or molasses, and mush. The cost of maintaining this almshouse, last year, was seven thousand, nine bundred and ninety-four dollars and forty-nine cents ; and the amount expended in out-door relief by the county was twenty- three thousand, six bundred and twenty-two dollars and fifty-two cents, of which, fifteen thousand, four bundred and thirty-nine dollars and seventy-six cents was for the city poor. —17 258 Diagram of the Pkoria County Almshousk. Cell I'iisr^aK', Bath. Cell. Cell. Cell. I',i^-a^'. Diuiug Room. mi Cell. Bath. Vii>>^>^:> Hall. Dining Room. rassMRc a. a, rrivy-scat? 259 Perry. — Visited May 7, 1S84. There has heen no change in this- ahiishouse since the hist visit. The numher of inmates is ten, five males and five females, of whom one is insane, one blind, and three children. "We have referred to this insane man before, who is par- tially paralyzed and does not require to be restrained or secluded,, although he is at times very violent and quarrelsome. The appear- ance of the paupers is good in every respect, except as to clothing,^ which is moderate in quality and quantity. The dietary is as fol- lows : Breakfast, coffee, eggs and bacon, potatoes, bread and butter. Dinner, meat and vegetables. Supper, coffee, miik, bread and but- ter, and potatoes. The cost of maintenance, last year, was nineteen hundred and twenty-two dollars, and the amount expended for out- door relief, including that paid to institutions, sixteen hundred and nineteen dollars. Piatt. — Visited May '28, 1884. The appearance of the grounds, buildings, beds and bv dding is good. The paupers are very clean, 'well clothed and in good health. About eight hundred rods of tile have been laid on the farm, since Urn last visit, and about a mile and a half of fence built. The number of inmates is ten, three men and three women, of whom three were insane and two idiots. The msane appear to be well cared for, and are allowed their en- tire freedom during the day. The keeper has traced the history of several of the inmates, and believes that many children inherit pauperism from their parents and grandparents, who have been in- temperate during their lives. The use of liquor therefore produces pauperism, not only in the present, but in succeedmg generations, and, so far as his observation goes, is the principal cause to which its prevalence is to be attributed. Of the inmates of this alms- house, one has no residence in the county nor anywhere else. Two of the insane inmates have been received without the verdict of a court. They are epileptics, and are locked up at times, to prevent them from injuring themselves or wandering away. The cost of maintenance, last year, was fifteen hundred dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief sixteen hundred. Pike. — Visited July 7, 1S84, in company with Mr. Grimshaw. A two-story frame building has been erected for the use of the keeper, which contains eight rooms and a cellar. It is very neat and com- fortable. The premises occupied by the paupers are clean, but the interior needs painting and whitewashing, and the roof leaks sadly in some places. A slight expenditure would improve the old build- ing very much.* The number of paupers was filty-six, twelve males and twenty-nine females, of whom twelve were insane, three idiots, one blind, and fifteen were children. Two of the insane were locked in their rooms. One of them, a woman, is in a cell without furniture or bedding. Most of the insane do not seem to require special care. The keeper attributes pauperism to old age and in- sanity principally. Some women are paupers because they have families which they are unable to support. During the past year, four or five persons were committed to the almt-house, who were not residents of the county, and have been sent back to the state of Iowa, where they belong. Children who have been placed out by * Wp hnvp bepn informed that sinr'e the last visit the building has been painted, the rooms whitewashed and the roof repaired. the county in privat^i families are generally doing well, There are two insane inmates who have been received witiiout the verdict of a court. The cost of maintenance last year was sixty-seven hun- dred and niuety-iive dollars, and the amount expended for out-door rehef thirty-eight hundred and ninety. PoPK. — There is no almshouse in this county. The number of paupers boarded out is twenty-four, none of them insane. All the insane are in the state hospital at Anna. Eighteen of the county paujiers are kept on the farm of Dr. Dodd, at Kosebud. Tbe re- mainder are scattered. All pauper expenses for the last year amounted to three thousand, six hundred and thirty-five dollars. Pulaski. — Visited May 14, 1884, Tliere were four inmates, two men and two women, one of whom was ijisane and one an idiot. I'Im? grounds and buildings are susceptible of great improvement. Putnam. — This almshouse was not visited. It has not an average of two paupers a year. At the present time, tbere is only one. The total pauper expense, last year, was tweuty-uine hundred and eighty-four dollars. Randolph. — Visited May 7, 1884, accompanied by Mr. Dudenbos- tel, county clerk. The premises are generally in the same condi- tion as at the time of the last report, the wooden buildings fast decaying, and requiring soon to be renewed. There is a specuil department in wbich the insane are kept, and when inspected, they were locked in their rooms. These rooms present a neat and clean appearance, but are unventilated except through the doors. The windows have strong wire gratings, fastened on tbe inside, and there is no way of opening the sasbes. Consequently the odor in this department was very strong and oiiensive. The number of paupers was thirty-live, twenty-six males and nine females, of whom seven were insane, two idiots, and four children. The cost of maintenance, last year, was thirty-two hundred and twenty dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief twenty-tive hundred and eighty-three. IJicnLAND. — Visited June 5, 1884. The buildings are badly out of repair, and should be replaced by new ones. The present alms- house is totally uniit for tbe i)urpose for which it is used. The present keeper, Mr. \Villiam I'liillips, has only been on the place about three montlis. When inspected, there were nineteen inmates, thirteen males and six females, three of whom were insane or idiotic, one blind and seven children. Tbe amount expended on j)auper account, last year, was twenty-seven luindred and twenty dollars. PvOCK Island. — Visited September 1:5, iss;5. Tbe premises were in fair condition. Tbe building is old, and ri'(|uires constant reiiairs. A new one should be erected. Tbe rooms, beds and bedding are in good condition, and the grounds are free from rubbish, but the hog- 261 pens are too near the dwelling occupied by paupers, and should be removed. The numl)er of paupers present was one hundred and two, of whom forty-three were insane, twenty-two were idiots or feeble-minded, six blind, and thirteen were children under sixteen years of age. Of the insane, twenty-four, or more than half, were locked in their rooms ; but none were found to be wearing physical restraint. The insane probably receive as good care as the accom- modations provided will admit. The question of erecting an insane department in connection with the general hospital is still before the county board. Since our last visit, a large well has been dug, a thousand rods of tile laid, and a cistern built. A large airing- court for men has been erected, which contains a summer-house in the centre, with a table and seats. One of the rooms on the main floor of the brick building is now used as a school-room, and a teacher has been employed, who, at the time of the visit, was en- gaged in teaching the children. This room is fitted up with desks, blackboards, etc. It is a question, whether it would not be better to place these children in homes, as is done in other counties and states, rather than retain them in tlie institution, under the tuition of any teacher, however capable. The keeper attributes pauperism for the most part to intemperance as the cause. e"-:cept in cases of insanity, idiocy or deformity. If he had the power, he would not allow persons who are feeble-minded, or people of the defective classes, to enter into the marriage relation, and he would make the laws against the sale of liquor more rigid, and enforce them with greater vigor. Most of the paupers in this almshouse who are able-bodied, come there through the use of intoxicating liquor. One of the insane inmates, who is restrained of his liberty so far as to be under lock and key, was placed in the almshouse without the verdict of a court. The excuse given for this proceeding was the law of humanity, since the patient was said to be dangerous to himself and others. But it is doubtful whether the statutes justify it, and it is difficult to say why regular proceedings, in a case like this, could not be had, and the forms of law complied with. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, coffee, bread and butter, or molasses, and potatoes. Dinner, boiled meat and vegetables, fish on Friday. Sapper, tea, bread and butter or molasses, and cold meat. A new almshouse in this county is very much needed. The cost of main- tenance for the last year was thirteen thousand, one hundred and eighty-four dollars, but the cost of out-door relief was twenty thousand, one hundred and nineteen. Four years ago, we reported the cost of the almshouse at seven thousand dollars, and of out- door relief twelve thousand, five hundred. According to these figures, the cost of maintenance of the almshouse has nearly doubled in four years, and yet the same disproportion between the cost of in-door and out-door relief exists, upon which we remarked in our report to the General Assembly in 1880. Wherever the cost of out-door relief exceeds that of maintaining the county farm, there is strong reason to suspect mismanagement on the part of the committee on pauper relief. The effect of out-door relief is to manufacture paupers. Where out-door relief is refused, experience shows that but little suifering results as a consequence. Those who really deserve temporary assistance will ordinarily receive it from friends or acquaintances, who know their situation and their necessities. The adoption of the rule requiring •262 applicants for aid from the public treasury to go to the county farm cuts off a very large part of such applications, while the granting of these re(|uests familiarizes the recipients with the thought of public relief, and paves the way for their becoming a permanent charge upon the county. Where the amount of out-door relief is excessive, investigation often shows that it has been granted with prodigality, either from inattention, or from mistaken ideas of humanity, or, in some instances, from jiolitical motives. Saline. — Visited May ir», 1S84.. Mr. Gold, who was occupying, at the time of. the last report, a house owned by the county, on the farm adjoining his own, has now removed from the county house to his own farm, his house, which had been destroyed by a tire, having been since rebuilt. Every thing about the place is in good shape, and the inmates are well cared for. While on the county farm, they suffered a good deal from sickness. There were seventeen paupers present, eight males and nine females, of whom one was an idiot and three were children. At the time of our last report, there were thirteen children upon the farm, but most of them have been placed in private families and are doing well. The cost of maintenance, last year, was sixteen hundred and ninety dollars and the amount expended for out-door relief one thousand and sixty. Sangamon. — Visited June "27, 1884. A new rcof has been placed upon the entire building, and the plastering repaired. The house has been painted and calcimined, and presents a good appearance. The floors are clean. The size of the rooms and the height of the ceiling render it difficult to heat the house properly during cold weather, which involves an extra expenditure of money for fuel, constituting a large part of the cost of running the establishment. When visited, there were seventy-seven inmates, forty-six males and thirty-one females, of whom thirty-nine were insane, seven idiots, one deaf, and one a girl under sixteen years of age. The insane on the lirst and second lioors have neat, well ventdated, comfortable cells, but the cells of the male insane ni the basement are unlit for use. Seven of the insane were found in seclusion, and two wearing physical restraint. The condition of the ])-.iupers generally is good. Most of the i)aupers have led dissipated lives. A few of them have been criminals. Intemperance, idleness, ignorance and improper marriages are the principal causes of pauperism. Children are not admitted to this almshouse, and those who are born here are sent to the Home of the Friendless at Springfield. The county has been talking of building an insane department, but has postponed action, in the belief that the state will make sufficient provision for the care of all the insane jjanpers of Illinois. There are three insane ujton the county farm, who have been received without the verdi(;t of a court. The cost of maintenance, last year, was eight thousand, one hundred and ninety-live dollars, and the amount exjieiided for out-door relief in this county twelve thousand, nine huiulrid and live. ScHUVLKR. -Visited .lune 1(5, 1HH4. The condition of the premises and paupers is good, bnt the almshouse itself is poorly constructed. Since the last visit, transoms have been placed over the doors of 263 the sleeping-rooms, so that they can now be heated when necessary. The number of inmates was thirty-three, fifteen males and eighteen females ; four were idiots, and nine were children. The insane require no special care. One of the paupers is a resident of McDonough county, but her friends pay for her l)oard in the insti- tution. The cost of maintenance, last year, was fifteen hundred and twenty dollars ; the amount expended for out-door relief eighteen hundred and fifty. Scott. — Visited June 30, 1884, in company with Mr. John Alder- son, deputy sheriff. Since the last visit, a new roof has been placed on the main building, and the rooms, when inspected, had been recently whitewashed. There were twelve inmates, eight men and four women, of whom three were insane and four idiots. One insane man, who occupies a room in the basement, wears a hand- cufif and is chained to a tree, which is large and affords good shade. The others have their freedom. The floor and walls of the room in the basement are damp, and must be unhealthy. The general ap- pearance of the premises and paupers is good. The cost of main- tenance, during the last year, was nine hundred and sixty dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief, four hundred and ten. Shelby. — Visited July 16, 1884. The number present was thirty- seven, seventeen males and twenty females, of Avhom eight were insane, seven were idiots, one deaf and dumb, two blind, while seven were children under sixteen years of age. The condition of the premises is much the same as at last visit. The rooms are kept in good order, except those in the old buildings, which are exclusively under the care of the paupers. The condition of the inmates in respect to cleanliness, clothing and general health was good, and all seem to be well cared for except the insane. "An insane man is locked in a cell of the main building, who is very rarely taken out for any purpose. The other insane inmates, who are violent, have the use of a large airing-court during the day and occupy bunks in an outhouse at night. The condition of the out- house is bad and totally unfit for dormitories for human beings. Since the last visit, the county has erected a one-story brick- build- ing for the insane, which was nearly ready for occupancy. Its dimensions are seventy-three by thirty feet and it contains fourteen rooms, each eight by ten feet, and a hall through the centre, which is eight feet wide. The roof is of tin. The building is estimated to cost $3,000. This county has also erected a barn and a granary. The principal causes of the pauperism of the inmates of this alms- house are lewdness and drunkenness. The keeper is of the opinion that if the sale of liquor was prohibited, pauperism would diminish. He says that a poorhouse is a very improper place for children, and the rule is to find homes for them in private families as soon as possible, and many who are thus placed are doing well. The cost of the almshouse, for the year ending January 1, 1884, was nineteen hundred and twenty-two dollars, and the amount expended for out- •door relief, forty- eight hundred and seventy-three. 2(>4 St. Clair. — Visited May (J, If^Sl. Tliis iilmsbonse maintains its excellent reputation. The paupers are clean, well clothed and well- fed. Twenty-eight of them are siek and conlined to their heds. This institution is in fact a hospital as well as an almshouse. About three-fourths of the inmates are over sixty years of age. The num- ber when inspected was one hundred and sixteen, seventy-one males and forty-live femalis, of whom twenty-nine were insane, one an idiot, three blind, and twelve children. The insane woman who, on former visits, was found in a nude condition and doubled up, died, in April, IH 1. The insane arc all quiet. Two of them are lilthy in their habits, and are locked in their rooms. None of them are physically restrained. Since the last report, the attic above the in- sane department has been converted into a dormitory, by carrying up the walls and raising the roof. This dormitory contains thirty- three beds and a bath-room, and is occupied by male paupers. A new well has ])een sunk upon the place, and some new out-houses erected. Pauperism in this county is principally due to old age. Some of it is the result of intemperance. Many of the paupers have been admitted from other counties. Children are placed in families as fast as possible. Some of them, however, are returned to the almshouse, and generally speaking they do not do very well. The county has had it in mind to erect an additional ])uilding for the insane, but it is waiting to see whether the provision made by the state will be sufficient. The belief is growing that county farms are not proper places for this class of persons. The cost of main- tenance, last year, was seventeen thousand, four hundred and tifty- seven dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief ninety- four hundred. Stark. -Visited September 6, 1883. There were fifteen inmates, six males and nine females, none of them insane, but three were idiots. There were also two children. The condition of the prem- ises and paupers was entirely comfortable and satisfactory. A barn is in the course of erection, and a hundred and fifty rods of tiling have been laid, also a new Hoor placed in the basement. Some way of heating the building, either by furnace or by steam, is very much needed ; also water-closets. The cost of maintenance, last year, was twelve hundred and eighty-five dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief two hundred and eighty- four. Stephenson. — Visited August '1'2, 188:], in company with Mr, Dor- win, There were thirty-three inmates, twenty-three men and ten women, of whom eight were insane, four idiots, and two blind. Four of these inmates were self-supporting and not paupers, two of them drawing a pension. The insane are well cared for and very neat. The walls and lloors of the cells are painted, and no dirt or tilth is allowed to remain upon them. Some of the patients are inclined to remove their clothing, but the sui)erinteutleiit. when they do this, turns the hose upon them, so that the sight of the hose in the hands of the kee])er is sufficient to make them dress themselves wiii all ])ossil)l(' speed. There is one inmate who is in bed the greater part of the time, and seems to have no power over his muscles. What- ever position he is placed in, he remains in that position, till moved 265 by some other person. Since the last report, a hay-shed and an additional fence have been built. The appearance of the paupers is very good. This county e.xercises a great deal of care in the matter of placing out children. They are not indentured, and those who take boys, are required to send them to school three months of each year, and furnish them with two suits of clothing, a Bible and one hundred dollars. Girls are required to be sent to school for the same length of time, and, when of age, receive two suits of clothes and fifty dollars. Those who have been bound out have not done well. The county contemplates putting another story on the old insane department. The poorhouse needs new windows and window- frames. The cost of maintenance, last year, was thirty-six hundred and thirty-three dollars ; the amount expended for out-door relief fifteen hundred and seventy-six dollars. This house, although not remarkably well planned, is as well kept as any poorhouse in the state. The superintendent is the right man for the position, con- stantly making improvements, and the care of the grounds and farm are with him an every day matter. A barn-yard, in which fifteen cows stand every night, is so neat and clean, that ladies might walk in it without danger of soiling their dresses. He furnishes the following recipe for killing bed-bugs: Paint the bedsteads with Marseilles paint, and use oil of spruce in the joints. Tazewell. — Visited September 3, 1883. Tiiere is nothing specially worthy of note in the condition of this almshouse or the condition of the paupers. There has been no change since the last report. The register is fully written up. There were fifty-seven paupers present, of whom twelve were insane, one an idiot, two blind, and one a child of sixteen years of age. Two of the nisane were locked in their rooms. Two insane paupers have been received in this almshouse who were not committed by verdict of the court, and are restrained of their liberty when violent, which is said to be not very often. The rooms in which some of the insane are kept cannot be warmed, and the inmates suffer from cold in the winter. The diet- ary is as follows : Breakfast, coffee, meat, potatoes, dried fruit, bread and molasses. Dinner, boiled meat and cabbage, potatoes, beans, pickles, and bread. Supper, not stated. The cost of the almshouse, last year, was five thousand, nine hundred and thirty- seven dollars. The amount paid for out-door relief was four thous- and, eight hundred and seventy-four dollars. Union.— Visited May 10, 188 i, in company with Dr. Stocking. The premises were in fair condition, and the paupers appeared to be well-fed and in good health, but only moderately clean and mod- erately well clothed. There were twenty-four inmates, six males and eighteen females, of whom three were idiots and ten were chil- dren ; six of them have recently come from the state of Missouri. The total pauper expense of the county, last year, was fifteen hun- dred and twenty-five dollars. Vermilion. — Visited July 14, 1884. The general appearance of the premises is good. The grounds are in fair condition but might be much improved. The rooms, beds and bedding, were in good order. A one-story brick building, for tbe insane, ha.9 been erected. It lias !i hall through the centre, live bed-rooms and a bath-room on one side, and six rooms on the other. The building is heated by a furnace, placed in the basement. The water-supply is from a tank in the attic, which is tilled by a force-pump from a cistern. This building cost thirty-six hundred dollars. The number of in- mates present was tifty-six, thirty-live males and twenty-one females, of whom nine were insane, two idiots, two deaf, three blind, and nine were children under sixteen years of age. The quarters for the insane are very good. All of them, except one man, have entire lil)erty, and all seem to be well cared for. Tiie keeper thinks that if the sale of liquor were prohibited, a great deal of paui)erism would be prevented. He does not think that the poorhouse is a tit l)l.ice for children. Homes are found for them as soon as possible. The dietary is as follows : Breakfast, coifee, meat, potatoes, bread and butter and molasses. Dinner, meat, vegetables, bread, tea, folfee or milk. Supper, meat or fish, potatoes, bread, butter, molasses, and coffee. The keeper says that a wash-house, dining- room and kitchen, are badly needed for the inmates, and a new dwelhng for the superintendent ; and if the insane are to be kept on the farm, additional accommodations should \)e provided. The cost of maintaming the almshouse for the year endnig July 1, 1884, was forty-three hundred dollars, and the amount paid for out-door relief sixteen thousand, seven hundred and twenty. Wabash. — Visited June 4, 18S4. There is no change in the con- dition of this institution. The paupers and premises present a good ap])e:irance. The number of inmates is live, four males and one female, of whom one is insane, one an idiot, and one a boy under sixteen years of age. Warren. — Visited September 11, 1883. There has been no im- provement in this almshou-e since the last report. The county authorities are still talking of building a new one, but have taken no definite action in that direction. The premises and grounds present a neat appearance. The rooms are well kept, beds clean, and the management appears to be very good. J^'ortunately the insane paupers of this county are for the most part inoilensive and reijuire lait little attention. None of them were under restraint or in seclusion. There were thirty-two inmates, of whom seven were insane and four were idiots, one blind, and one a child. The keeper thinks licjuor the ])rincipal cause of pauperism, and would, if ])ossibk', stop its manufacture and sale. It is not, however, the sole cause, since there are some paupers who do not drink and m-ver have done so. This county ])laces all children who are sent to the poorlu)use in private homes, as soon as they can be found, and, so far as known, all the childicti thus bound out are doing well. One insane woman was found in the almshouse who was not committed by the verdict of a court. She was brought to the almshouse from the woods, in which she was discovered wandering about and out of her mind, some years ago. The following is the dietary: Jireakfast, coffee, meat, potatoes, rice, bread and butter. Dinner, meat, beans, pota- toes, tea or coffee, and milk. Supper, tea or coffee, bread and milk, nuish and milk and molasses. The cost of maintaining the 267 almshouse, dnring the year ending Septemher 6, was three thousand eight hundred and forty-one doUars. and the cost of out-door rehef live thousand and thirteen, which is an excessive amount of out-door relief in proportion, according to our view of the relative importance of the two forms of relief. Washington. — Visited June 2, 1884. There appeared to he hut slight improvement in the condition of the premises. The numher of paupers is twenty-six, fourteen males and twelve females, of whom four were insane, one an idiot, one hlind, and six child- ren. The keeper was ahsent. There is only one insane woman who requires any special care. At times she has to he locked up. The cost of maintenance, last year, was twenty-live hundred and sixty-two dollars, and of out-door relief twenty-four hundred and thirteen. Wayne. — Visited September 22, 1883. At the date of our last report, there were forty inmates present. There are now only twenty-eight, twelve males and sixteen females, of whom three were insane-, three blind, and eight children. The county physician says he has reduced a bad practice among the inmates ; that several of them were in the habit of pretending to be sick and unable to work, when, upon examination, he was satisfied that, in some cases, the sickness was all a pretense. To these cases, accordingly, he gave medicine to make them sick, but they rarely took it ; they either went to work on the place, or left to find work elsewhere. The appearance of the premises and paupers is about the same as at the former visit. An old blind woman, who, two years ago, claimed to be one hundred and nine years old, must have found the fountain of youth, for now she only claims to be one hundred and eight. Since the last report, an outbuilding has been completed and new fences built. The cost of maintenance, last year, was seventeen hundred and thirty dollars, and the amount expended for out-door relief twenty-eight hundred and twenty-six. Wh:te. — Visited May 16, 1834. Since the last visit, a new build- ing, which is forty-four by sixty feet, and two stories in height, containing twenty-three rooms, with a twelve-foot hall running through the centre of each floor, has been erected, which is large, convenient and well ventilated. It is placed about a hundred and fifty feet south of the old buildings. The house however, is poorly furnished, and some of the old bedsteads should, for obvious reasons, be destroyed, and new ones substituted. The appearance of the paupers in respect to food is good, but in respect to cleanliness, only moderate. The number of inmates was thirty-seven, fifteen males and twenty-two females, of whom one was insane, three idiots, one deaf, one blind, and ten children. The insane woman is harmless, and has been discharged from Anna. This county has placed out a great many chiklren in private families, nearly all of whom, when grown, turn out well. The cost of maintenance of the almshouse, last year, was twenty-one hundred and ninety-three dol- lars ; the amount expended upon the new building twenty-five hun- dred and thirty-three. The county paid for out-door relief twenty- eight hundred and seventy-seven dollars. 268 Whiteside.— Visited August 14, 1883. A fnime kitchen, one story in hi-ight, twenty by thirty feet, which will cost about three hundred dolhirs, was in course of ert-ction. The keeper was doing the work himself. The number of paupers present was forty-seven, twenty- seven males and twenty females, of whom twenty were insane, nine idiots, three blind, and four children. The paupers seemed to be generally well cared for. Quite a number of tilthy insane were locked in their cells, some of them in a nude condition. They are locked uj), because they are tilthy and tear their clothing; and they are lilthy and tear their clothing, because they are locked up. Some of them are occasionally taken out for an airing. Will. — Visited August 28, 1833, in company with one of the proprietors of the city livery stable. There is no change to note since the last report. The almshouse is new, and the appearance of the premises good. The paupers seem to be well cared for, both sane and insane. The cells of those who are locked in, are clean and well ventilated. The majority of them have the freedom of the farm, and are only locked in at night. There were fifty-nine inmates, thirty- six males and twenty- three females, of whom iifteen were insane, three idiots, one deaf, one Ijlind, and three children. The almshouse keeper is a believer in high license. He says the pauperism of nine-tenths of those under his charge can be traced to intemperance. In May last, a boy about fourteen years of age, was sent to this county from a poor-house in Ireland, at the expense of the English government. Of fifteen insane, seven have been committed by the verdict of a court. WiLi-iAMsoN. — Visited May 21, 1884. There were twenty inmates, nine males, and eleven females, of whom one was insane, two were idiots, one blind, and eight children. Mr. Hastings, the blind man, is still engiiged in the Vvork of making good strong Ijaskets. Upon hearing Mr. Whipp's voice, he knew him at once, although be had not met him for two years, when the meeting was a very short one. The insane man upon this farm is quiet most uf the time, and not restrained in any way. The premises arc in fair condition, the beds clean, the paupers well-fed, clean and moderately well clothed. The cost of the almshouse, last year, was twenty-one hundred and thirty-six dollars, and the amount exjiended for out- door relief eight hundred and thirty-eight. A smoke-house and vegetable-cellar are much needed. Winnebago. — Visited August 20, 18">;5. This county has now in course of erection a new almshouse, situated about three miles up the river road from liockford, which is to be built of brick, and for the crec-tion of which an ajjpropriation has been made of forty thousand dollars. When visited, the walls were nearly ready for the roof. The building fronts west. The basement of the front and of the north and south wings are of cut stone. Tiie basement of the rear extension is of yellow brick. The building is in the form a ( I reek cross, the intersection of the cross Ix'ing lifty feet square and the wings forty-one and a half feet in length by twenty-eight feet in width, except the front, wiiicli i-; forty-one and a half feet 2(59 in width. The first floor contams forty-five rooms, which are used as sleeping and sitting rooms. The second floor is simihirly divided. In the basement are a dining-room, kitchen, pantry, hmndry, vege- table-cellar, boiler-room, coal-house, and cells for the insane. The sewerage is good. No more beautiful site could be found in the state. The ground slopes in every direction, and is adorned by large forest trees, which afi'ord plenty of shade. The buildings, when completed, will be heated by steam. The number of inmates upon the old farm, when inspected, was forty-six, thirty males and sixteen females, of whom twenty-three were insane, three idiots, one deaf, one blind, and four children. Of the insane, thirteen were in seclusion. Some of them will not wear clothing, and they were in bed, covered with a blanket to keep the flies away. No change in the condition or treatment of the insane. This county has bound out a number of children. They all have good homes and are doing well. The cost of the almshouse last year was twenty-nine hundred and seventeen dollars ; the amount expended for out-door relref, seven thousand and seventy. Woodford. — Visited September 4, 1883. The premises were found to be in good condition. The general appearance of the paupers, in respect to cleanliness, clothing and health, was good. The num- ber present was thirty-six, twenty-six males and ten females, of whom four were insane, one an idiot, three partially blind, and two were children under sixteen yea ; disabled horses shot, 178 ; persons prosecuted for cruelty to animals, LSI : i)er8ons prosecuted for cruelty to children, 70. Annual expenses, $7,r)18.33. Kindergarten of the Poor Hand-Maids of Jesus Chhist, Chicafjo, ('I'H) Hu'lson Avenue). P^stahlished in 1S79. Present managers: Sister M. Angela. Sister M. Ida. In charge of Sister M. Polycarpn. Object: to keep the children of poor women, who earn their daily bread l)y washing, off the streets, and give them good training, free of charge to the poor; those who are able pay twenty-live cents per month. Two hundred children, from two to six years of age. were received during the year. Annual expenses, $400. This institution was reported to the census oltice under the name of Day Home for Babies, and Convent (with out-door nurses). Michael Reece Hospital, Chicago, {'19th and Groveland Avenue). See "United Hebrew Relief Association," below. Nursery and Half-Orphan Asylum, Chicago, (885 North Halsted st.) r^stablished in 18G0. Present managers: Mrs. W. C. Goudy, president; Mrs. A!ax Wjertsberg, vice-president; Mrs. Simeon H. Crane, vice-president; Mrs. Edwin Blackman, treasurer; Mrs. F. H. Beckwith, secretary; Mrs. Richard Robbins, assistant secretary. In charge of Mrs. C. M. Blanchard, matron. Object: the care and maintenance of the children of poor women, for the purpose of enabling them to find employment: also the care and maintenance of Hiidi children as are deprived of either ])arent. Present at be- ginning of year. IMG; received, 47; discharged, 41: remaining, 1-12. Fiscal year ends January 1. Annual expenses, not including con- tributions of ])rovisions and clothing, $12,000. Industrial School for Gikls, Chicago, (227 West Adams st.) This is a Catholic institution. It refuses to furnish any information for publication. In 1880, in the return made to the census office, it was stated that it has a capacity of 100 inmates, and was then in charge of Mother Mary Francis. Mercy Hospital, Chicago, (corner of Calumet ave. and 2()th st.) Established in 18r)l. Present managers : Sisters of Mercy. In charge of Sister Mary Raphael. Object: the care of the sick. P'iscal year ends December 'M. Present at beginning of year, 1(50 ; admitted, 1,1(7; died, 47; discharged, 1,048: remaining at end of year, 172. Annual expenses, §28,000. Ni:wsi'.( Y-i' and Bootiil\('ks' Homk, Chicago, (IMJ (^)uincy st.) This institution promised to send a report, but failed to tlo so. 275 Old People's Home, Chicago, (Indiana Ave. and 89th St.) Es- tablished in 1872. Present managers : Mrs. Harman Spruance,. president ; Mrs. G. C. Marten, vice-president ; Mrs. C. L. Kaymond,, reconiing secretary ; Mrs. B. P. Moulten, corresponding secretary; Mrs. Daniel A. Jones, treasnrer, and a board of 30 ladies. In charge of Mrs. S. A. 8hankland, matron. Object: to give a home to old people who have no home or children to care for them. Fiscal year ends third Tuesday in May. Present at beginning of year, 55 ; received, 9 ; remaining, 64. Expenses for the year, $t,907.10. Prisoners' Aid Association of Illinois, Chicago. Established in 1634. Present managers: John A. Jameson, president; David Swing, Jeukin LI. Jones, Byron P. Moulton, vice-presidents ; Joseph Kirkland, counsellor: Jonathan W. Plummer, corresponding secretary; Philo J. Beveridge, treasurer; Allen J. Flitcralt, recording secretary. The board of directors consists of twenty-seven members. Object : to benefit released convicts, who desire to lead lives of honesty and industry, furnish a home for a few days, and secure employment and helpful acquaintance for them. Number aided by this society and its predecessor, 534. Annual expenses about $300. Protestant Orphan Asylum, CJdcago, (2228 Michigan avenue.) Established in 184c-. Present managers: A. F. Seeberger, president; John Crerar, vice-president; Chas. W. Pierce, secretary; C. F. Grey, trea'^urer, and a board of forty ladies. In charge of Mrs. H. C. Bigelovv, matron. Object: the protecting, relieving, educating and providing means of support and maintenance for orphan and des- titute children. The fiscal year ends second Thursday in December. Present at beginning of year, 170; admitted, 187; sent to homes, 154 ; died, 16 ; remaining at end of year, 187. Annual expenses, $16,000. St. Joseph's Home of the Friendless, Chicago, (4C9 S. May St.) Established in 1876. In charge of M. E. Coughlan, lady superior. Object: to give temporary shelter to respectable young girls, until such time as situations are procured for them. Fiscal year ends December cl. Received, 570; placed in situations, LTO; remaining, 90. No statement of expenses was furnished us. St. Joseph's Home for Orphans, Chicago, (3, Douglas Place.) Established in 1864. Present managers : Sisters of St. Joseph. In charge of Sister M. Philomena, superior. Object: the care of poor, abandoned children, who are instructed in the common branches of a good English education, and who receive the moral and domestic training calculated to fit them to become useful members of society. Fiscal year ends December 31. Present, at begiiming of year, 143; receive(l, 196; discharged, 109; remaining, at end of year, 230. Annual expenses, $9,806.37. Tbis institution was called, in the census list, St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum. St. John's Hospital, Chicago, (360 Garfield avenue.) Established in 1-69. Present managers: Sisters of Charity, of St. Joseph's, Emmittsburg, Maryland. In charge of Sister M. Cephas Byrne, '27« sisttr-servant. Object : tlie care of the sick. Kich and poor are received. Fiscal year ends November 30. Present at beginning of year, :W ; received, IW.l ; discharged, 463 ; remaining, 7(>. No state- ment of expenses furnished. 8t. Luke's Hospital, Chicar/o, (1434 Indiana avenue.) Established in 18()'2. Present managers: one lady representing each parish of the Episcopal church, in the city. In charge of John E. Owens, M. D. Object : to give medical care and treatment to the worthy poor, without pay and without distinction as to religion or color. Fiscal year ends October 18. Present, at beginning of year, 44 ; admitted, 3-1 ; discharged, 351 ; remaining at end of year, 34. Also 1,387 dispensary cases treated. Annual expenses, §15,413.49. Uhlich German Evanoeltcal Lutheran Orphan Asylum, C Iticapo, (221 Burling street.) Established in 1860. Present managers : Rev. Jos. Hartmann, president; John Baur, secretary; Louis Haas, treasurer. In care of Christoph Mauermann, su])erinten(lent. Ob- ject: the care and education of orphans or half-orphans; hnlf- orphans have to pay for board, if possible. Fiscal year ends July 1. Present, at beginning of year, 56; received, 47; discharged. 30; remaining, at end of year, 73. Annual expenses, from S5,0(M) to §)6,()00. United Hebrew Relief Association, Chicago, (Room 200, LaSalle street.) Established in 1850. Present managers : Isaac Greensfelder, president; Abraham Hart, vice-president ; Herman Schatfner, treas- urer ; Joseph Pollak, financial secretary; Charles W. Wolzlieimer, recording secretary ; and a board of ten trustees. In charge of F. Kiss, sui)erintendent. This association has three departments, viz : The relief department, the employment bureau, and the Michael Re»se Hospital. Object of the relief department: to give substantial relief to the poor, to reduce poverty, to ascertain its real cause and try to remove it, and to elevate the moral standard of api)1icants. Ob- ject of the employncent bureau : to find employment for the deserving. Object of the Michael Reese Hospital : to give medical care and treatment to the poor, without distinction as to nationality or creed. Fiscal year ends September 30. During the year there were ^',860 applicants for relief, of whom 1,225 received assistance; 202 appli- cants for employment, of whom 157 were provided with work, 10 were not, 35 never called again. Present at the hospital at be- ginning of year, 20; number of cases treated during the year, 4()4. Annual expenses of relief department §13,4 '2 88 Of (!m])loyment bureau 535 25 Of Michael Reese Hospital 28,300 65 Total i?42,£77 88 Washinotonian Home, Chicaijo, (5;;8l West Madison street.) Estab- lished in 1S63. Present managers: A board consisting of twenty- six gentlemen and four ladies. In charge of Daniel Wdkins, super- intendent. Ol)ject: the cure and reclamation of inebriates. The 277 class of persons admitted are those who have become slaves to the use of intoxicants and opium. Fiscal year ends December 31. Present, at beginning of year, 77; admitted, 850; disuharged, 840; remain- ing at end of year, 87. Annual expenses about |zO,000. Woman's Hospital of Chicago, (188 Thirty-Fifth street.) Estab- lished in 1871. Present managers: Mrs. Maria L. Patterson, presi- dent ; Mrs. Eose A. Forrester, vice-president ; Mrs. Ida 0. Picker- ing, secretary ; Annie M. Gentry, treasurer. In charge of Miss E. Lunt, matron. Object: the treatment of the diseases and acci- dents peculiar to women, irrespective of creed, color, or condition in life ; the clinical instruction of students of medicine ; the practi- cal training of nurses. Number of house-patients treated during the year, 208; dispensary patients treated free of cbarge, about 500, Annual expenses, not .including contributions of clothing and pro- visions, $9,189.67. St. Mary's Training School, Desplaines, (Feehanville.) Estab- lished in 188-2. Present managers: B. Curtis, president; D. F. Brenner, treasurer; J. P. Brosseau, secretary, and twenty-seven gentlemen, with tbe Most Rev. Archbishop P. A. Feehan at their head. In charge of Bro. Leo, superintendent. Object: the train- ing of youths from eight to fifteen years of age, in a way to make them acquire good moral habits and teach them to become useful workmen and industrious citizens. Fiscal year ends January 1. Present, at beginning of year, 147 ; received, 105 ; discharged, 77 ; remaining, at end of year, 175. No statement of expenses fur- nished. This institution is. by law, subject to visitation by the State Commissioners of Public Charities ; but we have not yet paid it a visit. Guardian Angel German Catholic Orphan Asylum, Havelock Station. Established in 1865. Present managers: Rev. F. Essing, president; L. Biehl, secretary; and the Reverend Father, and two laymen, of each of the twelve German Catholic parishes of Chicago. In charge of Sister Mary Hyacintha, superior. Object: the edu- cation, etc., of orphans and half-orpbans. Present, at beginning of year, 107 ; received, GO ; discharged, 40 ; remaining, at end of year, 127. Annual expenses, $8,634.63. Illinois Industrial School for Girls, South Evanston. Estab- lished in 1877. Present managers: Mrs. Helen M. Beveridge, president; Mrs. S. Van Benschoten, secretary; Mrs. Myra Brad- well, treasurer. In charge of Miss Eliza M. Miller, superintendent and matron. Object: to furnish a home for dependent girls under eighteen years of age, to teacb them all branches of industry, and give them a good common EugUsh education. Fiscal year ends October 1. Present, at beginning of year, 56; received, 22; placed in homes, 31 ; remaining, at end of year, 47. Annual expenses, $7,641.64. This institution is subject by law to the visitation of the State Commissioners of Public Charities, who have inspected it. The following is an account, by Mr. J. VV. Whipp, of his observa- tions, at a visit made by him, August 28, 1883 : •i7M The buililiii<^ occupied (which was formerly the Sohliers' Home) is commodious, and is surrounded by spacious grounds, with pleas- ant groves, and the location is regarded as pleasant and healthful. Tiie rooms are of good si/e, well lighted and vcjitilated. and neatly and tastily arranged. The girls are tatight all kinds of housework, Sewing, cooking, etc. They have four hours of sciiool work, each school-day; and attend Sunday-school and church, on Sunday. Vocal music is taught every Friday night, (iirls who misbehave are locked in rooms, on a bread and water diet ; the small ones are sometimes punished corporeally, by the hand. The facilities for bathing are ample, consisting of a bath-house on the lake shore and bath-tubs in the house. Girls are required to bathe weekly, and their clothing is washed and ciianged as often as required. The bedding consists of wire mattresses on bedsteads, with hair mattresses, blankets, sheets, pillows and comforts. The present superintendent has been in charge for four years. During that time, nearly two hundred girls have been committed to her care. She is in the habit of conversing with the inmates as to their his- tory and the circumstances which led them astray, and is of the opinion that the dissipation, cruelty, neglect and death of parents and the incapacity of parents to properly train children are among the causes of their going astray. She says that those of them who have parents are usually in the worst condition. The remedy which she suggests for diminishing the amount of crime is to take chil- dren at an early age, who are neglected by parents, and educate and train them properly in some institution, where they may be properly classified, so that the young may not be contaminated by the older ones. In regard to the reformation of girls, the superin- tendent says that "our experience has been that ninety four out of one hundred have been taught and trained to industrious habits, and do lead honest and industrious lives. Those who remain for the longest terms generally do better than those who remain a shorter time. We secure homes for those who leave us. Some are placed temporarily in homes before their time expires, and. as a general thing, they remain in such homes." The number of inmates present was forty-two. DiiFapc Coiiiitii. German Evangelica:. Lutheran Orphan Asylum, AiUlison. I'.stab- lished in 1878. Present managers : Rev. T. J. Grosse, president ; C. A. T. Sella, vice-])resident ; Rev. F. M. Grosse, secretary; H. Bartling, treasurer; K. H. W. Leet^eberg. II. C.Luttermeister, rl. 0. Riepenbrink, trustees. In charge of Jolin Harniening, superin- tendent. ()l)ject: to care for, train and educate to be useful mem- bers of society, and teach them in the doctrines of the Lutheran cliHrch, such orphans and half-ori)hans as may be consigned to the asylum by the parent or guardian, on condition that they n-main until eighteen years of age, and after that age. if exi)edient to ])ro- vide for their education as ministers of the Lutheran church. Pres- ent at ItjgMining of year, i)l> : recei\'ed, 15; conlirnii'd. 11; remain- ing, at end of year, 103. Annual expenses. SI. 17'.>. J'.>. 279 Effingham County, St. Anthony's Hospital, Effingham. Sister Cyrilla is the lady superior, who "did not obtain permission to answer" the questions contained in our circular of inquiry. The capacity of this institu- tion was reported to the census ofSce to be 25 patients. Hen I'll Coiintg. Orphans' Home and Farm School of the Scandinavian Lutheran AuGUSTANA Synod, Andover. EstabHshed in ISOT. Present man- agers : Reverends E. Carlssen, J. Wilkstrand, S. P. A. Lindahl, Victor Setterdahl and Messrs. Sam. Hoagner, Gust. Johnssen, S. A. Peterssen. In charge of John S. Swenssen, superintendent. Ob- ject : to receive orphan children for maintenance and support, to give them a general training and discipline, and also to give them a Christian education, according to the doctrine and profession of the Lutheran church. Fiscal year ends December 31. Present at beginning of year, 59: reeceived, 6; dismissed, 4; remaining, at end of year, 61. Annual expenses, $4,000. This institution, in the census list, was called the Swedisli Orphan Home, o Kane County. ^^^'' ^3, //;^ Bellevue Place, Bataria. This is a private institution for the insane, for ladies, in charge of Dr. Pi. J. Patterson, proprietor and medical superintendent. We have visited it, and commend it to the public as a suitable place for the class of patients received. Its capacity is about thirty. Macon Cointty. St. Mary's Hospital, Decatur. Established in 1878. Sister Cas- siana. superior. Object : to nurse the sick in the hospital and throughout the city. Pieceived during the year, 145 ; discharged, 127: remaining at end of year, 18. Annual expenses about $2,633. Madison County. St. Joseph's Hospital, Alton. No reply was received from this institution. In the census it was said to have a capacity of 14 patients, and to be in charge of Sister Mary Joseph, sister-servant. St. Joseph's Hospital, Highland. Established in 1878. Present managers : Sisters of Charity, commonly known as Sisters of St. Francis. In charge of the rector of St. Paul's Church. .Object: to lend a helping hand to the sick, in the hospital and outside. Fiscal year ends January 1. Pieceived during the year, 60 ; remain- ing at end of year, 18. No statement of expenses furnished, Montgomery Count//. St. Francis Hospital, Litchfield. Established in 1876. The pres- ent sister superior is the manager. In charge of Sister Macaria. Object: to nurse and care for the sick, the poor and feeble, without 2S() distinction. Fiscal year ends November 25. Number in hospital at bej^inninj: of year and received during the year, (\H: discharged, 59 ; reinaiiiing at end of year, 9. Charges to i)ay-])atients, from S1H2 to $2 per annum, according to their aliility to pay. A good many art! cared for free. No statement of expenses furnished, M>>rtf 1885 18S7 1889 1885 18><7 ISSl' 1885 1K87 1889 1S85 18S7 1HS9 18>« 1S87 287 ;:; 2: •rr- o ■=> H IS -^ r* PS •^ (ii S o i? tf « Ph S^ Pli <1 OS i 1^ « P^ X w ;:^ >< ^ f« -< ^ :2: o 1 tf CO o CC" UT) ""S M ki bt (1 ® E3? 1 r- M ■7) ^OOCDOOO^O-O I o >oso i ■ ^ S = = S o 5 cT r^' IS oc u"; x ■; I ?;' cUto ■r 30 — 00 o o ;i si aj c :^ — ex c~. rr Lt lO '-^ -r OOOOOOOiOOO o = ^o= = o = *'=o O lO O iC O i^ = o = o CO CO irt o" 00 to «' 3C f-' -£ O 3-. O C; 00 C-4 LO ■» — CO O O O Ci-O o o o o o ==000=0000 ooooo==ooo !MOCOtO-f-r?-l=-J-J OOOOOOOOOO iS S S o 1 - i"i 5 X 1^ o s fi d s 2 s 4 ;? 2 d «» » ; ; _ - I'd : : eg* ■03-0) . .s c.ce c = 9 >> WCo=a3a.iV.|° c i »-- *-^ io'M*#cooon = ai»s^- :ooor-<(^oo'^4C; — = 01 ^- lO — '^ iO t^ C. O *0 CO -«■ c to c; -^ o oi to r^ -r {>• t^ o ",= -T ?; to >i »-o CO *9 00 0=00=0= a: o cS J, I, a V, S o " s s !/■- o c Eu, c ._ a * '■' 7 c*^*^ s. J; ci " tSci'^'ErCrc"^ "S 288 •73 a o — - i — o'" H h:) -<5 •2o6 o ImOC H a— FU £cr: OQ 0.5 C.O OS "<~ M &0 (D : f • s ^ 5 s ""■• s Ht '; I '5 ^ '* — -■ ^ ^ "" 3s *— A : -■|a" •♦TIC-. — "5 » — = '- '^ — = 2 ^• 00 I-: — ■ji-Si-c-TX^t- iS — r- ^ r» ■.■; ^■; ?i '3 t-5 i Ci 15 2 cat's:' f~ cat us 7; 00 in i.-; -i ■; I — ir -f -c ri S-. 00 ■X -r -T c c >: -T i-o — '••; I I- ;■£ t2 £■"——" ^' 1.' T I 5 S X ri It X i^ — o -r i- a ^-CMXl-XC'?J?i — . — -ii-iijc-.x -r.-c-. -i c; -• rt ic TT -^ Tr I* 7 1 'i ~: '^ — ST. c: J. C-. I* ri I- C "5 -^ L-5 CI "I li M> ■^ •'^ S-. X l»OOOCCOCOO •M O = O Z ^ C ^ O '^ =r -T I »' Tl - 1 -r ci m" CC -r ►>. -^ ir> c o Oi o -»••«' --o in i »^ -2 1» — K <^ o i» c -ri c lO oe I- -T X -i cc " H.'r <*"• i — ■= .^ ■- —i s c i - - - 1— H^ 7 1(1 Randolph 209 81 62 95 .... "<•<) si Ki<-lilaiid ] 81 .SO 26 25 * 144 31 Ro.k Island .... $3 04 231 25 11 40 28 07 3(K) (l| Salino Sancamon 357 20 30 45 4C 40 3455 42 20 7 65 32 70 109 56 20 r2 516 7i' Schuyler — 81 87 Scott 46 40 Shelby 1 50 15 00 3U2 45 23 90 5 04 2:5 75 *i 25 75 40 3:j 96 57 95 2.'j 40 Stark 24 0(» 17o 67 22 94 9'20 78 59 St. Clair 511 117 Stephenson 18.5 23 244 42 Tazewell 10 41 131 50 217 31 Union 216 95 25" 91 Vermilion 185 10 29 6i 272 (Kj Wabash 107 21 ""376 '02 89 66 108 00 107 "I Warren 111 75 35 78 66 00 16 00 21 41 4 Ti IW .V{ Washington 57 95 515 :i8 Wayne 94 X> White 5 60 113 6(1 Whiteside 216 34 41 03 .35 72 19 81 17 13 27 74 271 87 Will 91 23 149 39 Williamson 40 80 56 85 5 43 13 49 .......... 125 3!) Winnebago i58 02 1H;{ 4.-, Woodford 46 80 120 05 56 4(» 2:<6 74 Total $4,750 28 $2,819 77 $5. 036 98 $4,914 2!) $4,706 91 $5P4 75 $2,891 91 $25,710 89 1 291 Table V. — Shoiving amounts collected from each county in the state, by seven state institutions, between the 1st day of October, 188,3, and the SOth day of September, 1884. Counties. North'rn Eastern Insane Insan(> Hospital Hospital Central Insane Hospital South'rn Insane Hospital Deat and Dumb. Blind. Feeble- Minded Children Total. Adams $381 20 $123 25 139 :« $80 19 21' 36 17 24 24 35 $48 70 46'65 $39 50 ii'55 8 49 $672 92 139 35 Alexander.. Koud 73 56 Boone . $30 73 56 46 Brown 71 48 127 29 97 10 95 83 Bureau 127 29 Calhoun 83 15 16 17 24 47 97 62 38 94 61 99 35 75 216 00 Carroll 78 02 24 10 5 48 14 07 31 13 14 24 123 77 Cass 118 20 14 19 15 50 186 43 398 93 Champaign 270 18 Clirisiian 130 33 183 51 Clark 228 10 54 41 89 55 147 95 290 09 Ciav 165 11 13 24 . 9 20 \.201 84 219 52 Clinton 46 86 51 69 368 80 1 53 149 65 Ct>les ^ 6 86 1, 124 46 215 70 Cook i.962 oil 500 77 5,097 87 Crawford . 1 53 Cumberland ... 60 70 10 05 23 47 78 32 16 32 11 78 82 53 Delvalb 89 42 §"45 64 43 I 49 49 '66 7 41 72 611 53 11 41 41 15 40 167 49 L)e\Vitt 112 07 231 80 Douiilas 118 75 208 58 DuFage 71 84 Edgar 10 25 261 40 47 95 . 245 75 143 95 21 15 173 50 18 30 29 32 """" 1490 5 15 1 80 8 68 11 67 26 87 20 56 17 49 37() 38 Eilwards 90 74 Effingham 272 62 Eav«tie. 17(| 41 Ford 110 08 51 93 200 65 Franklin 60 39 62 41 2:^3 89 Fulton 30 66 287 67 22 00 83 93 486 67 Gallatin 60 50 60 50 Crreene ... 194 94 194 94 Grundy 13 61 140 S3 6 88 9 28 170 60 Hamilton 45 35 45 35 Hancock 78 05 73 96 40 79 192 80 Hardin Henderson 76 45 258 69 4 15 26 41 i02 86 Henry 258 69 287 09 150 10 43 36 74 16 12 45 31 45 Jl 00 46 64 32 00 12 48 519 43 Jackson 171 53 137 23 81 05 257 89 Jasper 223 87 Jefifei'son 93 50 Jersey 167 90 167 90 JoDaviess 114 71 23 44 138 15 Johnson Kane 177 32 14 54 131 91 185 34 5 01 33 79 410 99 Kankakee 136 92 Kendall 3? 20 37 20 Knox 4 35 78 70 19 14 9'i3 296 85 38 87 180 13 45 58 34 90 214 34 36 40 18 15 53 19 46 67 11 43 49 95 11 45 301 40 Lake 98 57 337 37 ""'i66'26 3 26 258 84 LaSalle 5 15 587 43 Lawrence 78 85 165 20 Lee IKO 78 Livingston .. . 16 18 174 95 49 00 197 91 35 96 37 12 42 09 20 45 72 25 25 15 48 12 13 .39 352 25 Logan 14 35 23 60 85 93 17 70 18 96 64 59 43 37 22 08 41 85 16 84 27 90 18 91 35 79 24 46 17 63 27 72 374 82 Macon 108 79 Macoupin 3 44 ""'l75'96 98 05 85 30 22 20 326 06 Madison 334 94 Marion 14 15 5 63 180 72 Marshall 77 80 58 20 153 63 Mason 5 25 118 t<9 Massac 97 64 114 48 McDonough ... ""'ioo'87 5'75 191 00 21s 90 McHenry 19 65 139 70 39 08 145 18 McLean 126 10 88 42 61 62 23 55 325 14 Menard 151 96 Mercer 36 10 37 31 115 :i5 Monroe 224 95 3 60 36 65 24 07 326 63 Montgomery. 132 50 204 34 160 17 Morgan 204 34 Moultrie 52 15 50 81 73 00 181 21 102 49 8'75 6i"53 26 21 11 82 102 96 Ogle 96 61 28 49 268 38 1 eoria . 352 04 559 46 Perry 166 75 281 06 292 Table T^— Concluded. Couniie-. .Vorth'rn Eastern) Central Insane Insane Insane Hospital Hospital! Hospital South'rn Insane Hospital Deaf and 1 Blind. Dumb. Feeble- Minded Children i Total, Piatt 1 PilvH $15 31 $15 31 Popo $49 .50 18« 8J 49 .50 Pulaski ISS K4 Putnam $2 84 $30 73 $58 42 91 99 13ii 75 75 90 136 75 IU<^lilaiiil :« 49 ' 114 39 Rook Island ... (U97 172 55 •Si 90 19 45l 31 62 272 55 Salini> Santcamon | 239 85 45 06 io 85 ii9 53 415 29 Schuylor i.......... Soott 1 993 i 9 93 Shelby 1 744 03 104 75 9 50 26 ««> 41 49 57 »» 5*1 (Nl 83 68 848 78 Stark 34 50 23 72 07 72 St. Clair 212 05 2 75 72 59, 49 20 1 C»8 05 Stcplmnson .... 197 87 __ 361 15 Taz''well 9 49 172 23 1^ 41 Union 192 Stt 10 85 46 3t 47 35 289 14 Vermilion - 203 ^ 351 46 Wabash 1 Wari'i'ii . ... 147 09 18 93 20 61 27 70 170 65 35 67 9 80 6 77 40 90 175 82 W asliington. . . . lt>(! 10 184 25 221 18 Wayne .. 431 47 White Whiteside 152 19 8 75 265 44 34 14 26 46 87 08! 22 75 30 411 43 51 244 29 Will. 3X2 92 Williamson . 1 131 22 57 70, '£i' 4.! 20i 70 as 85 2:t9 56 Woodford 74 07 122 (»9 9 01 .. 67 09 272 26 $3,881 5U Total $3,413 95 14,954 93 $5,530 54 $4,965 55, $1.198 93 i $2,594 94 $26,540 34 293 Table YI. — S}ioirhi(/ balances due seven state institutions, and not yet collected, on the SOth day of September, 1884, from each county in the state. Counties. North'rn Insane Hospital Eastern Central lasaue Insane Hospital Hospital South'rn Insane Hospital Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Feeble- Minded Children Total. Adams $162 45 j $25 56 581 23 9 75 7 65 9 08 $13 27 243 28 6 05 $201 28 $696 03' 55 55 1,523 54 Bond. 71 35 $:J3 32 40 97 20 81 46 45 110 33 29 92 Bureau $14 36 60 81 23 18 $19 351 10 40 3 60 152 86 Carroll 26 44 4 98 5 00 4 51 11 12 3 61 46 82 Cass 61 28 11 10 33 17 6 33 27 08 55 17 30 70 80 52 121 69 4 74 165 98 Christian 41 59 56 27 Clark 117 35 109 15 50 90 76 70 47 40 168 55 39 00 9 60 154 03 Clay 164 32 Clinton 8 32 ,16 39 il6 29 50 03 89 92 Coles 17 35 ■ 1,280 20 110 44 Cook 858 79 37 00 411 71 29 41 15 59 22 40 41 88 17 53 267 99 2,982 38 284 99 4 55 59 14 DeKalb 41 54 15 98 ii 88 10 33 1 33 91 80 DeWitt 43 82 96 03 Douglas Dul'age Edgar 95 27 34 25 95 24 0(1 44 58 34 01 79 77 51 34 5 00 95 75 14 95 112 70 191 50 10 483 10 12 85 15 12 ■"■■ 73'i8 6 97 246 29 12 55 49 12 22 23 30 10 59 35 29 42 5 49 1 49 5 55 1 48 35 212 79 Edwards . ... 53 79 Efflngham. 12 90 131 15 266 46 ford Franklin 74 94 15 37 97 83 788 74 Fulton 6 22 149 33 22 14 219 66 Gallatin .... 26 75 10 26 75 • 43 73 43 83 Gi"unily 7(1 CO 14 ' 2n 106 48 70 72 4 17 71 21 330 65 ""i89'24 437 13 25 69 79 10 4T 151 23 H aid in 189 24 26 38 83 79 4 35 30 73 9 83 170 46 11 25 104 87 59 70 92 22 191 79 9 29 15 86 11 71 33"24 3 95 239 45 Jackson 73 40 140 65 101 55 10 65 14 50 195 98 344 15 Jefferson. 10 101 65 Jersey 43 32 i(J6 07 187 28 JoDaviess £6 70 60 65 258 70 258 70 Kane 138 55 24 85 169 30 76 82 28 86 2 66 242 88 Kankakee 198 16 Kendall 2 78 2 78 Knox 10 47 37 31 10 87 89 79 14 90 48 63 100 39 37 19 04 20 56 10 18 7 59 45 47 74 82 4 84 17 77 19 83 1 89 19 14 6 39 137 77 Lake 198 85 179 11 304 62 292 26 Lawrence 54 55 110 88 Lee 89 24 7 17 10 84 171 67 49 58 4 84 106 51 Livingston 4 85 78 41 6 68 94 13 204 25 44 35 20 52 1 07 16 51 23 24 5 41 7 79 10 49 81 13 07 12 10 18 91 12 32 2 (17 10 70 203 04 Macon 20 18 Macoupin 64 50 220 61 Madison 14 10 9 06 218 65 63 35 330 81 Marion . 77 82 Marshall.. 25 26 3< 187 27 20 27 18 97 54 65 Mason 8 48 225 21 Massac. 40 56 41 37 McDouough . . 185 91 3i"42 27 82 44 01 48i 99 39 79 45 14 25 680 97 M c H e n r y . 51 84 16 86 73 11 78 81 19 McL'^an. . . 29 70 160 27 Menard 66 17 Mercer 46 08 Monroe 50 33 249 62 7 35 5 03 3 05 183 95 20 32 56 41 60 10 43 50 315 «8 Montgomery. . 81 04 55 94 91 44 Morgan 32 13 100 78 372 80 Moultrie . .. 27 00 47 32 Ogle 58 59 15 7 60 14 66 22 34 137 41 Peoria 147 30 229 74 Perry 164 25 i:::::::::: 147 75 •J'.> 1 Tabli' ]'I. — Concluded. Conn ties. North'rn Inflane Hospital Eastern Insano Hospital Central South'rn Insane Insane Hospital Hospital 1 Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Feeble- Minded Children Total. Piatt $260 80 218 27 $3 10 $12 45 56 42 $276 35 Pike $18 40 $i2 40 305 49 25 (XI 563 95 25 00 1 5G3 95 $8 30 10 10 49 82 tvi 'f^ 179 4(1 26 55 ""423 78 2 99 182 39 Ki.-hljind Roclv Island — Siilin** ■■'ieM 23 73 60'38 Xi 49 14 71 151 10 8 55 M 04 4 37 109 74 S74 88 Siineamon is 16 80 113 26 62 32 10 45 19 38 38 95 24 98 9 05 183 12 110 .S2 Hi'dtt 6 10 "■i78'24 10 16 65 Sliflliv 33 45 18 SI 6 72 8 69 15 16 20 39 13.36 16 iH 15 6 51 3i 20 230 51 34 36 16 03 100 89 2(t 19 10 192 41 20 91 57 11 St Clair. 163 20 35 65 3(« 43 SKM'lit'nson — Tazewell ii>58 70 147 93 7 15 29 02 5.3'5S 57 42 1(15 311 10 4ft 80 15 •.m 65 141 32 1M9 11 Walia-h 80 30 74 is 4 62 40 46 69 99 65 46 8 71 46 16 345 02 19 46 85 31 (iJSO 78 75 551 70 9"9<) 65 80 137 96 148 64 White 3S 30 1 51 485 14 ?2l 26 Whiteside Will_ 63 60 43 12 31 4!l 8S 75 41 '(M $2,205 39 3 59 79 41 73 68 37 65 648 10 503 80 22 07 940 03 Winnnbivgo Woodford Convicts 108 21 65 52 84 15 17 29 166 96 51 70 92 74 $3,262 03 Totals $2,954 57 $7,253 68 $5,059 90 $1,024 36 $1,223 67 $22,988 60 29G Table \II, — t'onsoiulnted F'lnanc'uil StntemeiU (all funds included) the JiHca I Hospitals fob the Insane. Item. Northern. Eastern. Central. Southern. APPBOrUIATIONS. Dr. Appropriations 1881. undrawn Sept. 30, 1882 .. Appropriations 188:J $86.515 28 254.721 77 $154. :«2 33 910.000 W $85,042 89 377.000 00 $7G.012.33 251. 150 00 Cr. Appropriations drawn durinc year, Appropriati(jns lapsed Sept. 30. 18S3. AppropriiUions undrawn Sept. 30, 1883 Institutions Dr. Cash on hand October 1. From state, ordinary From state, special From Burr estate, income From other sources Cr. Indebtedness, Oct. 1, paid... Expenses present year, paid Cash on hand Sept. 30, 18S;} Financial, Condition Dr. Indebtedness. October 1, 1882 Expenses. ordinary, present year Expenses, speuial. present year Cr. Expenses paid as above Indebtedness. Sept. 30, 1883 SiTRPLus AND Deficit Dr. Cash balance. Sept. .30.188:5 Cash estimates in state treasury Deflcit. So|)t.30, l)>8:( Cr. Indebtedness, Sept. 30, 1883 Surplus. S.M>t.:tH' 79 27 2"0 -Jit 3,562 76 100 00, 41 75 038 45 42.642 43 34,:i24 49 6, 440 43 1,0« 39 4. 4:<2 01 2.258 64 ' 2.3Jli'76 7.303 80 375 77 491 27 58!» 15 337 80 4') 12 680 47 1.413 43 9,713 44 173 55 562 80 2.510 81 6. 400 00 21 30 100 00 53 87 108 50 677 21 $180,332 18 $1-23,957 03 $125,074 :« Concluded. 299 Institutions foe the ■ Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Asylum Soldiers' for Feeble- Orohfins' Minded. Home. Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. State Reform School. Total. $13(),339 00 3(3 53 273 55 46,9(19 09 21,293 14 4.058 45 6SK (i9 7, 1(11 ti 2,270 OC 85i( 00 511 59 2, 16() 28 612 21 1,266 94 1,258 46 235 14 20 49 653 44 2,030 65 7, 900 60 116 78 60 82 6, 037 72 1, 024 22 ii9'2(i $107,245 67 .1;28,9r.8 on 79 3(i 350 96 14.879 5i 5,676 05 1,200 ((6 22 35 1,7()0 60 515 72 400 00 62 30 518 58 167 67 ' 298 35 120 00 674 68 2 50 117 86 1,538 31 1,855 79 20 58 33 55 2,189 07 2,500 00 50 50 00 657 79 $35,261 85 $107,008 00 293 17 210 74 23,237 12 16, 179 38 5.817 49 570 95 4, 615 30 2,273 83 269 25 1,590 57 165 61 397 13 . 179 30 60 56 6 12 801 46 469 09 4,124 58 148 65 805 33 3,064 01 185 50 103 74 $65,064 97 $99, 658 00 273 04 165 07 15,739 71 14,491 86 5,147 68 422 77 3,089 63 528 40 116 28 337 29 153 96 308 17 163 15 351 00 6 84 518 75 1,504 43 7, 143 00 29 70 406 61 617 13 15 00 18 00 $51, 109 36 $31,495 00 86 29 206 21 4,711 85 8,015 13 604 06 354 50 1,746 75 439 26 249 90 860 07 419 95 80 33 305 51 173 10 10 02 221 57 791 49 5,092 42 20 05 209 65 154 76 76 00 $24,536 37 $104,013 OOi 284 97 148 02 12,625 06 14, 094 54 5,753 71 521 48 3, 140 60 672 72 134 36 1,788 87 226 14 485 27 388 17 77 69 94 95 256 57 1,505 96 10,774 84 27 44 2, 153 32 899 45 110 63 39 00 40 05 $55, 810 82 $1,267,034 00 3,471 33 205 81 275,706 90 201,872 07 48, 653 73 6, 585 20 62.()91 05 15,051 73 2. 499 90 8,628 49 23,713 22 3,319 23 5,7.9 48 4,737 23 3,394 68 570 64 5,732 77 18.2(9 36 154,492 19 766 58 7.781 29 29,740 76 8,900 00 271 30 475 00 1,924 37 1,262 45 2,981 90 $895,731 52 :iO(i Table \ III. — Consulidated Financial Statement (all fniuh incluAed) the fiscal Item. HOBPITALB FOB THE InSANB. Northern. Eastern. Central. Southern. Appbopbiations. Dr. Appropriations 1883. undrawn Oct. 1, 1883. Cr. Appropriations drawn during year Appropriations undrawn Sept. 30, 1884. $224,051 7ii $^81,731 8G |:3«9,500 W t:-ll.bri ti.' $224,051 70 $881. 7:« 80 $:i4y,500 00, $222,527 02 137,a34.S4 431,640 64 17:^.435 34 132.59108 80,217 30 4.J0.()85 22 170.064 00 SiMW 54 Institutions. Dr. Cash on hand October 1. 1S83 . . From state, ordinary From state, special % From other sources $224,051 70 $881,731 80 $341t,5oo 00 $222,527 02 18,493 31 29.882 92 6.51122 20.120 90 lim.OlHI 00 101,000 00 110 INNI do 9S.0(NI 00 31.s:i4 34 327.010 04 (^.4:5.'. :{4 31.5't| 08 14,010 91 5,432 48 10,704 37 10.424 78 Cr. Indfbtedness October 1, 188:1, paid. Expenses present year, paid Burr fund loaned Cash on liand Sept. .30, 1881 Financial Condition. Dr. $170,947 59 $400,902 04 $190,710 93 $103,136 70 9.472 99: 9,504 59 1:12. 070 :J,i 425,970 71 5, 000 00 24,:v.t8 25 31.180 74 12,328.32 190.011 83 i:«.536 22 099 10 17,272 22 Indebtedness October 1, 1883 E.xpeiises, ordinary, present yea Expenses, special, present year Vr. Expenses paid as above . . Indebtedness Sept :S0. 1881 $170, 947 59 $400, 902 04 $190.710 93 $10:}, 136 70 9,472 99 9.504 59 ' 12.:K8 32 109,51!» 41 103.05;S 73 121,902 78 102, (W!' 20 24.93108 :i20.920 19 OS. 109 05 41.793 93 $143.053 51 $4;».478 51 $11»0,011 8:1 $150,81145 $141,.">49 :<4 $4;J5.475 30 $190,01181 $145.864 54 2,404 17 4,003 21 10.940 91 Surplus and Deficit. Dr. Cash balance, Sept. .30, 1S84 Cash estimates in stale treasury $143,953 51 $439,478 51 $190,01183 $150,81145 24,398 25 31,486 74 499 04 699 10 17,272 22 8.641 80 12.095 2!1 $24.897 291 $31.486 74; $9.;140 90| $29,;»07 51 Indebtedness, Sept. ;(o. 1884. Surplus. Sept. 30. 1SS4 Avkuages. Nuiul)or days' board furnished Inmates. Average number of Inmates ... Average cost per capita 2.404 17 22. IW 12 4,00:1 21 27, 4x1 r<\ 10.940 91 9.340 90 18,420 00 $24.897 29 $;n,480 74 $9,340 '.H> $29,367 51 I92,:i50 i88,;r,o 2:10, '2X6 210,9:15 525.. V) 514 a 0-21t.20 570. ;12 $20X 45 $200 25 $193 74i $178 18 301 of the Income and Expenses of ten State Institutions, classified, for ijear 1884. INSTITUTIOKS FOK THE Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Asylum for Feeble- Mlnded. Soldiers' Orphans' Home. Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. State Reform School. Total. $183,460 38 $60,750 00 $112,941 33 $112,941 33 $103,893 31 $32,630 78 $113,144 16 $2,284,631 14 $183, 460 38 •160,750 00 $103,893 31 $32,630 78 $113,144 16 $2,284,631 14 107,564 54 75. 895 84 34,546 24 26.203 76 64,170 37 48.770 96 62,259 37 41.633 94 $103,893 31 19, 425 12 13.205 66 79, 047 24 34,096 92 1,243,520 28 1,042.110 86 $183,460 38 $60,750 00 $112,941 33 $32,630 78 $113,144 16 $2,284,631 14 *1,718 47 97.II00 00 10,564 54 10. 1.37 51 1,841 13 32,000 00 2,546 24 1,966 82 11,358 40 56, (100 00 8, 170 37 4,817 29 4,266 66 55, 000 00 7.259 37 428 10 762 17 17, 000 00 2,425 12 212 50 *163 54 42, 000 00 37,047 24 9,672 55 91,357 73 717,000 00 525,520 28 68,473 31 $115,963 58 $38,354 19 $80,346 06 $66,954 13 $20,399 79 $88,556 25 $1,402,351 32 3. 802 35 32,'926'21 8 71 64,831 39 10,000 56 78,110 04 45,117 52 109. 839 78 61,337 22 20,011 99 1,248,651 74 5,0(10 00 2,341 45 5,427 98 15,505 96 5,616 91 387 80 445 65 103.582 06 $115,983 58 $38,354 19 $80,346 06 $66,954 13 $20,399 79 $88,556 25 $1,402,351 32 3, 812 35 8 71 54.372 Si 10,461 57 •10, 000 56 46.582 80 31,52? 24 45 117 52 100.067 72 10,820 83 31,1.57 69 1,768 52 54.077 85 7.-259 37 17,586 87 2,425 12 741. 040 90 526,016 90 $114,690 90 $,32,926 21 $64,843 10 $61,337 22 $20,011 99 $88, 110 60 $1,312,175 32 113.642 13 1,048 77 32,926 21 64,840 10 3 00 61.337 22 20, Oil 99 88,110 60 1.293,769 26 18.406 06 $114,690 90 $32,926 21 $64,843 10 .$61,337 22 $20,011 99 $88,110 60 $1,312,175 32 2,341 45 2,140 33 5,427 98 441 31 15.505 96 2,291 20 5,616 91 387 80 445 65 103,582 06 26, 108 97 $4,481 78 $5,869 29 $17,797 16 $5,616 91 $387 80 $445 65 $129,691 03 1.0(8 77 3 00 17,794 16 $18,406 06 3,4.33 01 5,869 29 5,616 91 387 80 445 65 111,284 97 $4,481 78 $5,869 29 $17,797 16 $5,616 91 $387 80 $445 65 $129,691 03 134,7.34 368.13 $271 83 34.0.54 93.04 $331 88 106,7.58 291.69 nS6 41 116.033 317.03 $170 58 28,684 78.37 $224 41 112,890 308 44 $151 031 1,355,080 3,702.49 $200 06 * Overdraft. :!()-i Table VIII.— Hospitals fob the Insane. Northern. Eaatern. Central. Southern Expenses Classified. Attendance Food Clothing, IxMldinjj. etc Laundry supplies Fuel Lielit Water Medicine and medical supplies ... Freit,'lit and transportation Tostage and telegraphinK ]{()iiks and stationery I'liiitin^: and advertising Miisie and amusements Iii'-trunients and ar'paratus Household o.xpenses Furniture liuildine. repairs, etc Tunis Machinery, etc Farm, carden, stock and grounds Iteal estate Legal e.xpenses Insuianee Shop expenses Burial expenses E.xpenses not classified $40,424 05 2H.325 74 -.308 4(1 :W4 Al 11,170 il L'.783 ItO $45,.'<99 K 23.323 40 13.3.V1 m SI:! 78 ll.S.'o W 1.238 38 Total , 1,243 til; 10,G4G 48 34!* 24 1.280 <;il 182 751 637 901 144 511 l,2(i(; 58l 3.2411 43: 17.392 021 7t; 08 1 3.982 29 3. 008 22 401 80 100 00 69 00 12 00 $134,480 5: 1.500 37 2,737 77 087 51 750 31 302 70 GMi 14 190 00 1.350 35 9,369 50 289,407 88 120 49 8.015 71 7,090 17 10.115 (Kt 3 00 130 00 42 09 204 40 257 05 $54,025 44 3S,706 07 9,713 95 747 06; <;,88o 10 2.240 421 1,0(10 iMl . I,7(i2 36 4,305 9(i 505 72 580 44 790 05 259 48 23 58' 939 5(1 4,043 98 52,099 9- 1 a ea N 3 © H © 1- tJ = 56 m i» ^ -T 93 1- •0 a a b< *^f^ CO t-^ r^ 1^ CJ "^ 2 ■ 1 i * s ss 1; i itf. >.r •^. wu-/.«- "- r> rj -^ c ■-'5 p— -^ ci — . ^ X C-. f 1 -r •= -T 00 lr^ = -r to MMMtl— ^•- IIU \ 362 5 10 DeKalb. ! DeWitt 4 2' 1 5 17 :::::: i 1 i 1 18 ] 4 13 DuPage 4 I 1 •» 5 1 1' 4 G 11 1 1 13 3 3 i 17 1 1 2 1 4 1 i 1 1 12 Ford i 10 17 1 Fulton .. 3 9, 2 i 5 3 2C •> 5 4 19 1 4 9 9 28 3 1 i 1 3 5 Hartiiri C 1 15 1 10 1 3 1 3 1 i 1 1 2 2 9 H<*nrv .... 3 3 3 3 ■" 2 i 4 i 1 1 15 IG ... 4 4 1 2 26 13 4 1 1 «< J.Ms„y. » 4 ...... i 2 1 1 2 8 6 8 1 7 1 23 2 1 5 7 3 5 6 ..... 3 i 1 13 15 i i 14 1 2 25 2fi 4 12 1 1 2 3 2 1 <»•> 8 17 6 2 17 LaSalio . i 1 3 5G 1 4 20 1 1 5 3 2 27 7 4 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 19 13 18 8 4 2 1 1 13 1 5 G 4 2 3 4 1 2 • 3 1 i 5 19 Mir**r 1 ] 1 ; 1 t o H Montgomery S 2( 1 'J 1 a a i 1 2 i| 4 32 Moultrie 13 OcIh 1 6 1 ' 4 3 17 Ptioriu 1 1 4 11 1 ] 25 307 Table XII. — Gonchided. Counties. Eastern Insane Hospital. Northern Insane Hospital. m f=3 r^3 CD ?= (S -i 7^ D §1 5' p. 3 ro ■< 3 3^~ * 3 -! o 3 1 4 4 1 3 i i 8 Piatt 1 10 5 Pike 1 1 3 17 1 2 4 Pnla'ski 1 4 1 1 4 2 1 2 7 1 4 9 i 7 Kock Island 1 7 2 1 21 3 3 i9 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 i 5 34 4 Scott 4 ■■■'14 1 i 2 1 2 4 Shelby 1 7 1 1 2 2 3 i 3 1 5 17 Stark 4 6 St Clair 4 2 24 7 . 10 Tazewell 3 7 5 2 17 8 13 2 5 3 1 4 4 34 1 4 9 1 1 9 2 8 8 12 2 1 3 1 2 5 1 1 21 Washington. 3 6 5 i 2 3 ' 7 1 4 2 2 1 7 i 1 1 3 i 14 White 1 15 28 2 14 Will 34 4 i 9 7 1 2 13 Woodford 5 4 15 Total 134 274 241 155 63 157 72 87 407 144 1,733 30S Table XIII. — Shouinfi the number of inmates admitted into ten state institntions, from each conntif in the state, hetwren the 1st dai/ of Oetober, 1883, and the- 30/// day of September, 1884. Counties. = 53 III i§? » Cx = 5! = 3 it ?-3 o U 3 4 1 1 1 I 1 1 2 4 2 3 3 2 13 .•*"2 2 24 19 liontl -. 9 2 1 10 5 4 1 7 1 1 10 16 1 1 ■""16 2 » 1 1 3 2 I 1 3 1 2 3 3 4 fi 2 2 i 10 7 12 1 28 4 1 4 6 5 3 1 3 li Cliuk i 2 14 Cliiy 7 3 86 ""is 2 1 7 i 5 1 7 2 119 2 46 IJ Cook 28 314 5 3 5 2 3 ' 2 1 DeKalb () 5 3 3 19 DeWitt 4 * 1 2 14 1 3 5 9 a i . .. IS 1 'J 1 5 6 I 17 1 ■5 7 3 2 i 2 16 3 2 14 Ford 4 1 I 14 6 i 9 11 4 1 4 20 Gallatin 1 •> 1 7 4 1 1 4 7 5 8 2 i i 1 i 5 Grunily ^ 8 3 2 1 i 1 2 1 16 10 7 1 12 4 1 8 2 i 2 5 6 2 19 1 17 32 10 5 7 4 5 2 18 Jasper 3 21 9 JiT-f'y U 1 1 12 3 3 3 1 18 2 i 6 2 7 20 5 18 1 2 1 '» 39 2 o 3 7 6 8 .... ^ 4 2 5 5 25 H 2 11 7 7 4 2 "2 3 s 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 21 6 7 22 i.aS ille . 4 3 48 4 10 Low 8 i 15 6 5 1 3 1 1 19 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 i 5 30 5 3 9 1 4 8 4 '26 1 2 1 1 IS '"'i4 6 4 2 26 Madi^^on 25 1( Miir^iiall , < 6 1 i 1 U ; 9 ■■"io 4 6 .... ^ 13 1 1 i 9 1 1 3 4 1 15 >f.'H.-nry 6 2 6 2 1 1( 2 1 2 1 2 4 35 U 7 1 1 2 1 1 < MontKOiiiory 1 12 1 1 1 6 22 Moiiltrh* 2 2 OkI" Peoria 8 1 4 j 1:::::; 5 5 1 4 16 lU 24 309 Table A7/r.— Concluded. Counties. Eastern Insane Hospital. Northern Insane Hospital. pi Ill — 3 3 D d 2 d' p. is? Eye anil Ear Infirmary. Soldiers' Orphans' Hnme. g Perry 7 1 1 4 4 4 o 6 1 4 1 2 13 Piatt 1 10 g Pike 1 1 1 15 8 Pulaski 7 Putnam 1 1 1 2 Randolph . ..... 9 4 1 1 1 13 Kic'liland 4 Rock Island 18 8 1 3 5 ! 5 2 2 2 40 Saline 4 1 7 15 17 1 2 1 1 i 2 1 43 5 Scott i ::::■■' 2 9 9 Shelby 1 2 3 19 Staik 3 ■■"'ie 1 1 1 7 St. flair 3 1 1 2 2 4 90 4 2 6 3 1 6 12 21 Union 7 7 18 6 24 Wabash 1 1 10 5 4 1 I 2 4 12 3 7 1 1 4 19 Washington 5 4 2 1 7 3 1 9 White. 1 2 18 2 9 4 10 Will 2 1 10 43 6 9 Winnebago 12 23 Woo; ■■■■824 1.691 ■"3,'44(l 17 32:{ Gallatin 2,773 Greene 6.240 ■"895 506 1,4611 427 ■■■■ie 481 551 28:1 352 8.762 Grundy 365 4.i27 9,022 Hamilton 5.191 "■"585 "Kbii 3.aS2 4,291 6. 1-27 Hancock 7,211 2,432 ■■■■365 1,508 1..396 1,771 365 ■■i,"6i4 683 ■■■730 ■■■346 i"956 ■"958 14,154 Hardin 5S5 Henderson 3.022 7,.'W6 .365 4.889 Henry Irocjuois 37 9.492 11.101 15.574 Jaekson 9, f>94 •lasiMT Jellcrson 3, 950 6 511 "i'.m 4.195 5. (i.')9 .I(j Daviess 966 94 9,52 156 211 213 848 40 1.446 IS 15 265 478 150 552 ■■■487 :i<)ii 55 '■"iil 543 189 35 7,797 Joliiisun 3,276 ■■".%.5 365 4.4<« Kane 11.772 "3.'285 i.723 9, 166 52ii 365 1.869 687 " '9,'563 "i'Aiih 296 1,460 264 21.219 Kankakee Kendall 12, 856 4.:w9 Kno.x 1,851 810 4.764 810 433 1.311 »£i 2.796 1.318 3, 6ik') 540 .MO 270 ' '2.' 443 6-22 3.666 679 270 l.a'iO 1.620 4,814 1.575 1,607 12 266 743 492 ■'■256 13 ■■"926 743 254 13 2:11 25:1 480 73 ■■"246 253 238 973 13 506 1,559 1,1 61; 929 i.'.m 7.30 908 3,272 l.;«.' 977 1,449 1.094 43H 1,447 511 664 1 (101 1.350 730 687 7:«i ;«« 2.090 311 443 1,362 3,'725 ■ii268 657 2.868 3.421 2.526 ■4;846 312 ti.'fct 8;t5 .Madison Mai'ion. ""m 100 19.210 15,0(il 5.611 7 4(>8 Marshall Mason 5 704 MijOoiioukIi 6.451 12 946 Mellonry 6.955 365 360 95 8 I.WIO 1,568 9,543 M2 9.254 5.C96 ""i75 2.316 31.515 5 (i9l jMurcer 8 KiS Monroe 9.587 Montgomery .... urn 4 108 264 47 730 448 154 8 'M'.^ MorKanI 18 952 Moultrie Ok'lo '"6,m "133 4.6;}2 9,240 311 Table XI I '. -Concluded . Counties. Northern Insane Ffospital. 9 3 P ^ cm td 5' a Feeble- Minded Children. a:i B a: ft' ?g3 3 "-a 3p^ aw 2-B 1^ E Peoria 623 9,962 '"4."269 ' '2,'295 3.004 "6."975 3.039 "2ii39 3.767 1,080 753 1,337 253 208 "'269 2.534 1,(115 243 365 25 1.163 825 1,460 1.752 441 550 370 100 201 2,759 431 "i,"762 """508 30 1, 460 341 3,176 "2,'977 21 512 Perry 8 318 Piatt . 2,971 7,404 5.797 12 993 Pike 64 Pope 2,496 3,537 1, 7.33 9.061 5 705 Pulaski. . Putnam 365 832 270 270 1,093 810 236 Kaniiolpli.. 250 106 879 2,374 ■"353 447 358 335 4 liichiaiui Rock Ishind y at i n e 201 8,911 485 1,430 17.834 2,497 23,466 5.025 4 7% Sangamon 11.981 4.40J 2.750 2,964 \2 252 251 213 "'514 'i'.Yu 720 ""380 518 1,293 92 975 268 493 244 2,864 365 "§,"438 297 810 1.095 i:607 997 1.777 "'"3("li 1.010 645 322 665 1,553 730 933 1,830 107,008 2,333 "i.'625 2, 126 153 289 289 887 450 796 1,386 1,830 1,270 685 730 'l,'299 2,'555 392 Schuyler Scott "6.'8i2 ii^oos '"4,'575 365 2,382 "'6;776 4,653 4.142 170 ""536 4.746 1.080 2,719 540 1,093 27(1 1,328 553 2,462 1,448 804 4, (105 784 1,337 1.054 Shelby . 351 5 64 161 104 "'566 1,901 "i,"263 730 796 20 1,272 13.841 2.527 21 631 Stark 1,536 St. Clair Stephenson Tazewell 7,111 3i;5 365 '"6,"5i£ 10,831 12,993 6.582 19.481 4.758 Union Vrtrmilion Wabash 12.498 "Warren 5.953 506 207 ""349 767 574 212 118 126 614 "ii264 1,976 401 486 495 2,289 »79 10,5.32 10 196 Washington Wavne 10,227 10,428 9 523 White 168 188 14,337 Whiteside 6,606 1.311 Will Williamson "3,757 24,540 6 246 Winnebago Woodford 9,268 31 1,876 "4," 008 17, 024 10, 409 Total 191.858 145.627 229.945 192. 123 136,339 28.968 99,658 31,495 104,013 1,267,034 'M'l Tahle XV. — Shoiv'uKi junnlicr of tlays' board (j'lven to Inmates of ten state inxtitutions, from carit counti/ in the' state, between the 1st daif of October, IHSi, and the SOlh day of September, 18«4, Counties. Northern Insane Hospital. P_«B Central Insane Hospital. Ill r- B = ="=: s o" 1 — ^ ■' lit ■ o 1 1 H 14,282 "i'm 4,151 2,5:« 542 828 82S 609 271 271 828 512, 3.137 1.6-26 1.069 8.'2 921 271 19, XV 1.097 813 512 813 615 1.034 98 277 13 l,3't9 :k;6 . i.:«;2 2; IS . 22 . 710 " "73i 3361 43 283 148| 5.970! 4.096] "■■'csi 966 1,697 26.263 Alexander. . 10,925 IJond. 7.632 3,893 5 5.819 Jlrown . 2,612 8.267 2,34» ■4.'01 11.8:« 2t», 498 5,018 4. 130 3,857 584 11. .518 Ja-iii-r 6, 919 JelTerson "S.'oeo ■■4'745 5. 445 6. S61 JoDavies.s .. 770 'i,'776 370 117 280 2:1 1,154 7. Ml) lit (joinery. MiMKan Moultrie "780 7 384 4.V2 1.074 178 24:1 9. :«7 16. .',07 .5.(K19 Otrle 6, r>i!» 1 |-_H| 227 11,007 318 Table XF.— Concluded. Counties. ^ Q ^ ~ D = 2 3 (3 C-D — O'-n BST 05 -". Peoria 552 11.109 ■"5."340 154 70 2,98:^ 2.5:8 "7,'%6 3.410 "i,".584 312 "5,"673 ■i6,'266 3,947 831 608 1,069 248 252 2,621 732 297 388 1.280 2,510 1,280 1.710 705 202 228 31 134 227 3.185 "i,'795 "Mii 2^,647 9,867 Pifttt Pike ■""485 3,49" 8,705 6,0.i7 14,253 Pope 3,117 PuluPki 296 ""'472 ■■'"iso 240 1.098 2,315 4,462 365 743 27 i 287 1,37" 813 3. 127 15 512 ""'5.57 4.888 1.212 3. 2 336 " "3," 450 20.269 6,277 Seott Shelby 159 5.770 12.880 Stark. 2,172 3.125 St. Clair i: 351 1,016 541 741 366 2,771 24.767 Stephenson.. 7,507 095 365 11,831 Tazewell .... 6,902 ■5,649 366 2,721 "7,' 044 5,(151 4,522 15,203 7.931 Vermilion.... Wabash 13,142 21.560 4.647 Warren 6, 040 234 14 48 761 83 924 390 285 546 "1,074 2,628 238 578 6:5 3,029 10.095 Washington.. 10, 161 Wayne 11.445 White 722 1,082 17,394 '""365 2,97J ll,99ij Whiteside.... Will 7,1.''.0 1.1198 'io.'ios 10. "M8 28,793 Williamson.. "i'eis 4,799 7,100 Winnf-bago.. Wooiifcrd . 1.000 2,349 2,020 830 18,546 11,899 Indvidualac. 107 112,890 107 116,033 Total .... 192,350 188,356 230,286 210,935 134,734 34,054 106,758 28,684 1,355,080 314 Table XVI. — Showing number of inmates actually present on the SOth (lay of Septemhcr, 18.S3, in ten stat>- inntitiition.s, from each county in the state. Counties. 2 = 2 — '£ ~ .— P i * 7 111 III' ~ ES? P- 3P 1 S T =13 ~ ■< = HI < -I Adams 1 39 7 2 3 3 1 1 1 3 2 8 6 4 2 3 1 76 4 3 2 3 2 3 i 3 1 4 1 1 2 20 9 74 Alfxunder 16 13 28 IJoiid 2 23 Boone 11 1 1 5 16 Brown 6 23 6 9 IJureau 29 Culhoun i I 2 1 ■■"26 8 Carroll 11 2 1 4 7 2 i 5 3 64 1 6 9 2 12 3 3 ...... 1 2 23 Cass 12 "15 ■■"26 9 13 15 1 11 7 26 Clianipuign 24 1 4 52 Christian 26 Clarlc 38 Clay 2 18 Clinton 24 Coles 4 172 1 9 1 1 2 1 3 111 2 2 27 Cook 23t> 700 Crawford 18 CumljHrland % 7 3 17 DeK;ilb 15 2 i i 1 i -5 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 32 DeWitt 13 ■""io 30 DouKlas i 12 8 1 8 23 Dul'age 1 15 Edgar 18 4 18 14 2 4 ■■■■■3 4 2 5 5 4 1 7 33 Edwards 9 EflflnKliam 5 2 2 2 1 1 i 28 Fayi'tte 24 Ford 16 27 Franlclin 8 6 10 Fulton 4 24 3 1 6 1 2 1 7 1 1 1 51 9 Greene . 15 17 39 1 3 4 2 15 Hamilton 15 2 16 Hancock 22 3 6 2 5 45 Hardin Henderson 8 24 2 4 7 2 1 2 1 1 ...... 6 1 1 1 i i 2 1 1 1 4 4 6 1 2 1 3 1 16 Hoiiry 33 Iroquois . .... 31 8 i 2 3 50 Jactcson i4 9 8 :tt ,Jas|..-r 11 Ji'lTcrson i 1 1 1 14 12 16 Jobiiviess 14 3 •20 Johnson 8 2 4 12 KauH 30 5 29 2 1 9 3 4 1 4 2 59 Kankakee ■■■■25 1 1 40 Kendal! 9 12 4 3 17 3 2 2 4 10 4 15 2 2 1 ■"'id 1 13 4 1 5 6 15 5 5 1 2 2 1 i 1 2 2 1 i 1 1 i i i 1 2 4 2 2 4 2 1 8 3 4 4 4 1 3 2 1 2 5 2 2 2 1 4 1 5 4 3 2 44 I>ake 19 44 35 13 3 2 9 3 9 2 i 4 8 1 1 87 Lawrence 8 18 Lee i? 1 2 32 29 Livingston 40 15 17 21 ■"■34 19 ■ "ii ■■"ie ...... 10 39 Maco 33 1 41 Madison 55 Marion 4 1 ■■"id 14 12 3 5 4 5 2 44 Marshall. 17 Mnson 2 6 24 Massac 20 Mc-Doiiough 19 -3i n 11 ■■"id 26 42 MclliMiry 18 1 1 1 1 :j 6 22 M(l,.«an 26 2 10 91 M.-iiard 18 M.M-.-or 4 21 Monroe 29 Montgomery 7 1 1 2 1 1 25 Morgan ■ 56 18 Ogle 16 2 30 315 Table A7T\— Concluded. ' Counties. O s '-^3 a. HI E® 3 III III IK S ►I r- p S ?J '-^ S - E W s p. Soldiers' Orphans' Home. Fpeble- Miniled Children. 1— 1 3 P 3 "< -« ?» ^ '^ §-2. 1^ o Peoria 2 29 ■■"12 6 7 ""2i 8 4 13 4 1 4 1 8 2 1 1 4 3 4 7 2 1 8 67 Perry 22 Piatt 9 23 15 Pike 1 2 5 43 Pope 6 Pulaski 1 2 10 Putnam 1 3 i 1 5 3 1 6 Randolph 1 4 7 27 Richland 3 6 2 2 18 Rook Island 1 23 1 3 46 Saline 4 Sangamon 30 13 7 12 1 1 1 2 8 1 6 1 8 5 6 i 8 67 Schuyler 16 Scott "17 '""'44 2 2 18 4 12 2 5 1 4 3 12 5 3 11 1 4 2 15 Shelby 2 5 38 Stark 5 8 St. Clair 3 4 3 ■ 1 4 2 2 1 6 74 Stephenson 20 i 1 I 1 4 1 4 32 Tazewell 19 ■"■"13 1 7 """"19 13 11 43 Union. . .. i 3 6 20 Vermilion 36 59 Wabash 4 7 4 12 Warren' i? 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 4 2 2 7 1 2 32 Wa-*hington 29 Wavue 2 2 5 7 ■■■'6 1 1 1 3 7 1 2 2 6 34 White 1 2 44 37 Whiteside 19 3 28 Will 73 Williamson 11 19 Winnebago 2G 1 6 47 Woodford 12 2 30 Total 525 488 627 534 480 99 304 315 71 292 3,735 Tahle XVII. — SJiowing nuniher of inmates actually present on the 30th diuf of September, 1884, in ten ntdte institutions, from rach county in the state. Counties. if 5 if 1 — 3 ~. ^= 2 — a of D. sic 3 cZ r-a 1-9 Adams 37 ""16 12 8 2 4 4 2 1 1 4 2 13 6 3 3 3 1 73 6 3 2 21 fil 2 1 16 16 72 2 1 1 3 1 35 Bond i 2 23 n 1 3 3 2 21 H t< 1 \v 11 9 22 6 14 1 1 . 2 29 Calhoun 1 2 8 Carroll 11 2 2 3 D 2 1 1 V Ca1 5 4 9 7 17 DiiPage 2 '^l I-Mmir 22 4 19 12 I 1 3 2 1 6 1 1 i 1 38 Eilwanls 9 Eflin;.'ham ! 1 5 5 2 4 1 1 3 i 2 2 1 i 1 5 2 T 3 31 2b l-'ord 15 2ti Franklin ' 11 7 15 Fllitnll 2 1 26 2 5 1 1 1 10 (X a Gr"t'nH 16 4 4 1 6 1 1 5 7 2 6 4 1 2 ■"'is 5 2 5 3 1 1 1 i i 2 1 4 2 1 1 1 '*■? Oriiniiy 1 18 '"* Haiiulton 16 3 i •'1 23 4 i 5 3 5 1 3 1 1 6 5 7 3 1 44 Hanlin 1 1 ."i Hi'iiilerson 8 25 •^ Hnnry 1 46 1 2 1 4 id 67 Jackson .. | 17 12 11 4 33 2t JffTi'rsou 17 14 1 <>j JoUaviess 1« 2 •> Joliiison . 9 2 2 .1 1? 3ti 7 27 3 1 5 1 i 3 (ji Kankakee 1 1 4: K''nilall 9 1 4 'H 11 4 4 19 3 2 5 3 8 9 14 1 1 1 7 2 1 i i 4 1 i 4 2 2 4 2 3 12 4 5 5 4 1 2 2 J 7 3 2 2 1 4 1 4 8 6 ■*"i4 3 I 9 8 12 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 43 Lake 18 14 14 5 I 2 I 44 LaSall.' Lawrence "ii 2: 18 1 3 35 3 3f Livingston *... 2 51 17 4 ■"42 14 '"i4 i "is 1 c W Mai'on 4 15 1 25 2 1 1 4-. M Mailison 1 iH Alai'ioi) 4 ■'"12 11 9 2 S 4 S 3 •X Marshall ' .. .. ]( Mason 1 2 •f Ma^^-ac ' 2 15 ■■"36 9 14 ■"' \9 2U 7 ■M MiH.Miry 19 1 S 5 3 1 3 1 •J» M.L.-aii 11 4 1 6 8 13 2 6 IS 3 1 i 1 1 1 i ^ 21 J a 1 9 1 % Mniiartl 2i ':' 1 •3 Montgomery.. 1 6 :f. M orjran a 1 5 Moultrie OkIc 19 1 :t Peoria 1 31 1 a ' 2 , CC (£ . t. C » ci-PS zO S i-a g? = ^:i?i; ?I * * r; — — ~J »; f. 5 = -^^ = ■■= = -'.,-•" 232 :a^=;'4Sv25?:3t: — r. ti 5i r-. i.-: r. ai ~: -^ ?. = ?< — V.'- — » tfl -i ifl — — 00 1- « o 3 tc ■» ci cv S=^S8S=SSt2gs^_g=.S « -* 10 X »- r- o s c. c. •« • ;£ -M 5-. 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Idiots and' feeble i luinded.i ■ « COS c a) ■r £ P- — • .^•w^ ■ttn I- (H ^. ■7^ 7* '^ C« • — •?* ?l — »a • 1-1 — i-ieo • •WM :?3-- '9)to>~i-» ■ ^- 'la PO ■?t-i»^5 •U39Ir4 ■ -Cits -r-SO •aOOOjH -IMOOCJ — — Ol •«3'» -w S-' • •^ -oia •-"«aes — i-r» — — oj— t^eo • KecjJ — -^ -ts ~ i.^-o ■ — — r: •— -k — tti— -ti^^ -so" oj •-rrtio • -5^ •es-«oo o ostc-J'NOT'Noce-^^ooo?! jiasia-^ — cj'*S2'm* — ~'''2i SstaS^OOSOOO'VOOl-tltlSOO •Ml'- — t^l'OtCrO-riir^ — -"I-I-- 1-4 ■<««5^i— t ^-CC— CO ■oi-ir-i-H <-> — eMOJ-o — rtCM ti — — ••»ri~ — ffiusw 5»USS)S«-- o ^ ^ — T lT — t-" ^- — — *. ^- X t- rt f- ^^ r^ ^t t'- I- OC — X L- ^. i.-!"^.— T-N-'— — ' **' — ''N — ■MOC-yroS' oasoo ■M r^ — ^I 4--^iO '^l-^*^^^ >«0?5C-. 5.1 .cocao •M — C:x i.-; ?i -o IJ tO-M TIO — OO — i>» — — ^ -1 — .-- — *^ -N-. ^ cocc-o-.=.«.S.--o ^r ^-^- •i;s-^o6 00 rt — i-c oc-fl-oosaMiooc. «^ ^^ o ^"^i •— t -*' 05'-<-* » lO 51 15] n ■* tn t^ CO f.^ 3 03 S s:e-. •» o •.S — O 5! lO ■" C: — O 55 t^.X^O-^OiC^IO c;r* Oi-ic ibooooosoc-s--- (^ M 00 QO -O -J -O UO O ,1^ ^ w« '- .- .^ ^.^ ■■••orrr- to — C 3". 55 t^ 03 -^ t 00 •;i ic rj t^ ^ ^ -^ -f-C rf— 'oc— " ^ r-r^rM.'n ^ C055r-l5JO 5555-* to to ^1 ~""^ n : : : ; ; ;COr-i(M ; ■ ; 1 <^ 55 ^ i—r-C ■^ -H-a- eq ;«HH eo ^Hl-^ ^ P-< ^ p-i I-* -c IS : ^^ *^ « 1 1 "^ ^ ^^ '"' IM : : l""" 1 '^ -i-tr^ M (Mt-i .^ -• -!• i«w!M?; ^ — •M •« M r-CO — 55 ; IS -rio — oe !M 1— — lOO — ^llMlN-fN N — ;t-i-»p- 55»rM CO — IE : : '."^ : : r ^^ I • i n ^ 1 "^ ■*• ^" CO • I<1 — *^ ■M ^^ • ;iTl — 51 ^^ 55 t^ ii 1— c^r I-IC5 i-l •^ -M » — n ; :■"' ; -' ; 55 — to 1 CO ; I ! ' 1 eoo €^sj^-,a •Ui—O l^ «>n . ^-, 5155 to 5. 1 1 — - (N — •-»oc-< •»« Vi ^^ !M — (M ■ .4 • -M to-* — -* • 1 to ^^ : : ;h 05 C-. ^ O C-. — 00 -S" o C-. ut o ^ a —••-i^'n^'si^rr> — -^~ r f^ — ..-5 0(^0 oiyrr^ ^1 •^ rj -js OC' -^ >^ 00 r^ --e — w lo -^ o -3- IS M< 5.1 >i3 r^ --o C-. o •- 1 {>. — lo -- f~ i;-! t^ " ;0 — ■JCICOOQO-MOO-JSS 1 °^ — ^ i-ri •'•-^ t=cico 1 55 M— M?7- :)cccx3030c»>coo OC X. 00 00 30OOOC XXX -r'li- r-' I--' —' L-' »-—"-■ tr '•j'vs -irt = ■—-* — "i-itc-« 00 —'—"-« -1 — c^-±? ii c, ^ 2^ ^i^i^^2S§> •a>.biES '•-i' c "E. i H b isi ii ^ M ; f S3- CjStS = Sr S*^x?-^i^i^>^ xg-5rS ►^*^X'^xS 3 j3 c. a a> rt a cr. a) > = M z — 1 Z 332 Tahle XWI. Shur'imi the ihitc of in-ytcrtiou of tin- coitnti/ jidls nf the sfatc, (It, umn- hir of i'Hcapcs sincf htst risit, ami tin- ninnbcr recaptured; the niitn- her <>/ prisoners airaitin;/ trial, and of those serrin;/ jail sentence ; the ninnher sentenced to the penitentiari/, the reform school, and to exe- cution; the number if insane, n-itnesses, debtors and citif prisoners, and the total nundier if prisoners present. Counties. Date of visitation. =•2. F2.' * a '^3 ? 1 ■ n Pbisonbbb Pbesent. S.- ; 5" M. coco ?" H. ^ « C , H S2 3 CD o ft — j; )S4 18 la 19, .3 2 1 11 4 4 1 1 1 4 1 2b 4 .... 1 3 4 4 4 8 2 1 3 156 2 3 2 4 ■■■3:::?v 4 .. . 1 1 1 .... 6 1 .... 5 ... 8 . . 2 4 .... i;.... 9 6 24 1 1 1 3 1 1 ii':.:: .18h:^ .1884 ■"'3 1 3 185 5 3 .... ,1884 41.... , 1883 2!.:.. ,1884 .. . ... 4'.... , 1881 "i 1 3 .... ,l8!<:t , 1884 2 T . - 2 .... 11.... .1884 ■ ,1884 I ,1884 6 5 (> 2 7| 1 . 1883 6' ,18S4 9 2 1 •>, , 1«84' 3 3 2 2 (i 4 I ,18S4 2 2 5 . 1SS4 .... , 188.'< 1 .1X84 .1881 U 1 7 .1881 20 ,lH8:i . \HKi 1 1 4 2 3 1 3 4 5 . \S^\ .... . 18'<4 , I8S4 1.1881 1 2 6 1 ,1884 t. ISK* .18S4 .... I 8 2 (i 1 1(> 3 •> 11 11 1. \S &. 1—1 D ai P a ? 1 CO CO ct CO O CB O to •a 3. CO o c M. F. M. F. D CD ►1 CD M. F. Xiee Aug. 14.1883 ... Aug. 13,1883 ... May 29,1884 3 .... 9 6 2 22 4 5 3 2 1 1 2 3 17 7 3 2 3 1 10 I 31 4 7 3 Livingston .... 1 1 1 6 Logan •> May 27,1884 June 25.18X4 May 23.1884 Sept. 21. 1883 Sept. 4,1883 June 23.1884 May 20,1884 June 20,1884 Aug. 11,1883 Sept. 8,188.1 3 1 Mafriupiii JVladison .... 2 Marshall .... .... Mason 1 2 1 3 5 18 7 3 2 1 Massac McDonough.. 2 1 1 1 Mc Henry 1 McLean 1 •1 Menard .... June 24.1884 1 Mercer Sept. 12,lf<83 May 5, 1884 June 12,1884 .... 1 1 Monroe Montgomery. .... 1 1 Morgan July 8. 1884 July l(i, 1^84 ' 4 Moultrie 9 1 Ogle Aug. 15, 18H3' ... 5 24 1 5 1 4 9 5 26 3 5 2 4 9 Ser)t. 3.1fS83^ May 7.18841.... May 28.188^! 1 July 7,1^84 ... .... 2 1 Perry Piatt Pike 1 .... Pope May 19,1884 May 14,1>84 Sept. 5, 1883 May 7,1884 June 5,1x84 Sept. 5.18x3 May 15.1x84 June 26.1884 June It). 1884 Pulaski .. . Hantlolph 2 2 2 1 13 3 13 2 1 20 3 37 RichlHnd • Rock Island 1 7 S Saline 1 23 1 9 Schuyler 1 Scott June 30,1884! i .... 3 3 7 Shelby July 10.1884 Sept. 6.1883 May 6. 1884 1 1 Stark St. Clair 2 1 16 2 7 3 ■9 1 "l .... le 17 3 7 4 15 1 Stephenson Aug. 22,1883..-. Tnr.ewell Serit. 3, 1883 May 10, 1884 Union "i "i 1 5 Vermilion July 14,188l! 8 1 .... 1 Wabash June 4.1881 ,Sept. 11,1883 'June 2.1884 Sept. 22, 18S3 5 1 .... 6 Washington Wavne — 4 J 4 11 4 1 5 16 White May 16,1884! 1 . Whiteside Aug. 14.1883 Anig. 27.18K3 May 21,1884 Aug. 20,1883 iSept. 4,1883 .... 1 3 Will 2 Williamson Winnebago 3 1 94/ 9 . .. 1 10 Woodford 20/1 559 2< 119 9 6a 26/i 2 2/ Si 719 32 a One male, to reform school. h Two males, to reform school, c From Hamilton county. d Two women. i All males, except one. p Awaiting execution, male. .^'All males. '/ All males; two to penitentiary. // All males, except two. 334 APPENDIX II. SELECTIONS FROM THE STATUTES RELATIN(; TO STATE INSTITUTIONS, An Act to proi'nlc Jor the (ippuinttnent of a Board 0/ Comnuss'ioufru of Puhlir < 'Itaritifs, and (Itjiiiiiiii their ditties and p(}uers. Section l. LV if fuacted hy the I'fople of [the Slate of] IHiuois, re/jresetited in the lieneral Assemhly, That within ten diiys after tlip pappage of this act. tln" Kovpinor. by and with tlie cons^ent of tlie st-naie, shall ar>i>olnt live persons, to be ?alled and known as "The Jioard of State Commissioners of Pnblic Cliarities." One of the persons soatipoini»*d. shall hold his ofliee for one year, one for two years, one for tliree years, one forfour years, and one for live years, as indicated by the eovernor in making the appointments, and all appointments thereafter, except to llll vacancies, shall l>e for live years. In case of any vacancy occasioned by the removal from in»^ state by any such person so appointed, or death, or resignation, or noq-acceptance of th'- office, or removal from offlco by the gov- ernor, by ;my such person so appointed, the governorshall immediately fill such vacancy: and all apimintments made by the governor when the senate is not in session, shall be valitl. until the ne.xt session of the senate. 5 2. Before entering upon their duties, the said commissioners .»ihall. respectively, take and subscribe the constitutional oath re ofllcial conduct of trus- tees, directors, and other olTii^ers and employees of the same; the condition of the build- ings, grounds, and otiier property conneeted therewith, and into all othi»r matters per taining t<> their usefulness and good management: and for these purposesthey shall have free access to the grounds, buildings, and all books ami papers relating to said institn tions; and all persons now or lu'ieafter connected with th" same are hereby directed ami required to give such information and alTord such facilities for inspection as the saidcom- missioners mav require. § 4. The said commissioners, or some one of them, are hereby anthorized and re- quired, at least twi'-e in each ye.ir, and as much ofteni>r as they may deem necessary, to visit all the chiritabl") and correctmnul institutions of the state excepting prisons re- ceiving st at i- aid. and ascertain wh'-lher the moneys aiq>ropriateil for tlndraid areor luive been fconomic-ally .ind judiciously t-xpendid; whether the objects of the several institti- tions are accomplished; whether the laws in relation to them are fully complied with: whether all pans of the st.ite are equally benelltted by sair; and the said board of public eharilies. f>r one ot them, shall make any special investigation into alleged abuses in any of said institutions, whenever the governor shall dirt.'cl, and report the re- sult of the same to the governor. 5 .'■>. 'I'he said commissioners, or one of them, shall also, at least once each year, visit and examine Into lliiM-onditlon of imicIi oI tliecilyand i-ounty alms or poor nouses, or other idaces where the insii!ie may be confined, and shall possess all the i>owers relative thereto, as mentioned In tht» third section of this act; and shall report to the legislature, in writing, the result of their examination, in connection with the annual report above nieniioned. 385 S 6. Whenever any charitable or correctional institiitionp, Piibject to the inspection herein provided for, require state aid for any purpose other than their usual expenses, the said commissioners, or some, or one of them, shall inauire carefully and fully into the ground of su('h wanr. the purpose or purposes for which it is proposed to use the same, the amount which will be required to accomplish the desired object, and into any other m;ittHrs connected therewitli; and in the annual report of each year they shall give the re- sult of such inquiries, together with their own opinions and conclusions relating to the whole subject. S 7. The s;ild r-om'nissioners, or any oneof iheni, are hereby authorized to administer oaths, and e-xaniin-- ^mv person or persons in i-elation lo any matters connected with the inquiries authorized by tliis act. § 8. The said board of commissioners shall have power, and they are hereby author- ized to appoint a clerk, who shall hold his ofifice during their pleasure, with a salary not exceeding dollars per annum. \vho shall, when re(iuired, act as accountant, from time to timp, as they mav have occasion to investigate the financial or other all'airs of any of the institutions affe<'ted by this act, or the accounts or olHcial conduct of any of their ofTlcers; and when acting as such accountant, he shall, in addition, be allowed his actual traveling expenses. § 9. The number of the board of trustees of the "Hospital for the Insane," the board of directors of the "Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb," the board of directors for the "Institution for Educating the Blind," and the board of trustees of the "Soldiers' Oiphans' Home." respectively, shall, immediately after the passage of this act, be, by the governor, reduced to three. § 10. The said commissioners, or some, or any of them, shall attend upon the session of the legislature whenever any committee of either house shall require their attendance. § 11. Said board of commissioners shall be furnished by the secretary of state with the necessary blank books, blanks, and stationery. § 12. The said commissioners shall receive no compensation for their time or ser- vices, hut the actual expenses of each one of them, while engaged in the performance of the duties of their office: and any actual outlay for any actual aid and assistance required in examinations and investigations, on being made out and verified by the atHdavit of the commissioners making the charge, and ar'Proved by the governor, shall be paid quart'-rly by the treasurer, on the warrant of the ;iuditor of public accounts, out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated; and the clerk of the board shall De paid in like mannf-r. § 13. No member of the board of said commissioners shall be, directly or indirectly, interested in any contract for building, repairing or furnishing any of the institutions which by this act Ihey are authoiized to visit and inspect; nor shall any trustee or other oflScer of any ot the institutions, embraced in this act, be eligible to the office of commis- sioner hereby created. § 14. The governor is hereby authorized to remove any of the trustees and directors of any of the insfit tions named in the ninth section of this act, whenever, in his opinion, the interests of the state rennire such removal; and in case of removal, he shall communi- cate to the legislature the cause of such removal. § 15. No two members of the aforesaid boards of trustees or directors of said institu- tions shall be resi.ients of the same county, nor shall more than one trustee or director aforesaitl reside in the county where said institutions shall be respectively located. The principal of the "Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb" shall continue to be, ex-officio, a member of the board of directors of that institution. § 10. All laws, or parts of laws, inconsistent with the provisions of this act, are hereby repealed. § 17. This act shall be in force from and after its passage. Appboted April 9, 1869. An Act to regulate the state charitable institutions and the state reform school, and to improve their organization and increase their efficiency. Section 1. Be it pnartpd by t^ie People of fhe State of lUhioia, represented in the Gen- eral Asseriihly, That the state institutions hereinafter named are hereby recognized and continued, and that they shall hereafter be known and designated by their respective titles, as expressed in this section, namely: CHAPilTABLE. The Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane, at Jacksonville. The Illinois Northern Hospital for the Insane, at Elgin. The Illinois Southern Hospital for the Insane, at Anna. The Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville. The Illinois Institution for the Education of the Blind, at Jacksonville. The Illinois Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children. The Illinois Soldiers' Orphans' Home, at Normal. The Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, at Chicago. COUBECTIONAL. The IllinoiH State Keforiu Si-hool. iit Pontisu-. f 2. The tru!*te»^s of '-ach of iho said vtate instiiutionK shall be u body corporate and politlo. for e«rtaln piirp'i>Ms. immelv: To rei->Mve. hoM. »<■>' and convey or disburse moneys and <>th<'r propHrtv. nsil anloyi' su'vj, plead and be iiui'l'sided. to have and to use a common se.il and to alter the sarue at pleasure, ami to ex'-nlse ail other powers usually bcloniriiiK and incident to such coriiorations and necessHiy for the Kucce.ssful diseliarire (if the ohlitcaiions dev(j|vint; by law u|in any trust the terms of wliii-h authorize such coiiveyani.-e: And. prorided, fur- tlier. that the Rcneral assembly shall have power, at any time, to amend, alter, revoke or annul the grant of corporate powers herein contained or heretofore expressed in any and all charters previously yranled to any of said institutions. ? 3. The object of the hospitals for the insane shall be to receive and care for all insane or ilistractefl persons residing In the state of Illinois who may be committed to their care in accordance with law. and to furni~h all needed medical treatment, seclusion, rest, re^traitit,- attendance, amusement, oecupaijon and sujiport whieh may tend to restore their health and recover them fiom insanity, or to alleviate their sufTering: Pm- vidi-d. that the trustees shall have power to discharge patients and to refuse additional applieaiions for admission to the hospiials under their Ciire, whenever, in their judgment, the interests of the insane demand such dist-harge or r<'fusal. and that in the admi-^sion and retention <.f patients, curable and recent cases shall have the preference over cases of k>ng standing, and that violent, dangerous or otherwise troublebome cases i^hall have the preference over those of an opposite description. S 4. The object of the institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb, and of the asylum for feeble-minded, shall be to promf)te the intellectual, moral and idivsical culture of the classes of persons indicated in their titles, respectively, aixl to lit them, as far as possible, for earning their own livelihood and for future usefulness in s< ciety. S 5. The object of the soldiers' orphans' home shall be to provide a home for the nurture and intellectual, moral an»l physical culture of all indigent children below the age of fourteen years, whose fathers served in the armies of the Union during the late rebel- lion, and have died or been disabled by reason of wounds or disease received therein, or have since died: Pravidi'd, that in special casesof peculiar inability of a pupil to support himself or herself, the trustees may retain such pniul. although above the iige of four'een years, and until such pufiil has reached the age of sixteen, beyond which no pupil shall be retained. •i •;. The ol'ject of the charitable eye and ear infirmary shall be to provide gratuitous board and medical and surgical treatment for all indigent residents of Illinois who are alTlicted with diseases of the eye or ear. S 7. The management of each of the state charitable institutions and of the state reform school shall be vested in a board of three trustees, to be appointed by the gov- ernor, by anrovtdfd, fin-Difi-. that no superintendent or employee of any of said institutions shall be trustee thereof. § «. The governor shall have power to remove any trustee for inefllciency. or other good and sufllcicnt eause; and every vaeam-y oi-ciirring from death, removal, or other- wise, sliall be JUltMl for the remainder of the unexpired term in the same manner as pre- scribed in the seventh section of this aet; but if the senate l>e not in session when such vacancy occurs, the govi-rnor shall till such vacancy, subject, however, to the approval of the .senate at Its next regular session. 5 !>. Every person appointed as trustee of :mv state institution shall, before entering upon the duties of his oulce, take and sultscribe theoiith prescribeil in the twenty-fifth sei-tion of the fifth iirtii-le of the con.stitulion of the state of Illinois, which oath shall be filed in the ofllee of the secri'tai y of state. 5 !<•. Each of the boards of trust appointed in aeconlaneo with the provisions of this act sliall have c'largtMif the general interests of tlie institution i'omniitleHr "stiiuatcs tli'Tfof. approved by tli'* trustees, whleh e-iiuiates shall be Hied in th" olTl.H of tlie i-oriiin ssioiiers of public chaiiijes; and no pi>rtio ot any approiuiaiion for anv p.ii |iosh sliall Ij^ driwn fioin th<* stati* trea-ury before it sliall be recjuired (or the purpose for whieli it is nia-l-: and no appropriation wliii;h is or may be made for one pur- pose shaill>e drawn or used for any other purpose; and if at anv time hereafier 111" -um appropriated bv the t,'eneral assi-mbly for any sper-ille put pose shall be found insufHoienl to complete and a-'(.M>m|)lish the piirp'»se for whi-di said appropr i.ttion is made, tlfii no part td said sum so approi>riated shall be I'.xiieiided or drawn fnjiii the state trea-ury. nor shall any liability on the part of the state be i-reated on account of said ai-propriation. i 21. All moneys which have been heietofore, or which may be hereafter appropriated to any state institution for any purnose other than for ordinary exfenM-s. and whieh re- main in the :;ands of the trustees of sm-h institution, and are not reqidred fes for which the same were appropriated, shall be paid into the state treasury immediately on the taking effect of this act. § "J".'. No trustee, treasurer, superintendent or other officer or agent appointed by vir- tue and under the provisions of this act. shall be directly or indirectly interested in any contra<'t or other agreement for imilding. repiiiring. fiiriiishing or supphing said institu- tions. Anv violation of this section shall subj-.'t the off-Mi ler. on conviction, to be pun- ished by a due of not more than double the amount of said contraet or agreement, or by imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term of not less than one normore than three year.<*. 5 2:J. In the matter of the purchase of supplies for an institution, the trustees shall cati-e such purchase to be maile wlierever the best grade of articles of suitable quantity can be bought at the lowest luiie, and. so far as practicable, in large rath' r than It) small ijuantities. and they shall, if in their judgment it can be done to advant.ige, adveiti-e for proi)osals for stai)le sui>plies. such as laeat, flour, sugar, coffee, tea. fuel, and other staple articles, and make contracts for the furnishingof the satne in bulk oi in (luantitjes as may be needed lor use: PrwiUfd, that the trustees shall have piwer. by themselves or by their (Inancial agent, to terminate and annul such contra^-t wli>-never the siipphf's fur- nished do not fully correspond in quality and quantity to the saniides previously lur- nished by the contractors, and to the !i;tter and spirit ot the proiiosals made by them: And, ijrovidfd. fnrllicr. that no drawbacks, presents or secret discounts shall be given to or received bv any person whatever on ac^count of any articles or materials furnished to or lal)or done for any state institution, and a violation of this pioviso shiilt subject the offender, on conviction thenof in any court of record, to a line of not more than one thou- sand dollars or imi>iisonment in the penitentiary for a term of not less than one nor more than three years. 5 24. Every state institution shall keep a register of the number of ofTlcers. employes and inmates present each day in the year, in such form as to admit of a calculation of the average number present each month. § iV Every state institution shall, so far as may be practicable, keep a record of stores and sui'plies, showing the amount of stores, etc.. received and issued, with the dates and the names of the parlies from or to whom the same were received or issued. 5 2ti. All residents of the state of Illinois who are or may become inmates of any of the state charitable institutions, shall receive their board, tuition and treatment free of charge during iheir stay. The residents of o'her states may be adiiiitteil to said institu- tions upon the payment of the jii-t costs of said lioard. tuition and trealineut: Proridt-d. that no resident of another state shall lie received or retiiined. to the exclusion of any resident of the slate of Illinois: And, /iroi'idt'd.fiirlfifr, that should any inmate be unwil- ling to accept gratuitous board, treatment or tuition, then any sui>'iiiitcneent of a slate chaiilabl" institution is heieby aiuliorized to receivo jiay therefor. an(i Is lequired to account for the same in an itemized monthly or quarterly statement to the trustees, as donations, duly credited to the persons from whom tln;y were rec.^-iveon, or of any officer of liis town or county (t'-n days" notice ol which ai>plicaiion shall be given to the county clerki. may, if he shall (b'cm sik'Ii t"'ison a luoper subject for ilie care of either of saiil in-tiiution-. make an order to that ellect. whi<'li shall be cerlilb-d by th>' clerk of the court to tin- piiii'*il'al or siiiierinleiident ot sindi Institution, who shall provide the necessary (dothing ami transportation at the exncnse of the county, and ui>on his rendering his proper accounts therefor seml-annuully, the county board -shall allow and pay the same out of the county treasury. 5 2S. On or before the first day of N'ovember preceiling each regular session of the general assembly, ihe tru-tees of each of the state institutions named in tlii- act shall make out and transmit to the slate conimi-sioiiers of public charities, and they. If tiey llnd the -jime to I on t, shall ibdiver the sariii- to the governor, a full and detailed re- port of all tliejr tran>-actioii'^ and iloings for tln' t w> years ending on the thirtieth day of September immedlatidy i)n'cedjng, showing, for the two years, and for eatdi of them, seiiaralidy, the number of inmates admitti'd and disidiargi'd since llpirlast report, 'ho number then r<-inairiing in lie' iiistji ution, the average annual attendance. Ilu^ receipts, disbursements and exi>endilur>'s of moneys ami other funds, the valuati\Vilt Lfle Livingston Logan Macon 16 ti 31 Douglas Stephenson Tazewell Union 10 Macoupin 14 Madison ■1 EdwRrd«< Marion Vermilion Wabash 21 EdinKhani Marshall Mason Fayette Warren 12 Ford .... Massac Washington Wayne 11 McDonough 11 Fiiltun McHenry White 12 McLean Whiteside 15 Menard Will Williamson Winnebago Woodford 27 Mercer 10 Hamilton Monroe 15 Hancock Montgomery 11 Of the three hundred and four beds assigned to the county of Coook. seventy-five shall be in the hospital at Kankakee, and two hundred and twenty-nine at Elgin, and the county cuurt of said county shall have the right to send any individual patient to one or th'^ other of the said hospitals, at the discretion of the court, in accordance with the cir- cumstances in each case, but not e.xceeding the quote herein named. S 3. The county board, or board of supervisors, as the case may be, of all counties from which there are, or hereafter may be, patients committed as paupers to either of the stall' hospitals for the insane, is hereby directed and rcijuired to make settlement in full, as often as once in every six months, for all just charges for clothing and other proper in- cidental expenses, and to pay the amount due said hospitals in money, or negotiable paper worth its face, without discount. § 4. In case any county shall fail and refuse to pay any just and reasonable account presented by any of the state hospitals for the insane, and the same shall remain unpaid for one year alter it is due. then the trustees of the said hospital shall apply to the circuit court, in and for the said dolinciuent county, for a writ of mandamus upon the county treasurer of said county, requiring liim to pay the said over-due account, and upon proof made of the justice of the claim, the circuit court shall issue such writ. §5. .\11 beds not assigned to the several counties, as per schedule in section two of this act, sliall be reserved for the reception and care of recent cases of insanity, or other cast!s having special claim to relir-f. witluiut respect to the counties from which such cases are sent: and in case the hospital at Kankakee shall be completed or parti lly com- pleted before the next session of the (leneral \sseiiiljly. the trustees may admit patients, at discretion, from outside the district ill wiiich said liosjiital is situateil, but they shall frive the preference to applications for the admission ot such patients as are capable of abor on and about the grounds of the hospital, in order that the state may receive the benefit of such labor. S C. Any patients who may be in any state hospital for the insane from outside the limits of the (Ustrict for which said hospital is ilesigned, as expressed in the first section of this in"t, shall, as soon after this act takes elTect as may be convenient, be transferred to the hospital in and for the district to which they bidong: and the expenses of such transfer shall be (U^frayeil from the state treasury, in the same manner as the cost of con- veying (^oiivii'is to the peniK'iitiary is defrayed: J'mvidi'tl. that ilie bills rendered for this service shall show all the items of expense actually incurred, and be accompanied by sub-vouchers for each item, and no amount shall be allowed or paid by the auditor of jtubllc accounts in e.\ct.M 29. 134 ."7. 'Its 17.!LM 14.H79 7,.'i81 19. 18t; 21,(102 28.(148 7. 4.VJ 30.511 2(5.225 . 15. 1-28 12.425 8. 085 18.417 24.42(i 1 . 708 1.787 1 12.450 2.320 4,9S4 1.894 l.(!49 13.490 2.801 10. 05(5 789 13.708 l.«i63 3.243 1.463 2,013 9. 3! 13 4. 44.^ 2,019 191 2,807 5. SSI 3.S41 1.794 1 . 0(>0 2. S8>< 7(12 15..MMI l.dKi 3.:m IJiots 3. 698 IJIiiKl 3. .«»9 Dtiiif iinil dumb . PaiiliiTs (out (loo Paiii'iTs lin alms In iHMnn-olont iuf Prisonorw r)' ■;.".'."" lonscsi. Mtuli'iis l.4-2:{ 1.207 2.829 78(1 1.248 Juvi'nilos in roformator'.s 2:{2 Total ... 464.351 182,914 138,712 50,433; 38,168 35.549 18.575 ♦This Is a iiaper it'iul at tin' K.levonth Nutlonul Conference of Cliaritios. St. Louis. 1885. by Mr- Wines. 343 In Comparison with Previous Censuses. Comparisons with any previous census are unsatisfactory and misleading, since far greater pains has been taker in the present census than ever before, to obtain a complete enumeration of these special classes. As convenient for reference, iiowever, a comparative statement is here given. The lines and columns which are blank represent particuhirs not contained in the published volumes of the census. The insane were not separately enumerated, in 1810, but the number stated as insane includes also the idiotic. No attempt has ever before been made to discriminate paupers in almshouses from the out- door poor. Item. Total. Male. Female. Native. Foreign. White. Colored. Insane. Sixth census (1840) 16,804 15,610 24,042 .37, 4.32 91,959 14, 508 14,972 23,276 35,610 85.803 2,296 638 766 1,822 6.156 Seventh census (1850) Eighth cen-us(1860) Ninth census (1870) Tenth census (1880) 7,899 11.847 18.219 44.391 7,711 12, 195 19, 213 47,^.68 13.559 18.258 2 544 l.(KK) 1.784 l.i «. U.V. >.5 1 :i25 l.:319 2.<«1 2.1M 72<» 1.579 3.:i72 15 :v.« 18 7(« 1.0.5(i 122 •;. its4 :{.142 6. 460 IKl 6. 497 ■su l..V 48.928 1.399 27 972 <'^4 KM 613 (B 127 164 215 l.«M 6 2.615 2.2:58 1,310 748 2.116 K45 797 946 1.7:5:5 1.2X9 44H 1.071 2.2.58 12 220 24 412 82«t :5.58 .5.013 1.87:5 2.'.W>0 «7 :j,ss4 :!(Ni l.KMI 1 t»26 l.:575 126 486 1.710 47 6i5 ,.OT.J 33.878 693 48!» :«2 85 565 (» 84 l«t 118 819 2. 2<>2 1.7W 1 0.52 <;.51 1.275 524 4.V> 671 978 1. 166 .5(H» 6(Ni 1.598 9 287 10 221 527 70 :5. 762 l(i:52 2.:{01 l(t2 3.079 1.50 .564 l.H»8 771 lis 212 WW •24 .520 1.079 21.595 279 8.5 77 1 .381 24 3 (!2 728 10 .V.tl 913 96S 220 6'.i:5 MI l,7(Mi 147 9.54 .5.54 269 2ti2 321 1 66.2(0 r.,V ui 1.594 46 1.418 1 .387 184 45 5.50 :5.)K4 :i. 0.52: l.Hi5 :555 \.:m: 1.187J 4.. 5:5:5' 1.7^46, .345 1,477 54.810 m. 609 1,.%3 67 756 2.647 380 718 tiU 81 381 369 1.809 .32 :i.3ao 1.613 8(i;{ 1.29.5 l.:598 1,066 405 1.259 :i.576 1.912 426 i.:ni 2.041 76 374 1<(9 •269 1,.573 40 8.728 1..570 2,538 •2:« 4.83:5 317 (J-J6 2.1(HI 3. 1153 ,58 2.58 1,54:5 81 IWt 089 74 11,468 Arizona .\rkansas California 165 Colorado Connecticut Dakutti 429 Delaware "" District of Columbia .. Florida 168 Georgia Idaho Illinois 217 Indiana If»wa 4t:5 •257 Kansas.. Kentui-ky : •'•n Jjouisiana Maint^ 144 116 Maryland 7.59 Massachusetts MiehiKHH Minnesota 72«i 314 112 Mississippi Missouri 247 Montana Nebraska 53 1 8:^9 518 :57 2.K17 4S9 . -■"> ■•7 1S7 :508 :522 :C5 908 1.015 6 486 1.010 9 113 95 1.198 2.4«a, ■ 12.' 452' 1.275 6,974 .51i 9.1>M .526 519 l.i:56 210 i\.V>\ 2.117 111 7111 1.018 Nevada New Hampshire Now Jersey New M»^\ico iii 4:58 New York 1 North Carolina Ohio 3.842 i.osi Oregon PHnnsylvania sii Rhode Island 180 South Carolina 'I'unne.ssee Te.\as Utah 1-2 8 Vermont Virttinia 149 ^\ ••St \ irf,'inia Wisconsin 523 Wyoming 345 Ages by Single Years. The following are the ascertained ages of the several classes enumerated, by single ages, grouped for the five leading divisions — infancy, under six years ; childhood, six years old and under six- teen ; youth, sixteen years and under twenty-one ; maturity, twenty- one and under sixty; decline, sixty and over. Children of school age include all who are six years old and under twenty-one. Age. go O en en h-. CD p hH^ p < OK 91,959 76.895 48,928,33,878 21,595 (J6,203 54,816 58,609 11,468 464,351 Under 1 year. 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years Under 6 years. 6 years. 7 years. 8 years. 9 years. 10 years. 11 years. 12 years. 13 years. 14 years. 15 years. 6 to 15 years. 16 years. 17 years. 18 years. 19 years. 20 years. 16 to 20 years years years years , years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years , 84 213 430 685 893 1,063 3 43 98 188 332 261 345 615 630 1,001 2,852 984 293 361 549 046 717 645 044 572 4(16 583 993 3,368 1,232 1.424 1,603 1,550 2, 136 1.680 2,441 2, 070 2, 400 2, 141 18,677 2,261 2,000 2,566 2,000 2, 864 11,691 2,197 2.564 2.128 1.984 2, 632 1,660 1,407 1,698 863 2,993 739 1,052 857 797 2, 021 834 677 897 513 2,455 427 630 478 457 1,272 422 382 525 297 108 153 195 198 280 277 1,211 312 352 431 451 30 49 174 269 419 496 170 205 298 328 358 385 1,437 1.744 658 841 1.085 1,173 519i 1.267 453; 1,050 612 1,051 950 1,019 952 570 576 544 4,820 601 521 647 550 629 2,948 500 523 498 510 549 396 430 441 361 642 28r 376, 356 367 639 472 412 464 .391 936 343 452 388 421 743 483 444 546 470 10,046 1.021 991 1,133 923 945 5.013 767 782 675 676 598 593 505 574 356 773 315 378 334 341 549 389 328 383 265 623 203 280 242 226 369 212 212 296 202 414 367 411 364 396 319 3 254 213 178 3,216 152 118 109 112 114 605 111 137 116 146 198 137 115 190 151 334 119 165 193 160 329 203 193 210 210 485 140 223 177 176 346 166 164 180 143 1,034 682 764 675 695 661 4,511 629 642 600 520 525 381 431 339 3117 287 4,661 315 313 453 466 642 2,188 494 658 677 692 993 727 668 867 616 1,543 600 739 728 658 1,455 842 768 860 688 2,047 646 803 675 686 1,420 711 735 820 631 1,173 797 910 1,187 1,793 2.213 8,073 2,992 3,569 3,879 4,439 4,741 4,136 3,784 2,887 2,141 1,388 33,956 761 714 447 .384 330 2.636 189 209 203 182 265 151 96 146 104 2(i3 65 91 71 79 181 70 65 70 68 199 42 72 43 49 109 43 42 60 43 95 205 733 611 1,000 1,833 2,265 2,561 8,270 1 3 2 6 17 29 26 137 225 416 773 1.017 1,315 1.601 1, 707 292 1.539 8,756 1,242 796 382 159 75 2.654 16 3 1 2 2.600 2. 107 W 775 3,346 4,447 5,114 20,389 6.267 7.335 8.238 8,922 10,378 9, 054 10,019 8, 809 8,666 7,509 85, 197 7,224 6, 898 8,185 7,489 9,161 38, 857 8,061 9,303 8. 825 8.833 10.529 8, 0.37 7.301 8.544 5.888 12,700 5,099 6.334 5,652 5,254 10.395 6, 122 5,233 6.255 4.734 12, 8;i9 4. 005 5,135 4,270 3,985 8,275 4,182 4. OH 4; 873 3.559 34 5 Ayes by Sinyle Years — Concluded. Akc. Idsi 5" a . O s 3) 7 5 1 • B a< s c o o a 1 o2- » : » o "1 Dn •a : B years I 3.708 yeiiis l.'-tMl years 1 . W6< years 1.^.9 years l.'iSJ y«ars \,9M years 1,2-H) years : 979 years 1,077 years 874 21 to 59 years 72,554 years, years, years, years, years, years, years, years. 1.308 24 ( a7s 2-V^ 31X 541 292 174 2*7 541 1(18 012 1.108 :<5 159 350 41 177 387; 38 178 2911 31 U« 270' 30 20)i 312 31 124 202 18 97 1301 2(i 102 1531 10 07 88: 21 155 220 4 24 44 3i 49 1 30 44 7 32 28 8 54 53 2 20 38 3 20 15 1 12 15 4 10 5 27 174 152 J. 895 8.420 21.906 26.9 45.1 a32l 1119I us! 134 170 2971 194 250 273 220, 518' 184! 258 250! 225 355 242 204' 235I 207; 370 1 1421 181 99 93 91 70! 48; 44 25 :«t7 . 107 . 104 . 97i. 91 132 . 82 . 04 . 00,. 49,. 77 . 27 . 30,! 10'. 40 13 24 15| Ill 13; 1 4; 5 t : 22! 6,149 1,381 30.3 8.45«i 2. .5-22 2,999 2,907 2,7:w 5.402 2.(i30 2,778 3. 1.33 2.022 0.:{85 2,(m 2.005 2.420 2,356 :i, 893 2.349 1.919 2. 18«; 1,%4 4.174 1,272 1 434 1, Iti9 1.152 1.341 831 031 019 409 948 209 249 188 152 255 \M 93 97 55 800 80.0(»2 347 Where Found. It must be understood that work on this branch of the census is still in progress, and that there are still some omissions to be sup- plied and corrections to be made. This will explain the blank spaces in the table which follows. The figures given are worthy of confidence, except those for benevolent institutions, which are ap- proximately correct, as stated above. Item. Total. Native White Foreign White. COLOBED. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. In hospitals for the insane— Insane 40, 942 1,141 31 24 2, 127 Irijotic Blind 1 Deaf and dumb 1 Epileptic 887 589 320 202 89 40 Paralytic j 350 2,429 233 2,158 5.2G7 66,203 9,302 5,837 2, 560 511 2,600 1,648 54,816 235 241 484 79 58,609 397 47 12 4 11.468 1 41,083 67, 200 43.682 27, 993 21.595 1 In training schools for idiots— Idiotic 1.352 1,012 29 23 9 4 Epileptic IniiistitHtio7is for the blind- Blind pupils 983 2,780 19, 186 887 2, 107 18. 417 160 163 13, 490 84 122 9,393 32 56 2,888 12 In institutions for tlie rfea/— Deaf and dumb pupils 39 In alms-houses— Paupers 2,829 Insane .' Idiotic Blind Deaf and dumb . Epileptic 972 558 21,602 917 288 24,426 284 176 127 95 762 124 Paralytic In benevolent institutions— 489 2,801 143 4, 445 75 780 Insane 1 Blind In jails and in prisons— Prisoners Insane 28,048 1,708 10,056 2,049 15,500 1,248 Idiotic Blind Deaf and dumb In juvenile reformatories— Juvenile delinquents 7,453 1,787 789 191 1,016 232 Blind At home or in private care— Insane 1 Blind Deaf and dumb Paupers .- _- '"i'.m ■"'8,'685 "'i,'6i9 "'2,'oi3 ""i,"6(io "'i,'267 348 Tables Relatinc; to the Insane. The tables which follow seem to explain themselves sufficieiitlj-, without comment. The questions asked were sometimes very fully answered, sometimes not ; but the number of failures to reply is in- dicated by the words "not stated." Separate tables have been prepared, exhibiting the statistics of institutions, apart from the general population, but I do not give them. Number of Attacks oj Insanity. Item. Total. NativeWhite FOHEIOX White. COLOBED. Male. Fern. Male. ' Fern. Male. Fern. First attaf k . 48,lffi 6,58.'> 2.137 mi 411 658 722 32,485 15.0791 15,843 2,196] 2.»>6 754 822 2x4j :«l 157! 179 242! 245 254! .311 10.168 10,454 6.812 998 218 79 32 54 31 4,226 7,931 S.'ig 255 87 31 68 52 4. 426 1.098 115 39 19 6 17 31 1.482 1,362 Two attacks Thrfe attacks 113 49 Four atta<-ks Five attacks Bix to ten attacks 16 6 32 Eleven attacks or mnrn 43 Not stated.... 1.729 Form of Insanitii. 28.099 14.407 1.48; 1.463 20.912 944 6.842 17,775 7.819 4,324 548 700 7. 151; 5041 2.8(isl 5,2201 9.094 5,549 396 357 6,819 169 2.321 5,806 4.266 1,912 253 270 2.691 162 598 2.268 5.493 2. 108 193 91 3.128 59 456 2.180 660 198 52 •£i 513 30 314 1,017 767 286 45 Paresis Dementia 22 640 20 £pilep>*y Not stated .... 285 1.284 Sttividal and Homicidal Tendencies. Epileptic only Suicidal only Homicidal only Suicidal and homicidal 5.784 3.29! 4.541 2ti3 r,M 264 1.082 2.348 1.079 1.846 too 310 110 411 2.006 1.315 1..S-27 101 116 98 424 509 406 665 21 ?i 107 411 402 414 IS 15 12 '.'7 267 39 159 10 25 12 2;? 243 5U 130 IS Epileptic and suicidal 18 Epileptic and homicidal Epileptic, suicidal and homicidal 11 20 Iit>i(iiif Hcliitircs. On father's side 1.780 1.696 4' "9 2,6:« 85.439 787 6.57 175 828 875 208 62 39 9 65 68 13 21 17 3 17 On mother's side ;.. 40 On both sides 1 Not stated 349 Bestraint. Total. Native White FOKEIGN White. Colored. Item. Male. Fern. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. 1,164 674 904 171 443 254 5 522 48.592 1.833 32,402 221 2:« 241 48 179 119 1.900 15, .535 ()51 10,008 481 181 293 84 117 61 2.417 16,098 716 10,0(i3 137 143 136 12 54 11 349 6,521 1.56 4,931 269 88 147 26 44 8 503 7, .521 179 4,923 25 6 48 33 30 1,271 67 1,174 31 Muflf 24 Strap Crib Handcuffs 39 1 16 Ball and chain 25 Personal attendant 200 Not under restraint 1,646 Under restraint, form not stated Q uestion unanswered 1,303 Seclvsion. By day and night By night only Occasion ally In seclusion, form not stated Not in seclusion Not stated 56(» 164 189 54 75 34 15.44;t 5,370 4,925 2,319 2.068 367 497 162 198 44 54 25 8,840 2,769 3,081 1,120 1,294 291 40, 446 12,682 14.073 5,056 6,489 879 26,176 7,987 8,045 3,857 3,728 1,211 44 391 14 285 1,267 1,348 Insane who have been in Tlosptals for the Insane. Now in institutions 40, 942; Formerly in institutions 14,712: Notstated 36,3U5 Tables Eelating to Idiots. Idiots who are Paralytic or Epileptic. Item. Total. Native White Foreign White. Colored. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. Male. Fem, 4,194 195 622 12,316 812 643 942 6,106 585 466 746 4,47b 49 37 43 236 25 19 22 167 140 112 141 832 72 Paralyzed on left side 83 Paralyzed on both sides .... 74 Epileptic 499 Size of Heads of Idiots. 10,486! 14.3:^4 35. 132 16,943 5,679 6,886 17,203 7.340 3,044 5,022 12,437 5,722 322 365 924 709 169 241 668 585 907 1.101 2, 428 1,445 365 Small 719 N atural 1,472 Not stated 1.142 Use of 1 1 (I mix. Item. Total Nativb White FOBEICN Whitb. C'uLOBBD. Hale. Fern. Male. Fern. Male. Fem. Can feod flipmselves. but ciir.not drt'ss theiiisflvt's 6.280 6.419 15.o«»5 l..:5G 47.846 3.108 3.317 8.-579 7U(l 21,404 2. 579 2.W7 4.:i.V.' 403 16.44(7 81 80 60 275 3fil 1.179 82 3.981 Cun drt'ss tli.-insolves. but are in- 204 Caii ilo coarse manual labor Can perform skilled labor uf any sort Not .stated 3:« 23 1.801 149 13 1.384 494 34 2.789 Use of Feet. t'annot walk 4.106 7.r,4i: 17.514 47.6341 1 2. 106 4.014 9.714 21.274 1.623 2.6711 5.5201 16.411 46 341 1,800 29I 73i 1821 1.379J 185 515 l.-ioS 3.976 117 Can walk, but b.idly Can walk well Not stated 2:15 .V.2 2.794 Use of Lungiuige. Cannot articulate at all 7,W6 14.707 7.ti7:i 47.119 3.794 8.047 4.245 21.022 2.8I0I 4.-16I 2.4ii9 16.230 971 2751 188 1.7601 68 142 89 1.364 409 1.058 4«i7 3.947 218 Articulate imperfectly Speak intt-lligibly. if not well Not stated 469 215 2.790 Gradation of ldiot>i, in Gondii nation. Use of Head and L'.' >i Hand. Caknot Speak. Speak Impeb- FECTLY. Speak Well. a Head ahitorinnlly small Can fei^d themselves Can dress themselves Can do coarse manual labor Can do skilled labor 7. 030 l.r.70 1.7(ltl 3.3431 ■:;i Jlead ahuiirinallu liirof Can feed themselves Can dress ilicmsclvcs Can do coarse manual labor Can do skilled labor 4. 2:«» 1.221; l.0:» 1.822 I6:< 736 658' 58 Hi 4 577 501 56 15 5: 658 :t{5 2t>5 66 2 41 203 163 47 4 523 107 150 246 20 312 73 77 145 17 If fait nnlnval , Can feed themselves Can dre>s themselves Can do coarse n)anual labor Can do skilled labor !l6.:i97; 1.138 1.041 1.226 I 3.0.M 1,015 603 318 3.294 95 391 2Jt5 9.2S8, 21 142| .548 764. 7 51 65 235 164 45 25 1 236 l&(i 68 21 1 5.311 121 71 I 1,285 213 646 416 11 741 15l| 3i6{ 2401 7 2. 1.55! I3I{ 417; 1.518! 86, 1. IO7I 73 206 <<( 51 2.379 6.170 431 29<; 1.057 844 1 K64 3.8191 21. 21 r 56 »i 17| 6i 661 35' 161 II 4 121 21 34 i 170 12 76 141 17 64 661 4 46" 43 14;! 242 ISi 1.212 17 S8 9S3 124 6:t9 12 47 510 70 4.342 46 32:1 3, .547 427 851 Gradation of Idiots, in Comhinafion — Concluded. o Cannot Speak. Speak Impek- FECTLY. Speak Well. Use of Head and Use of Hand. c o E. B ■3 CO "a o Q c s o p, VT B o 0? "<1 P p D O P B p 3_ Size, of head not stated Can feed themselves 653 138 134 319 32 53 50 2 1 46| 50 22 11 23 10 1 27 2 30 19 8 3 78 14 32 32 181 10 41 124 6 6 6 22 1 6 15 187 5 Can dross themselves 12 Can do criarse manual labor. . . Can do skilled labor 147 23 783 28 319 2.504 2,162 2,111 1,031 4.486 8,613 249 6.380 Idiots icitlt Idiotic Bclaticcs. Native White Foreign White. COLOKED. Item. Total. Male. Fern. Male. Fem. Male. Fem. On father's side 1.778 1,!H6 717 4,247 68, 167 1.036 1,076 420 594 661 259 22 29 5 7! 80 39 On moiher's side 26 2 127 23 67 On both sides No idiotic relatives . 8 N ot stated . Marital Relations of Idiots. Single Married... Widowed . Divorced . Not stated 70.157 34,472 24,115 1,995 1.354 5, 173 2,925 1.308 729 176 133 3S8 1,119 244 461 47 104 79 126 44 50 6 3 7 2,568 1,040 870 96 69 284 3,048 241 184 16 209 Idiots wJio Jiare heen in Training-Schools. Now in training-schools 2,429 Formerly in training-schools 809 Not stated 73,657 1,352 1,012 29 23 9 4 352 The liMM). The Semi-Blind. Total. Native Whitk. FOBEION White. COLOBED. Male. Fein. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. Totally blinil l.X» 21.378 754 10.958 14.499 , Hemi-bliiui !"" Outside of institutions Blind who have been in Institutions for tlie Blind. Now in institutions Formerly in institutions Not stated 2.158 2.5.S3 44.237 887 160 84 32 12 The Deaf and Dumb. Deuf Mutes who have been in Institutions for the Deaf. Now in institutions Formerly in institutions Not stated 5.267 6.887 21.724 2.780 2.107 163 122 56 39 Paupers. Form of Disability of Paupers in Almshouses. Able-bodied 22.896 30. 130 13.113 11.242 1.021 6.994 16.078 5.777 2.7;Jl 559 2,6(HI 1.648 4.895 64 7.780 424 8.588 7.959 Disabled Reported as— Having relatives in almshouses ::::::::;:: • ]ili<'ti<> iJliti'l .... ].-|,il,»,,tic 1 Paralytic Lame and crippled i Sick... Senile 353 Prisoners. Prisoners, Where Found. Total. Native White Foreign White. CoiiOKED. Item. Male. Fern. Male. Fern. Male. Fem. In penitentiaries 30.659 12,687 7,869 1,666 4,879 350 499 In work houses In city prisons On plantations or in gangs In insane hospitals . In military prisons 1 1 ^Classificdtion of Prisoners. Awaiting trial Serving out sentence Awaiting execution Awaiting removal to higher prison. Held as witne-^s Imprisoned for debt Imprisoned for insanity Not specitted Crimes Charged. Offenses Against the Governmeni— Mutiny and desertion 391 398 14 149 292 3 273 299 5 115 201 1 1 98 81 6 20 26 2 Counterfeiting etc 1 i 17 3 12 (U Violations of election laws Violations of postal laws 1 Offenses against the revenue Ojtrenses Against Society— Violations of health act Obstruction of justice (perjury) (Contempt of court, etc 426 10,137 144 3, .331 156 1,700 672 1.941 153 3,724 884 5, 076 31 1,017 55 71 827 9,220 1,736 17,198 1,139 4(J1 784 2.S0 481 85 1,254 (i2 428 291 696 7J) 1,(542 .•i-,3 2, 226 17 446 32 2(! 3:« 5,205 1.108 8,597 762 286 408 15 231 9 a54 6 204 39 130 9 71 12 51 3 11 6 16 :33 13 274 5 1 22 59 151 39 918 31 461 168 714 30 016 181 1,015 4 144 4 117 1,317 289 2. 270 192 86 152 8 76 3 ti47 3 443 23 227 "l 1 42 *i 4 18 12 12 2 264 .3 14 9S 166 8 111 46 91 167 117 26 1.24(i 319 1 . 0.50 9 42:^ 1 26 319 2. .5S:{ 307 .5,4.5(1 109 ,s;f 110 15 Violations of seventh commandm't. Unlawful sale of liquor 32 Drunk and disorderly 47 Other offenses against public mor'ls Disorderly conduct 8 73 Other offenses against the peace... Vagrancy 34 Other offenses against public policy Offenses Against llie Person- Murder 8 Manslaughter 11 Assaults, all sorts 92 Mayhem 1 Rape Abortion Other offenses against the person.. Offenses Against Property— Arson 30 Burglary and burglar.s' tools Robbery 70 17 Larceny, all kinds. 343 Forgery risons On i>l. (Illations or in gangs. In ii)~a in- hospitals In military prisons Aggregate sentence (in years). Average bentence (in days) Long tfrm sentences In penitentiiiries In county jails In work houses In city prisons On plantations or in gangs. In insane hospitals In military pri.sons Aggregate sentences (in years) .. Average sentences (in years) Sentenced for life Si'nenced to execution Sen ten red to pny fine In p^-nittMiii.iries In county jiiils In \voi k houses In (fity prisons On plantations or in gangs. 11.160 1.243 3, 257 5,834 534 278 9 6.033 197 31,925 26,951 5;iO 3119 II 3,435, 22L 468; 69,599 5.18 1,615 80 5,178 l,onj 1,527 2, 105 422 119 4,654' 6« 873 679 1,780 631 574 525 477 879 373 342 337 276 693 259 233 181 180 292 169 II 126 99 114 79 86 108 56 61 39 38 93 3s 31 15 21 5,127 5,816 5, 765 4.821 4,211 4,221 3 3)7 2.827 2,857 1,981 3,520 1,674 1,945 1,30X 1.215 1,958 1,028 808 87:< 679 1,780 631 574 525 477 879 373 342 337 276 693 259 233 181 180 292 169 118 126 99 314 68 73 108 56 61 39 38 93 3X 31 15 21 1.36 363 5ii5 8;i7 1,055 1,178 1,328 1,422 1,609 1,495 1,993 1,470 2.020 1,776 1.817 1,813 1,929 1,672 2, 070 1,602 2,366 1,673 1,930 1,650 1.517 1.988 1,270 1,065 1,270 724 2,131 641 805 682 638 1,521 659 553 737 463 1.793 366 473 362 356 946 330 314 379 240 995 187 286 207 253 160| 294 i 48li 620 718 778 859 988 902 1,278 898 1,406 1,185 1,289 1.216 1,337 1.146 1,519 1,181 1.743 1,295 1,.543 1,258 1,187 1,635 1,010 840 l,o;io 507 1,864 464 645 522 488 1,352 525 440 5!i9 343 1,647 277 390 304 274 861 259 23s 329 18' 920 146 251 168 218 136 961 203 1..557 m 271 1.943 69 a56 1.780 /u 435 1,682 82 460 1,798 72 hM 1.359 93 563 1,240 80 621 1,299 90 ! 593 947 101 715 1,790 117 572 822 105 614 974 130 ,591 775 '108 528 801 107 .597 1,187 108 .592 770 113 .526 687 107 ■541 616 123 421 480 100 623 904 108 378 451 112 387 442 93 392 377 82 330 347 82 a53 435 75 260 251 57 225 274 65 240 267 64 217 209 53 267 394 84 177 184 37 160 168 42 160 143 39 150 141 28 169 188 62 134 155 55 113 l-'5 38 138 125 38 120 106 32 146 207 79 89 116 36 83 101 27 58 89 31 82 80 33 85 115 53 71 89 34 76 74 28 .50 69 33 53 51 22 75 114 55 41 48 15 35 59 24 39 45 18 35 37 17 96] 1.436 1,874 1,010 1,600 1.726 1.266 1,160 1,209 816 1.673 717 844 677 694 1.079 657 580 49.i 360 796 33" 349 295 265 360 194 2"9 203 156 310 147 126 104 113 126 100 128 80 74 58 47 62 55 46 36 29 59 33 35 27 20 52 109 207 300 414 472 T50 1.168 1.0(i7 769 751 665 721 71(» 794 797 776 692 642 470 527 436 484 402 422 349 3(>2 303 34(1 260 453 2i9 264 221 230 308 237 20!' 21.-. 153 318 139 158 13.-. 126 188 141 126 15 105 200 93 111 95 95 46 105 130 202 203 271 348 372 391 392 34it 36:< 313 351 310 33:< 317 38 293 342 2;:< 301 i 257 :i84 210 230 195 221 142 329 118 lfi9 1.35 144 202 147 12'- 141 101 2.37 83 113 89 79 139 82 71 108 6 1.58 71 61 70 52 63 102 170 212 269 479 820 695 378 359 325 358 397 443 487 443 375 256 177 185 16:s 178 145 138 139 152 108 128 118 124 101 95 86 86 106 90 81 74 52 81 56 45 46 46 49 59 55 49 38 42 30 40 34 25 3r)« Ttihic sltoiiiini till ) I iir iii iihii-li J'l rsatis dtf n jmitiil tn Iniic Ixctniit Insane, etc. — Concluded. Inbanz. Idiots. Blind. Deaf a Dumb. Year. o = o : a '. o . » T H o O o D «1 (B D p. ^5S r? : o : o : a • «9 : A ■ D^ o O o s 25 E§ : o • O : D • n ; o : E. o O o o Id a D P : o . 3 • 15 : a 1824 1S25 18-iMS24 1 S-J2 1 K2:} 23 20 14 11 12 17 3 7 3 8 8 5 5 1 2 3 1 23 20 14 11 12 17 3 7 3 8 ! 5 i 2 3 1 405 203 128 217 112 598 87 124 122 94 227 67 73 90 52 154 32 54 29 .35 79 27 23 27 21 47 .S 11 9 12 3 2 8 2 4 367 181 104 181 77 565 67 105 95 84 215 53 65 81 46 14.-. .§ 23 3:1 72 24 21 22 19 46 7 16 11 8 12 3 1 7 >> 4 38 22 24 36 35 33 211 19 27 10 12 14 8 9 6 9 5 2 6 2 7 3 2 5 •> 1 2 i 1 67 44 40 42 35 72 .32 38 31 32 48 27 21 25 £i 44 21 23 19 14 2ti 15 12 12 8 22 6 8 3 9 2 2 1 2 6 3 30 24 14 18 14 42 8 15 9 8 21 16 9 5 11 24 >? 8 11 5 7 6 4 15 3 6 2 7 2 1 1 1 6 2 37 20 26 24 21 30 24 23 22 2i 27 11 12 20 12 20 15 13 11 9 •t 10 5 6 4 7 3 2 1 2 i 1 1 i 120 88 98 10(1 67 147 54 73 77 73 83 49 45 55 48 81 36 46 15 •27 :{7 •£i 11 10 7 23 10 11 6 4 4 i 3 I 3 % 60 59 73 .yt 117 33 47 42 40 » 3(1 •27 40 33 70 24 35 12 21 33 21 To 9 6 22 10 7 6 S 4 7 1 '■> I 3 24 •28 :{)i 1»J1 1V22 1820 1821 1819-1820 18IH-1SI9 27 17 :<(• 21 IMIT 1SI8 '2() ISlti 1S17 ISi:. IS16 1814-181.*. . . ... 35 :« 1813-1814 19 1812-1813 1811 1812 181U-1811 15 I'l 1809-1810 1808-18119 11 12 1807-1808 180ti 1S07 11 :; KS05 1806 181*4-1805 1 1 4 |<<(i:{-1804 1S(I_' 1S()3 1 lMil-1802 1 1SO0-18M1 1 i:n:l-lM(.K) 1 1797-1798 4 179t;-lT97 1795-1796 1 1794-1795 179:1-1794 1T'I2-1793 I7'.n-I792 1 17911 1791 178!>-179' ability, aid have indulged the hope until recently that I should be able to carry out that intention; yet the continued bad health of my wife added to my own continueii affliction of rheumatism, renders it impossible for me to do so. 1 therefore resign the office, that some oue may be appointed, so situated as to be able to perform the duties. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, WM. THOMAS, 858 CONTENTS- Board of Commissioners 3 Letter of Transmission 5 Chapter I. — The State Institutions. Organizaliou of the charitable institutions— Principles of organization— Powers anfi (lutins of trustees- The stat« board— The national conference of charities- Result* of the present system— Review of the past ten yeas s— Growth— Annual expenses— Per capita cokc— Financial statement for 1883-4— Movement of popu- lation-Changes in officers 7-36 Chapter II. — Appropriations. Classification of appropriitions— Ordinuiy expenses— Redtiction in per capita cost —Items of exjienses alTei-ted by numbers— Estimate for next two years— Average nnnibor of inmates— Special appropriations— Appropriations by thirty-third t^eneral asseniMv -How expended— Appropriations reciuested of thirty-fourth general assi inl)ly— Old friends— Repairs— Grounds— Electric light— Side tracks Other leiiuests :{7-ti4 Chapter III, — Provision for the Insane. History of the controversy as to the care of the chronic insane— Dr. Godding's Eaper— Propositions of the Association of Superintendents— Miss Dix— Dr. Kirk- ride's book on the Construction of Hiispitals for the Insane— Dr. Ray on the situation in iStJG- Action of the New York Superintendents of the Poor, in 18.")5— Report of the Senate Committee— Dr. Willard's report, in IHri'i- Creation of the Willard Asylum— Tewksljury— Dr. Hill's proposed "Hamlet Home." in Ohio— The Journal of Insanity- Discussion, in the Association, of Dr. Butler's paper, recominendinu the establishment of a State Farm for incurably insane patients —Dr. Cook's paper. Istiii- Dr. Walker's resolutions— Dr. Chipley's substitute- Misapprehension of the question at issue— Dr. Chapin's paper. 1SG7— Dr. Jaivis" paiier, 1870- Discussion, at Toronto, in 1871— Article in the Journal of Insanity— The Illinois Conference, in is(i'.i— Views of Dr. McFarland— Report of the Penn- sylvania Commissioners of Public Charities, in 1874- Creation of the Kankakee Hospital, in l«;7— Mr. Wines' report on European Institutions for the Insane— (Jlieel !injects of imiuest Statement ami application— By whom made— Notice— Place of inquest — I'n sence o( ilie palii'nl Arr' st of pa- tient— Witnesses -Medical testimony— Mepeals— Transfers of custody— Discharge-s— Supervision of the insane In institutions and elsewhere 93-144 359 Chapter V. — The Education of the Deaf and Dumb. Number of deaf-mutes in Illinois— Deniiiad for additional educational facilities- Plans suggested— Condition of the deaf and dumb— Duty of the state to them— Enlargement of the institution at Jacksonville— The tinaucial argument— Classi- fication of pupils— Reasons for the creation of a new institution elsewhere— Mr. Bell's scheme— Memoir on the formation of a deaf-mute variety of the human race— Tenuency to intermarriage of the deaf— His address before the Chicago board of education— Day schools for the deaf— Reply by Dr. Gillett— Methods of teaching the deaf explained— The sign-language— The manual alphabet— Articulation— The combined method— Oral schools— Convention of articulation teachers in New York— Resolutions adopted 1-15-161 Chapter VI. — Female Law-Breakers. Female convicts in the penitentiary— Women in jails— Evil influence of wicked women- The Jukes— Separate prisons for women— Female officers- Reforma- tion as an end in prison discipline— Cost of crime— Classification of prisoners— The separate system— The Irish system— The Elmira Reformatory— L he indeter- minate sentence— History of criminal jurisprudence- Inequality of sententes— Habitual criminals The mark system and ticket-of-leave— Reformatory insti- tution for girls— Views expressed by Miss Hall and Miss Mosher— Michigan Industrial Home for Girls 102-174 Chapter VII. — The County Jails. Questions to sheriffs— Causes of crime— Remedies— Failures to convict— Amend- ment of criminal law— Influence of jail life— French experience— Effect of in- carceration in the penitentiary— The reformation of criminals— State care of all convicts- Condition of the jails 175-223 Chapter VIII. — The County Almshouses. Growth of pauperism in Illinois— Births— Deaths— Classification of paupers— In- fluence of seasons of year on almshouse population— New almshouses Im- provements Causes of pauperism— Non-resident paupers— Children on the County-farms— Action taken by other states— The insane— Visitation of the counties 224-269 CHAPTER IX.-PRIVATE CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS 270-282 APPENDIX. I. Statistical Tables 285 333 II. Selections fkom Statutes 334-341 III. Censut Statistics 342-356 Note: Resignation of Judge Thomas i 357 Contents 358-359 Index 360-364 360 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. Act creiitin^ statn board, 323. — concerning offlsial bonds. :«W. — to ix'K'ilate institutions, 3_M. — to secure pijuality among counties, 328. Adams county almshouse, etc.. 22<>. — — jail, 1S2. — — workliouse, 182. Additional stock, etc., at Kankakee, 46, 4!t. Admissions to institutions, 306-3ii9. Alexander county almshouse, 22H. — - jail,is:i. Ale.xian Brothers' Hospital. 271. .\lmsliouse keepers, list of, — . Almshouses, new, 225. Ambulance and team wanted Dy Eye and Ear Inllrmary, .">I.(B Amendments to criminal law, 177. Annual expenses of institutions, for ten years. 11.12. Appeals in insane eases. 139. Appendixes, 285. Appropriation account. 287. Appropriations asked, list of, 49-52. — classification of, 37. — made by 3:?il general assembly, 30. — ordinary, discussed, 38-42. — special, how expended, 43-49. — — requests for, discussed, 52-04. Arrest of patient, for inquest, 122. Articulation, 15S-1(J1. — teachers, convention. 100. — — training of, 100,101. Articulation department and aural school, 50.02. Assembly-room wanted at Pontiac, 51,04. Association of medieal superintendents, 60, 08,73.74.75,70,77.78,85. Asylum for Feeble-.Minded, &. Augustana Synod, 279. Average number of inmates, 10,41. Baby born in jail, 183. Bakery wanted at Kankakee, 50,00. — — — I'ontiac. 51,04. — — for the blind. 51.02. Balances due from counties, 293. I5an.-roft. Dr., 8.5. nar>tow. Dr., 82. iJiisjii isditliiig) wanted at Anna, 50,ti2. B.ith-liouse wanted at Kankakee. 49. Be.-k, Ur. T. Uoinevn,72. Bell. A. (iraham. 1.53. — — — address by, 155. Bellovue Place, 279. Bemis, l>r., 82. Bi'iitH'tt Free Dispensary, 272. l;.-1liel Home-. 272. Biiigliainplon Asylum for Insane, 81. JJirtlis in almshduses, 225. BI.!S>ing Hospital, 270. Boil.-r and pump for wator-works at Kan- kakee. 47. Hdili-r wanted by Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, 50,02. Boilers wanted at Anna, .50,01. Boiler-house wanted at Kankakee, 50,01. fiend county ulmshouse, 227. — — jail, 18:1. Bonds (lied, 3.5.30. — for proper care of insane, 138,139. Boone county almshouse, 227. — — jail, 184. Bradley Ho^^pital, 28o. Brockway, Z. 11., 109. Brown county almshouse, 227. — — jail, 184. Brown, Dr.. 70. Building, at Kankakee, 48. Burchard, Col., l<;8. Bureau county almshouse, 227. — — jail. 18.5. Burr Fund, 31. Butler, Dr., 73,74. Calhoun county almshouse, 228. — — jail, 185. Carburetter and fan wanted at Pontiac, 51, 64 Care of insane by counties, under state control, 92. Carr>enter shop wanted at Anna. 50.02. Carriage for patients wanted, Kankakee, 49 Carroll county almshouse, 228. — — jail. 185. Cass county almshouse, 229. — — jail, 185. Causes of crime, 170. Cellular prisons of Belgium, 106. C'eusiis 7'nltlfs: Number enumerated, 342. Prev.ous censuses, M'i. By states, 344. Ages by single years, 345-0, where found. 347, .'Vlt.icks of insanity, 318. Form of insanity, 348. Tendeui-ies. 34.s. Insane relatives. 348. In restraint, 349. In seelusion, 349. Inmates of hospitals, 349. Idiots, paralytic or opileptje, 349. Size of h.ads, 349. Use of hands, ;ttO. Use of I'eel, :{50. ♦ Use of language, ;?50. Gradation, ;{5o. Idiotic relatives, :15I. Marital relations, ,351. Inmates of naining-schools. 351. Semi -blind, X)2. Inmates of institutions, 352. - - deaf. 3.52. Forms of pauperism, 3.52. Prisoners, where found, ;tt3, (Crimes charged. 353. Sentences, 354. lleformatories, 354. D.ile of i!ii>fortune, 3.55 0. Central Hospital for Insane, 01. Champaign county almshouse, 229. — - jail. 186. 361 Changes of officers. :K. Chapol wanted for the blind, 03. Chapin, Dr. .John B., 78.87. ChicrtKO Board of Education, 154. Ciiildren in almshouses, 2'J5. Chlplrty, Dr., 7ti. Christian county almshouse, 230. — — jail. 1st). City lots, 50,52,02. City prisoners worked on streets, 206. Clark county almshouse, 230. — — jail. 187. Classification of insane persons, 90-100. — of ordinary expenses for ten years, 12-20 — — prisoners, 165. — — states. Insanity, 102. Classified summary of expenses, 'X^.'M. Clay county almshouse, 230. — — jail, 187. Clermont, 84,85,88. Clinton county almshouse, 231. — — jail, 187. Codes, criminal, 167. Coles county almshouse, 231. — - jail. 188. Collections from counties, 289-292. Combined method. 159. Commissioners of Public Charities, list Ot, 3. — — — — powers and duties, 9. Commitment of insane after inquest, 105. — and guardianship. 108. — on medical ceitilleate, 103. — to almshouse, 133. — — jails, 135. — — private asylums, 133. — — — persons, 137. — — state institutions. 131. — without certificate. 105. Conference on insanity, at Springfield, Illi- nois, 81-83. Congenital deafness, 148,153. Conservators of the insane, 108-111. Conservatory and gate-house wanted at Anna, .50, 02. Consumption of food, 318-.320. Cook county almshouse, 231. — — insane asylum, 233. — — hospital, 234. — - jail. 188. Cook, L)r. George, 09,74,75,70,77,81,92. Cost of American institutions for insane, 09. — — provisions, 321-2. Cottage for girls wanted by Institution for Deaf and Dumb, 50,02. County almshouses, 224-209. — children's homes, 225. — commissioners in lunacy, 100. — jails, 175-2^3. Court-houses burned, 198.201. Cows, number required for an institution, 60. Crawford county almshouse, 237. — — jail, 190. Crime, causes of, 176. — cost of, 105. — how to deal with, 103. — how to diminish, 170. Criminal character, persistent, 105. — law, amendments to, 177. Criminals, reformation of, 104,109,181. — state care of, 181. Culvert wanted at Anna, 50,02. Cumberland county almshouse, 237. — — jail, 191. Dactylology, 15**. Dairy barn wanted by Institution for Deaf and Dumb, 50 62. Davenport, George S.. 30. Day-schools for the deaf. 159, 101. Days' board of inmates, 35,310-313. Deaf-mutes described and Classified, 140-149. — in the census, 145. 148. — — — public schools, 153-150. —24 — methods of instruction of, 157-159. Deaths in almshouses, 225. Definitions of idiocy and ins.-inity, 94-90. DeKalb county almshouse, 238. — — jail, 191. Detached building for 300 insane, at Jack- sonville, 48. — — wanted at Elgin, 49. — wards for female patients, Kankakee, 50.01. Dewey, Dr. R. S., 90. Uewitt county almshouse. 238. — — jail, 191. DeWoir, Dr., 82. Diagram of insane department, 258. Discharges of the insane, 140. Dispensary patients, :!5. Districts for the insane, 99. IJix. Miss D. L., 08. Douglas county almshouse, 238. — — jail. 192. DuPage county almshouse, 239. — — jail, 193. Dwelling-house wanted for superintendent, Kankakee, 50, .59. Earle, Dr. Pliny, 70,82. Eastern Hospital for insane, 59. ' Eastern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, 105. Edgar county almshouse, 239. — — jail, 193. Edwards county almshouse, 239. — — jail, 193. Education of the deaf, 145-101. EfHngham county almshouse, 239. — — jrtil, 194. Electric lighting. 54-57. Elmira Reformatory, 100,109. Enlargement of institution for deaf, op- posed, 02,150 Epileptic insane, 97. Erring Women's Refuge, 272. Escapes from jail. 182.184.185,188.190,191.193, 194, 195,197. 198,201,202,205,200,209,211,213,214, 210,217,219.222. Estimate of ordinary expenses, 40. Eye and Ear Infirmary, 63. Failure to convict, reasons for, 177, Family building, at Pontiac, 49. Fayette county almshouse, 239. — - jail, 194. Feehanville, 277. Female law-breakers. 162-174. Fence at Anna. 45,50.62. — — Elgin, 45,40,49,58. Filter at Anna, 48. — — Kankakee. 47. Financial results in prisons, 105. Financial statement for two years. 30-32. — — (tables), 290-303. Fire, additional protection against, wanted at Kankakee, 29.61. Fire-pump at Central Insane Hospital, 48. Fire-hydrants and hose, at Kankakee, 47. Fire-line, outside, wanted at Elgin, 49,58. Fish, Dr. William B., 30,249. Ford county almshouse, 240. — — jail, 194. Food, consumption of, 318,320. — cost of, 3212. Form of inquest, 127. Formation of deaf-mute variety of human race, 153. Foundlings' Home, 272. Franciscan monks, their peculiar method of disciplining the insane, 79. Franklin county almshouse, 240. — — jail, 195. French prison system, 179. Fulton county almshouse, 240. — — jail, 195. Furniture wanted at Kankakee. 49. — — by Eye and Ear Infirmary, 51,03. eG2 fJallaudet. Dr.. lis. Giiliutiii cuiiiiiy ulmbhouse, 'J4I. — — jail. 1%. ry wanti-d at Kankakee, 5U,(iI. Oerniuii Lutheran (Jrplian A.sytum, 278. (ih*-''!. H»,K;,bH. -t'|ili ('.. !•>!. GrailinK n<<<.'(|.<(J at runtiae, r»l.tM. Gray. Dr. John B.. 72.80. Greene county ulni^hou.se, 211. — — jail, I'Mi. Growth of institutions, lo. Grundy iMjunty almshouse, 241. — - jail. 1H<;. Guardian .^nuel Orphan Asylum, 277. Gymnasium wanted for the deaf and dumli, 50. (i2. Hahnemann Hospital. 272. Hall. MissE. A.. 170. Hamilton county almshouse. 241. — - jail. 11»7. Hamlet Home for Chronic Insane. 72. Hancock county almshouse, 242. — - jail. Ilt7. Hardin county almshouse. 242. — - jail. \'.>H. Harris. Dr. Elisha. ICi. Harrison. George L., Ki. Heating-apparatus at Elgin. 45. — Central Insane Hospital, 48. Hender.~on county almshouse. 242. — — jail. IM. Henry county almshouse. 24.S. — — jail. 19'.>. Hills. Dr. 72. Home for the Aged, 273. — — — Friendless, Chicago, 27:J, — — — — Peoria. 28(». — — — — SprinKflcld.281. Hospital for Women and Children, 273. — wanted at Lincoln. 51, t>3. — — by Institution for Deaf and Dumb, 50. C2. House of Correction. Chicago. 1S9. — — the Good Sliepherd. 27:5. — - Mercy. 273. Hughes. Dr. C. H.,80. Ice-hnusf wanted at Kankakee, ."SO, tjo. Idiots in insane asyhitiis, '.Hi. — on county farms. 2J4, Illinois Humane Society, 274. Improvenx-nt of grounds. 54. Incorrigible olTcnders, l(i8. Indeterminate sentences, l(i(i-ltlO. Industrial School tor Girls. Chicago, 274. — — - — South Evanston, 170,277. Inebriates in insane asylums, 07. Inequality of punishment. 107. Inmates, number, actual. 314-317. — average for t^-n years, 10. Imuest by commission. 127. — — JU.Ige. 128. — — jury, 12'.i. Insane conviets, W. Insane in almshouses, '^Iti. Insanity a medical i|uestion, lo<». Institution for the lUind. lij. — — — Deaf and Dumb. tij. Institutions, list of, 2N.1. Intemperani-e a i-ausy of crime. 17ti. — — — — paui)<'rism, 225. Intermarriages of the deaf, l.M. Ironuols county almshouse, 24.3. — — jail.2tMi. Jackson county almshouse, 244. — - jall.2(Mi. Jacksonville Hospital. 280. — Orphiilis' Home. 2H0. Jail life, inllucnre of. 178. Jails burned. 201.222. — description of. 182-223. — new. 1K7.'J20. Jarvis. Dr. Edward. 78.79.80.82. 152. Jasper county almshouse. 244. — — juil. 2"1. Jefferson county almshouse. 246. — - jail.2'tl. Jersey county almshouse. 245. — — jail. 2», oi. Sidf-tr.ifk- \vaiit'->l. t,1,M. SiKii hiriBuiiKt', 1.j7. ... ... SliiiiKlittT-hoiisi' wanted at Anna, ..ii.«iJ. — — — Kankaket*. .'■>",•'-. 8oliiital r>r liisaiio. i-l. S|»t»eeh-reatliiiif. IJ-'. IV«, l.'^s. Stark roiiiity aliiibli'mse. \im. — — jail.-'l'i State Farm. Cranston. 74. 81. State Mf.lical S.K-iety of New \ork. 71. State Keform S.-li..ol.ti:{. State Schools lor l>.Mi.Mident Children. 2^ Statement and application (or inquest, 11. Stalisitival Tahlex: I. List of in.xtitutions. i»5. II. — — trustees, »»:. III. Appropriation account. ■X7. IV-V. Collections from counties. 280. VI. Balance •* due. -^9:$. VII-VIH. Financiiil statement. 29ti. IX-X. Movemt-nt of population. WU. \I. Terms and vacations, ;KI5. XII. Admissions, '.{(iti. XIV-XV. Days" board. :}lo. XVI XVII. Inmates present. 314. XVIII-X\. Consumption of food. ai8. XXI-XXll. Cost of food. n.'l. XXIII. Almshouse keeper.s and physi- cians. :H2:<. XXIV. Alm.shouse population,32,G1. Storc-rootiis wanted lor the blind, 31, t)2. Subji'Cts of imiuest, 115. SuEtfcstions for construction of institutions for insane on detached plan, 0". Superintendents, list of, Supervision of insane hospitals. 141 144. Surplus. 32. Switch: See "side-tracks." Tazewell county almshouse, 2iJo. - - jail, 218. Tennessee negroes in an Illinois jail. 2iKi. Terms, duration of, 'Mb. Tewksbury, 72.81. The state Institutions. 7 3t). Threefold purpose of inquest, 107. Ticket-of-leave. lliO. Tile dr linatje wanted at Kankakee. 4!».(il. Tran-fers of the insane. 140. Trustees, list of. 2S6. Uhllch Orphan Asylum. 27G. " Uniformity of type of insane hospitals, 61«. I'nion county almshouse. 2tS. — — jail. 218. United Hebrew Uelief A.ssociation, 27G. Utica Asylum for Insane, 72.74. Vacations in institutions. :W!l. Vermilion county almshouse, 2t>!». — - jail.2r.t. Visible speech, IXJ. Wabash county almshouse. 'iCti. — — jail. 219. Walker. Dr. C. A.. 7G. Warren county almshouse. 2GG. — — jail. 219. Wasliinyton county almshouse. 267. — - jail.-^io. Washinntonian Home. 276. Wayne county almshouse, 2»>7. — - jail. 221. Whipp. .John W.. 17.->. White county almshouse. 267. — - jail, 221. Whiteside county almshfiuse. 268. — - jail, 221. Wilbur. Dr. C. T..:W. Willard Asylum fiJr Insane. Co. 71 7J, 7.". 7i;. 77, Wiliard. Dr. S. D.. 71.72.74. Will county almshouse. 268. — - jail. 221. Williamson county almshouse. 268. — - jail. 222. Wines, FredH.,H4. Wines, Uev. Dr. V. (.'., 164. Wiug, north, at Anna, e.xicndod. 48. — — of Institution tor Blind, 51. "fci. — — of employees' quarters, wanted at — south, at Kankakee, appropriation asked, for completion ot, VKaO. Winnebago county almshouse, 268. — - jail. 222. Witnesses, at inquest. 1-22. Woman's Hospital of Chicago. 277. — Refuge for Reform. 2!j0. Women arrested for crime, 170. — in prisons, 16.'. Woodford county almshouse. 269. — — jail, 222. Woodland Home for Orphans and Friend- less, 271. W. C. I'. U., visits to pri.sons by. 195,19s,2««t. 212.219. Workhouse in Peoria. 212. — in (^)uincy, 182. W'orksiiop at Pontiac unsafe, .11.64. Y. M. C. A., visits to prisoners by. isj, i;t.', 207,209.212,215,219,221. ^1 uMvtnairr of ituNOtk-uniANA 3 0112 049068270 \l.l^U,;:;,N';^;;<;v!..^.;;, V.''. .:--'/;^^-4',^"(l lite;';lii|0| : ';'M J''? ;ii ; '• '.■■;'ti.''V '>'! aV.i ' '.1 '"■(-:■ ■• '$,yiai»f^mJi^jm'/MA ■}jiJ7.i^4-.'iJ.\ht,\. '