THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY XfGZ \S>&(o/ Gop '^ TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE BOARD .OF STATE COMMISSIONERS OF PUBLIC CHARITIES OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. PRESENTED TO THE GOVERNOR NOVEMBER, 1888. Springfield, III. : SPRrSGFtELDyRIKTLSG OoAIPANT, StATE PRINTERS. 1888. BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS. 3 ^'6 CW>0 I *2. President, JOHN M. GOULD. Commissioners, CHAELES G. TRUSDELL, Chicago. Term expires 1889. F. B. HALLER, M. D., Yandalia. Term expires 1890. J. C. CORBUS, M. D., Mendota. Term expires 1891. J. L. R. WADSWORTH, M. D., CoUinsville. Term expires 1893. JOHN M. GOULD, Moline. Term expires 1893. Secretary, FREDERICK HOWARD WINES, Springfield. 214648 STATE OF ILLINOIS, Office of Board of Public Ohaeities, November 1, 1888. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby, Governor: The Board of State Commissioners of Public Charities has tha honor to make to you its Tenth Biennial, or Twentieth Annual Beport, as required by law. We are, with respect, Tour obedient servants, JOHN M. GOULD, President CHARLES G. TRUSDELL, F. B. HALLER, J. C. CORBUS, J. L. R. WADSWORTH Frederick Howard Wines, Secretary. TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. The people o£ the State of Illinois have reason to be proud of their charitable institutions, and we believe that they are proud of them. During the late political canvass in this state, their oper- ations and results were freely discussed, upon the stump and in the press. Some complaint was made of their enormous cost in the aggregate. But, so far as we know, no charge was brought against the integrity of the management of any one of them; no remediable defect in their organization was pointed out; no assertion was made that any inmate of any one of them has been in any way abused or neglected; and no scandal was brought to light affecting the personal reputation of any of their officers or employes. We con- clude that, notwithstanding the minute and thorough scrutiny, by the families and friends of their inmates, by county officers, by the throngs of visitors to whom they are always open, and by the ac- credited representatives of the daily and weekly newspapers, noth- ing is known or can be alleged, which would tend to discredit the honor, humanity and efficiency by which the public charitable sys- tem of Illinois is, and has for many years, been distinguished. The great and increasing cost of these institutions is not due to any diversion of the funds appropriated for their support from a proper use. Nor is it due to any extravagance in their manage- ment, nor to any disposition on the j^art of the legislature need- lessly to multiply institutions, nor to the crowding into them of persons not legally entitled to the benefit of care and treatment or tuition in them. It may be much more simply and satisfactorily explained. In the first place, the population of the state is in- creasing. Again, wide statistical research has demonstrated the fact that insanity, at least, is increasing in the United States out 8 of proportion to the growth t)f th^ popuhition at hirge. The demand for the relief afforded ])y institutions is everywhere a growing de- mand; and, although Illinois has manifested a liberal disposition to meet this dt'iiiaiid. it has not yet made provision for its unfor- tunates comnu-nsurate with the existing demand, nor is it likely to do so in the near future. The number of persons adjudged to be insant*, in the county courts of this state, each year, is about fif- teen hundred. The chronic insane do not recover, and they do not die. There is therefore a j)erpetual addition to the mass of incurable lunatics, who must in some way be cared for. We have made sutiii-ient examination of this question to enable us to say confidently that, if the General Assembly should, at every session of the legislature, increase the capacity of our state institutions for the insane by five hundred beds, we should not more than keep pace with the increased demand for hospital accommodation. ^ e speak of the insane i)articularly, because the claim of the insane seems to be regarded by the jniblic as paramount to that of any other class of the afflicted. But the most neglected class of un- fortunates are the idiots, for whom little has yet been done. The census of 1880 makes it clearly apparent that there are very many deaf-mutes, of school age, who are not inipils in the institution at Jacksonville, and have never received any s])ecial instniction. And the question of the duties of the state toward dependent, abandoned or neglected children, within her boundaries, has thus far received the smallest possible amount of attention at the hands of the leg- islature. We may also refer, in passing, to the fact that the Federal Gov- ernment has failed to make the necessary provision, in national soldiers' homes, for the care of the old and worn-out veterans of the civil war who are without personal means of support; and that Illinois is only one t)f many states in which the i)atriotic and humane instincts of the people have pnmipted the estal)lishment of a state soldiers' home, to relieve the suffering occasioned Viy the apathy or parsimony of our national congress. Obviously, the duty of making adequate provision for ex-soldiers and sailors, who risk\'d their lives in defence of the natiim, and not of the states, is a national obligation, wiiicli does not rest u))on the states as such. The increased cost, in the aggregate, of the system of public charities, is due to the expansion of that system. AVhen, in 1S<)1>, - nearly twenty years ago, the act was passed creating this board, the institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb and of the blind, at Jacksonville, were both comparatively small establish- ments; there was but one hosi)ital for the insane, which was also at Jacksonville, and had a capacity of not more than five hundred j)atients; the soldier.s' orphan.s' home, at Normal, had just moved into the building erected for its ac<-(»mmodation ; and the asylum for feeble- niinde«l cliiiilren was still a small, exi)erimental school, «)(cupying a rented housi'. This constituted the entire circle of state charitable institutions. The state reform school, at Pontiac, 9 was not yet opened, tliough the building was in process of erection. The charitable eye and ear infirmary was then a private establish- ment, which received a very small annual grant from the state treasury. The general assembly made an appropriation, in 1869, to begin the erection of two new institutions for the insane, one at Elgin, and one at Anna, but work upon them had not yet been begun. Such was the condition aud extent of this branch of the public service, when the work of developing and systematizing it was entrusted to the state commissioners of public charities. We look back upon the history of the past twenty years of our labors with almost unmingled satisfaction. Not all has been done that we should have been glad to see done; but so much has been accomplished, that the people of the state may well congratulate themselves on the amount of progress realized. On the first of June, 1871, the state reform school at Pontiac was opened. The great fire in Chicago, which occurred on the 9th of October, the same year, swept away the old eye and ear infirmary, on Pear- son street, and in 1873, the legislature made an appropriation for the erection of a building for this institution on its present site, and accepted it as a state institution. The hospital for the insane at Elgin received its first patient April 3, 1872; that at Anna was thrown open to patients December 15, 1873. In 1875, the legis- lature made an appropriation for the erection of a permanent build- ing for the asylum for feeble-minded children, and it was located, by a commission, at the town of Lincoln. The act creating the hospital for the insane at Kankakee was passed in 1877. The soldiers' and sailors' home was established in 1887. We are unable to state the number of inmates of the state institutions in 1869: but the average number, in all the institutions, for the year 1875, when the regulating act was jjassed, under which they have since been operated, was 1,795. The average number, during the fiscal year 1887-88, (which closed on the 30th of June last), was 5,930. The institution for the deaf and dumb is now the largest in the world, and, we believe, take it all in all, probably the best. The hospital for the insane at Kankakee, which was constructed on the village plan, and marked a new era in asylum building, at least in this country, is the largest institution of its class in the United States, with one or two exceptions. The number of insane persons cared for by the state, which averaged 925 in 1875, averaged 3,640 in 1888. The growth of the institutions since 1875 is shown in the following table: 10 Tnhir shoinini llic (trcnii/r inimhcr of iuiualcs in c(trlt of rjevnx sidtc instHiifiotis, cdch tji'tir, for foiiHceti years: Vkaii. 5< O t a a m ts a 3 I B B (B O e 1 a s o B OD c° B -s 5 e a. O s B er 1 ? ? B V. s il c s X c £ 5* s 1 1875 307 466 464 498 521 521 522 51!) 536 526 528 533 534 527 \ "ia 185 308 35KI 515 1,119 1,471 1,518 1,577 470 4«7 487 4!Ni 5Ci 308 323 312 :iai 324 '276 480 1 795 1876 2 0&4 1877 2 074 1878 2 482 1879 2 707 1880 2V26 18S1 3 135 188-^ 3/209 3,471 3 702 188:^ 1884 18K"j 4 111 188«) 5,09:i 5,2:30 5 9:}i) 1887 1888 TIr' fiscal year 1875 began Decern ])er 1, 1874, and endeil Sep- tember 30, 1875; it therefore included only ten months. The fiscal year 1888 Ix-gan Octol^er 1, 1887, and ended June 30, 1888; it therefore included only nine months. The date of closing the fiscal year has been twice changed, during the period covered by the table. Of course such an increase in the number of inmates i)f the Btate charitable institution has necessitated a corresponding in- crease in the aggregate amount of appropriations recpiired for their support. J>ut the per ca])ita cost has diminislied, from S'250.02 in 1875 to sl,Sl.81 in 1S88, ns shown in the following table: Tnhic sli()irint 1H79 1880 1881 1882 1883 1M8-1 18S5 188«i 1887 1888 $308 227 232 20» 212 2IN) 'HI' •Mi 20K 2iW 21(i 180 185 $19!t 57 $315 22l|802 310 $5.Vt 219 22:1 •JKI 18:, 169 162 2:i4 15 2ri0 05 198 8-tl 2:!1 IS ..I 215 .54 2(W 15 ... 185 .52 177 66 14 187 29 18(i 81 fCV 177 91 177 K't m IH8 I I $479 467 V.iH ;W5 3;o 325 •Ml 41 M) 2.V) 3:U :139 ;iii7 :i-io 211 $3(Xt 3iiO 410 315 2 HI 217 198 226 210 lS6 !I3 Uk5 141 15S !H.I|r>5 93 174 65 i 164 9-J 20;j SI $250 •Si7 2:11 224 -112 2111 •J»9 211 ■,•(1.5 •JHI 193 ISS ISO ISI 11 lu the foregoing table the actual per capita cost for 1875 has been increased by one-fifth, and that for 1888 by one-third, in order to obtain the rate for twelve months, to compare it with those given for full years. The number of inmates for the year 1888 which was (5,930) would have cost, at the per capita rate for 1875, 5^1,43^,618.60. At the rate for 1888, they would have cost, in twelve months, $1,020,851.54 — a saving, in consequence of improved management, of more than .^400,000 per annum. And yet the appropriation for the expense of supervision by the state board of pul)lic charities is grudgingly given. As compared with the expenditures in other states, those made by the Illinois institutions show as large a degree of economy as is consistent with the liberal and efficient care of their inmates. The mathematical demonstration of the truth of this proposition would only encumber these pages. But, by way of illustration, we mention the fact that a careful examination of the reports of sev- enty-eight hospitals for the insane in the United States, in 1886, shows that these institutions cared for an average number of 47,- 554 patients at a total cost of 88,925,621.24, or S187.69 per capita. During that year, the per capita cost of the Kankakee hospital was S169.07; of the Anna hospital, S170.99; of the Jacksonville hospital, $178.94; and of the Elgin hospital, §215.87; or, for the four hospitals taken together, $178.87, or about nine dollars less than the average in the country at large. Yet we venture to say that there are no institutions in the country which maintain a higher standard of efficiency and comfort. We believe that the people of this state derive from their institutions a higher grade of service at a lower rate of expenditure than those of any state in the Union. The figures furnished by persons unfamiliar with institution ac- counts are not trustworthy, since the methods of computing them in ditferent states are very dissimilar. In some states the gross cost is given, and in others the net cost, after deducting receipts from various sources; the ordinary are not always separated from the extraordinary expenses; and the average number of inmates is not always stated, or it may be calculated upon an erroneous principle. The figures given above have been prepared by the expert accountant employed in our own office, and their accuracy can be depended upon. ^Complaint has been made, by persons unfamiliar with the or- ganization and management of institutions, that too much of the money expended by them is paid to officers and employes. It is true that the expenditures in this direction are large. But it is necessary that they should be so. The following table exhibits the total expenditure, on current account, (or for maintenance of the state institutions), each year, and the amount expended for sal- aries and wages, with the percentages: 12 TahJc slmiciini ilir prdjiorfioii of ordiimrij < .ipriiscs paid for saliirirs and ivaycti: Year. Total Ordinary Expenses. Salaries and Wages. Per cent. 1HT5 18T« isr; 1K7S 18K1 ism 18S8 $448, 4HH. 48-2, 557. 551. (jir. (i;)5. <;h7, 714, 741, m). BfiO, 1,014. 80H, 7tt8 54 Titl 01 071 3'.i .5.-)8 (W •,M3 SI 075 it5 Htil 7!t 1.55 SI 421 S5 040 90 730 Wi 705 63 018 40 (i&t 11 $134,336 12 163,301 71 165.6:15 -.W 1S7.713 63 208,460 77 324,6*1 70 2-i7,395 -a 251.8(M( <»!» •iT8,435 S4 274,i:>i r,s 314,120 (r2 ^54,100 21 377,4»>8 .56 396,862 93 27.7 33.3 :i4.3 :«.6 37.8 36.4 :36.2 :J6.6 36.2 :16.9 36.5 :J6.8 37.2 36.7 111 our sixth biennial report, we printed a table showing the ordinary expenses, in gross and in detail, of each of twenty-tive institutions for the insane, in the United States, for a period of twelve months. The gross expenditures were 82,933,04:0.82. Of this sum, SS(>5,997.53, or 29.5 per cent., was expended for salaries and wages. During the past two years, the total ordinary exijenses of four hosjntals for the insane in this state have been !?1, 198,409.35, of which S399,-1:09.07 M'as paid for salaries and wages, or 33.3 per cent. According to another table, published in our sixth biennial report, sJiowing the average per capita cost of maintenance, in each of twenty-tive institutions for, the insane, the ])er capita cost of at- tendance was $05.97; but, in the insane hospitals of this state, in 1887-88, the per capita cost of attendance was S59.78, which is be- low the average for the entire country. Of course there are neces- sary ditf'erences, in the matter of salaries ami wages, between in- stitutions of different descriptions. In the educational institutions, where a large number of teachers are employed, the salary item is larger than elsewhere. In the institution for the education of the deaf and dumb, more than one-half of the total cost is for sahiries and wages. In the institutions for the blind and for the feelde- minded, very nearly one-half of the total exjienditure is for this one item. It reijuires very little reflection, to make it obviiuis to any person of ordinary intelligence that the inmates of our i)ublic institutions need jxTsonal care and attention. If not, they could be ke[)t at home. The blind and the (k-af are sent to institutions U) receive an education; the insane are sent for custody, nursing, and medical treatment; the idiots are .sent for both. These advan- tages cannot be afforded, without a large force of employes. The proportion of employes is no greater in Illinois than in other states, and it amounts to one (Muploye for every live or six in- mates cared for. Without this f«)rce of employes, an institution cannot be c inducted successfully, any more than a saw-mill can be run without stt>aiu in the boiler and the consumption of an amount of fuel sutlicient to gemu-ate the amount of steam recpiired to keep 13 tlie saw rno^nng. The criticisms on institution management by persons unfamiliar with them have no more value than would at- tach to a criticism on the telephone or the electric light by the proprietor of a ready-made clothing store. No one will deny that the maintenance of the system of charita- ble institutions in this state is a heavy burden upon the state treasury. These institutions absorb more than one-ha]f of the gen- eral revenue of the state, not including the school-tax. But, if the state should refuse to expend one dollar for this special purpose, what would the people of the state gain by such refusal? The number of the insane, the feeble-minded, the deaf, and the blind is not increased by these approjjriatious ; and it would not be diminished, if the apj)ropriations were not made. The deaf and the blind would certainly cost the community more for their main- tenance in idleness, if left in ignorance, than they cost when, by giving them an education, they are enabled to earn their own liv- ing. The insane and the idiots, if not cared for in state institu- tions, must be cared for at their homes or in county almshouses. Just as much money would be expended upon them as now; or, if not, the treatment given them would be very much less humane. The presence of an insane person in a private family is ordinarily a source of great irritation, which impairs the productive power of the household, increases the hereditary tendency to insanity which may be latent in relatives, and tends to pauperize the entire family of the person afflicted. In the county almshouses, as we know, the insane are usually neglected and often abused. The county authorities are very averse to having the charge of them, and much prefer that they should be cared for by the state. To give them anything like the comfort which they enjoy in state institutions would cost far more on the county farms, than it does under the existing system. What difference does it make to taxpayers, whether they pay the cost of tuition and treatment of these un- fortunates in the form of a county or of a state tax? It is just as easy to pay it through the medium of the political organiza- tion known as the state as it would be to pay it through the medium of the political organization known as the county. The system of state care has one very great advantage ; it is equitable. It distributes the social burden entailed by the exist- ence of these forms of misfortune so widely and so evenly, that no portion of the property owned by citizens of the state fails to contribute its just share toward carrying this load. Those who need help receive it, and those who are able to afford it are com- pelled to grant it. Nor is the burden so heavy as many, who have not given the subject attention, suppose it to be. The state tax constitutes but a small portion of the total assessment for govern- mental purposes which the people of the state have to pay. It is comparatively almost unappreciable, and constitutes but a light rate of interest upon the actual value of property, and a trifling sum per capita. 14 It is a great mistakt- to supjjose tJiat tliis system of cariiipj for the unfortunate is unpopular. On tlie contrary, notliing is u\ure (•onnn(»n than to liear tlie wealthy say, "There is no portion of my taxes which I i)ay so cheerfully, as that which I know goes directly to the alleviation of the sufferings of the unfortunate and the atHicted." The poor, on the other hand, feel that they are i)ro- tected against forms of disaster which are lial^le to overtake every citizen, in his own person, or in that of his relatives or friends. When, at the time of the French revolution, the convention of 17S1) assembled, it declared that the organization of relief was one of its tirst duties. In the French Declaratit)n of llights one of the articles asserted that "Public relief is a sacred debt." The une4ui^•ocal and emphatic assertion of this principle was involved in the triumph t)f the people over tyrants. It is a fundamental principle of republican government. There are three distinct con- ceptions of the ground of relief to the unfortunate. The first is the idea of religious duty. So far as this prevails, the administra- tion of relief is primarily entrusted to the clergy and to religious orders. The second is that of humanity. It is this sentiment, joined to the instinct of self-preservation, which, under a monarch- ical form of secular government, prompts the aristocracy to i)ro- vide at public expense for the more pressing necessities of the I)roletariat. The third is that of reciprocal right and obligation. It is the modern, democratic idea, characteristic of the new polit- ical era w'hich has just begun to dawn upon the world. The modern spirit would no more tolerate, in America, a serious assault ujjon the established system of public charities, than upon our Ijublic schools. What the peojjle require is that the system shall he perfected, not overthrown nor impaired; that it shall be devel- oped to the highest degree of efficiency and usefulness, at the least relative cost; that it shall be so administered as to include within its shelter and protection all who really require piiblic care, and at the same time to exclude from its benefits those who are not entitled to it. It may be compared to a tree whose roots have struck deep into the soil, and the shadow of wliose branches covers the whole state; if any one should be rash enough to attempt to cut it down, he would learn too late that a spirit resides within it, like the fal)led dryads of ancient mythology, which would resent the assault and })unish the assailant. 15 CHAPTER II. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS. We proceed to give a brief account of tlie financial recorcT of the state institutions subject to our inspection, for the past two fiscal 3-ears. As has been said, tlie last General Assembly made a change in the fiscal year of the institutions, which now closes on the 30th of June, instead of on the 30th of September, as here- tofore. For this reason the present report covers only one year and nine months, instead of two full years. The following statement shows the amount of money to be ac- counted for, and the disposition made of it. Dr. On the first of October, 1886, there were, in the hands of the local treasurers of the eleven institutions under our care, cash bal- ances amounting in the aggregate to ^127,601.44. In addition to the cash balances in the hands of local treasurers, the institutions had to their credit, in the state treasury, unex- pended balances of appropriations undrawn to the amount of $941,857.55. The Thirty-Fifth General Assembly appropriated for the use of these institutions the sum of S2,462,022 for the two years, from July 1, 1887, to July 1, 1889. Besides the income derived from appropriations, the institutions receive a minor income from the proceeds of the sale of farm produce, stock and manufactured articles, from collections for clothing, etc., the amount of which, during the past two years, has been !?146,764.72, to which must be added $12,812.02 received by the northern hospital for the insane, on account of the "Burr Fund." 16 Mt'utiou mast here be made of the organization of the .shoe- shop of the state reform school, uuder the ameiuhnent to the constitution forbidding contract prison labor, on the public account plan. The receipts of this shop liave been .sl09, 11)2. .3:1 The sum of these items, which is s8,800,250.*2r), constitutes the amount to be accounted for in the present report and in the re])orts of the institutions herewith transmitted. It is evident that this amount must have been expended by the institutions or remaiu in the state treasury, or in the hands of the local treasurers. The distrilnition of debits among the several institutions is as follows : I.NSTITLTION. Cash Oct. 1,1886. Appropuiations. Petit Receipts. Total. 1885. 1887. Northern Insane $15,220 25 42,100 11 13,770 .53 20,043 15 3,793 07 $79,735 84 2()0,274 60 137,409 00 80,595 64 78,293 its 23,418 93 45 875 00 .37,. 594 35 14,242 40 41,835 29 136,582 46 1 1 $225,345 00 $29,045 93| $:J4!t.347 02 548, .500 00 42.0:J7 03| 8!t3.511 74 Central Insane Soiitlit'rn Insane Deaf and Dunil) 324,500 00 ;:20,477 m 217,000 00 76,()(K1 00 136, (HH) 00 n3,.50(t 00 .57,IHJ0 00 136,600 00 40(i,500 (X) 19,154 32| 494. s:« 91 2:j,743 31 350,8.59 10 19.194 70 31H,2S1 75 Blind 5.449 49 9,882 82 ^ 6,675 35 27 10,544 80 121 60 6,360 38 lll,8;i4 80 9,503 46 301,2tll 28 Soldiers' Orphans '..' 890 88 158,660 58 71,242 67 :W5,!t:« 75 116,953 66 1,279 60 544.48:^ 66 Total $127,601 4i .$941,857 55 $2,462,022 00 $068,769 27 $;i, 800, 2.50 36 Ci: The cash disbursements by eleven institutions, during the past two years, were in the aggregate, §2,457,545.99. The amount remaining in the hands of local treasurers, June 30, 1888, was §205,221.17. The amount remaining in the state treasury, undrawn, was §1,135,479.48. The sum of $2,003.67, appropriated but not drawn, remained in the state treasury, September 30, 1887. From the "Burr Fund," belonging to the hospital at Elgin? §5,338.77 was invested in a loan, which, in the disl)ursements above and in the table below, is included (for convenience) with the cash disbursements, but is no part of the actual exi)enses liipiiilated. The same remark applies to the sum of §108,333.27, paid out by the state reform school on account of expenses incurred in run- ning the shoe factory. The sum of these items is §3,800,250, 2< 5, wliich was Ihe amount to be accounted for. The distribution follows : 17 of credits among the several institutions is as Institutions. Total dis- bursements. Cash June 30,1888. Approp'ns undrawn. Lapsed Sept. 30, 1887. Total. $194,2.54 33 583,113 50 304,018 94 225,323 93 202.821 23 73,1.54 62 124,294 58 91,491 00 44,585 12 23:3,998 17 380,490 57 $47,913 32 50,673 54 33,076 79 16,440 .59 10,534 40 575 41 6,186 41 11,564 91 145 08 20,6:35 58 7,475 14 .$107,179 37 257,724 70 157,735 13 $:349.347 03 893.511 74 .$2,666 00 3 05 497. S33 91 109,094 58 104,926 12 :i8,104 77 70,780 29 55,604 05 26,512 47 51,300 00 156,517 95 3.50. S59 10 Deaf and Dumb 318.281 75 Blind 111.S34 80 Feeble-Minded 201.261 28 62 1.58,1)60 58 71,242 67 305,9:33 75 544.483 66 Total .$2,4.57,545 99 .$205,221 17 .$1,1:35,479 43 .$2,003 67 $3,800,250 26 Further details of these receipts and disbursements will be found in the tables appended to this report, and in the reports of the institutions named. It will, of course, be understood that the figures above given represent cash receipts and disbursements, and that the actual expenses during the fiscal years 1887 and 1888 may have been more or less than the cash payments, according to the amount of out- standing debt at the beginning aud at the end of the period. In fact, they were less. The actual expenses incurred have been: Institutions. Ordinary. Special . Total. ^Northern Insane $169,582 13 450,568 70 264,643 81 208,614 65 188,805 50 66,155 15 118,253 93 88 501 32 .$25,425 13 i:36,:321 90 ;39.:375 13 14,6:J8 78 16,802 67 6.999 47 6.040 65 2 989 68 .$195,007 26 586.890 60 Eastern Insane Central Insane :304.018 94 Southern Insane 223.253 43 Deaf and Dumb 205.608 17 Blind 73,1.54 62 Eeeble-Minded 124.294 .58 Soldiers' Orphans 91.491 00 Eve and Ear 36,673 45 [ 6/229 9:3 88,426 59 :38,477 19 142,343 29 219,453 59 42,903 :38 Reform School 126.903 78 Soldiers' Home :361,796 88 Total $1,822,682 51 $512,640 13 $2,335.:322 64 The agreement between the statement of cash payments and that of actual expenses is shown as follows: P. C— 2 18 Casli disbursements during 1887-'88 5!2,-457,545 99 Dj'duct i)aynients t)n account of — liurr fund, loaned .*5,HH8 77 Burr fund, cxp.'nded 2,198 66 $57,537 43 81ioe-shop, Reform School 108,333 27 $115,870 70 Deduct pnvmont on account of expenses of ISSG .' 55,802 79 sl71,(;73 -49 S2,2S5,872 5(» Iudel)tedness of 1888, outstanding, June 30, 1887 . . . 49,450 14 Expenses of 1887-'88 s2,335,322 (il Surplus. To meet the outstanding indebtedness the institutions had the following cash resources: In hands of local treasurers S205.221 17 In state treasury, on call 8,032 11 Total cash assets S2i:!.25:5 2.S Deduct amount of debt 49,450 14 Cash suri)lus 8163,803 14 This surplus was diA-ided among them as follows: Northern Insane Hospital s38,093 53 Eastern Insane Hospital 35,716 52 Central Insane Hospital 33,076 79 Southern Insane Hosjntal 10,774 33 lustitiition for the Deaf and Dumb 8,383 48 Institution for the Blind 575 41 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children 7,018 48 Soldiers' Ori)hans' Home 11,5(')4 91 Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary 145 08 State Beform School * 19,396 70 Total .sl(;4.745 23 Deduct deficil in Soldiers' and Sailors' Home 942 09 Total surplus June 30, 1888 8163,803 14 This statement of suri)lus does not include leilger acet)unts (for clothing and incidental exi)enses of inmates) outstanding and un- .•ollected. It will be observed that the biennial ])eriod closoil with a 'leficit in but a single institution. The eye and ear infirmary, in pite of the increase in the average number of inmates, has paid >i[) the deficiency of 1*51,681.47 reported two years ago. The surplus 19 in some of the institutions is quite large, and may be taken into tlie account iu estimating the appropriations for the ensuing two years. Classification of Ordinary Expenses. On pages 20-21 will be found a classified summary of the or- dinary expenses of the institutions, for each of the two years, 1887 and 1888, by items. The number of days' board furnished to inmates, from October 1, 1886, to June 30, 1888, (a total of 639 days), was 3,533,961; the average number of inmates, for this period, was 5,530. If the items of expenditure for the two years are added together and divided by 5,530, we arrive at the per capita cost of each item during the entire period of twenty-one months; and, by taking four-sevenths of the quotient, we ascertain the cost per capita for one year. The result of this process of calculation is as follows:: Per capita cost of attendance (salaries and wages), 869.68; food, §50.46; clothing and bedding, S13.40; laundry supplies, SI. 42; fuel,, $16.07; light, S4.40; medicines and medical supplies, §1.90; freight and transi)ortation, 82.09; household expenses, $1.35; furniture, 84.25; building, repairs, etc., 87.57; tools and machinery, 81.75; farm, garden, stock, and grounds, 88.11; all other expenses, 85.88; total per capita cost, 8188.33. The net cost to the state treasury is not quite so great. Owing- to the receipt of 8146,764.72 from other sources than the state treasury, the net cost to the state was 81,675,803.80, or at the rate of 8173.17 per capita, by the year, which is equivalent to a little less than 47^ cents a day, or 83.32 a week. The price of board alone, in a private family, without instruction or medical treat- ment, would probably exceed, on the average, three dollars and a half a week; and the ordinary allowance to county sheriffs for the board of prisoners is fifty cents a da3^ The per capita cost of attendance, which is now 869.68, was, in 1884, or only four years ago, 874.05; in 1875, it was 883.11. The cost of food, which was, iu 1875, 865.76, and which had fallen to 855.23 in 1884, is now only 850.46, or less than one dollar a week for each inmate. Estimate foe the Next Two Years. "We base our estimate of the appropriations necessary to be made- for the ordinary expenses of the eleven institutions under our charge, for the two fiscal years beginning July 1, 1889, and July 1, 1890, on the expenses incurred heretofore, making allowance for tlie growth of the institutions and an increased number of inmates in some of them. It will, of course, be evident that the per capita allo^yance for different items will vary in different institutions, ac- cording to their respective size, location and character; but we have endeavored to make the distribution of funds granted as equitable as possible to all of them. ^The table on page 22 shows all of the elements- which enter into theestimate submitted. 20 o: o or P ^ CO s ^ ^ ^ § > & -: s - ? = »-' ~ X T :x ? 53 s -.' 7 ^ 1; £ i^ ? 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X -(• O un ?! t- = - c: rp ^ in c £ ^ =■- - c? :; X X T-^ CO CO ?! ~ — — X i- ?! ~ in O ?! t- X r: ~ ■?»£- ^ X CO X in 3; y CO — t- :J CO ;= CO X =: -- i- O — ■ -* C t- ?! — ' X ^ 5£ L— I :o 0; :o i5e=^i?« = i-^SS2?^^i?%l ^-fi^^ ^ i-?l S tO — rt X ••4^- e: _;« £i § 2 "^ -1 " — " -' 5 " ^ " §??■■ X i^ ?? 22 ■3ft- ^ I — ^^ CO — ;^ rt in — ~ X X in X -.c in in in CO o c • c • • c: -^ iT" X M- i.n CO ^^ ^ ?! t— O O w ^ •.i -r X in — in CO ?! ~ m x i- co C: TT X Ci-TK c =.=:in-^:iin 5Z2:^3j:;^5 2SxcoS^2 -~ 7^ 5S p i-X c m ?! c: ^ = ■* CO coco?! ^_^c- x^m c:_^-.=^ i- -f ?! ?! -^ m -.C ?U- r^ C0_^ ■^ in -H T-( 4ftr i-fx'in' cf^' 7. ?! ^^ -3ft- i^ ^ T, ■ :— : "^ ; :^ ; a £.a ,. : ; 5 \Ji : %Z^ a ■ t4 • .^ tc o^ ^■- M • SB * ti; < i Fm • K '^.S -.5 m S • ■ c : 3i s :5 X ^— : --^B* = ^ i" u 5 6\ a c "I; : — ■^ S; 2 ^ z "i i- ' ^,g m ^ ^ -^ :'E ■^ 1^^ u ^ ^ ^ = =•==—=33;"^ i-'SsS.ss^x ■ e; - — p ij ■§ y r- : ; = |il1-n'i|iil1 c «■£ I' S t JI i -r c — "5 = — — i 3s t? COO) 5,^ i'- -" c 3. a) > > > <£ ^s.*:; ? Sa-i S5S- ? -=p:pi 2: E- S^K r-^ HH r. W <« 1 22 ?»5 c 1 X ar ^ x M ^ ^ 1 ?5?=2X X S '1 5- : - 5S 5- s'i i - 1 iiiiilliiiliiiyii i i;i:ia|.ir 11 f «%■ jj •««■ <«•' — X ■^ fc-* III .5 JK JC JK x X a; SC X .X ^ X JK ?j 2 r» a s 1 1 ;i! 5:2-: 2 j; s z s r. rj r. 3 s 5 s s 5^ i-T : 1 , ; »■ - i ^ = = Xw IIP II ; iiii=iiiiis 1; 1: i 1 fe «s-- II &.«^ SSSSSS : 555Sa52 ■ S K ^ s r. 5 « -^ S K K X S 1 5s- : is IP 5: ^ xg x' 1 : ijg ?-=9 • s ll&i :lP oz. X a: X X X X X Jt •yt" "" 22i-':i?:SS22i^ — 5 X X 5- iijii3';ii nil iP 11} SSSSSSSxx£:== S 5 X X S 5- S pillii iii 2 i 5^,!2^ 1 *^ il*' ii-'^~ " ? = 2 pi^i^ i K ■: I — ' — ' — ' — r? — ' 3c' x' x' X X X X 1 4C- III l^-'i^ ; — '— ' — ti'm'cc'm' 55 5s- i II! II 1 1 C •d X 1 u a 3 X J 2. 1 : u J : I : ii1|i : ; < JL ^ Z^ I. ^. • '. • • '-2 i ^ -1 s ^ 6^ 3 t £ = - -Si ; i t- 5! " IJI j 23 According to this estimate, the total ordinary expenses of eleven institutions will bo $1,097,000 a year. In 1887, they weie $1,014,000, and in nine months ending June 30, 1888, they weie at the rate of $1,078,000. The average number of inmates in 1887 was 5,230; in 1888 it was 5,930. We estimate it for 1889 and 1890 at 6,145, which will make the per capita rate $178 50. We estimate the receipts from other sources than the state treasury at $74,000 a year. In 1887 they were $78,000. This will make the net cost to the state $1,023,000. The net cost in 1887 was $935,000, and in the nine months ending June 30, 1888, it was at the rate of $987,000. It will not, however, be necessary to make so large an approp- riation as these figures would indicate. An appropriation has been made by Congress for the support of the inmates of state soldiers' homes at the rate of $100 per capita. We estimate the receipts from this source, which can be applied to the support of the soldiers' home at Quincy, at $65,000, which will not, however, reduce the appropriation necessary to be made. But a reduc- tion, applicable to one year only, can be made by using a portion of the surplus which will have accumulated by the first of July, 1889, for the payment of the expenses of the ensuing year. In our judgment, the surplus in the treasury of each of the three hospitals for the insane at Elgin, at Kankakee, and at Jackson- ville, will, by that date exceed $40,000 for each of them. We pro- pose that one-half of it shall be deducted from the appropriations for the fiscal year 1889. We also propose a reduction of $5,000 on account of surplus accumulated by the soldiers' orphans' home, wdiich will make the total appropriation for the first year $958,000. instead of $1,023,000; so that the appropriation for both years will be $1,981,000, which is $14,500 less than the ai3proj)riations made by the last general assembly for the same institutions for the sam? time. The reasons for each appropriation are as follows: The gross ordinary expenses of the Northern Insane Hosj^ital, in 1887, were $96,457.70; in 1888 (at the rate of ), $97,499,24. Our estimate for 1889-'90 is $98,000. We deduct $S,000_ estimated mis- cellaneous income. The appropriation required is $90,000 per anuurh, which admits of caring for 530 patients at an average per capita cost of $185; the number daring the la^t biennial period has averaged 531, and the per capita cost (net) has been $182.63. But the surplus in the hands of the institution treasurer, June 30, 1888. was $38,093.53, and we estimate the surplus on the 30th of June next at $48,000 — the present appropriation being $100,000, or $10,000 more than is needed for the expenses of the present year. We therefore propose an appropriation of but $70,000 for 1889, and $90,000 for 1890. The gross ordinary expenses of the Eastern Insane Hospital, in 1887, were $246,952.50; in 18SS, at the rate of $271,4S8,27. Our estimate for 1889-'90 is $260,000. We deduct $21,030 estimated •24 miscellaneous income. The aj^iiroiniatiou required is s^'jyO.lXKl, which admits of caring for l.Ger during the past biennial {)eriod has averageil 1.543. and was at the close of the year. "1,(')<»1>: the per capita cost has been slJil.lO. But the sur})lus in the hands of the institutiv)n treasurer, June 30, was ^3.71(1.52, and we estimate the surplus on the 3(>th of June nest at .Si2.« KXl. We therefore propt>se an appropriation of but ^*21<>,(XK) for 1SS9. aud ^■236.«HX> for ISiX). The gross ordinary expenses of the Central Insane Hospital, in 18S7. were ^14l».«>5y.35: in 1880, at the rate of sl.-)3.2V»i>.28. Our estimate for 18M»-'9(> is ^152.CXXL TVe deduct ^12.CMX> estimated miscellaneous income. The appropriation recjuireil is sl40.. which admits of earing for 925 patients at 5^165; the number dur- ing the past biennial period has averaged 913. and the per cajuta cost has been S165.92. But the surjJus in the hands of the insti- tution treasurer. June 30. was So3.(>70.79, and we estimate the sur- plus on the 3<>th of June next at s43,(XX>^— the present appropria- tion l>eing sl5(>.(XXl, or slO, more than is needed for the ex- penses of the present vear. We therefore propose an appropria- tion of but $:120,(X>0 for 1889, and sl40,(XX) for l5S^X». The gross ordinary expenses of the Southern Insane Hospital, in 1887. were 8121,102.44: in 18.88. at the rate of 8116,682.95. Our estimate for lSS9-"iH;t. s112,(m:kj. We deduct s12,0<;m;» estimated mis- cellaneous income. The appropriation required is 10(>.040 patients at an average per capita cost of 8175; the number during the last biennial peritxl has averaged 531, and the per capita cost has been 8l86.(X). The surplus in this institution is only one-third of what it is in the other hospitals for the insane, and it \n\\ not increase during the present year. We therefore do not take it into account, but recom- mend an appropriation of 81(X),(XK) for each of the two years. The gross ordinary expenses of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, in 1887. were* 8105.977.49: in 1888. at the rate of sllO.437.35. Our estimate for lS89-"90 is 8108,(X>0. We deduct 8S,(XM> estimated miscellaneous income. The appropriation required is 8KXMMM) per annum, which admits of caring for 360 jmpils at an average jier capita cost of >'3(M): the number during the last biennial peritxl has averaged 407, and the per cajuta cost has been 8265.87. It shoidd be said here that the average numl>er, in institutions which have a vacation, as statetl by us, is not the average number during term tim«-, but is obtained by dividing the total number of days' l>oard by the number of days in a calendar year, or in the biennial period. The average numl^er of pupils in this institution during the .school year of l8S6-'87 was 507, and during the schl year 1887-'s8 it was 49S. The average for the biennial i>erio : the r^' ~ - -ti- mate for 1^*;."- .*. :.: ■•^^. .-'.•-. We d-^i-.: >::..♦ -1- ]g-r.iirmc income. The appropriatioii re»:jidrel i= - .:: jaiits O'f caring for 1-^5 pnX'ils at an aTer=.g-: : - . the iniml:.er diirin^ the I^=* """i^r-:'.! '-^^ 1->L aiid the per capita 'M«=t has l:«er _' " the school Tear of ls^^'*7«-si 174. ._ . :„ _ ._ _ i 1SS7-88 it"^ras 161 TLe gross ordinajy ez - f the Asj-tir:. fir F^-e Ci-flireiL in lsS7. s-eT- ^ 1,?1: in l^'^'^ -" "tiie r " - \^--^ '_»-r estimate for 1>>^\^ -~ ^ '—'.'- ^ i_i- irHaneoTLS incide- T_- :.-r ai.~~:^-!. which a^imits r tne aJ-'iissMHi of papals bey^CHid the cap«p<;-ity off tJie ssrhmi. The gross 7/77 expenses of the Soldiers" * -" Home, in 1S^7 were >- -'1: in ISSS. at the imie ■:: ^1 'Lcl This --"'""' - "- -"" nec'tis income. The iv-nzi-priaiio'n re- ; - " - ' - "^erage p^er capita c-»;eT ita cost has been ^145.7-5. The average nainl:»rr fen >:! :-77n of 1SS6-S7 was i>5. and for the school term if 1 : " : - ii ^^las SSiA The apprC'r«riation made by th-e last ger-eral assenoiy for this institution was ^>5.«» ' - ^: ' "he stirpilxis w^as ino-n^=a£e«i dnring the biennial period, by > ' 7" the first c«f n»?xT Jnly, it ^nH prc'tebly Ir-e not less than >^ We th-:- - :_mefi>i n reduction of the appxop»Tiation ; L-^^ to ^" _■ tiiit for 1S&:» at 6X».0iX\ The gross ordinary expienses of the C~ Z - 7 Z 7 In- nrmary. in 1SS7. were S2ii»/»12"7: in IS*-" - 7 -___!' 17. The growth of this ------ - _ - , > ;oen remarkable. In ISS^ _ - - - "^ in ISSS ii had risen tc . " -e. W- fr-re estimate the ?/ ::r l."^^ > at ^7.0mO. T1 l_r appropriation ir. _t_ . . _. > . 7 :s _ _ patients at an average p«eT capita cost of ^l^^J. I ng the last biennial period bas averaged L2-L i-m - st has been sl^.s9. The grv>ss oidinary expenses c£ the State 1 >.n:o_ in 1SS7. were ^S,l<,>i^: in ISSS at the late ol ^- .- *>nr esti- mate for lSN^"^lis ^5«aCmA We dedoct ^Cmj e^7 26 Inneoiis income. The aj)i)roi)iiatioii required is i!4<),000 per ainmm, which admits of cariiiLC t<»r •>2'> inmatt's at an averaj^e per fai)ita cost of !i^lo(). The number (hiring the last biennial period has averaged 318, and the per capita cost has l)een SKJI.").!. Our esti- mate for this institution is perhaps closer than that made by us for any other; but it is safe, since the surplus, June '60, 1888, was !<19,39().70. We do not regard it as prudent to make any deduction (m account of this surplus, in view of the financial un- certainty attending the conduct of labor in this school on state account, instead of by contraci, as formerly. The gross ordinarv expenses of the Soldiers' and S lilors' Home in LSSf, were 869,085.27; in 1888 at the rate of s<)7,8-21».3r); our estimate for 1889-"90 is Sl3(),()(H). This institution has no miscel- laneous income. An appro}n'iation of 8130,000 admits of caring for 750 soldiers at an average per capita cost of sl75, which is the highest rate of expenditure recommended by us for any hospital for the insane in this state, except one, and we do not think that tlie cost of maintaining soldiers in the home should exceed that of medical care and treatment of insane patients. This institution ojjened March 1, 1887; from that date until tlie close of the biennial period, the average number of inmates has been 388, and the per capita cost S215.10. It is to he expected that the cost i)er capita in a new institution will be higher than in one in thorough run- ning order. The number of soldiers present June 30, 1888, was 520, and the capacity of tlie home has been increased by the erection of additional cottages, and is now 750. By a recent act of Ccmgress, the nadonal government agrees to furnish one hund- red dollars a year towards the sujjport of every soldier maintained in a state home. On the basis of an actual attendame of 750 soldiers, the allowance from the national treasury will be 875.000. The text of the act is as follows: Be it eiKicfeil liij (hf Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America In Congress asseinliled. That all tho stall's or" torritorios which have cstablishod, or which shall here- after establish, state homes for disabh'd soldiiTs and sailors of the United Stuti's who service in the war of the rebellion, or in any previous war, who are disabled by aire, disease or oiherwise, and by reason of such disability are incapable ;iilalions as it may prescribe, but the said state or territorial homes shall be e.xdusively under the control of the respective state or territorial authorities, and the board of maiias^ers shall not have nor assume any management or control of said slate or territorial homes. The board of manairers of the National Home shall, however, havi' powiT to have tlie said state or territorial homes inspected at su
  • rress in its annual repori. Skc. 'i. That the sum of two hundred and llfty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be iipci'ssary. Is hereby approiirialed, to carry out the iirovisions of tlii> act, and payments to the states or territories under it shall be made i|uarierly by llie said board of mana'^ers for Ihe National Home for Disabled Volunteers to the olUi-ers of I lieVespective stales or territories eiil it led, duly authorized to receivi- such payments, and shall be accounted for as are the appropriations for tin' siiiiporl of the National Home for Disabled Soldiers. An/iroved, August :iT, 1HK8. This will not reduce the amount o^ tho ap})ro])riation necessary to be made, but it insures the refunding of a jjortion of the money ex- ])ended, and reduces the cost of the home to the peo])le of Illinois. The law should re(iuire the payment of this nioii(\v dirt>ctly to tlie treasurer of the state. 27 We do not, as will be observed, recommend the appropriation for any institution of a smaller amount than experience has shown to be necessary for its actual ordinary expenses. We do not believe that the people of the state are dissatisfied Avith the character of the care given to the inmates of these institutions, nor that they wish to deprive them of any comforts or advantages which they now enjoy. There can be no material reduction in the rate of expenditure, without a revolution in the methods of care, treat- ment, and tuition. As we have pointed out in the opening chap- ter, there has been a gradual but steady reduction in the rate, during the past fourteen years, and we believe that this reduction will continue until it reaches its natural limit, which it ought not to pass. We know that the superintendents now in charge are experienced, faithful, and honorable officers, who will not misap- propriate or wilfully and deliberately waste the money entrusted to them by the legislature. This is shown by the accumulation, in so many institutions, of a surplus; and good financial nianagement requires the maintenance at all times of a small cash reserve with which to meet unforeseen emergencies, such as an unexpected rise in the price of supplies, a sudden increase in the number of appli- cants for admission, a failure of the crops raised upon institution farms, or any other accident. Any legislation which would impair the credit of the institutions would impair their efficiency, and at the same time increase their cost. The house of representatives, by a resolution adopted June 1, 1887, instructed us to submit with the present report the draft of a bill for an act making appropriations for the ordinary expenses of each and all of the institutions included under our jurisdiction, from the 1st of July, 1889, to the 30th of June, 1891. We presume that this resolution is intended to secure the intro- duction of a bill corresponding somewhat to that making appro- priations for the ordinary and contingent expenses of the state government, so that the members may see at a glance the total amount required for the ordinary expenses of the state institutions, and the method of its distribution among Ihem. We have com- plied with the instructions given us, and submit the following draft of a bill: A Bill for an act makiiuj aj)pvopriaiions for ihe ordinarij ex- penses of the state institutions herein named: Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, represented in ttie General Assenihli/, That there be and is hereby appropriated, for the purpose of defraying the ordinary expenses of the state institutions named in this act, for the year beginning July 1, 1889, the sum of $958,000, payable quarterly in advance, and that the said appropriation shall be apportioned between the said institutions as follows: To the Northern Hospital for the Insane $90,000 00 To the Eastern Hospital for the Insane 210,000 00 To the Central Hospital for the Insane 120,000 00 28 To the Suutlurn H(.spital for the InsaiK- slOO.OOO 00 To the Iijstitntioii for tlie Dt-af and Duml» KlO.iHHi 00 To the Institution for the lilind liS.OdO (K) To the Institution for Feel»h--Miiule(l Children OC.OOO (HI To the Sokliers' Orphans' Hoftie 4.">,("H» III) To the Charitable Eye and Ear Intirmarv '27.01 III 00 To the State Reforin School ' 4<;.00(l 00 To the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home i:)0,000 00 Total syr,M,(XH) 00 Scciion J. For the purpose t>f defrayinic the ordinary expenses of the said institutions for the year beginning July 1, IS'.IO, the sum of Si. 028,000 is appropriated, payal)le cpiarterly in advance, which amount shall be apportioned among them as follows, and at the same rate until the expiration of the first fiscal quarter after the adjournment of the next general assembly: To the Northern Hospital for the Insane sOO,000 00 To the Eastern Hospital for the Insane 23(;.000 00 To the Central Hospital for the Insane 140,0110 00 To the Southern Hospital for the Insane luii.iiiiil 00 To the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb Idll.ooo 00 To the institution for the Blind 88,000 00 To the Institution for Feeble-Minded Children (ili.OllO 00 To the Soldiers' Orphans' Home ;">! 1.1100 0(1 To the Charitable Eve and Ear Intirmarv 27.000 00 To the State Reforni School ' 4(1,0(10 OO To the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home i:!0,000 00 Total 81,023,000 00 Scciion o. The moneys herein ajjpropriated shall be due and payalile to the trustees of the several institutions named, or to their order, only on the terms and in the manner now pnnided by law. Secfioii 4. The treasurer of the state of Illinois is hereby author- ized to receive any moneys which may be paid to this state by the managers of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soliliers, under the pn^visions of an aet ai)pn^ved bv the President of the United States, August 27, 1888. SPECIAL ArrRorniATioxs. The following is a complete list t)f si)ecial appropriations made by the Thirty-Fifth General Assembly: To llic Xorllicrii Jlospihil for ihc Insane. For rejiairs and iiiipi-ovements, J?5,000 pci- annum J?10,000 For in]»ro\cment of grounds. 81.000 per annum 2.000 29 For enlargemeut of bakery, dining-room, etc 3,345 For iron fire-proof doors and fire-proof walls 8,000 For hose-house, soap-room, and firemen's rubber outfit .... 6,000 Total . .829,345 To the Easfern HospUal for ihe Insane. For repairs and improvements, 810,000 per annum $20,000 For improvement of grounds, 81,000 per annum 2,000 For stock and farm implements, 81,500 per annum 3,000 For patients' library, 8500 per annum 1,000 For painting inside and outside 5,000 For furniture and fixtures 10,000 For mortuary building 3,000 For land 10,000 For bakery and store room for flour '. . 6,000 For boilers, chimney-stack and coal-house 7,000 For additional stock 1,500 Total 868,500 To the Central Hospital for the Insane. For repairs and contingent fund, 87,000 per annum 814,000 For improvement of grounds, 8250 per annum 500 For extending eighteen dining-rooms 5,000 For removing and rebuilding piggery 1,000 For procuring and setting steam boilers .« 4,000 Total 824,500 To the Soidhern Hospital for the Insane. For repairs and improvements, 85,000 per annum 810,000 For improvement of grounds, 8500 per annum 1,000 For new pump at big spring 977 For removing and refitting house for engineer 500 For fire-escapes 1,000 Total , 813,477 To the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. For repairs and improvements, 84,000 per annum 88,000 For pupils' library 1,000 For erection of a cottage for little girls s'oOO Total 817,000 30 To till' I iisfiliilioii for l/ic Kiturotion of flic Jilitid. For rei)airs and improvemeDts, ^1,500 per aiinnni s3,000 For tirp-escai)es 1,20() I'or strei't-paving !^,4:0() J'(»r laundry ami furnishiii*^ tlio same 5,0(M) Total sri.GOO To ihc ^Isijhi))! for Feclilc-Mlmled ('liihlrcn. ¥or repairs and improvements, 82,000 per aiiimin s4,000 For iinprovenieiits of grounds, 8500 i)er annum 1,000 For ])uroliase of two new boilers 2.000 For sewer construction 5,000 Total S12.000 To ihe Soldiers' Or2)Jians' How. For repairs and improvements, 81,500 per annum 88,000 For books and papers for pupils' library 500 Total 83,500 To f}i<> Eye and Ear lujiruKirij. For repairs and improvements, 81,000 per annum 82,000 For additional furniture o.OOO For two sixteen-foot tubular boilers 2,000 Total .87,000 To ihe Slafe Reform School. For repairs and im]n-ovements, 81,000 per annum 82.000 For an artesian well li.OOO For rebuilding front steps of main building 1.000 For boys' library, 8300 i)er annum ()0(^ For machinery and materials, and as a working eapital . . . 30,000 Total 83(3,()00 To ihe Soldiers' and Sailors' Home. For contingent expenses 85,000 For a hospital building 25,000 For fui'nisliing and e(piipping lu)si)ital 3,500 For fencing, bridging, roadways, walks, and improvement of groujids. 6,000 For farm l)uilding8 and necessary outbuildings 5,000 31 For additional boilers 3,009 For additional cottages, completed and furnished 87,000 For architect, superintendent of construction, and contingent fund 6,000 For purchase of additional land 900 Total $142,000 EECAPITULATION. Northern Hospital for the Insane S29,345 Eastern Hospital for the Insane 68,500 Central Hospital for the Insane 24,500 Southern Hospital for the Insane 13,477 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 17,000 Institution for the Blind 12,600 Asylum for the Feeble-Minded 12,000 Soldiers' Orphans' Home 3,500 Eye and Ear Infirmary 7,000 State Reform School 36,600 Soldiers' and Sailors' Home 142,000 Total $366,522 The amount asked by the institutions exceeded $1,500,000. But among the requests preferred were two for the extension of the northern and southern hospitals for the insane at an aggregate cost of $560,000. Even after deducting this sum, it is apparent that the legislature cut the requests for special appropriations down with an unsparing hand. At the date of our last report, the institutions had an unex- pended balance on special appropriation account of $284,482.55. On the 30th of June, 1888, the unexpended balance on this account was $95,479.43. The amount expended during the biennial period was $531,224.05, of which $356,699.66 was for building and repairs, $43,861.38 for labor, $31,307.81 for machinery, $23,539.00 for land, $11,625.49 for furniture, $43,528,28 for expenses of the shoe-shop at Pontiac, and the balance for sundry other items. The details of expenditure are shown in the reports of the several institutions, and also the character of the improvements made. We need not enlarge very much uj^on them. The application for iron fire-proof doors and fire-proof walls at Elgin was expended partly in the purchase of fifty-six iron cavity doors, and sixteen Wilson's patent rolling shutters. Since the mak- ing of this apj)ropriation, our attention has been called to some re- marks by Mr. Edward Atkinson, president of the Boston Manu- facturers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company, on this subject, man address delivered in Minneapolis, in 1885. He says: "Iron doors are a snare and delusion; iron shutters worse. They neither keep the fire out nor in, but they exclude both firemen and water." In a special report of the company of which he ia president, he writes 32 as follows: "We tiiid it necessary to repeat the warning against inadetjuatL' fire-doors, as we find that reliance is still placed on several classes of doors in which we have no confidence, snch as rolled or cast-iron doors, corrugated or hollow iron doors, wooden doors covered with zinc — a metal which melts at al>out 700 degrees Fahrenheit, wooden doors covered only on one side with tin." In this same report Mr. Atkinson (who is probably the highest nn- thority in matters of fire prevention in this country I, submits specifications, drawn l)y Mr. W. B. Whiting, for making a fire-door or shutter that will resist fire longer than any other door or shutter known. "A door of the right construction to resist fire should be made of good pine, and should be of two or more thicknesses of matched boards nailed across each other, either at right angles or at forty-five degrees. If the doorway be more than seven feet by four feet, it would l)e better to use three thicknesses of same stuff; in other words, the door should be of a thickness proportioned to its area. Such a door should always be made to shut into a rabbet, or flush with the wall, when practicable; or, if it is a sliding door, then it should be made to shut into or behind a jamb, which would press it up against the wall. The door and its jambs, if of wood, should then be sheathed with tin, the plates being locked at joints and securely nailed under the locking with nails at least one inch long. No air-sj)aces should be left in a door by i)anelling or other- wise, as the door will resist best that has the most solid material in it. In most places, it is much better to fit the door upon in- clined metal slides rather than upon hinges. This kind of door may be fitted with automatic appliances, so that it will close itself when subjected to the heat of a fire; but these ai)pliances do not interfere with the ordinary methods of opening and shutting the door. They only constitute a safeguard against negligence. The l)est automatic a})pliance is that made by the Providence Steam cV: Gas Pipe Co. This appliance may also be used upon swinging doors. Its cost is very small; we therefore recommend its adop- tion, even on doors where there may seem to be little need for such precaution." The ai)propriation for the purchase of land for the u.se of the eastern liospital for the insane enabled the trustees to add 317.58 acres adjoining the hospital farm on the south, and lying along the Kankakee liiver, known as the Tupper land; and also ten acres known as the Grimm tract. The average price paid i)er acre was a tritio over thirty dollars. On account of the immense numl)er of ])aients cared for in this hospital, it is the oi)inion of the superin- tendent and trustees that still further additions to the hospital farm are desirable, if not essential. We desire to remark, for the benefit of the legislature, that it very rarely happens that the gen- eral assend)ly will ])rovide for or permit the purchase of a sufficient anumnt of land for the use of any institution, at the time of its creation and location. AVe have repeatedly expressed the convic- tion that the amount of land required may be fdirly estimated at «one acre for each patient. It is obvious that land can l.)e bought 33 to better advantage at tlie time when the site of the new institution is chosen, than at any time afterwards. There is then more or less competition between different localities, all of which want the institution; and land is offered, in any quantity that may be desired, at its actual cash value in the market, and sometimes at a price which does not equal a fair valuation. But as soon as an institu- tion has been established, this competition ceases; the value of land in the immediate vicinity is at once increased; the holders, believ- ing that they have a corner on the state demand an excessively high price for the tracts which are most desired, or even refuse to sell at any price. It is a short-sighted policy on the part of the legislature, not to provide a sufficient amount of land at the outset. We call attention to the remarks made by Dr. Dewey, on page 13 of his report, respecting the cost of alterations due to increased capacity. He estimates the cost of the changes in the Kankakee hospital, which would be unnecessary if additions not originally contemplated had been made, at very nearly $150,000, or nearly one hundred dollars per patient. And there are other changes still to be made, which will add to this figure. There can be no doubt that it is better, and in the end cheaper, to determine in advance the number of inmates to be accommodated in a given institution, plan all parts of the institution for that precise number, and after- wards firmly and positively refuse to permit any enlargement of its capacity. When the pressure for admissions to the institu- tion in excess of its capacity becomes too great to be longer re- sisted, the time has arrived for the creation of a new institution. To build new institutions, as they are required, is for many reasons not only a wiser but a more economical policy. The erection of a cottage for little girls at the institution for the education of the deaf and dumb has no doubt improved the organization of that school. It is, however, an extension of the capacity of the establishment, which we regret to see, believing that it is already over-grown in size, and that it will be difficult to find a successor to the present superintendent who will be capa- ble of handling it successfully. The appropriation for an artesian well at Pontiac enabled the trustees of the reform school to bore to the depth of 1,408 feet. The water stands in the well to the height of about forty feet from the surface of the ground, and is very salt. By the aid of a deep-well wind-pump the pond upon the grounds of the insti- tution can be kept full, and the water will be of use for flushing sewers and for exting-uishing fires, but not for drinking. It is thought that artesian water, which will flow above the surface, can not be found at a depth of less than 2,500 feet. In consequence of the adoption of the constitutional amendment in opposition to contract labor in prisons and reformatories, the last general assembly made an appropriation to the state reform school of $30,000 for machinery and materials, and as a working P. C— 3 34 capital, to enable the iustitutioii to continue tin* manufacturing of boots and shoes. The following is a history of the new enterprise, closing with the end of the tiscal year, tlu* 3(lth of last June. The trust^^es paid, out of the appropriation, for the purchase of the plant from the former contractors, seven thousand dollars, leaving them twenty-three thousand dollars as a working capital, a sum which they declai-e insutticicnt for the amount of l)usiness carried ou, which aggregated one humlred thousand dollars in the course of the year. The shop acknowledges the receipt of Sl09,- 192.53 from sales, making the total income Sl31),192.o3. Beside paying for the plant, it has incurred expenses, on account of material, labor, machinery and tools, amounting to Si;:{0,09-1.39; and the balance, «?2,098.1'4, is in the hands of the treasurer of the institution. The details of the expense incurred are given in the item- ized statement contained in the report of the trustees, where they can be examined. The inventory, June 30, shows assets to the amount of 844,145.26, of which, in addition to the original plant, J<1S,004.33 is merchandise, SS59.2r) is cash in bank, and slS,2Sl.()7 is bills receivable. The liabilities are, besides the original appro- priation of 830,000, bills payable S8,316.31. The profit is estimated at 85,828.95. We should state it differently, and more to the advantage of the institution, as follows: The total income has been 8139,192.53; total expenses, 8147,249.58; excess of expenditure over income, 88,057.95. For this the shop has to show assets amounting to 845,3S4.14, made up of the plant, which cost 87 000; merchandise, 818,004.33; uncollected accounts, 818,281.67; and cash in the hands of the treasurer, June 30th, 82,098.14. On the other side, it has orders drawn but not presented, and therefore still to be paid, to the amount of 81,238 88; and unj)aid bills amounting to 88,316.31; total lial)ilities, 89,555.19. From the balance, which is 835,828.95, miist l)e deducted 87,000 paid for the plant o\it of the original appro])riation, and the remainder, which is 828,828.95, represents the earnings of the shop from the time it was opened on state account, until the close of the tiscal year 1887. This is far more than the shop could ever earn under the contract system. The amount paid by the contractors for the labor of the boys, in 1885. was 88,313.42; and in 1886 it was 88,901.49. The trustees think that more diversified industries would be better for the boys committed to their charge, and of the correct- ness of their judgment in this regard we are convinced. We very strongly favor the introduction into the schools of a complete sys- tem (^f technological training, like that in the industrial school at Rochester, New York. The profits on labor have always been small, even under the contract system. Under the i)ublic account system, it has been very difiicult for the sho]) to dispose of its manufactured ])i-odnct. We rei^ard the training of this class of boys in the use of tools as far more important than any insignifi- cant diminution in the cost of their support while detaineil in the institution. They should go out of it fitted, if possible, with such 35 general knowledge and skill in the nse of tools of every descrip- tioii as to enable them to find employment in any branch of mechanical indnstry in which a position may be open to them, and not be compelled to seek employment in one particular kind of shops, at one particular branch of factory work. Besides, the de- velopment of their intellectual and moral natures resulting from factory work in a given direction is not equal to that which would follow a more general and varied course of instruction. Since the date of our last report, the soldiers' and sailors' home at Quincy has been completed and opened. The first soldier was admitted March 3, 1887, while the last general assembly was in session. The total number admitted up to June 30, 1888, has been 844, of whom 526 were present at that date. The applications for admission do not appear to have been as numerous as had been anticipated. With the appropriation made by the last general as- sembly the capacity of the home has been increased, and is now said to be 750. The hospital, which will accomodate seventy-five men, was built for $25,000, or at the rate of $333.33 per bed. Eight cottages have also been built, which will accomodate 420 men, and furnished, at the low per capita cost of $208. The heating and ven- tilation of the main building and of the cottages formerly erected have been thoroughly overhauled and greatly improved. For the excellence of the result obtained the institution is indebted to the architect, Mr. William F. Hackney, whose relation to the trustees and to the work has been very satisfactory. We have visited the home, and have been very much pleased with the appearance of the premises and grounds and with the apparent comfort of the inmates. We take this ojjportunity to express our great regret at the loss which the home and the people of the state sustained in the death of Gen. Lippincott, its first superintendent. At our meeting October 20, 1887, we adopted the following resolution, which was entered in full upon our minutes. Resolved, That in the death of Gen. Charlfs £. Lippincott, superintendent of the ir^oldiers' and sailors" home, the state of Illinois has sustained a severe loss. His history as a man, as a state offi- cer, and as the head of one of our noblest charities, has been creditable to himself, and reflects honor upon the state. His family and the institution which has been bereaved by his demises, have our sin- cere sympathy in this affliction. At our meeting in January, 1888, we were again called upon to mourn the death of one of our superintendents. Reverend Dr. F. W. Phillips, of the institution for the education of the blind. The following resolutions were adopted by us: Besolved, That the board has learned with pain of the death of the Reverend Dr. Phillips, the superintendent of the institution for the education of the blind, at Jacksonville, under whose wise and careful administration of the trust committed to him that institution has been enlarged and im- proved, and its prosj^erity and usefulness greatly augmented. " . Resolved, That we extend to his family, and to his pupils, who have lost in him a kind and faith- ful friend, our sincere sympathy; and we express the hope that the trustees may find an equally ca- pable and devoted man as his successor. Maj. J. G Rowland, one of the trustees of the soldiers' and sailors' home, was elected by the board to succeed Gen. Lippincott as superintendent. 36 The tnistees of the institution for the education of the blLud elected Mr. W. S. Phillips, formerly clerk of the institution, to suc- ceed his father in the superintendency, BONDS FILED. AVe furnish a list of all bonds of superintendents and treasuiers filed in this office, as required by law, since the date of our last report. By Stipcrinfendents. Soldiers' Orphans' Home, Normal. — H. C. DeMotte, principal; B. F. Funk, J. L. Beath, David Kern, and H. M. Senseney, sure- ties; araoimt, ten thousand dollars; dated May 21, 1887. State Reform School, Pontiac. — John D. Scouller, principal; James A. Caldwell, and Charles A. McGregor, sureties; amount, five thousand dollars; dated July 14, 1887. Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy. — Charles E. Lippincott, principal; William Jayne, and Frank W. Tracy, sureties; amount, ten thousand dollars; dated March 1, 1887. Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy — Joseph G. Rowland, prin- cipal; George F. Jasper, Ezra Best, William Evers, and Ceylon Smith, sureties; amount, ten thousand dollars; dated October 12, 1887. B/i l^rcdsiircrs. Northern Insane Hospital, Elgin. — George P. Lord, principal; Alfred Bosworth, I. C. Bosworth, H. I. Bosworth, Lyman Black, and H. C. Hawkins, sureties; amount, fifty thousand dollars; dated July 21, 1887. State Reform School, Pontiac. —James E. Morrow, principal; Lewis E. Pay sou, Thomas Spafford, and Julius Rosenberger, sure- ties; amount, forty thousand dollars; dated July 23, 1887. Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy. — Leven W. Shepherd, principal; Milton Hay, James Morgan, Henry A. Williamson, and Frederick W. Meyer, sureties; amount, fifty thousand dollars; dated March 1, 1887. Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy — James D. Morgan, prin- cipal; Frederick W. Meyfn-, and H. A. Williamson, sureties; amount, fifty thousand dollars; dated April -i, 1887. BURR FUND. The report of the northern hospital for the insane shows^the l)rincipal of the Burr fund, the value of which is said to be S'^)7, 533.33, to be intact. The amount of income from this fund, during the past two years, has been !:?5,()44.()7, of which !53,213.42 has been interest, and !?2,431.25 rent. The amount loaned at the present time is $20,267.99. 37 SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS ASKED. The following is a complete list of special appropriations asked, by the state institutions, of the Thirty -Sixth General Assembly: By the Northern Hospital for the Insane. For repairs and improvements, $5,000 per annum $10,000 00 For improvement of grounds, $1000 per annum 2,000 00 For extension of amusement hall, with store, and room and basement for refitting the stage 10,747 61 For barns, sheds, re-plumbing, etc., 30,743 48 For two hospital buildings for the sick 57,879 26 Total $111,370 35 By the Eastern Hospital for the Insane. For repairs and improvements, $15,000 per annum .... $30,000 00 For improvement of grounds, $1,500 per annum 3,000 00 For additional stock and farm implements, $1,500 per annum _ 3,000 00 For library and apparatue for patients, $500 per annum 1,000 00 For furniture and fixtures, $10,000 per annum 20,000 00 For completing the south wing and employes' quarters 15,000 00 For a separate residence for the superintendent 10,000 00 For additional laud 10,000 00 For enlarging laundry building, and machinerv for the same. . . . : 10,595 00 For enlarging main kitchen, and additional cooking apparatus 7,075 00 For additional electric lights and machinery 7,500 00 For painting inside and outside 7,500 00 For projections for outside water-closets 6,000 00 For imj)roving and finishing roads 5,000 00 For covering for steam-pipes 5,000 00 For land drains and repairs to sewer 4,500 00 For concrete floors in basements and corridors 3,600 00 For building for rendering and for soap-making 3,000 00 For coal-sheds 2,745 00 For enlarging farm house 2,000 00 For straw barn and wagon-shed 1,800 00 For root-house 1,500 00 Total $188,315 00 By the Central Hospital for the Insane. For repairs and improvements, $7,000 per annum 14,000 00 For improvement of grounds, $1,000 per annum 2,000 00 For brick stable and carriage-house 7,000 00 38 For store-house SiioflO 00 For electric light plant, for both ImikUngB 12.(mi() 00 For outside tire liue "i, 1"< > < >0 For purchase of ground in Diamond Grove cemetery.. 2,0()(t 00 For street paving S.MOT 70 Total i?51,207 70 By the Southern Hospital Jor the Insane. For repairs and im])rovemonts, s5,000 per annum slO,000 00 For imi)rovement of grounds, !:^1,000 per annum 2,0(10 00 For additional water suj)ply lO.OOO 00 For towi'r, tank, engine and pump 7.000 00 For laundry and laundry machinery lii.iKio 00 For completing side-walk to Anna ],(MI() 00 For thermostats, electric clock, etc 2.000 00 For vegetable cellar 1,000 00 Total S43,000 00 Bij the I)isiifulion for the Deaf and Bumh. For repairs and improvements, $5,000 per annum .... slO,000 00 For library for pujnls, $500 per annum 1,000 00 For the purchase of a farm 20,000 00 J: or the purchase of city lots 10,000 00 For street paving 0,000 00 For extension of electric light i)lant 5,000 00 For elevator in school building o,450 00 For erection of ice-house H.OOO 00 Total $01,450 00 Bij the Institnlion for the Blind. For repairs and improvements, $2,000 per annum.... .*<(.000 00 For cottage for girls Ls.OOO 00 For gymnasium 10,000 00 For department for teaching the timing and repairing pianos '. 5,000 00 For rei)airs to cornice 1,000 00 For covered walk for girls 1.000 00 Total s:;i),ooo 00 />'// //"' Asi/liini for K<-('l)lc-M indrd Children. For ri'pairs and improvements, s3,000 i)er annum.... sO.OOO 00 For improvenu'nt of grounds, $500 i)er annum 1.000 00 For electric light plant 4,500 00 For custodial I)uilding for 100 female inmates 34,000 00 For furnishing and heating the same (5,000 00 Total $51,500 00 39 By the Soldiers' Ovj)h(uis'' Home. For repairs and improvements S5,000 00 For pupils' library 500 00 For erection of new cliuing-hall and cliapel, and re- construction of boiler-house, laundry and kitchen . . 60,000 00 Total $65,500 00 By ilie Eye and Ear Infirmary. For an addition to the building $25,000 00 For furniture 3,000 00 For repairs and improvements 2,000 00 For painting 950 00 For paving Peoria street i 402 00 Total $31,352 00 By ihe State Reform School. For repairs and improvements ($2,000 per annum).... $4,000 00 For pupils' library ( $300 per annum) 600 00 For iron stairway in main building Total $4,600 00 By the Soldiers' and Sailors'' Home. For repairs and improvements, $5,000 per annum.... $10,000 00 For four additional cottages, complete and furnished, to accommodate 240 men 48,000 00 For barns, stables, shojjs and out-buildings 21,000 00 For roads, walks, and improvement of grounds 5,000 00 For assembly hall 8,000 00 For additional land 18,000 00 Total $110,000 00 Recap it iil(d ion. By the Northern Hospital for the Insane $111,370 35 By the Eastern Hospital for the Insane 188,315 00 By the Central Hospital for the Insane 51,207 70 By the Southern Hospital for the Insane 43,000 00 By the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 61,450 00 Bv the Institution for the Blind 39,000 00 By the Asylum for Feeble-Miuded Children 51,500 00 Bv the Soldiers' Orphans' Home 65,500 00 BV the Eye and Ear Infirmary 31,352 00 By the State Reform School .^ 4,600 00 By the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home 110,000 00 Total $757,295 05 40 Wf ropeat the ivcoinmeudatiDii contained in our last report, that the annual appropriations for improving grounds be from this time discontinued as, in our judgment, no longer necessary. This remark does not, of course, apply to the special appropriation asked for the improvenu'iit of the grounds belonging to the sol- diers' and sailors' home at (^inncy, which have not yet been tle- veloped. The apjaopriations lor repairs and improvements are usually computed on the basis of one per cent, of the original cost of the buildings. According to this rule, the amounts asked for this })ur- pose are generally not excessive. The exceptions are, the eastein hosi)ital for the insane, for which we recommend an appropriation of SlO,0()() per annum; the asylum for feeble-minded children, for which we recommend an appropriation of S2,0U0 per annum; and the soldiers' and sailors' home, for which we recommend an ap- propriation of S3,500 per annum. The appropriations for libraries, in institutions of an educational character, are ol)viously useful and proper. We think that there can be no reasonable t)bjectiou to an annual approi)riation for the maintenance and enlargement, from year to year, of the medical libraries and libraries for the use of patients in our hospitals for the insane. But the oidy one of them w:iich asks for such an appro|)riatiou is that of Kankakee. We suggest the propriety of treating them all alike, and making an appropriation for each of them for this ]jurpose, but limiting it to- fifty cents a year, or one dol- lar for the two years, lor each patient, calculated upon the average number of i)atients in attendance. We are unable to recommend an annual ap])r(>piiation in any institution for furniture. The uniform rule observeii has been for the institutions to purchase such additional furniture as may be required, out of the ordinary ex})euse fund; and we do not think it fair that one institution should have au advantage over another in this particidar. The remark just made with respect to furuitui-e applies to live- stock and farm implements. Several of the institutions recpiest appropriations for the pur- pose of additional land, namely: The eastern hospital for the in- sane, S*;l(),0()0; the instituti training of the boys in farm work. The reipiests |)?-eferr(>d ])y the central hospital for the insan(% and by the institution for the education of the ch'af and dumb, both !i1 Jacksonville, and by the eye and ear inlirnuiry at Chicago^ 41 for money with which to pay the cost of street paving, are reason- able and should be granted. If the state were a private person, this expense would have to be met, and could be collected by law. Nothing is asked of the state, in this matter, which is not required of all other property holders whose property abuts on the streets which the cities of Jacksonville and Chicago design to improve. We have repeatedly expressed our opinion in favor of the electric light, and need not repeat what we have said in former reports. The incandescent light is desirable in public institutions, on almost every ground that can be named. The amounts asked for this purpose are: By the eastern hospital for the insane, to extend the present plant, S7,500; by the central hospital for the insane, for a new plant, for both buildings, S12,000; by the institution for the education of the deaf and dumb, for the extension of the pres- ent plant, S5,000; and by the asylum for feeble-minded children, for a new plant, S4,500. We approve of these requests. The central hospital for the insane asks for iB2,400 for the es- tablishment of an outside fire line. This we regard as essential to the full protection of the valuable property of the state, belong- ing to that institution, against the peril of fire. The request of the southern hospital for the insane for ther- mostats (which are automatic fire-alarms) is in the same direction. Several of the institutions possess this form of protection, but not all of them; and we do not know how to estimate the actual value of the thermostat. The request for an electric watch clock is reasonable and proper. The remaining requests for appropriations are for buildings and for improvements, mostly in the nature of buildings. The only institutions which proi)ose to enlarge their capacity by building are: The northern hospital for the insane, which desires to erect two hospital buildings for the care of sick patients who require special nursing, to cost i§57, 879.26; the institution for the educa- tion of the blind, which asks for permission to erect a cottage for girls, to cost 818,000; the asylum for feeble-minded children, which renews the application for §4:0,000, with which to construct, fur- nish and heat a custodial building for 100 female pupils; the eye and ear infirmary, which desires to build an addition that will cost S25,000, and will increase the capacity of that institution 300 patients; and the soldiers' and sailors' home, which desires to build four additional cottages, to accommodate 240 men, which will cost, complete and furnished, §48,000. The hospital buildings asked for at Elgin are modelled after those erected by Dr. Hurd at Pontiac, Michigan. Each of them will have a capacity of fifty patients. They will be detached from the main building, but connected with it by corridors one hundred feet in length. Dr. Kilbourue says of them: "It is intended that their cost, including plumbing, heating and furnishing, shall not exceed $500 per capita." We advise that the institution be limited to the amount stated by the superintendent, and that the appro- 42 priation made, iustead «)f l)t'iu<^ 5?'")7,871).2G, as requested by the trustees, he S-i.l.OOO for nue, or SoO.OOO for both. Of course, if granted, this appropriation will increase, the capacity of the h()S- pital, which is now i)'2^) patients, to <»2o. In that eveut, it will be necessary to increase the appropriation for ordinary expenses by uot less than Sl(),0()(J })er annum, to take elfect from anil after the date when these new hospital buildings shall have been completed and made fully ready for the reception of patients. The cottage which it is proposed to build in connection with the institution t'or the education of the blind, at Jacksonville, is for female pupils. We are not strongly impres.sed with the neces- sity for this api)ropriation at the present time. There are many other improvements in the system of institutions for the care of the unfortunate maintained by the state, which appear to us to be more urgently demanded, and they should have the preference, in the tlistribution of any funds devoted, by the general assembly, to this purpose. "With regard to the request of the eye and ear infirmary for money with which to build an addition, we repeat what we have before said, that no proposition to enlarge that institution on its present site will receive our endorsement. The demand for additional facilities for the care of idiots, es- pecially of feeble-minded girls and women, is almost irresistil)le. There does not seem to be any good reason why the state should assume the charge of the insane who have passed through the acute stage of insanity and are now in a condition of dementia, but refuse the charge of those who have been in a condition of dementia from their birth or from early childhood. An imbecile is no more dangerous to the community, and no more helpless, in the one case than in the other. The number of idiots in Illinois nearly or quite equals the number of the insane. Yet we iiave made provisiim, at state expense, for o,7()0 insane, but for only one- tenth of that numl)er of idiots. We favor the erection of a buikl- ing to accommodate one hundred custodial cases, im the grounil owned by tiie asylum for feeble-minded; but we do not think it necessary to exj^end the sum of s84,()00 upon it. It will be observed that the cottagi's asked for by the soldiers' and sailors' home are estimated to cost only >^2(M) per capita, comi)lete and furnislu'd, and they are to be built of brick. We do not think that anything better is necessary for these female idiots. We therefcu'e recom- mend the appi-o])i-iation of S'iO.OiX), or not to exceed S2"),()()'), for this building, ami that the a|)proi)riation l)e n)adi> on the exprt^ss con- dition tliat the building when completed shall comfortal)ly aciom- modate one hundred inmates. The ai)propriatit)n should include furnishing, and no si^parate aj)proi)iiati()n be made for that purpose. T\w api)roj)i-iation of sIS.OOl) for the erection of cottages at Quiucy foi- the accoinmodation of 240 soldiers would increase the ca[)acity of the home to 1,01 10 inmates. The highest nund>ei- that ]i!\< bi'eii actually present, at any one time, has been (iOO; and we 40 O imtlerstaud that iio applicant endtlecl to admission under the statute governing the institution has thus far been rejected. We doubt whether it is necessary to make the enlargement of the capacity of the home suggested; and we incline to think that the true policy for the several states to pursue, in this matter, is to press upon the federal government the duty of making adequate provision for the care of all its disabled veterans, rather than to show a too ready disposition to relieve it of its proper responsibility in the premises. That the government is half conscious of its neglect of this duty, is shown by the passage of the act making an allowance from the national treasury of one hundred dollars a year in part payment of the cost of support of each soldier maintained in a state home. A forcible presentation of the subject to the attention of congress, especially if a number of states should join in it, might result in relieving the state of a burden which the govern- ment of the United States should, in equity, take upon itself. But, when every possible effort shall have been made to induce the government to do its duty, if all such efforts fail, we are clearly of the opinion that the state of Illinois can better afford to pay the small amount needed to keep its aged and infirm vet- erans of the civil war in comfort, for the few short years that they have to live on earth, than to have posterity say of us that we failed rightly to appreciate and fitly to reward the sacrifices which they made, the risks which they ran, and the sufferings which they endured, in order to preserve the nation from destruction. In a country which maintains no standing army, our only reliance for safety in time of danger is upon the military spirit of our peo2)le, and the maintenance of these homes for veterans who re- quire their sheltering care is an encouragement to that spirit and a guaranty of future security. We therefore leave this question, without formal recommendation, to the good sense and patriotism of the general assembly. Of the aj3i:)ropriations asked for various improvements which do not increase the capacity of the institutions, but which only serve to put them in better shape, we desire to direct the attention of the legislature first of all to the request of the soldiers' orphans' home, which we believe to be the most important of them all. In 1882 we called attention to the overcrowded condition of the state reform school. The legislature, in 1883 and 1885, made ap- propriations which remedied the evils of which at that time we complained. We now call the attention of the visiting committees appointed by the senate and house in 1889 to the overcrowding of the home at Normal. They will find the children in that institu- tion sleeping two and three in a bed, in beds so close to each other that they actually touch. They will find the chapel and dining-room crowded almost to suffocation. They will find an utter absence of proper play-rooms for the children, when out of school. The rear building, in which the domestic work of the institution is done, including the steam-heating, the cooking, the baking, and the laundry work, is wholly inadequate for its uses. 44 After a carehil examination of tlio condition an«l needs of this institution, we are satisfifd that it requires to be thoroughly over- hauled and the rear l»iiildiui( partially reconstructed. We have advised the trustees to have plans made for a new ilining-room and chapel, and for the enlargement of the rear building, (saving such portions of it as can be utilized). The trustees have secured the sei'vices of a competent architect, Mr. William F. Hackney, the same who secured such a satisfactory result at the soldieis' and sailors' home at so small a cost; and he has pre[)ared plans for the proposed alterations, which will ])e laitl l)efore the legisla- ture. He estimates the cost «)f tin; changes which he recomm«'nds at !<()0,000, ami, confiding in his knowledge and integrity, of which the state has already had proof, we recommend the appropriation of this sum. There is another appropriation to whose support we wish to give whatever weight may attach to our favorable opinion and recom- mendation, namely that of slO,000 for a se[)arate residence for the superintendent of the eastern hospital for the insane at Kanka- kee. As is well known, the original sketches for the plans of this institiition were furnished to the architect by Mr. Wines, the secretary of this board. Objection having been made by many persons to L^e extensiv<^ and expensive centre buildings provided, in most institutions, for the accommodation of the officers, the original designs for the Kankakee hos})ital were pre])are(l with a view to reducing the size of the centre building and })rovi(ling for the accommodation of the sui)erintendent elsewhere. This was done; and the centre building at Kankakee is, we believe, the smallest i_ the state. Though the hospital contains 1,(500 patients and has a staff of six assistant physicians, the centre building is much smaller than that at Elgin, or at Anna, where there are oOO and GOO patients, and only two assistant physicians in each hos- pital. The consequence is that there is not room at Kankakee for the proper accommodation of the officers, and additional pro- vision for them in some shape is a necessity. We believi> that the erection of a separate residence for the su])erintendent is the most economical method of obtaining the additional room requinnl. But, without regard to the question of expense, we are of the opinion that it is the best form of provision, and that justice to the officer in charge of so large an establishment, with so great and so varied resi)onsibilities, demands that he should have the opportunity for rest, study, and reflection, which a separate res- idence would give him. His efficitMicy and usefulness woukl be increased, if his attention were not continually called to petty details of administration, which could be (Mpially well entrusted to a competent subordinate under his geiu^ral direction. We are fur- ther of the opinion tliat it is unkind and unjust to the family of the superintendent, particularly to his young children, to require them tt) resiile in the institution and breathe its atmosphere, by day and by night. Wo know the delicacy of feeling of Dr. Dewey, 45 which will prevent him from urging this particular appropriation as its importance demands, and we press it upon the attention of the legislature for that reason. We also strongly advise the completion of the building occupied be employes at Kankakee. The northern hospital for the insane at Elgin asks permission to expend the accumulated surplus of the ordinary expense fund now on hand in making various improvements, a long list of which it submits, with the estimated cost of each. We have no doubt that many of the improvements are desirable; and we give the superintendent and trustees of this hospital credit for having made, during the past two years, a vigorous and successful effort to reduce the per capita cost of maintenance and bring it more nearly to the average cost in the other state hospitals for the insane. The attention of the legislature is called to the fact that the per capita cost at Elgin for the past two years has been less than that at Anna, in a more favorable climate. The cost at Anna has, for some reason, partly on account of the purchase of the electric light plant, been higher than during the fiscal year 1885-86, by about fifteen dollars per annum. We feel that the excellent man- agement at Elgin deserves recognition; and, if we had not advised the application of this surplus to the reduction of the appropria- tion for ordinary expenses for the year 1890, we should have been disposed to recommend its diversion to the purposes to which the trustees desire to apply it. We think it better, however, to use the ordinary expense fund only for ordinary expenses, and to make such special appropriations for specific uses as the legisla- ture may deem best, without giving such large discretionary power in the application of the moneys appropriated. We have long known that the plumbing was defective, and that more room is needed for the proper housing of the large number of horses and cattle belonging to the farm. The special i-equest for an appropriation for the enlargement of the amusement hall meets our approval. The amusement hall is far too small and too crowded for the number of patients; and, if the new hospitals for sick patients should be built, the neces- sity for its extension will be even greater than it is now. The hospital also i-equires better facilities for handling stores, which this appropriation will supply. With regard to the long list of applications preferred by the hospital at Kaukakee, it is not so easy to know what to say. That is a new institution, in a certain sense incomplete, and its capacity is A^ery much greater than that for which it was origi- nally designed. The occasion for enlarging the main kitchen and the laundry building grows out of this enlarged capacity. Addi- tional farm buildings are much more needed here than at Elgin or at Jacksonville, as the visiting committees of the legislature will perceive, after seeing and comparing them. They will also see that the grounds have not yet b^en' brought into the same 40 CH>iRlitioii as those at El^in, and that the request for inoiu'y with which to carry on tiic work of making roadways is not unreason- able. Tlie work of painting and tliat of covering tlie steam pipes is also imcomplcte. Much of the land j)urcha.sed still requires to be undi'r-draini'd. ^\'ithout mentioning in detail all of these requests, we remark that there is not one of them which is foolish in itself, or which it would be improper to grant, with i>erhai)s a single exception. Our experience with concrete floors in the public iustitiitions of this state is such, that we venture to express the hope that the legislature will not authorize any more of them, but will insist upon the adoption o.f some other method of fin- ishing basements. They do not wear well, they are unsightly, dirty, and if it l)ecomes necessary to take them up, in order to get at pii)es or drains beneath them, they have to be cut through with a stone chisel and are very much in the way. The recjuest of the central hospital for a new stable and carriage- house, and for money witli which to ccmvert the present stable in- to a store-house, is characterized by Dr. Carriel's customary gocxl sense and sound judgment. At some time, this will have to be done; and, if the funds at the disposal of the legislature will ad- mit of it, this is a good time for making the proposed improvement. As to tlie purchase of lots for the burial of patients in Diamond Grove cemetery, tlumgh there is force in his suggestion that the state ought not to make use of that cemetery without compensa- tion, yet it is difficult to see why the institution should not set apart ground for this purpose in a remt)te i)ortion of the farm be- longing to it. The southern hospital for the insane wants i?10,000 with which to prosecute the work of l)oring for artesian water, im which the hos- pital has already expended S2,()()0 out of the ordinary expense fnnd. This work was begun, without express authority of law, in conse- quence oi the severe and i)rotracte(l drought in the summer of 1887, from which tlie institution suffered greatly.' If any contirmati(m were needed of the correctness of our judgment in advising, two years ago, against the enlargement of the hosjntal at Anna, this drought certainly furnished it. For remarks as to the iiLsuf- ficiency of the water su})ply at Anna, we refer the reader to i)age 5H of our sixth biennial report (18S0), anil page 37 of our ninth biennial report (188(5). We ])resunie that it will be nt>cessary to continue to a|)])ropriate money for exj)erinu'nts at that location, until a sufficient su[)j)ly of water shall have been ol)tained, or the impossibility of securing it demonstrated. The general princii)le that enlargement of tlu' c-aj)acity of any institution involves expense not foreseen at the time of su<'h ou- largement, receives a fresh illustration in the application for J<10,(KH) with which to construct a new laundry and purchasi' new laundry maciiinery. The ti'ustees say: "Our pri'sent laundry and bakery are both too small for the work necessary, now that the institution has beeli considerably enlarged," We again warn the legislature 47 not to be deceived by representations made by interested parties, to the effect that it is cheaper to enlarge existing institutions, than it is to build new ones, when additional provision for the insane or any other class becomes necessary. It appears to us that the necessity for a new bakery at Anna is greater than that for a new laundry; but it is a matter of indifference whether the money is apjjropriated for the one or for the other. If the laundry is pro- vided, the bakery will be removed from its present cjuarters to those now occupied by the laundry, and the institution will expe- rience the desired relief. As to the amount which it is proposed to expend for this purpose, we have insufficient information to ex- press any j^ortion. The same remark applies to the amount asked for the construc- tion of a new tank, the erection of a stone tower to sustain it, and a pump and engine, which is $7,000. The necessity for a new tank is apparent, but we are not equally convinced of the need for a new pump and engine. The last general assembly made an apj)ropriation for a new pump, and we do not know why another should be needed so soon. We do not think that vegetables should be kept in the base- ment of a steam-heated building occupied by j)atients. We are also convinced of the desirability of completing the sidewalk from the hospital to the town. This sidewalk, it will be observed, has been partially constructed, and it is wholly upon ground owned by the state. It is an almost indespensable con- venience to every one connected with the institution, especially to the patients, for whom it affords a safe and pleasant walk in bad weather, when the ground is muddy. We believe that the three thousand dollars requested by the institution for the deaf and dumb, with which to build an ice- house, should be granted. As to an elevator in the school build- ing, it is our opinion that the institution can wait for it until, in the progress of human events, elevators in school buildings are more common than they are now. Of the requests preferred by the institution for the education of the blind, that for $1,000 for repairing the cornice (which has been declared to be unsafe and liable to fall at any time) is, we suppose, most important. We agree with the superintendent and trustees in their belief that the interests of the blind will be pro- moted by the addition of a department of instruction in tuning and repairing pianos, for which a special shop is requisite. It is difficult, at the best, for the blind to find remunerative employ- ment; and anything which gives good promise of enabling them to become self-supporting will find in us ready advocates. We are not prepared at this time to recommend the expenditure of $10,000 for a gymnasium, drill-hall, etc., for this institution. We favor the construction of a covered walk for out-door exercise for the girls; although, if it is enclosed, as proposed, we do not quite see wherein it affords any special advantage over the long halls within the building. 48 We advise the appropriation of $950 for j»iiutiug tlie cliarita])le eye and ear infirmary at Chicago. The full amount of SI:}, 000 asked for furniture by this institution, will not be recpiired, unless the jjroposed addition should hv made to the main l)nildiny; and, if this addition is not made, an ap])ropriation of sl.OOO for furni- ture will be sufficient. The grounds of the soldiers' and saih)rs' home at Quincy are, we think, capable of being made, in time, the most lx*autiful owned by any one of the institutions of the state. They are very much used, for purposes of recreation, by the old soldiers. Any reasonable exfjenditure to adorn and beautify them is, in our judg- ment, not only justifiable but exi)edient. The necessity for addi- tional roadways on which to drive about the grounds will be ap- parent to members of the legislature who visit the institution, and we do not think that an approjn-iation of $5,000 for tliis purjjose would be excessive. Additional land is not required by the home for other than for dairy purposes. The trustees say: "The farm during the present season has produced well, and all vegetaliles required for the home will be supi)lied from it, and in some kinds there will be a surplus." We doubt whether any land in the im- mediate vicinity can be procured at a price which would make it more economical for the institution to raise its own milk than to buy it, especially in view of the infirmity of the inmates, which will increase from year to year, and which will probably make it necessary to hire farm laborers to carry on the work of the farm, besides necessitating large expenditures for farm buildings and for live stock. That some additional farm buildings are required at the home is obvious; but the appropriation of $21,000 for this purpose seems to us tolerably large. We are scarcely ready to advise the appropriation of $8,000 for an assembly hall. On the occasion of our last visit to the home, all the men were invited to meet us in the assend)ly room in the main building, and it did not occur to us that they were badly crowded. Unless the number of inmates should increase beyond our expectation, the present assembly room will answ«.'r very well for the time being; and we advise the postponement of the further consideration of this ({uestion until the thirty-seventh general assembly. We have refrained for the most i)art from expressing any definite oj)inion as to the sjiecific amounts to be aj)pri)priateil for particular purposes, believing that these amounts can best l)e determined by the legislative committees, after a full, frank, and free discussion of them with the superintendents of the several institutions in committee. We take it for granted that the aggre- gate aniomit of the ai>])roprialions asked is greater than the general assembly will deem it expedient to include in the tax levy, aiul that the institutions must submit to a refusal of some of their re- quests. It is our belief, however, that the k'gislature will secure 49 a better result, as a rule, by striking out altogether such items as may appear of doubtful propriety, or which can be postponed with- oiit injury, rather than by cutting down the amounts asked. The effect of cutting down, when an institution has made a careful estimate and asked for no more than is really wanted to effect the desired improvement, is either to prevent the improvement from being made; or to compel the institution to eke out an insufficient appropriation by drafts upon the ordinary expense fund, or the repair and improvement fund; or to necessitate the preparation of new plans and estimates, on a reduced basis, which, when carried out, give an unsatisfactory result, and lay the foundation for fresh applications to future legislatures for further sums, in order to effect changes, the need for which might have been avoided by the adoption of a different course. P. 0.-4 oO CHAPTER III. PROVISION FOR THE INSANE. We have not yet referred to the necessity for additional provision for the insane, a subject which we find it unavoidable to urge upon the attention of every general assembly. The EXLAKGEJMENT OF EXISTING HOSPITALS. At the session of 1887, two of our hospitals for the insane, thosr at Elgin and at Anna, made applications for ap])ropriations with which to enlarge their capacity. We felt it to be tmr duty to oppose these ap- plications, and gave our reasons, at considerable length, which will be found stated in full on pages 30-46 of our last l)iennial report. In brief, they were: (1) The insufticiency of the water supply at Anna, and its extreme southern location; (2) the extra cost of fuel at Elgin; (3) our belief that the ultimate cost of enlarging existing institutions, when the cost of all the changes rendered necessary by such enlargement is taken into account, is greater than the cost of the creatit)n of new institutions, all of whose parts are duly pro- portioned to each other; (4) our opposition to the massing of any class of unfortimates in such numbers as to transcend the executive ability of a single suijerintendent, of average capacity; (o) the im- possiliility of adjusting the distribution of the insane, if these in- stitutions should ])e enlarged, within proper geographical limits, so as to admit of marking out convenient districts for the insane upon the map of the state. We advised (and we now repeat our former rec(mimendati(m) the creation of two new hospitals for the insane, one in the northwestern, and one in the southeastern por- tion of the state, as a more practical and useful measure of relief. The result of this diiference of oj)inion was a failure, on the part of the legislature, to make any atlditional provisi()n for the insane; and the necessity for such provision is, therefore, at this time, even more urgent and ap])arent than it was two years ago. We are glad to si-e that the force of the arguments advanced by us has been recognized by the authorities of both the northern and southern hospitals for the insane, as evidenced by their reports. Th<^ hospital at Anna does not, this year, renew its request in any form, possibly owing in part to the perc(>ption of tlie fact that the drought of 1887 wt)uld be conclusive against it. The superin- 51 tendeut of tlie hospital at Elgin makes no reference to it in his report to the trustees. The trustees do not include it in the list of appropriations asked of the thirty-sixth general assembly; but, in the body of their report, they say: "In our last report we set forth, at some length, the necessity of making some further pro- vision for the insane, and the desirability of placing additional buildings upon the grounds of this institution; and we now renew our appeal, confident that it is warranted by the exigencies of the situation. While the capacity of the institution is taxed to the utmost, there are hundreds in tlie counties tributary to it, who need and who are entitled to treatment therein. A circular letter was recently addressed to the clerk of each county within our district, requesting information as to the actual number of insane persons in the county needing care and supervision, outside of those al- ready provided for -in the institutions at Elgin and Kankakee; and also, whether such persons were cared for by friends, or were in- mates of county houses and jails. Replies received from every county but one, sixteen in all, show that 172 insane persons are in charge of friends, 216 are in the county houses, and 3 in jails; a total of 371, or 70 per cent, of the strained capacity of our insti- tution at Elgin at the present time. Taking into consideration this most favorable locality, and the gradual decrease of fuel ex- penses from year to year, we would renew our application made' two years ago for the enlargement of this institution, in accord- ance with plans and estimates submitted at that time." The ap- propriation then asked, which we presume will be embodied in a bill to be submitted to the legislature at its coming session, was §335,691; to which must be added appropriations for some other alterations rendered necessary by the increase in the total capacity of the hospital. The number of patients which it is proposed to accommodate in the new buildings, if erected, is 600, which would, if the hospital buildings for 100 patients are granted, bring the total capacity of the hospital up to 1,225. We can not regard this proposal in any other light than as a manifestation of purely local ambition and interest in opposition to the interest of the public and of the insane. It will be ob- served that no answer is made to any of the objections urged against the enlargement of the Elgin hospital, except the one derived from the extra cost of fuel at that point. The trustees speak of "the gradual decrease of fuel expenses from year to year," but give no figures. We greatly regret that we are forced to thrash over again old straw; but the truth is that the Elgin hos- pital paid for fuel, in 1879, $12,515.39; in 1880, $10,902.22; in 1881, $18,420.94; in 1882, $18,643.08; in 1883. $15,100.48; in 1884, $11,162.43; in 1885, $10,751.90; in 1886, $11,635.78; in 1887, $13,588.36; and in nine months of 1888, $9,006.69, or at the rate of $12,003.92 for a full year. The expenditure in 1887 was higher than it had been in any of the four years previous, and within a little over fifty dollars of touching the average expenditure on this account for the eight years previous. The expenditure for 52 fuel in twenty-one laoiitlis of 1SS7 and 1888 exceedctl the expen- diture in t\vi'nty-f creation of one or more new institutions, is j)ractical, economical, sensible, and should be accepted without further controversy with the authorities of any of the existing hos))itals. (Continued opposition to it will be. as 58 Ave lia\o said, in the interest of some locality as against the inter- est of tho whole people. Thk Insane in the County Courts. An examination of the records of the county courts made by Mr. John W. Whipp, the assistant secretary of this board, in 1886, brought to light the fact that, during the year ending March 31, 1886, they disposed of 1,668 cases of alleged insanity, of which 1,525 were adjudged to be insane. The total number of admissions to tlie four state hospitals for the insane, during the year ending Sep ember 30, 1886, was 1,069. A similar investigation, last year, sho.vs that during the tw^elve months ending March 31, 1888, the number of insane cases in the county courts was 1,407, and that the number adjudged to be insane was 1,301. The admissions to the four state hospitals for the insane, during the year ending Sep- tember 30, 1887, was 840, and during the nine months ending June 30, 1888, it was 674, or at the rate of 899 for a full year. On the other haud, the number of insane found by him in the county almshouses, iu 1880, (outside of Cook county), was 713; in 1882 it was 776; in 1884 it was 861; in 1886 it was 450, showing the eifect of opening the hospital at Kankakee; but in 1888 it was 641. The increase of insanity in a single county, that of Cook, is shown by the fact that, whereas, in 1880, the number of cases iu the county court was 292, it had risen to 619 in 1886, and in 1888 it was 557. The consequence to that county of in- sufficient provision for the care of the insane on the part of the state has been that Mr. Whipp found 469 insane cared for by Cook county in 1882; 533 in 1884; ()83 iu 1886; and 901 in 1888. From the foregoing figures two things are clear: First, that the provision for the insane of this state made by the legislature does not keep pace with the demand for it; and, second, that the majority of the insane unprovided for do not go to the county farms, but are kept at home and cared for* by their relatives as best they can. The results of this neglect can not be other than deplorable. To keep down insanity, a constant struggle must be made to secure early hospital treatment for those wdio become in- sane; but the overcrowded condition of our hospitals, and the necessity for refusing admission to many deserving cases, and for discharging many others who should be retained iu them, tend to discourage applications for admission, and thus indirectly to foster the growth of insanity. How much ill-treatment the insane in priAate families have to endure, there is no means of estimating. All such mistreatment is out of sight. The Criminal Insane. All of our superintendents of hospitals for the insane point out and insist upon the necessity of making separate provision for the care and custody of criminal insane. The impropriety of requiring the insane who are not criminal, to associate with insane convicts 54 ill tJu' waids is conceded ])y every superiiitendint in tlit- cDuntry. The experience of all of tlieni is alike, and demonstrates by over- whelmiiij^ly unanimous testimony the ol)jecti(»n which the uou- crimiiial insane feel to such enforced association. The presence of insane convicts in an ordinary hosintal entails many inconveni- ences, and is a constant source of anxiety to su})erintendents. On this subject we quote from the report of Dr. Carriel, as follows: Then' iiro in the difTcrcnt insani- li(>H|)itiiln of this state enough of the criminal and dangerous clat^Bes of insane persons to make an institution of fair size and proportione. There are at tbe present time: In tlie central hospital: Convicts, 18; mittimus cases, 17; homicidal and dauj^'erous cases, 40; total, 77. In the northern hospital: Convicts, '£i; mittimus cases, 10; homicidal and danjjerous cases, 9; total, A-i. In the eastern hospital : Convicts, 17; mittimus cases, 11 ; liornitidal and dani^erous casep, 50; total, 61. In the southern hospital: Convicts, ti; mittimus cases, .">: Iiomicithil ;ind danagerous cases, 50; total, 61. ; There are now more than 046 cases l)elonging to the object ionat)le classes mentioned in our hos- pitals— a numl)er certainly large enough to warrant the state in making separate provision for their care. We think that Dr. Wardner must have overestimated the number of homicidal and dangerous insane at Anna. But, per ronfru, Dr. Carriel's tigures take no account of the cases in the penitentiaries, which would pro})erly be transferable to such an institution, were it established. He further calls attention to the fact that separate institutions for these classes of the insane have been ]>rovided in New York and Michigan. We entirely sympathize with the con- viction that the time has arrived for Illinois to move in the same direction. Districts for the Insane. The erectiim of a special hospital for the criminal insane, to accommodate 250 or 300 patients, would be an addition to our re- sources; but it would not, after all, meet the demand. Such an institution ought to be centrally located, possibly at the capital. But the state needs to rearrange its insane districts for the ordi- nary insane, the l)oundaries of which at i)re.sent are inconvenient in the extreme. Patients are sent to Anna from as far north as Edgar county; and the hos[)ital at Kankakee receives patients from all over th(> state. We ])resent herewith a ma]) showing what, in our judgment, would constitute a i)roper division of districts. This sclienu^ contemplates [)rovision by the state for 5,200 insane; namely, 625 at Elgin, 1,600 at Kankakee, 925 at Jacksonville, 650 at Anna, and 600 and 700 in the two new insane hospitals tt) be created, one in the northwest and one in the south- east. The (juota from each county is marked in plain tigures on the ma]). These (piotas are calculated not on the total i>o|)ulation of the counties in 1870, but on th(> number of insane enumerated 55 in each county in the tenth census. The number of insane then reported was 5,134. What it will be in 1890 we cannot tell; but, if the census is taken with equal care to obtain an accurate re- sult, it is not likely that it will fall below 8,000. There will still he a large number to be cared for by the counties and in private families. Much study has been expended upon this map, and, though it may require perfecting in some of its details, we ques- tion whether it can be very greatly improved, or any better scheme upon the whole be devised. It should not be rejected without the substitution of a better for it. Any counter proposi- tion that may be offered should be subjected to this test. If as a whole it is approved, then we recommend the passage of an act providing for the selection of a suitable site in each of the new districts outlined; for the preparation of architectural plans uj)on the detached ward system; for the limitation of the total cost of land, buildings, furniture, apparatus and fixtures, com- plete and ready for the reception of patients, to eight hundred dollars per bed; or, for the northwestern hospital, to $600,000, and for the southwestern hospital, to $500,000; and for the appro- priation of such amounts as the legislature may be disposed to give, for the commencement of work upon the two simultane- ously and for its prosecution proportionably and equitably. A separate act should confer power upon the state commission- ers of public charities to define the boundaries of the districts for tke insane and to change them from time to time, as the exigen- cies of the situation and the convenience of the counties may re- quire. It will of course be necessary to- make a new apportion- ment whenever the result of the next census of the United States shall be announced. The inconvenience of the present plan is shown in the follow- ing table of quotas prepared in our office and recommended to the institutions as a fair guide in the matter of the reception of patients, in the absence of any specific legislation upon the sub- ject. It will be seen to what unnecessary expense for transporta- tion many of the counties are put. 56 Siaiemeni showing for ihe Illinois Hospitah for flie Insane, and for Maij 28, 188], the nnmher of inmates i^rescnt S('pie)nher 30, 1887, nmuber of inmaics present less than quota, and the number of Northern Hospital. Eastern Hobpital. Counties. o p o 1 it ■ a '■ "S. §5 PX o' •§2 5 a • £ •21 S3 '. 5 ! o 1 it • a ft"? §"0 - : £ ': _ a; |i : 3 25 1 4 4 4 12 1 4 4 41 1 7 2 1 11 409 1 1 11 14 8 6 15 1 16 5 6 7 3 9 o 9 3 47 8 9 6 11 446 6 5 6 12 11 3 7 9 19 6 12 5 6 19 6 10 o » 10 43 9 ■ 5 8 4 16 5 26 28 8 11 13 4 1 3 i 5 ...... ^ 2 4 6 d Boucl e 9 7 2 1 S Carroll 8 13 10 3 1 20 Clark Clav Coles* Cook . 229 236 273 37 75 37 5 4 5 6 2 DeKull). 13 17 15 2 DeWitt 6 i 15 1 3 10 12 4 Edwjird^^ Ettini'luim . ... Favetle 9 5 3 4 6 6 3 8 6 6 8 IS 4 Ford 8 26 1 14 •1 11 15 6 Franklin Fnlton. o Gallatin 5 8 Hamilton 4 15 44 1 5 18 1 2 5 8 3 13 51 4 32 28 1 14 18 17 1 86 2b » ■■■■{2 23 K.MiiluU 7 9 8 1 Knox 21 Lak.' 11 11 18 2 10 57 each county in ihe Siaie, the quoici of inmafes under aci ciiypro\:ed the esiimcvted quofa of inmafes on preseni ciccommodcdion, ihe inmates present more than quota. Centkai. Hospitai,. SouTHEKN Hospital. 1 it : 5 : 3* ■ rr. '. S. II m 3 ■ • • B • B • 9 a> m S- 3 ,0 c 1 il -J CD : zn • a ■ "S if 2? 5 w s 2 so „ • s ■ 1 £ Ms 1 il 2p i= 2 OS : cr . t= . B p 30 60 55 5 30 7 6 17 4 8 7 30 14 11 8 9 14 304 8 13 9 8 10 13 4 9 12 8 8 21 6 12 c8 8 18 3 6 18 18 11 10 8 14 22 12 30 11 75 23 18 13 11 43 10 17 15 41 23 32 17 20 26 646 12 10 28 29 19 21 36 5 31 13 35 17 51 9 29 15 13 36 7 9 55 44 14 9 16 18 26 13 48 52 14 66 34 71 16 16 14 16 40 9 19 16 47 33 26 19 21 33 719 19 16 31 21 19 24 31 9 21 28 19 19 50 14 28 19 19 43 7 14 43 43 26 16 34 19 33 16 52 28 16 47 26 i 5 2 1 6 10 2 1 7 73 6 3 4 I 21 14 11 11 10 3 6 7 31 9 13 31 6 IT 3 4 2 1 r- 11 13 2 14 22 2o 3 11 8 9 14 25 14 19 15 1 11 9 17 13 14 22 7 8 1 5 i 6 1 1 8 . 13 11 2 2 9 18 16 3 8 8 10 13 3 3 4 ""is 2 5 4 6 13 4 9 12 21 4 24 13 30 6 14 19 2 6 1 "16 5 10 6 8 16 13 3 21 37 38 1 1 6 7 9 2 12 18 22 4 1 8 13 13 18 33 m 1 3 7 5 2 6 9 40 11 33 5 ""i2 7 8 1 7 3 4 2 18 7 12 1 11 7 10 13 9 14 17 11 16 4 2 2 8 13 15 2 7 10 11 1 1 1 1 1 24 20 34 36 19 8 58 Sfdfeinrtif- NoKTHEns Hospital. Eahtebn Hospital. COI'NTIES. o o i 85 it : cc : "o n S 9 ■2^ 5 m ?? ; 5 • 3 || : * c 1 ; _2 if ^ 3 h = 3 s ^ 3" : § LaSalle 35 45 42 3 74 41 5 16 46 7 8 11 30 » 4 4 6 8 14 17 4 6 6 8 9 6 17 15 « 4 9 6 6 11 6 11 6 15 5 5 12 3 24 19 8 5(') 6 6 9 9 10 64 8 17 6 5 38 Lee 14 20 17 3 ""w iit 45 8 21 33 4 6 4 3 Livingston Macoupin 5 10 Madison 18 Marion Marshal] 2 Mason 6 i( McDonough 9 5 25 7 6 5 3 9 o 7 3 1 1 McHenrv 12 17 1 14 3 1 8 Menard 3 Mercer Monroe 1 5 4 10 12 5 4 Moultrie Ogle 15 15 18 3 Peoria Perrv Piatt Pike 9 Pope 6 5 2 9 2 6 i 8 12 3 ■""ii 3 5 3 7 7 8 5 1 Pntnnm o 4 37 Richland Rock Island 1 26 Saline 21 4 2 6 ychuvler Shelby Stark St. Clair 32 8 13 4 57 1 17 6 o 3 9 84 3 2ti 13 74 8 It) lil w Tazewell 5 Vermilion 21 7 Waba.-h Warren 11 Washintrton Wavne White Whiteside 15 19 2 18 ■•■jr Will 90 Williamnon 15 34 18 » Woodf.ird 7 Not assigned 74 442 527 527 42 42 208 1,G00 1,000 346 346 Coiitimied. 59 Central Hospital. Southern Hospital. o o 1 si |l ■ w '■' £ gig S 2 : » : 8 • o • 3 : 3 • o 5 3 o p o o l-fc • 1 8^ 3 O C s 2 : p* • 2 o o 1 5| oof? • X sa £"0 s'~ S 9 o a> : g ^1 as • 5 3- § .a 1 35 14 19 13 15 19 25 12 8 8 5 14 12 30 10 7 14 16 15 28 8 8 17 5 3 13 8 19 8 26 <) 5 15 6 31 16 14 9 21 5 12 11 11 12 15 27 10 15 11 119 9 39 45 38 33 57 76 20 22 22 16 28 22 77 20 20 24 36 45 9 22 42 11 17 47 9 10 6 22 17 75 9 74 21 16 15 3 69 27 41 58 8 36 23 17 16 28 86 20 50 32 74 83 16 33 45 31 35 45 59 28 19 19 14 33 28 71 17 24 17 33 38 17 6b 19 19 40 17 14 31 19 45 19 62 21 14 35 14 73 38 33 21 50 14 28 26 26 28 35 64 24 35 26 7 36 7 9 11 ' 6 13 31 25 36 24 27 34 2 7 o 8 .5 6 ■4 8 13 24 8 2 8 4 1 !) ""16 15 19 ^ 12 25 12 43 16 39 19 3 4 17 8 16 18 15 15 1 3 3 8 3 5 16 8 8 3 14 19 25 6 30 51 13 14 54 13 18 3 •• 6 3 10 4 7 19 11 8 ■J" 14 33 36 25 29 8 3 16 7 7 11 4 28 39 51 12 8 10 1 13 3 i 8 16 38 15 31 1 7 1" ■~ 5 9 9 11 8 2 i 3 6 5 1 13 8 20 13 20 13 19 37 34 3 30 8 9 1 13 4 1 26 52 17 14 47 16 9 5 1 5 12 9 ' " " 26 11 4 11 6 3 9 12 4 .> 15 15 2=3 8 6 3 1 11 8 1 31 36 49 13 14 28 25 3 8 9 2;^ 1 14 9 1 6 8 5 8 1 12 19 22 3 8 11 11 17 15 13 17 17 18 5 00 10 17 16 1 :::::: 15 11 19 20 1 6 1 74 1 ! 1 503 913 913 67 67 393 618 618 80 80 1 1 1,546 3,658 3,658 427 427 60 Necessity fok the Revision of theILunacy Law. The necessity for a revision of the chapter of the revised stat- utes on lunatics has been pressed upon the attention of the legis- hiture for a hjng series of years in vain. The revision of the statutes was completed in 1874 But the chapter on lunatics re- mains in substance unchanged, the revisers having felt their in- ability to point out the changes proper to be made in them. We began the agitation of the question of such revision in our fifth biennial report, presented to the governor in 1S7S, by dis- cussing tiie puri)ose and practical working of the so-called "act for the protection of personal liberty," which re(piires the im- l)anelling of a jury to pass ui)on every alleged case of insanity, without exception. (See 5th Rep., pp. (18-78). In 1880 we re- newed our attack and made an elaborate argument designed to show that the trial by jury of insane cases should, instead of be- ing obligatory, be optional. A bill for an act to revise the law in relation to the detention and commitment of lunatics had been in- troduced in the thirty-first general assend)ly, liad received the en- dorsement of the state medical society, and in this report we repro(hiced it in full and recommended its passage. (See 6tli Rep., pp. 77-89). In 1882 we again urged the importance of a revision of the lunacy statute, and submitted a brief jjrepared by Mr. Wil- liam A. Grimshaw, the legal member of the board. (See 7th Rep., l)p. 128-186 and 881-341). In 1884 we devoted an entire chapter to the law of commitment of lunatics, and gave an abstract of the existing laws in all states of the union. (See 8th Rep., pjj. 93-144). In 1886 we included in our report a chapter on the re- vision of the lunacy laws, in whi'cli we expressed our opinion as to the i)oints to be covered in such n'vision, and the features which ought to characterize a good lunacy law. (See 9th Rep., pp. 85-120). It would seem that a foundation lias Ix'cii thonnighly laid for such action in the matter of revision as the general assembly may see tit to take. We do not understand th(» reluctance manifested even to consider the subject. AVe shall not undertake to re>»eat here what what we have said in former rei)orts. ]3nt the defects in the present statute are very apparent to us. (1. ) The provisions relating to thecomniitmentof patients to state hospitals for the insane seem to be based upon the theory that insanity is a crime, rathoi- than a disease. (2.) The statute fails to recognize the legal distinction between a trial and an imiuest. (3.) The jury i)r()vi(lc(l For is a jury of six, and not a legal jury. (4.) It is not clear that the law re([uires that the same safe- guards against iinpro|)er commitment should be thrown around a lunatic committed to a county insaiu' asylum as those which it renth'rs obligatory in the case of lunatics commilted to a state institution. 61 (5.) Chapter 85 prescribes one form of inquest for an insane person whom it is proposed to send to a hospital for treatment, while chapter 86 prescribes a totally different form of proceeding for the determination of the insanity of one for Avhom it is pro- posed that a conservator be appointed. (6.) The legal status of a person adjudged to be insane in the county court, in respect of his rights as a citizen, is undefined and uncertain. (7.) No method is suggested for the determination of the restoration to reason of a person once adjudged to be insane, for whom a conservator has not been appointed. (8.) The law leaves it uncertain whether or not a new trial and a new verdict are necessary for the recommitment of an in- sane person who has been discharged from the state hospital as not recovered. (9.) The relation of the jndge who makes the order of com- mitment to the patient, after his reception into a state hospital, is not defined. (10.) The provisions relating to temporary commitments, pend- ing proceedings and previous to verdict, or after verdict, and pending admission to the hospital, are so vague as to require judi- cial interpretation. ( 11. ) Under this act insane persons may be, and are, frequently detained in county jails for an unreasonable length of time. (12.) There is nothing in the act to prevent the improper treatment and abuse of patients in county almshouses. (13.) The act directs that insane patients shall be branded as paupers, who are not paupers in fact. (14.) The only method provided for the determination of the mental condition of a patient in any state hospital, who claims to have recovered his reason, is by a writ of habeas corpus. (15.) A trial by jury is made obligatory in all cases, irrespec- tive of the necessity for it, and of its effect upon the patient, thus entailing unnecessary expense upon the counties, and giving rise to much needless suffering on the part of patients and their friends, besides preventing the early treatment of many insane persons in the hospital, and thus increasing the amount of incur- able insanity in this state. (16.) No authority is conferred upon the county judge to con- duct a hearing in an insane case elsewhere than at the county court-room, even though there are known to be many cases in which the patient cannot be brought to the county-seat without great hardship and risk. (17.) The law does not provide for the exclusion from the court-room, during the trial of insanity cases, of persons not in- terested in the proceeding, who are attracted to it simply by idle curiosity and the desire to extract amusement out of the misfor- tunes of others. 62 ( 18. > Practically, the medical witness in the case and the medical member of the jxiry control the venlict, and the non- meilical members of the jury simply assent to the conclusion formulated by the foreman. Thus in effect two physicians really pass upon the case, but they are j)laced in a position where they can evade the responsibility which should properly attach to them. (19.1 The form of meilical certificate, including the history of the case, nxjuired by this act, is wholly inailequate. (20. > The law does not confer jxiwer up«:»n any officer of the state government to prevent or remedy, by summarj- process, any wrong which may be done to an insane person by those who have him in charge. (*21. > It contains no provision for the transfer of patients from one state hospital to another, or from a county to a state institu- tion. ( 22. » It provides no method for ascertaining the number of insane persons in the state, their condition, or their neetls. Those who have been adjutlged to l^e insane cannot be further traceil, nor their condition and treatment known, when once they have been discharged from the hospital; but they are left entirely with- out legal protection, Every one of these counts in the indictment against the present statute can he sustained by abundant e\-idence, drawn from the statute itself, from the legislation of other states, and from our personal knowledge of the operation of the law. From every point of Wew. from the stand-p<:)int of the lawyer as well as that of the physician, it is bad law, and very objectionable both in theory and in practice. We are amazed that the legislature should so persistently, and, as it seems to us. without reason or humanity, shut its eyes to the defects in it and refuse to correct them, in spite of every effort made to secure attention to them. The National Conference of Charities. At the annual conference of charities and correction held in the city of Buffalo, in July, 188S, a report of the standing com- mittee on the commitment and detention of the insane Avas pre- sented by Dr. Stephen Smith, commissioner of lunacy for the state of New York, and chairman of the committee. The other members of the committee were Mr. Wines, secretary of our Ixjanl; Dr. Richard Gundry, superintendent of the Maryland hospital for the in.^ne; Ex-Governor Henr>- M. Hoyt of Pennsylvania. Mr. A, O. Wright, secretarj- of the Wisconsin board of charities and reform; Mr, F. B. Sanborn, insix-ctor of charities for ^e state of Massachusetts; and M, D. Follett, a judge of the supreme court in the state of Ohio. This very able committ<»e, composed of gentlemen follv competent to form and express an opinion on the questions involved, including, as it did, some of the most ilistin- guishetl jurists in this country, presented its concliLsions in the form of a s«*ries of propositions, which we here reproduce, for tlie information of the general a.ssembly: 63 I. The Commifmeni cf ihe Insane bg Civil Procedure. 1 The ri^ht to deprive the insane ol their pezsoi^ Kberty is uHSc^l on the law of the status of the individiiaL (2. » No insane person should be deprired er- ^ :sit the alleged eison: and. _ - m s of the nro pi, - -. he should .^^ : _;_ .__-jt- ness, and immediately forward them to a jiM^e of a coort of records. (12.) The jndg^ m?^y or m^y not visit the alleged insane persoaa. or requite him t . :o court: and he should state in the order of coi- r or not he saw him, and. if he lid not see him, he should give the reasoai therefca-. 64 (13. ) The judge may or may not take further testimony, and he may call a jury; but, in either case, if Hatisficd tliat the person is insane, and the reasons given for liis commitment are just and right, he shall make an order committing said person to the cus- tody of the keeper or superintendent ars next preceding the making of such cer- tificate; the possession of su<-li qualifications shall be certified to by a judge of a court of record ac- cording to (form A) appended u< this act, and such certificate shall constitute said physician an exam- iner in'lunacy tor the purposes of tliis act; a copy of said certificate shall be filed m the office of the clerk of the court over which the judge, granting the certificate, presides. But it shall be unlawful for any examiner in lunacy to certify to the insanity of any person for the purpose of committing him to an asylum or institution devoted to the custody of the insane, of which said examiner is either the superintendent, proprietor, an officer, or a regular medical attendant. § 3. Whenever a justice of the peace or a judge of a court of record, shall receive information (form B) that a certain person, deemed insane. should be placed in custody, for either of tlie causes stated in section first of this act, the said justice or judge shall by an order in writing (form C i, direct two examiners in lunacy to exaniini' tlit> alleged insane person, and report to him within one clear day after their respective examinations iforni'Di, the results of such examination, with tlieir recommendation as to the special acti(ni necessary to be taken in the case: if a justice of the peace issues an order for an examination lie must ijer-oiially \ i:-it tlie alleged insane person; if the jihysi- cians certifv that the person so examined is not insane, the justice shall dismiss tile case, but if they certify that he is insane, and a proi)er subject for commitment as provided in section 1 of this act, the justice shall certify, under his liand and seal, to the correctness of the proceedings and to his personal visit (form E),'and shall cause said certificates to be delivered to a jucfge of a court of record \\ithin two clear days of the date of said certificates. § 4. On receiving said certificates from a justice of the peace, or on receiving the certificates of two examiners in lunacy, from any other source, certifying to the insanity of any person, and recommending that he be placed in custody for cause, then, and in either case, the said judge may or may not visit the alleged insane person, or require that he be brought into court, but lie sliall state in the order of commitment whether or not he saw him, and if he did not see him he shall give the reason therefor; the judge mav or may not take further testimony, and he may call a jury, but in either case, if satisfied that the person is insane, and tliat the reason given for his commitment in the certificates are just and right, he shall make an order (form F) conimittiuLr >aiil person to tlie cus- tody of the superintendent of the proper state asylum for the insane, or tlie ke.|iei' or -iiperiiiti-ndent of a private asylum or licensed house for the ins5ne; said order sliallbi' i-sueil w iihiii five ciear days after the date of the medical certificates; a copy of said certificate shall be tiled in the office of I he clerk, and shall be inaccessible except on the written order of a judge of a court of record. J .■ it -ii.iii In- iii<' ciiHv III iiif jmiL"''. I'-i'T'- ii<' iiiiiki-r III)' nriU-r of (uiniiiiiiiiM-iii, Id (-Hiii^ ihe ullf.'i'd iiisune ihtmiii tu Ih* fiilly iDriiniu'd of iId- ai-liini ahuitt to )>•• laki-ii ii(;aiiihl liiiii: and if ^aid iiipaiic |ifri«iii, or liii^ friiMid!' or relutiM-*- for liiin, d>-iiianil tliat oiIkt t<*titiiiioiiv In- tuk<-ii, or that a jiirv l>i' calli'd, till' jii' dniiicH (Ik* motion, he rhall etatt* the rea--on.- ih)'i*-for in (In- coniMiiinn-ni. ^ (i. \Vliosoi'v«'r. for any corniin cont^idiTation or atUantairi' to liinihdf. or tliroii);li inHlicc, -hall make or jr wilfully inak<- any fal»-<' n-jiri-f^fntation for tin- jiur|ioHe of caii^in^ any >iicli (••rtilli ati- to Ix- niail--. HlK-n-by anv saui'por^on i> di'claTi-il to Im- in^an>■ and roniniitl*-d to, or In-ld in, any a^ylllnl, .-liall Im- di-<*rued t'lilltyofa nii^dfUicanor, and j-liall Ix' lial>lc lo Im- |>nni^ll•■d by a t]n<- of not le>r- tlian ont- liiiiidre',uiiti dollars, or by iin|irie>oiinu*nt nut i«■^^ than t«n ayt^, nor more than oni' year, in tin- discretion of thi* court. $ 7. When**vi>r a judi;(> mIuiU make an order for tlie c-ommitmeni of an inbani* itorson who i» charL'"able to a town or t-ounty, to any asylum or institution for the insane, he niav. at his discre- tion. Issue liis warrant to remove tlie patient (form (ii either to the su|(erintendent of the asylum or the proper county otiicer; if the warrant is to the siiperinlendi'nt, said judL'e t^liall cause him to l>e notified of the ciimniiliiient ami tlie residence of the patient, and it shall Im- the duty of eaier- intendent or chief medical otlicer, on receixin-; said notice, to send forthwith a competent attenannt or attendants, of the sex of said insane person, whose duty it shall Im- to remove him or her to the asylum, and the actual and necessary expense for such service shall be cliar;;ed to the countv of hit residence. But if ajudire shall issue his warrant to a town or county ollicer to remove said insane person to the asylum, said ollicer shall, if necessary, select a jiersoii or jiersons, of reputable char- acter and L'ood haliils, to aid iiini, and shall provide a female attendant, ()f reputable character and mature ai^e, for,a female |iatieiit or patients, unless accompanied by her husband, father, brother or eon. It shall )<*' tlie duty of any attendant or otlicer responsible for the removal of a patient as alwve provided to see. before removing such iiatient, that he or she is in a slate of bodily cleanliness, and is comtortably cloiheil and provided with necessary chanires of wearin;.' ajipand. ^ s. Any person or otticer who shall Ijrin^ a patient to the asylum in violation of the lant sec- tion, or who shall, under the provisions of law, or oth'-rwise. bri'iit; or accompany any patient to the asylum, and not in due time deliver him into the lawful care and custody of the iirotier officer of the asylum, takinir his ri'cei|)t therefor, providi-d he In? admitted, or who shall wiltully leave, abandon, neL'lect or abuse such patient, either in t:oin'' to or returnin:: from the a.>iyliim, shall be deemed '/iiilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction^ sliall be liable to a line not exceeding IriSO, or to iiniirisuniiieut not exceeding one year, or to both, m the discretion of the court before vvhich the conviction shall be made. § 9. Xo jierson shall be admitted to or confined as a patient in any asylum, institution, or licensed honse for the care and treatment of the insane, except on the order of a judge of a court of record, based on the certificate of two examiners in lunacy, as provided in this act, and said order must bear date noi more than six days prior to admission. liiit iioihin;: in this section shall lie construed to prohibit the admission of iiny person, competent to his own support, to any iiistitnition for the care and custody of the insane in this state, on his written application, accompanied by a certificate of his family physician sliowiiii; that, thou'„'h the mental condition of the applicant is not such as to justify makiiif; iii his case a cei-tificate of insanity, yet, in iln- opinion of said physician, he would be benefitted by treaimeiit in such institution: nor to prohibit the admission of an allej^ed insane person, as a case of emergency, who for any cause has not Iwen committed in accordance with this act. but who, in the opinion of the chief medical officer of thtt respective asylum or insti- tution, requires immediate care and jirotection : but no such emergency patient shall be detained more than three clear days without being examined by the examiners in lunacy and <-ertirtetl as insane, with the recommeildiilion (hat he be committed to custody, as nrescribed in section three, nor shall lie be detained more than five clear days unless an order of a judge of a court of record, based on the preceding certificates, is obtained. S 10. On the admission of a patient to any asylniii or institution for the insane, the superintend- ent t)f said asylniii, or responsible ofiicer, shall forthwith notify the judge issuing the order of com- mitment (foin'i (J i of the date of admission, the person or perstms attending tlie patient, and his physical condition, and said judge shall cause sucli return of thesui)erintendent of the asylum to be filed by the clerk of his court, with the commitment papers of said patient. "NVe do not print the forms jjivpared by Dr. Sniitli. Wf give the project of a Liw ])ropose(l by him, not because we belii've it to be the best that couki be devised, or in all resiiects adapted to tlie needs of the state of Illinois, but in order to ctmiplete the pre- sentation ttf his views, and because the draft submitted is in many respects su}j;gesti\e of cliaiii,'es which slumhl be made in our own law, whicii, as it stands, is licliind the age. 69 CHAPTER IV WOKKSHOPS FOE THE BLIND. The tliirty-fourth general assembly passed an act to incorporate the Illinois industrial home for the blind and to make an appro- priation therefor, the language of which is as follows: Sectuix 1. Be it enacted bij the People of the State of n'hioi-.-. represeitfeel in the General Assembly, That for the manual training of and furnishing of "eni])loymeut to the blLncl, a corporation is liereby created, to be known and designated as the Illinois industrial home for the blind, and to have perpetual succession, with power to contract and be contracted with, to sue and be sued, to plead and be impleaded, to receive by any legal mode of transfer or conveyance, and to have, hold, and use property of every description, but not to sell or convey any such property, except the goods, wares, merchandise or other personal property prepared by said home for sale, and such property shall be held in trust as the property of the state; also to have and use a common seal, with the power to change the same; also to adopt by-laws, rules and regulations for the government of its members, officers, agents, employes, and inmates: Pro rifled, such by-laws shall not be contrary to the letter or spirit of the constitution of the state of Illinois, or of the" United States. § :i. The object of said corporation shall be to promote the welfare of the blind, by teaching them trades and aifording them a home and such employment as shall best tend to make "them self- supporting and consequently independent, using therefor the best known means and appliances. §3. The trustees shall not exceed five in number: said trustees shall be appointed by the gov- ernor of the state of Illinois, with the advice and consent of the senate, and shall serve without compensation : their terra of service shall be two years respectively, and until their successors are appointed and qualified: P/'or/t/erf, that three of the members shall be selected from the majority of the political party of this stale, and the remainder from the minority political party or parties. § 4. Each of said trustees shall be paid his or her traveling expenses while in the service of the home, out of the funds appropriated for its use, upon filing in the office of the auditor of public accounts a voucher of said trustee, stating in detail the items of all such expenses, and the auditor shall thereupon issue his warrant upon the state treasurer in favor of such trustee for the amount thereof, and charge the same to the fund appropriated to said institution. §5. No trustee shall b.j directly or indirectly interested in any contract to be made by said trustees, nor shall any of them be appointed to or employed in any office or position under tbeir control or authority, to which a salary is attached. § 6. The said trustees shall have charge of the general interests of the home, and shall annually by ballot elect a superintendent to serve during the will and pleasure of said trustees, who shall fix his salary, which shall not exceed fifteen hundred dollars a year, and he, with their consent, shall employ all necessary assistants, instructors or employes. Tlie said trustees, or a majority of them, when reguhirly convened, shall constitute a board, which shall possess and exert all the powers of said trustees, and shall have power by ballot to elect a president, secretary and treasurer, the presi- dent and secretary to be selected from their own number, and said board "shall prescribe tlie duties and fix the termsof service of said officers of said board. § 7. Tiio superintandenl shall exercise official control over all subordinate officers, instructors, assistants, and employes, and shall be lield responsible for their fidelity. § 8. Apprentices placed by their parents or guardians in the home shall be required to conform to its rules and regulations. i§ 9. The lioarj shall, annuallj', before December 1.5, report to the governor of the state the number of applic.itions received, persons admitted, instructed and discharged, also the progress made and work accomplished, and all other matters of general interest to the people of the state of Illinois in regard thereto, together with a full, explicit, and detailed statement of all money re- ceived and disbursed during the year. §10. The said trustees shall meet monthly during the first year, and at least quarterly there- after, to exiunine and audit all the accounts of thi? home, and make" requisitions on the auditor of public accounts for funds required for use during the succeeding month or quarter, from funds which have been appropriated for the establishment and maintenance of the institution. 70 $ 11. TliP niiditor of itiiblic ai-coiiiitH is lierfby aiith(iri/f^ which chall or may be a|)|)ro|irialed and remain undrawn or unexpended, for the Uhe of mid in^titIlIi( n, by the treneral ahwnibly, upon the order of the board of trii^If"'^ of the Illinoiti industrial home for the blind, whi-n hi>.Mied by the prehidentaud attested by the eecretary of said l>oard with the ceal of t-nid intilitution. ^ Vi. The ."Uni of one hundred thouBund nable. Power is not conferred upon the governor to remove any trustee for good and suHicient cause. The term of service of the trustees is too sluirt, and the entire board is changed every two years, a system which fails to secure the continuity of control guaranteed by the regulating act. No bond is requireil of the treasurer of the institution. The directions to the auditor of ]mblic accounts concerning the payment to the trustees of the ai)])ropriations made for the benefit of the institu- tion are vague, and might bi' construed to authorize the jiayment of the entire approprialion at one time, if the trustees should tile their leiiuisition for the same. The prohil)ition concerning any dir(.'ct or indirect interest oi any trustee in any c-ontract is re- tained, but the i)enal sanction which attaches to it in the regu- lating act is here lacking, as is also the prohibititm of drawbacks, 71 presents, and secret discounts. The act does not make it clear whether persons may be admitted to the institution for pay; but the language of the eiglith section seems to imply that they may be, since it speaks of "apprentices placed by their parents or guardians in the home." If so, this is contrary to the policy of the state with respect to all its other institutions. The act is silent on the question of clothing. And the supervision of the state commissioners of public charities, the influence of which has been demonstrated to be beneficial by experience, is ignored and omitted. We do not believe that the safeguards thrown around the government of this institution and the expenditure of moneys appropriated for its benefit are sufficient; and, if the act is to stand upon the statute books of this state, it ought to be mate- rially amended. There are, however, other objections to the proposed legisla- tion. The object of the institution for the education of the blind at Jacksonville is defined by law to be "to promote the intellectual and physical culture of the blind, and to fit them, as far as possi- ble, for earning their own livelihood and for future usefulness in society." The object of the industrial home for the blind is said to be "to promote the welfare of the blind by teaching them trades and affording them a home and such employment as shall best tend to make them self-supporting and consequently inde- pendent." Both institutions, therefore, are designed to promote the welfare of the blind; the aim of both is to make them self-sup- porting. The institution at Jacksonville undertakes to do this by teaching, including the teaching of trades. The new institution apparently is not meant to give instruction of a literary sort, but only manual training. But it also proposes to afford to the blind a home. Is there not danger that these two institutions, so nearly similar in their general objects, may conflict with each other? If tlie trustees of the new institution should introduce literar}^ culture as an employment tending to make the blind self- supporting and independent, which they are not in terms forbid- den to do, we should then have two rival institutions for the edu- cation of the blind, although the number of the blind in this state is not sufficient to create a demand for more than one. If, on the other hand, the new institution should confine itself to giving instruction in the industrial arts, and should at the same time receive children young enough to be placed in it as appren- tices by their parents or guardians, would there not be danger that children might be committed to it, particularly from Cook county, who would thus be deprived of the opportunity of literary culture now afforded them by the institution at Jacksonville? If we are to have two institutions, one for the blind of school age, and another for the adult blind, the line of demarcation between them should be far more distinctly drawn than has been done in the act of which we are speaking. But, as has been remarked, the new institution really includes two departments — a manual training school and a home for the l>lincL The iustitiitiou at Jaeksuuville is uot a home for the blintl None of the etlucational iustitutious for the l>liud main- tained liy the several states of tliis imion are meant to be homes for tht' blind. The idea which underlies them all is that, if blind children of school age are projjerly trained in institutions, they will not need to be maintained in homes supported by public or private charity, but will l^e capable of earning an honest living by their own independent exertions. The pro{x>sal to establish a state home for the l)lind implies that our educational institutions for this class fail to accomplish the end ft)r which they were created and are maintainetL 8uch an imputation against their utility and efficiency ought not to he accepted as true, without abundant and irrefragable proof. The home for the blind which it is sought to establish, is, as we understand it, meant to be a lx)ardiug-house, where the l)lind can ol)tain food and lodging at cost, without any charge for rent, and it has been represented by enthusiastic advocates of this scheme that their earnings in the industrial department will lie r-ufficient to enable them to maintain this lx>arding-house without :?tate aid. It is said that it will be self-supporting, by means of the charges made for board and lodging, which will be paid by the inmates out of their earnings. In the first place, supposing that this were so, we doubt the propriety of asking the state to go into the boarding-house l>usi- riess. Neither do we see the necessity for it. If the state, by reating a workshop for the blind, can enable them to become self-supporting, they can find board and lodging with private }>erson5, and pay for it out of their earnings, without any inter- vention on the state's part But we do not believe that the representations that have l3een made as to the earnings of inmates of the new institution are true, nor that they are warranted by the experience of such states as have created similar establishments. In the thirteenth annual report of the Pennsylvania Working Home for Blind Men, Mr. H. L. Hall, the very able and efficient superintendent, said: "Much is said by all workers among the blind about workshops becoming self-sustaining. The problem is a perfectly easy one to Hjlve in one way, by selecting from all applicants only those who can do a certain kind of work and a given amount of it But this would deprive a large proportion of the blind of emploj-ment, viz., that ix)rtion who can only earn less than 100 i>er cent, of their li\-ing. This we cannot do." The by-laws of the instittition require inmates of the home to pay three dollars a week for board. But the average earnings of the blind men connected with the institution are less than one hundred and twenty dollars a year. The last published report shows more than ??-J2,(KM) received in coiitrilmtions -for the sui)p«)rt of the home, of which ten thousand dollars is in the form of an appr«jpriation by the state of Penn- -ylvania. In the sixteenth annual report of the Pennsylvania In- dnstrial Home fox Bliiid Wo:__ _8.r.',i:^r says: "^.r-r -j^^iiicihi report shows that we liaTe - * ^i-^p o'at rrf d'JTrt- ^Qid carry on the necessary exp>eijS.er ; v - - " -s formerly, and this we have ):»eeii _ - - '7 of a number of frieixis who _ . -r-n iis nt-tmi -. amonntrng to tweBty-five him^irec. --:r. while others __ -^rr legacies to the home amountiiig to over fixe thousand doliais. We were very fortonate in seciiring the ~~ ~-"u elieTe, is tl" _ :.:znib=iis. O: - -'t^ no re-ason to think it possible tc --- a h what lengths - - - .y compel it to pr»x-eed- Homes tor the deaf. Ixanes ior cnppies, liomes for incurables, and homes for the aged are, in theory, just as defensible, just as necessary, just as humane, as homes for tiie adult blind- In what we hi?^e ?«i-^. ^ve h^^e ?T»:^'t?rL as fiien-'i? -of ^*r? Mir^i in fail symp:^ - to be : -i. There is unqj. -:._.. : .: ._^ _ ^ I'sal to _^ > 'tain employment, and they ne-enl aid in this dire>e:: -i ^♦erson cannot search for work as others do. ": '■:" - - -e so easily of tlie product of his labor. He ii - - -e quarter. On * - - Dr. A: " _ - Ushment of ^r - : the ai - -s 74 Gillx'i-t, the l)lin(l (lauf^htcr of tin* bislioj) of Cliichestrr, who in l.S5<) fouiuk'il the society for the general welfaie of the Mind. The benefits arising to the blind from this workshop induced many persons to f(»llow her example, so that there are now few large towns in li^ngland which do not i)ossess a work-shop for adult blind. The advantages are obvious. Tiie ])lind man can live at home and go to his daily work without the trouble of procuring orders or of tinding a customer for his work. He thus is relieved from much anxiety and loss of time. On the other hand, if the workshop system were to become universal, it must l)e greatly extended, in order to receive all who ought to be employed. Again, it diminishes inilependence and individual enterprise, by which some blind men have risen from mere workmen to small manu- facturers. Further, although well-managed workshops are a great blessing to the blind, it is in the nature of things that the man- agement is not always satisfactory; so that it is well that the blind should, whenever ]>ossible, not only be good workmen, but understand how to conduct a business jn'ofitably, in order that, in case of need, they may be independent of the worksln)ps. But, for blind workmen scattered over the country to succeed, it is almost essential that they should have some one to give advice and timely assistance, if necessary. The best person to do this is the director (superintendent), or some one officially connected with the school where they received their education, as it thus feels itself responsible for the success of its former pupils, and, in case of their failure, strives to counteract the causes which have led to it." Again, Dv. Annitage says: "It can hardly be exjK'cted tliat the state will found special asylums for old and intirni blind people." The difficulty with the act under consideration is that it does not discriminate batueen the workshop and the home, but joins the two in a .single measure. The workslioj) might not b,^ con- trary to sound policy; but it is difficult to justify the appropria- tion of money for the home. The director of the national hliiul institute at Dresden .said, in lS7o: ''AH who understand the sub- ject are convinced that the blind cannot be really helped by building asylums. If there were three times as many asylums as there arc^ schools, there would not be room for all, and the in- mat. 's would never !)=> satistied with their condition." In the re- port of the L )nisiana institution for the instruction of the blind, in- 1.SS2, the priiicii)al, himself a blind man, said: "An asylum for the blind is not a necessity. If it were created, it would be an evil to the [)ul)lic and an injury to its inmates. A public evil, because it would establish a false basis of pauperism and widen its area; an injury ti> its inmates, because it would ])e an associa- tion hased on a defect. Every as.sociation foumled on a defect is abn irmal, and must visit upon its members all tlu» evils of an abnormal society." lii ISS4, the state l)oard of charities in New Yoj1< made a special i*e|)ort, in response to a senate resolution re- questing them to incjuire into the necp!ssity and expediency of the 75 establishment of a state asyhim for the indigent blind, in which they said: "The number and condition of the indigent blind are not such as to render necessary or expedient the establishment of a state asylum for their care and maintenance." Mr. Anagnos, superintendent of the Perkins institute for the blind, at Boston, says: "It is neither unjust or unkind to state that for persons who are willing to enter such institutions, (homes or asylums for the blind), and to live in an atmosphere of demoralization and in a state of inertia, the ordinary town and county poorhouses, with all their imperfections and disadvantages, are much preferable to almshouses intended for a special class." This is precisely what we fear that an industrial home for the blind would tend to become. We agree witli Mr. Anagnos when he says again: "Workshops, and not asylums, are needed for the relief of the blind." The combination of the workshop and the home or asylum is, as he remarks, ostentat ous; it subjects the blind to observation as mem- bers of an institution; it separates them from people who have their sight; it is questionable whether it would not foster the spirit of indolence and dependence in the inmates. We think it better that blind jjersons should work at their own homes, if possible; though Ave do not go so far as Mr. Anagnos does, when he de- clares that workshops for the blind should not be aided by the state, or even by a municipality, but should depend wholly and absolutely upon the free gifts and voluntary contributions of benevolent men and women. We are not unwilling to see the experiment tried of state aid to a Avorkshop for the blind in the city of Chicago. But Ave regard it as an experiment, and very strongly ad^ase the legislature to make haste slowly in this direction. It is not necessary to create a corijoration with perpetual succession, nor to purchase land and erect a building. It Avould be far simpler, and, we think, better, to make a small appropriation for the I'eut of a shop and the salary of a superintendent, and place it in the hands of one of the existing boards of trustees interested in the blind — either the trustees of the institution for the blind at Jacksonville, or of the eye and ear infirmary at Chicago — and let them undertake the work. They could do all that could be done by the pro]josed corporation, except to build and open a boarding-house for the blind, to be sustained in part at least by appropriations from the state treasury, a project which Ave believe to be not only deA^oid of merit to recommend it, but contrary to the principles Avhich should govern the benevolent action of the state. 76 CHAPTER V. DEPENDENT CHILDREN. In our last report to the general assembly, in the chapter en- titled "Children of the State,'' we called attention to the construc- tion placed by the county court of Cook county upon an act ap- proved May 28, 1879, entitled "An act to aid Industrial Schools for Girls,"' and to the practical operation of the act under that construction, i)artieularly with reference to the Chicago industrial school for girls. On the 4th of June, 1887, the Chicago industrial school for girls commenced an act of assumpsit in the circuit court of Cook county against the county of Cook, to recover the amount of a bill for services rendered by the said school in the form of tuition, maintenance, and care of the children committed to it by the county court, together with an account for clothing furnished. The circuit court rendered jiidgment in favor of the plaintitf, whereupon the county of Cook appealed from that judgment to the supreme court. The decision of the supreme court, at the May term of 1888, was tliat the judgment of the circuit ct)urt be reversed. The history of this case is of such interest and importance, that Ave deem it advisable to relate it here. In the year 187(5, the Illinois imlu.strial school for girls at South Evanston was incorporated as a |)rivate institution, under the gen- eral incorporation act. In 1871), the general assembly [)assed an act to aid industrial schools for girls, approved May 28, 1879, and in force July 1, 1879, which may be found on i)age 308 of the session laws for that year. The first section jjrovides that any seven or more jjersons, residents of this state, a majority of whom are women, who may organize, or have organized, undei* the general laws of tiie state, relating to C(>r[)oratii)iis, for the piir[)i)se (if estal)Iishing, maintain- ing and cHiTying on an industrial school for girls, sluiU possess tlu' powers, rights and privih\g(\s of cor[)orations of this state, not for i);'cuuiary profit, and shall be exempted from all stat*' and- loc.il i:t\>-<: provided, that the consent of the governor must first 77 be obtained in writing-, which consent mnst be filed in the office of the secretary of state. The second section declares that the object of industrial schools for girls shall be to provide a home and proper training-school for such girls as may be committed to their charge. In the third section the description of girls who are dependent, and who may be committed to an industrial school by the county court of any county of this state, is said to be: "Every female infant who begs or receives alms while actually selling or pretending to sell any article in public; or who frecpients any street, alley, or other place for the purpose of begging or receiving alms; or who, having no permanent place of abode, proper parental care, or guardianship, or sufficient means of subsistence, or who for other cause is a wanderer through streets and alleys, and in other public places; or who lives with, or frequents the company of, or consorts with reputed thieves or other vicious persons; or who is found in a house of ill-fame or in a poor- house." The form of proceeding under the act is immaterial. The questions of fact in the case are required, in the fourth section, to be determined by a jury of six. If the jury find that the infant named in the petition is a dependent girl, and if, in the opinion of the judge, she is a fit person to be sent to an industrial school for girls, the judge shall enter an order that such infant be com- mited to an industrial school for girls in the county; but if there be no such school in the county, then to any industrial school for girls, elsewhere in the state, to be in such school kept and maintained until she arrives at the age of eighteen years. The fifth section provides that the court must order of record, that such infant has no guardian; or that her guardian or parent is not a fit person to have the custody of such infant, as the case may be; and the court may thereupon appoint the president or any one of the \dce-presidents of such school, the lawful guardian of such infant. By the ninth section of the act, any county from which dependent girls are sent to any industrial school for girls is required to pay for their tuition, maintenance and care, the sum of ten dollars per month, so long as they are retained in such school and not placed out by adoption or apprenticeship. The tenth section declares that the officers and trustees of any industrial school for girls in this state "shall have the exclusive custody, care and guardianshijj of such girls." The eleventh section con- fers authority upon the officers to place girls out, and to have a supervising care over them, to see that they are properly treated and cared for. The thirteen-th section confers authority to dis- charge any girl, whenever the good of the girl or that of the school would be promoted by her discharge; and the governor may, at any time, order the discharge of any girl committed to such a school under the provisions of this act. The fourteenth section subjects all industrial schools for girls in this state to visitation, insi^ection, and supervision by the. state commissioners of public charities; it ordains that suitatjle provision shall be made 7S for the inoial ami rt'ligioiis iiistriu-lioii of iiimatt'S, "avoiding, as far as prncticable, scctariaiiism;" and it forliids any industrial scliool to rec«*ive an appropriation from the state for any purj^ose. I'nder the j)rovisions of this act, the Illinois industrial school for girls at Evanston ol)tained the consent of the governor, in writing, to be recognized, and his consent was filed in the otfice of the secretary of state. Thereafter it received girls committed to it by various counties, and collected the lawful charges for tlieir tuition, maintenance, and care. In 1888, a similar act was passed by the general assend)ly, en- titled "An act to provide for and aid training schools for boys," whicii was approved June 18, and may l)e found on page loU of the session laws of 1883. The number of sections, and their order, is precisely the same in the act of 1883 as in that of 1879, ex- cept that the twelfth section of the former act, which forbids the reception of any girl who is imbecile, idiotic, incapacitated for labor, or infected with any infectious, contagious, or any incurable disease is forbidden, is omitted in the act relating to boys. The language of the two acts is almost identically the same. Powe-r is given however to any court of record to commit any dependent boy. The descrii)tion given of a dependent boy is as follows: "Every boy who frequents any street, alley, or other place for the purpose of begging or receiving alms; or who shall have no per- manent place of abode, proper parental care or guardianship, or sufficient means of existence; or who, from other cause, sliall be a wanderer thi'ough streets or alleys or other public places; or who shall live with, or freqiunit the company of or consort with re- puted thieves or other vicious persons." Commitments of boys are until the age of twenty-one years. The court is directed to ap- point "a guardian of the custody and tuition of such boys." The charge allowed for clothing, tuition, maintenance and care of de- pendent boys, is as follows: "For each boy under the age of ten, eight dollars per month; for each l)oy over ten and under four- teen years, seven dollars per month; and for each cripj)led and disabled boy, of whatever age, nine dollars per month." It is fur- ther provided in the ninth section that no charge shall be made against any county which shall not first have contracted with the training school for boys for the support and maintenance of the boy or boys committed to it. In the final section of the act the provision requiring the moral and religious instruction of inmates, "avoiding as far as practicable sectarianism," is omitted. Application was made to the governor for recognition, under this fict, of St. Mary's training school at Feehanville, a Roman Catholic institution, conducted by the Christian Brothers, whii-h had been chartered under the general incorporation act in Febru- ary, 1882. The governor's consent was obtained, and placed on file in the office of the secretary of state. The only county, so far as we know, which has a contract with this institution, for the care of boys committed to il. is the county of C^)ok. In 1885, 79 both of these acts were amended. It is remarkable that both of them were amended in precisely the same sections, namely, the third, fifth, aiid ninth. In both acts, as originally passed, it was necessary for the petitioner to set forth that the dependent boy or girl had no living parent or guardian, or, if living, that the parent or guardian was not a fit person to have the custody of such infant. Both acts were so amended as to enlarge the scope of the petition, by allowing the petitioners to set forth that the father, mother, or guardian although living and fit to have charge of the child, consents io flie hoy or girl heing found dependchf. The effect of this amendment, and doubtless its intention, was to open a wider door for the admission of boys and girls into in- dustrial schools, whose commitment was not contemplated or authorized by either of the previous acts. An examination of the language employed in amending each of the two acts makes it evident that both of the amendments adopted were written by the same hand, and inspired by the same brain. Other safeguards contained in the original acts were also broken down. We have seen that the county court alone was given ,iurisdiction over de- pendent girls, while jurisdiction over dependent boys was con- ferred in the original act upon any court of record. The amendment to section three of the act of 1879 gives to any court of record concurrent jurisdiction with the county court, in the matter of the commitment of dependent girls. The descrip- tion of a dependent boy and of a dejiendent girl, as set forth in the original act, is also changed. To make the difference in this respect more obvious, we print the original and the amended de- scriptions side by side, in parallel columns: Of a Dependent Girl. 1879. Every female infant who begs or receives alms while actually selling, or "pretending to sell, any article in public; or who frequents any street, alley or other place for the purpose of begging or receiving alms; or who, having no permanent place of at:)ocle, proper parental care or guardianship, or sufficient means of subsist- ence, or who, lor other cause, is a wanderer through streets and alleys, and in other public places; or who lives with, or frequents the com- pany of, or consorts with, reputed thieves or other \dcious persons; or who is found in a house of ill-fame or in a poor-house. 1885. Every female infant who begs or receives alms while actually selling, or" pretending to sell, any article in public; or who frequents any street, alley or other place, for the purpose of begging or receiving alms; every female infant who shall have no permanent place of abode; or who shall not have proper parental care or guardianship : or who shall not have sufficient means of subsistence; or who, from any cause, shall be a wanderer through streets or alleys or other public places: or \^-lio shall live with or frequent the company of, or consort with, re- puted thieves or other vicious persons; or who shall be found in a house of ill-fame, or in a prison or in a poor-house. It might not occur to a casual reader unaccustomed to w^eighing the exact import of legal phraseology, that there is any great dif- ference in the meaning and effect of these two descriptions. But there is a very important difference, which will be readily appre- hended when it is pointed out. Under the original act, before a girl could be found to be dependent and committed to an industrial school for girls, she must be shown to be destitute of a permanent 80 place of aljocle and of proper parental care ami guardianship, and of surticient means of subsistence, and to be a wanderer in streets and alleys. Under the amended act it is not necessary to prove that all these marks and characters are joined together, and tliat they attaeh to one and the same person; it is enough to show that a girl possesses any one of them. She may not be destitute of proper parental care or guardiansliip, or destitute of sullicieut means of subsistence, nor is it necessary to prove her a wanderer; it is enough to show the single fact that she has no permanent place of abode. It would be ditficult to imagine an easier way of optni- ing a wider door of communication between an industrial school for girls and the county treasury. The change in the description of a dependent boy is a trifle less radical. Of (( Dependent Boy. 1883. Every boy who frequents any street, alley, or other nlace, for the purpose of begging or re- ceiving alms: or who snail have no permanent ISfi,"!. Every boy who frequents any street, alley, or other place, for the purpose of begging or re- ceiving aims; every boy who shall hlive no per- place of abode, proper jjarental care or guardian- manent place of abode, proper parental care or shiji, or euflicient means of subsistence; or who guardianship: every boy who shall not have from other cause shall be a wanderer through sufticient means of subsistence, or who from streets and alleys, or other public places; or j other cause shall be a wanderer through streets who shall live with, or fre(|uenr the company of, ^ or alleys, or other public places: and every boy or consort with, reputed thieves or othervicious i who shall live with, or frequent the company of persons. reputed thieves or other vicions persons. Here the amendment does away with the necessity of proWug the concurrent lack of a permanent place of abode, proper parental care or guardiansliip, and sufficient means of subsistence. It ren- ders it i)ossible to secure the commitment of a boy who has no sufficient moans of subsistence, to an industrial school for boys, even tlu)Ugh he may have a permanent place of abode, and proi)er parental care and guardianship. It seems to us that the end aimed at in securing the passage of these amendments is obvious enough, especially when considered in connection with the fact that, under the amended acts, both boys and girls might be committed to industrial schools, if the living [mrent or giiardian of the child, although a tit j)er.son to have cliarge of it, consents to its being found dependent. What- ever tlie intention of the author or authors of these amendments may have been, the law, as it now stands upon our statute l)t)oks, authorizes any judge of any court of record to send any boy or girl, whose i)arents are unable to j)rovi(le for it through their own exertions, to an industrial school, and have it maintained and edu- cated at the expense of the county. The ameniled act went into effect on the first of fluly, ISSS. On the 24tli of Noveinl)er, 1S8."), the governor gave his written consent to the incorporation of the Chicago industrial school for girls; and, the charter having been obtained from the secretary of 81 state, a meeting was liekl in the evening of November 28th, at the House of the Good Shepherd in Chicago, at which Archbishop Feehan presided, to organize tlie new corporation. There were nine charter members, of whom two were laywomen belonging to the Roman Catholic church, and the other seven were members of the Roman Catholic religious order of the Good Shepherd. The officers of the corporation elected at this meeting were, all of them, officers of the House of the Good Shei)herd, the mother superior being chosen president of it. On the eighth of Februarj', 18S7, the cousent of the governor in writing having first been obtained, the secretary of state issued letters of incorporation to the Illinois industrial training school for boys, which subsequently opened a school at Norwood Park. There are, therefore, at this time, four industrial schools organized and claiming to oj^erate under the industrial schools act — two for girls, one Catholic and one non-Catholic, and two for boys, one Catholic and one non-Catholic. The questions which we raised in our report presented to the governor two years ago were : ( 1 ) Whether a corjDoration owning no propert}^ and maintaining no school of its own or under its immediate control, but recommitting the children committed to its care to the care of an agent or agents ha^dng an independent cor- porate existence, was entitled to the-benefits of the act. (2) Whether the payment of money out of the county treasury of Cook county to the House of the Good Shepherd and Saint Joseph's Orphan Asylum, both of which are under the control of religious orders of the Roman Catholic church, through the intervention of the corporate body known as the Chicago industrial school, was a vio- lation of the pro%4sion contained and expressed in the third sec- tion of article three of the constitution of Illinois, commonly called "the anti-sectarian clause." Whatever any one may suppose or think, our remarks upon this subject were not prompted by any disrespect for the Roman Cath- olic church, any hostility to its religious teachings, or any want of appreciation of the piety and devotion of the women in charge of the two institutions named, who are undoubtedly doing an excel- lent work to the very best of their ability. We were actuated solely by a regard for our official oath, which requires us to per- form the duty devolving upon us under the act creating this board, namely, to communicate to the general assembly the result of all inquiries made by us into any matter connected with the manage- ment of any institution which we are directed by law to visit and inspect, together with our own opinions and conclusions relating to the whole subject. We have no reason to believe that anything which we said influ- enced the action of Cook county. That count}' was laboring under considerable temporary financial embarrassment, and the bills both of the school at Evauston and of the Chicago industrial school, as well as of the Feelianville school, were tor a long time unsettled. P. C— 6 82 111 tlir fiid, the coiuity refused to pay the bill presented liy the Chicagi) industrial sc1kk)1, on the ground that such payment would be contrary to that section of the constitution which declares that "neither the general assembly, nor any county, shall ever pay from any public fund whatever anything in aid of any church or sec- tarian purpose, or to help sustain any school controlled by any cluirch or sectarian denomination whatever." Thereupon the indus- trial school brouglit a suit in the circuit court, whicli was tried, without a jury, very largely upon an agreed statement of facts, without the introduction of much testinuaiy. The court rendered its judgment in favor of the school. The county appealed to the supreme court, Tinder the eighty-eighth section of the practice act, which provides that "appeals from and writs of error to circuit courts, etc., in all cases in whicli a franchise or freehold or the validity of a statute or construction of the constitution is involved, shall be taken directly to the supreme court." The l)rief submitted on behalf of the appellant by ^Ir. Francis Adams attacked the ccmstitutionality of the industrial school act on an entirely new ground, namely, that the clause which gives to the governor the power to give or withhold his consent to the ap- plication of the benefits of the act to any particular corporation is in effect a grant of power to determine whether a law shall take effect at all, and if so, whether it shall be special, limited and local, or general in its operation; in other words, it em})owers him to grant to a corijoration a special or exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise. Mr. Adams argued that the attempt to do this is an attempt to evade the constitutional prohibition of special legisla- tion; that the general assembly can not confer upon the governor power which it does not itself possess, and which is not included among the ])owers enumerated in the constitution, which the gov- ernor may lawfully exercise in relation to legislation; and that the legislature cannot accomplish indirectly that which it is forbidden to do directly. He said: "If your honors shall sustain this act, what will there be to prevent an act in relation to county affairs, the same not to apply tt) any county except by the written consent of the governor; or an act conferring certain powers on citit^s and villages, no city or village to have the benefit thereof, exce})t by the consent thereto of the governor in writing; or an act regulat- ing township affairs, the provisions thereof not to npply to any town, until such time as the governor shall, in writing, manifest his consent thereto; and so on, ad iiijinihint.'' He also claimed that the act violates the constitutional prohibition of the extension or amendment of any charter of incorpoiation by special legislation, since the consent of the governor, when obtained, bi^comes a part of the charter of the corpoi-ation to which such consent is given. The supreme court declini'd to pronounce upon these propositions^ and passed them by in silenci'. The ])rief of Mr. E. J\. Bliss, also for the appellant, on the other hand, after reciting the history of the act. was devoted to an argument to prove that the [jayment of the bill presentetl by 83 the Chicago Industrial School would be a perversion of the public funds to sectarian purposes. It was on this point that the supreme court sustained the county and reversed the judgment of the circuit court. In the following summary of Mr. Bliss' argument, we do not follow the order and analysis adopted by him, but we believe that we state fairly his positions. He attempted to show: (1) That the Chicago industrial school had no existence in fact, other than that of a paper organization, without possessing any of the at- tributes or facilities for the care of dependent girls contemplated in the act in dispute. (2) That to enable it to furnish the tuition, care and maintenance, in consideration of which an industrial school for girls is entitled to ten dollars a month for each inmate committed to it by the county court, this corporation was obliged to deliver all girls committed to its care to the House of the Good Shepherd or to Saint Joseph's Orphan Asylum, to do for these children what the act required that the corporation itself should do. (3) That there was no evidence of the existence of any contract between the Chicago industrial school and either of these institutions, and that there was in fact no contract, but merely an understanding, which understanding was not between different individuals representing opposing interests, but between the same identical persons acting in two different relations and capacities, as officers of the House of the Good Shepherd on the one side, and as officers of the industrial school on the other, and that such understanding was confined to their own breasts. (4) That the House of the Good Shepherd and Saint Joseph's Orphan Asylum are schools controlled by the Roman Catholic church. (5) That the moneys sought to be collected from the county of Cook, if paid to the Chicago industrial school, would in fact be paid to help to sustain the schools maintained by the sisters of the Good Shepherd and sisters of charity. (6) That the Chicago industrial school for girls is controlled by the church to the same extent as the House of the Good Shepherd. The charter members of the corporation called the Chicago industrial school have been made directors of the corporation for life; seven of these charter members are nuns, bound by the most sacred vows to obey the orders of their superiors, and the superior of all their superiors is the head of the Roman Catholic church. The brief and argument for the appellee, which was presented by Messrs. Smith & Spence, contains much interesting matter not 'directly addressed to the points raised by the attorneys for the appellant. They contended that the record of proceedings of the corporation entitled the Chicago industrial school for girls shows that that corporation had a real existence; that it was entitled under the act to cause the children committed to its guardianship to be maintained and educated in the two institutions named; that it was not essential that it should maintain a school of its own; that there was a contract between these institutions and the Chicago industrial school, the existence of which is sufficiently shown by u the act s of the Tv^peirtive « >rponitioiis: that the Chicago indostrial - - : this ciaii ii.rc law is : - : :: it is 1- m, tbe laiirfuj - tike Tisi cise of tcwial auliior "ITS*? IQlU .1 in tfee k ^ere- in side, bat only to give a ^ feience to saeh points as se^ra* vwer eourt submitted to the trial iv us of law. which the trial jndge "^ e^ect that, nnder the facts of : lid be The- - ~ were tiieir pr ; :'..- bi2 in 4t bv a ' ' th- 7 maLruo. The c Ii it- - "i - - ihe fr»->m } state _ sui,'_'-': iU'-l l-U. " .ir^'_T— . -W* ;Bn?e affat. k&ai ^feis xnKsiiTnL ^ ti -fe- -mg errrr- : .-^nr ie Hh^ -HJj5i5yiii^ ms nxT "fc^ >^u it - i ,! iii m -»F?affiifc^ iiz "tref- i^ i h|]- :m •X- E sr, institutions, which can only live by the receipt of a subsidy from the state or county treasury. It is right here that the question of the n-lative limits of public and private charity tinds its solution. The evils of a paternal government are obvious. The statti should never do what i)iivate charity is ready and willing to do, any more than it should ilo for an individual what he is able to ilo for himself. In a natural and healthy condition of society, private initiative is active. The .sub- stitiition of governmental for private initiative is a symptom of social decay. But tlie government should never go into j)artner- ship with any individual or corporation in the transaction of ])usi- ness which projjerly belongs to the government. If the government finds it necessary or expedient to establish antl maintain a chari- table or penal institution, let it do so wholly at its own charge and expense, and receive no form of aid from private parties, least of all in the shape of bids for the location of the institution as an inducement to accept an inferior site, and lay a foundation for future claims to unjust consideration and remuneration in return for a s])urious lil)erality. If private ])ersons undertake some form of charitable woi-k, let them find the money with which to carry it on, without calling on the government for an ajjpro- priation to enable them to dispense with the effort required for success in their undertaking, and at tiie same time evade responsi- bility for the expendituie of public funds. If a private charity can not be sustained without a governmental subsidy, it is usiially either because the demand for it does not impress the jniblic, or else because the public has not confidence in its management. AVork to which the state grants i)ecuniary aid should be wholly under the control of the state, and it shoidd be roves and commends such lil)erality; and it will l)rotect those engaged in the work, and aid them to secnri> and re- tain necessary control of the children, just as it enforces parental anlhoritv. It cannot undertake to do more. 87 CHAPTER VII. THE COUNTY ALMSHOUSES. The descriptions of almshouses in this chapter, and of jails in "the chapter which follows, were furnished by Mr. John W. Whipp, the assistant secretary of the board, upon whom the monotonous and somewhat painful duty of inspecting them devolves. He has visited and rejjorted upon every county in the state: and, having had many years' experience in this work, we believe that his state- ments as to the condition of the county institutions are worthy of entire confidence. Following tlie report on almshouses will be found an account of his visits to the industrial schools for boys and girls, which are by statute subject to the inspection of this board. Adams County. — Visited June 22, 1888. A frame barn 40x50 feet has been erected, at a cost of one thousand two hundred dollars. The buildings were found to be in fair condition, except the detached building, occupied by men, and the rear of the main building, which are worn out, and should cease to be used for their present purpose. The grounds are neatly kept; both in the front and rear. The walls of the rooms were white, and the floors well scrubbed, except those occu- pied by males; and the beds and bedding occupied bj^ women were clean and tidy. The inmates appeared to be cleanly, moder- ately well clothed, and generally in good health. The food fur- nished is good and abundant. The sexes are properly separated. A special attendant is provided for the insane of each sex, and medical attendance once each week, and whenever necessary. None of the insane were found locked in rooms. The airing-court is used by the insane whenever the weather is pleasant; the males occupying it one day and the females the next. The farm seems io be doing well; good prospect for a large yield this year. Alexander. — Visifed April 21, 1888. This county has no alms- iouse and the paupers who require house care are boarded in 88 (litfen-ut i)arts of the coiiiiK. The Saint Man's Hospital cares f(tr thi' sick i)a\ipers of the county, and of the city of Cairo. St. Mary's Hospital was visitetl. The buildings were in good con- dition, the grounds neatly kept, the rooms clean and neat, and the beds and l)edding in excellent condition. The inmates ap- pear to be cleanly, anil seem to have the best of care. They have medical attendance three times each week, and oftener when uece.ssary. The insane are kept liere while awaiting admission to the hospital. Bond. — Visi/cd Ma// 28, ISSS. The main building of this alms- house was found in fair condition, but some of the tioors and stairways are much worn. The cell-house for the insane was in l)ad condition; although seemingly clean, a bad odor makes itself felt, and is stronger than the cari)olic acid, which is freely used. The grounds were in fair condition, the rooms generally well kept, and the beds and bedding in moderate condition. The inmates were moderately cleanly, poorly clothed, generally in good health, and are furnished with good Avholesome food. The sexes are prop- erly separated, as regards their sleejjing apartments. This place is let to the lowest bidder. The present keeper receives two hundred and fifty dollars per annum. He says that this is his last year at that j)rice, and intimates that it woitld require a much higher salary to persuade him to remain in such an undesirable position. Boone. — VisHed Au is nearly blind, with cataract in both eyes. The county would save money and perform a hu- mane act by sending him at once to the Chicago Charitahh- Eye and Ear Intirmary. Carroll. — \l'sifrn the north side thei'e are three rooms. Tliis t'oor is 91 lieated by a stove placed in the ball. The second floor contains a central hall, with five rooms on the north side and four rooms on the south side. The attic is finished in one room. The condition of the old buildings is much the same as last reported. The grounds are neatly kept, except in the airing-court of the insane department, which contains some rubbish that should be removed. The rooms are clean and tidy in the department occupied by females, especially so in the new wing; but the rooms occupied by men could and should be made much cleaner and more tidy. The inmates appeared to be moderately clean and moderately well clothed, and were generally enjoying good health. They have an abundance of good, plain food. The sexes are properly separated. There were twenty-six inmates present; nineteen males and seven females. The farm produced well last year, and the prospects for the present year are good. Christian. — Visited June 2, 1888. The buildings of this alms- house are in fair condition. Some repairs and painting are needed on the main building. The grounds are kept neatly. The rooms are clean and tidy, and the beds and bedding are in good condi- tion and kept clean and neat. There were nine inmates i^resent; five males, and four females. The inmates apj^eared to be cleanly, moderately well clothed, and in good health. The food furnished is wholesome and abundant. The sexes are properly separated. Seven of the former inmates died during last year, which has materially reduced the number of regular inmates. The farm was in good condition. There were poor crops last year but there are fine prospects for a good crop this year. Claek. — Visited Ma/j 22, 1888. This almshouse is not owned by the county. The buildings and grounds were found to be in a p)Oor condition. The number of inmates present was twenty-one; nine males and twelve females. One female ( an old resident ) was in- sane, one male was an idiot, one male was blind, one female was an epileptic, and there were seven children — five bo^^s and two girls. The inmates appeared to be uncleanly, poorly clothed, but in good health. They have an abundant supply of plain food. The sexes occupy different buildings. , The rooms occujned by fe- males were untidily kejot, and should be kept in much better con- dition. The men's room was disgustingly dirty. Tne -present keeper receives one dollar and fifty cents a week for each inmate, and is required to furnish food, clothing, medical attendance, and pay all funeral expenses. It is poor pay, and, as a consequence, the paupers have had poor care, which is generally the case when their care is let to the lowest bidder. The present contract, how- ever, is nearly at an end, and the paupers will be removed to the farm of Mr. William Conley, four miles southeast of Westfield, who is to receive two dollars and twenty-five cents a week for each inmate. It is hoped that, with better pay, the inmates will have better care. Clay. — Visited May 15, 1888. Since last visit a partition has "been placed in the middle of the hall of the main building, with 92 sejjarato stairways l'<>r cadi side; and a lii,Lcli fenco lias been con- stnicteil, wliicli I'lidtises a piece i)f ^nmiul in the rear, ami on the side of tlie main l)uikling and the i-citchen and dining-room. The gate of this airing-court is locked at night, to keep the .sexes iu their proper place.s. The l)uilding was iu fair conditiou, and the grounds are neatly kei)t. The walls and ceilings of the rooms Jiave been whitewashed and were much neater than at former visits, but there is still room for improvement. There is a scarcity of furniture, and what there is has little value. The county should providi' more chairs, tables and l)ureaus; the old bedsteads should go to the wood-pile; and new vermin-proof bedsteads should be purchased. The beds and bedding should ])e renewed; the present bedding is old and worn, but it was as clean and tidy as its ragged condition would allow. There were thirteen inmates present: seven males and six females. The inmates a]j})eared to be moderately cleanly and poorly clothed. They seemed to be in good health, and had plenty of plain food. The sexes seem to be properly separateil. The keeper receives one dollar and twenty cents i)er week for each inmate, and is reipnred to furnish food, clothing, medical attend- ance, and pay funeral expenses. He has the farm free of rent. He said that the pay would be sulKcient at ordinary times, but for the last four years the farm has not produced enough to pay for the labor expended, and the contract has nearly bankrupted him. Clinton.— T7s//('(/ Man 14, 1888. The buildings of this alms- house are in \tooY conditi(m. The plastering is oW in several places and needs attention, and the house should be thoroughly paintc'd inside and out. The grounds are kept neatly. The rooms of the men are very untidy. Paint, whitewash and new furniture are needed; i)articularly bedsteads. Those in use are okl wooden bed- steads, which swarm with vermin in hot weather. The rooms occupied by women are clean and neat. The beds and bedding in the men's rooms are old anught to light some of the original color, but they should nt>w be repainted. The fliiors were as clean as they could be inade. The fiirniture is i>ld and scant. The beadsteads are old woodtMi frames, which have been in use for nejirlv tiftv vears. and have been the home of the bed- 95 pest for generations. The bedding is only moderately good. There were fourteen inmates present; five males and nine females. The inmates appeared to be moderately clean and moderately well clothed. They seemed to be in good health and well fed. The sexes are properly separated. This institution has no special ac- commodations for the insane. The keeper receives one dollar and twenty-five cents a week for boarding and clothing each inmate, and pays two dollars and twenty-five cents per acre for tillable land. DeKalb. — Visited August 16, 1888. Since last visit to this almshouse, a barn has been erected, at a cost of one thousand dollars. The buildings were found to be in fair condition. The grounds are neatly kept. The rooms were in excellent condition, except the kitchen and some rooms for the insane. One room for the insane, which was occupied several years ago by a filthy patient, throws out an offensive odor, which sometimes pervades the whole building. It seems impossible to eradicate it. It gains greater strength as the , years roll by. The wood-work and plastering siiould be removed immediately, as the stench endangers the health of the inmates. The kitchen floor is worn out and should be re- newed. The walls and ceiling are black with smoke and accumu- lated dust, and should be cleansed and calcimined, and the wood- work painted. The building is badly arranged and inconvenient. The beds and bedding were clean and in good condition. There were twenty-nine inmates present; twenty-one males and nine females. Fifteen of the inmates were insane; all are at liberty during the day except two, who have quarters in a small out-build- ing. One insane man was wearing a chain on his leg, to prevent his running away. The keeper said that the efPects of increased liberty were good. The inmates appeared to be cleanly, well clothed, generally in good health and well cared for. The sexes are properly separated. The farm was in good condition, and promised to produce abundaiitly. DeWitt. — Visited June 14, 1888. The buildings of this alms- house were in as good condition as such old and worn-out build- ings would allow. The grounds were neatly kept. The walls of tlie rooms were clean, and the floors show repeated scrubbing. The bedsteads were supplied with new mattresses, and the bedding was good, clean and tidy. The sexes sleep in separate buildings. More room is needed for male inmates. A new kitchen stove should be provided, the old one is burnt out and unfit for use. There were nineteen inmates present; fourteen males and five females. All appeared to be cleanly, well clothed, well fed and in good health. There were no insane. The farm was in fuie shape, with good prospects for an abundant crop. Hallville has two natural gas wells. Both were burning at time of visit. Douglas. — Visited Jane 5, 18S8. The buildings of this alms- house were in good condition; all newly painted. The fence has also been painted since last visit. The grounds are neatly kept. The walls of the rooms were white and clean, and the floors well scrubbed. The beds and bedding were in good condition and 96 clean. There wore ten inmates present; iiw innles and five females. The inmates appearcMl to he moderately cleanly, fairly well clothed and well fed. Tlie keeper said that tht-y had a visit from the doctor only once in the last eight months, which shows that the health is generally good. There is no sj^ecial accommodation for the insane. There was an old soldier at tiiis place, at the date of last visit, who was blind, who has since received a back pension amounting to over ten thousand dollars, and is now on the rolls and receives a monthly allowance far in excess of living expenses. The farm is doing well; the receipts from sales of produce last year amounted to two thousand fifty-eight dollars and fifty cents, of which amount four hundred and fifty dollars was \mid into the county treasury. Dl'Page. — T'/.s//rf/ Aiiyit.st lo, 188S. This county has recently purchased a farm of one hundred and sixteen acres, one and half miles west of Xaperville, for nine thousand d(dlars. The farm has a house, but it is not suitable for an almshouse. The county will take possession of the farm next March, but may probalily erect suitable buildings before that time. Towns will send their poor to this filmshonse, and each will pay the cost of maintenance for paupers sent, except for the insane, who will be a county charge. The insane are now cared for in the towns. One insane man is kept at Addison, in a room especially prepared for him in a barn, and one insane woman in the town of Lisle is boarded out. The county clerk states that both of tlies(» insane persons are well cared for. Edgar. — l^isifed June G, 1888. Since last visit to this institu- tion a two-story brick building, 40x28 feet, has been erected and fitted up for the insane. There are eleven cells and a central cor- ridin-, on each floor. The cells are each (3x7 i feet. The partitions between cells are of wood, and the ends of the cells next to the cor)-idor are of iron bars. There is a privy seat in each cell which leads to a l)ox placed below the first fioor. These boxes are constantly throwing out a foul odcn-. Sewerage should be provided at once, and the use of the boxes discontinued. The coal and boiler-rooms are in the basement. The interior of this Imilding seems to be Well arranged, except that thiM-e are too many locks and bars, which give it the app(»arance of a jail or menagerie. Tiic old building, Mliich is occupied by the sui)erintendent, is very much out of repair. The plastering neeils attentii)n, and i)ainting would be a saving. The same may be said of all the other build- ings, except the new one. The grounds are neatly kei)t. The rooms were generally clean and tidy. The beds and bedding were in good contiition and neat. There were thirty-nine inmates pres- ent; eighteen niales and twenty-one females. Nint> of the inmates were insane, and I'ight of them were children. Tiie inmates seem \a) be well cared for. They appear cleanly, widl clothed, in good healtii, and have food of good quality in abundanct'. The sexes are prt)i)erly classified. The insane are at liberty during the day, with a si)ecial attendant for each sex. The farm yielde 1 ]).>iM-ly last year, but promises large crops this year. 97 Edwards. — Visited May 17, 1888. The main building of this almslionse was found to be in fair condition, except that some plastering repairs are needed. The grounds are kept clean and free from rubbish. The rooms were in excellent condition, the walls white, and the floors scrubbed and kept as clean as jjossible. The beds and bedding were good and clean. There were six in- mates present; three males and three females. The inmates ap- peared to be cleanly, moderately well clothed, and in good health. The men sleep in rooms on the second floor, and the women occupy rooms on the first floor. The inmates seem to be well cared for. The farm is in fair condition, and the fences in good order, but the cT'ops were poor last year, and the prospect for this year is not good. Effingham. — Visited May 22, 1888. The building of this in- stitution was in fair condition. The walls need whitewashing, and the woodwork needs paint. The rooms were in moderate con- dition; the floors were well scrubbed. No furniture, except bed- steads, and those would be better outside. They are old style wooden bedsteads, in which the bed-pest has been at home for years. The beds and bedding are poor, and should be renewed. Twelve inmates were present; five males, and seven females. The inmates were not remarkable for cleanliness; they were poorly clothed, but seemed to be in good health. The sexes are properly separated. There are no special accommodations for the insane. The keeper receives one dollar and a half a week for boarding and clothing each inmate, and pays two dollars and a half per acre for tillable land. The farm was in fair condition. The crops were poor last year, but the prospect is good for this year, ex- cept for wheat. The cost of maintenance at the almshouse for the year ending, September 1, 1887, was one thousand, nine hun- dred and nine dollars and forty-five cents, and the cost of outdoor relief two thousand, two hundred and thirty-four dollars and ninety-seven cents. Fayette.— T7s//r;r/ May 23, 1888. The buildings are in bad con- dition; the plastering is off in many j)laces in every room, the floors and stairways are worn-out, the walls and bedsteads are alive with vermin. The inmates are so tormented by the bed-pest, that they can not rest at night. At the time of this visit, the beds were removed from the bedsteads, and the inmates were vigorously en- gaged in cleaning the beds and bedsteads, and in slaying "their enemies. The matron, who was general-in-chief in this attack on the vermin, declared positively that there were three car-loads of bed-bugs in the building. This is probably an extravagant state- ment; but it is excusable, as there is nothing so liable to disgust and throw a good housewife ofl' her balance, as to be compelled to fight bed-bugs. One thing is certain, however, the bed-bugs "hold the fort." The buildings are not fit for use, and can not be made so, and the furniture is not worth saving. The best thing to do with the whole business would be to remove the liiiman paupers and burn the rest with the building and furniture. The county is P. C— 7 98 able to erect suitable buildings for the poor, and the county authori- ties ou<^ht to have the humanity to do it. Tin? rooms were kept as neatly as coidd he expected in such a rattle-tra}) of a huildiui^. The floors show repeated scrul)l)in<,'. The beds and beddiuLj are badly W(^)in, and need renewing. The inmates appeared to be cleanly, })oorly clad and in good health. They were provided with an abundance of good wholesome food. The sexes are i)roperly separated. There were forty-one paui)ers present: seventeen males and twenty-four females. Three of the males were foreigners, one female was insane, five males and six females were idiots, one male was blind, three females were ei)ileptics, and there were six boys and five girls. The number of inmates present, April 1, 1S.S7, was fifty-six; the number admitted during the year, forty-six; the num- ber disclwirged was forty-two; and the numl)er who have died was five; leaving fifty-five inmates present April 1, 1888. There seems to be a large increase of insanity in this county during the last three years. There were nine cases of insanity on the county court docket from April 1, 1887, to A})ril 1, 1888. Eight were adjudged insane, and one an idiot. Three of the insane were detained in jail for several weeks, awaiting admission to a hospital. FoiJD. — Visited J uhf 7, 1888. This county has no almsliousc Each town cares for its own poor. The cost of out-door relief for the year ending July 1, 1888, was two thousand, two hundred and nineteen dollars and fifteen cents. The number of insane cases on the county court docket from April 1, 1887, to April 1, 1888, was eight. All were adjudged insane. Insanity seems to be on the increase in this county. Fkanklin. — Visited May -1, 1888. The buiklings of this alms- house are in the worst possible condition. The dwelling of the keeper is ready to fall, and the other buildrngs are of the poorest character, and unfit for use. The rooms are kept in as good order as is i)ossible, the fioors are well scrubbed, and every care taken to kee]) them neat, but the wretched hovels are so rotten and worn, that it is im})ossible to make them tidy or comfortable. Tlie pen occupied by the insane is filthy beyond description. Two men are confined in this pen, which reeks with such a stifling odor, that it is almost sutt'ocating, and permeates the clothing of any who may chance to Wsit there. It is an abomination to keej) such a place; a disgrace to civilization, and were the county authorities compelled to s])end a short time within its walls, they wt)uld, if there was any life or humanity left in them, cause the loathsome pen to be abandoned and erect a decjent jilace for the care of the unfortunate inmates. The county board detm-mined two years ago to build an almshouse on a new site, but the i)resent board, their successors, refused to carry out this wisi> and humane intention; and now it may be years before the paupers of this county are humanely cared for. There were eighteen inmates present at the time of this visit; seven males and eleven females. Four of the innuites were insane, three were idiots, two were l)lind, three were epileptics and three were children. The inmates api)eared to In- 99 generally cleanly, moderately clotlied, and in good health. They are furnished with good, wholesome food. The sexes occnpy sep- arate shanties. "As above stated, two insane men occupy a pen; one was lying on straw, partially covered by a blanket; and the other was doubled up in a corner, the perfect picture of filth and wretchedness. The keeper receives one dollar and seventy-five cents a week for feeding and has the use of the farm. The farm is a poor, miserable affair, the land is worn out and washed in gullies, and is not worth cultivating. Fulton. — Visited June 19, 1888. Since last visit, a two-story frame addition to the wash-house has been erected. The lower room IS used as a store-room, and the upper room for drying clothes. The buildings were found to be in only fair condition. General repairs and painting are needed. The grounds were neatly kept. The rooms occupied by females were clean and tidy. The rooms occupied by the men were not so neat. The beds and l>eddiug in the rooms of the women were in good condition; clean and neatly arranged, but, the condition of the beds and bedding used by men might be much improved. The sexes are projjerly classified. There were fifty-five inmates present; twenty-eight males and twenty-seven females. Five of the inmates were insane, two were epileptics, and five were children. The appearance of the inmates as to cleanliness and health was good; they were moderately well clothed and supplied with an abundance of good plain food. The insane are not locked in, but have perfect liberty. The keej^er said that the effects of increased liberty are good, and that some of the insane have been much improved. The farm yieldetl good crops last year, and the outlook for this year is splendid. Gallati^^ — Visifcd April 24, 1888. This county does not own an almshouse. Paupers are sent to the farm of Mr. Leonard Edwards, at Omaha. Mr. Edwards receives one dollar and forty- nine cents a week for each inmate, and he agrees to provide food, clothing, medical attention, and also pay burial expenses (coffins not included). The farm was not visited, but it is stated by the county clerk that the buildings are in good condition, the rooms neat and tidy, and the beds and bedding good and clean. There were eleven inmates present; four males and seven females. Two of the inmates were children. The appearance of the inmates as to cleanliness, clothing, and general health was good. They are well fed, and the sexes have separate rooms. There is no special accommodation for the insane. Greene. — Visifcd May 29, 1888. Since last visit, a brick kitchen, 20x82 feet, with a tin roof, has been erected, near the centre of the south side of the main building, which is a great improve- ment over the old cellar kitchen. The condition of the biiilding was good. The grounds were neatly kept. The walls of the rooms were white, and the fioors show the effects of labor, soap, and water. The beds and bedding were in fair condition and neatly kept, except in the men's rooms. The inmates appeared to be 100 cleanly, fairly well clothed, aii<1 In ^'(nxl licaltli. There were thirty- three present; hifteeu males, antl eighteen females. Two <»f the inniates were insane, five were idiots. t)ne an epileptic, and nine were children. The kee])er receives two dollars a week for boardinj^ and clothing each inmate and l)ays five hundred dolhirs a year as rent for the farm. Gkuxdy.— T7.s//cJ Ainjnsi 28, LS88. The buildini^s of this alms- house were in fair condition. The walls oi the rooms were white and the floors were clean. The inmates apjjeared to he w»'ll cared for, cleanly, moderately well clothed, and in good health. The men sleep in the brick building, and the women sleep in the fran)e buihling. Twenty-four inmates were present; eighteen males and six females. Four of the inmates were insane, five were idit)ts, and two were epileptics. The keejjer receives one dollar and eighty cents a week for feeding each inmate and pays two hundred dol- lars a year as rent of eighty acres of tillable land. Insanity seems to be increasing in this county. There were several cases in the county, at the time of the visit; but the relatives and friends of the insane dislike to bring them to a trial. Hamilton.- Visited April 24, 1888. The condition of the build- ing occupied bj' paupers is much the same as at last visit except that it is more decayed. It is simply unfit for any one to live in; falling to pieces and impossible to keep warm in cold weather. The rooms were wretchedly dirty, and it is an imi)ossibility to make them look clean or decent. The beds and bedding were poor and worn out. The bedsteads were of wood and densely populated. There were twenty-four inmates present; seven males and seventeen females. Two of the inmates were insane, one an idiot, one a deaf mute and eight were children. The inmates appeared to be niostlj' unwashed, jworly clothed, and several were suffering from chills and fever. The food was plain but good. The sexes were not properly separated; in some cases males and females occupied the same room. At the time of the visit water was scarce, and had to be hauled quite a distance. The insane are at liberty to gt) and come at i)leasurt\ There is one insane Avoman who is (lisi)osed to strip herself, but this does not occur but about once a year. She is always at wt)rk; she was chopping wot)d at the time of the visit, and the keeper said that she gets through a great deal of work. One of the insane seems to have improved on increased liberty. The kee[)er receives fifty-four dollars antl ninety-nine cents a year for feeding and clothing (>ach inmate, and has the farm free oi rent. The farm is well fenced, but the land is worn out. A poor man could n(»t aiford to own this place. The keeper rents tiu^ adjoining farm, which lielps him to live. Hancock. — I'isilcd ./imc 21, 1888. Th«' Imildini^s of this alms- house were found to be in excellent condition. The grounds were neatly kept. The looms, except two rooms in the insane depart- ment, were clean and tidy. The beds and ])edding were in good condition. The rooms in tiie insane department are occu])ied l)y filthv inmates and throw out a \illainous odor. Th(> inmates and 101 rooms need ventilation, and it would be wise to place the filthy ones in some outbuilding or have a special attendant to keep them in cleanly condition, for the odor will increase until it endangers the health of all who occupy rooms in the building. Twenty-five inmates were present; twelve males and thirteen females. Six of the inmates were insane, four were idiots, one a deaf mute, two epileptics and one child. The appearance of the inmates as to cleanliness was good, clothing moderate, all seemed to be in good health. They seem to be well cared for and are well fed. The insane are rarely taken out of the building; they have only the liberty of the corridor during the day. The farm is in a high sta+e of cultivation, and the crops largely remunerative for the labor expended. Hardin. — Visited April 25, 1888. There has been no change in the buildings of this almshouse since last visit. The necessity for repair seems to be more urgent. The rooms are unplastered and can not be made comfortable in cold weather. The beds and bedding are poor. There were three inmates present; one male and two females. The two females were blind, and are the same persons who were present at last visit. The appearance of the inmates as to cleanliness was not commendable, their clothing was poor. They had plenty of plain food to eat and appeared to be in good health. The county clerk states that there is in this county a child, eight years of age, who has been adjudged insane, which the authorities have tried to get admitted into the hospital, but ic vain. She was first adjudged to be feeble-minded, but he says that her actions unquestionably denote insanity. She is disposed to run away, is noisy and quarrelsome and tears round generally. Henderson. — Visited June 26, 1888. This almshouse has poor buildings, which are getting worse every year. Since last visit a one story frame building 16x24 feet containing three rooms has been erected, which cost two hundred and fifty dollars, and dormer windows have been placed in the frame building. There were six inmates present: three males and three females. Two of the females were insane, and one of the males an idiot. The rooms occupied by the female inmates were in fair condition, but the men's room was in a disorderly ctmdition and not clean. The beds and bedding were generally poor. The ai)pearance of the in- mates as to cleanliness and clothing was only moderate. The health was good. The food furnished was plain, but wholesome. The sexes were properly separated. The farm was doing well. Henry. — Visited. June 28, 1888. Everything at this almshouse was found to be in excellent condition. Since last visit all the wood-work has been painted, both inside and outside, and the whole building has been newly roofed. The grounds in front are admir- able; tastily arranged in walks and shrubs, ' and fiowers' of great variety in abundance. The rear grounds are always kept clean and free from rubbish. The rooms are well furnished and are models of cleanliness and neatness. The beds and bedding were in good condition; clean and tidily arranged. Eighty inmates 1(IL> were present; iiftv-two inalt-s ami tweiity-c*if(ht females. Twenty- four of tlie inmates were insane, two idi(jtH, one hlind, and fifteen were cliiklren. The appearance of the inmates in reganl to clean- liness, clothing and health was good. The fo be clean and tidy, but the rooms occupied by the men were defective in that respect. The insane department might be much imj)roved. The beds and bedding used l)y the women were in good ccmdition and neatly kept. Those used by the men were not in as gocxl condition, and did not have the api)earance of cleanliness. Thirty-nine inmates were present; twenty-tive males and fourteen fenudes. Six of the inmates were insane, eight were idiots, one blind, two epileptics and five were children. The inmates appeared to be in go«Hl health and generally well cared for. The sexes were properly classifiod. The insane have the liberty of the airing-court during the day. It is stated that the county authorities contemplate the erectitm of a new jail and that in this jail provisit)n will be made for the care of the insane. The farm is in I'xcollent condition. Since last visit one hundred and sixty acres have been added, making threi' hundred and ninety acres in all. Fine prospect for crops. Jackson. — I'isHcd May 1, 1888. The county spends very little money on this institution even for necessary rej)airs. The build- ings are in p(H>r condition and fast getting worse. The plastering is broken and falling oil' in many places. Thi' rooms need st-nd)- bing and whitewashing. The beds and bedding appeared to be mixlerately good. There were twenty-tiv(^ inmates i)resent; twelve males ami thiiMeen fenudes. Two of the inmates w<>re insane, three were idiots, six were epilejjfics and three were children. The inmates appeared to be unwashed and poorly clothed, but in good health. The food furnished is good. Tlu^ sex(>s are proi)erly 6e})arated except those who occuj\y the I'ear l)uil(Iing. In this building there are two insane women, one ej)ileptic girl and two male idi(»ts, who are also ej)ile])tics. The idiots are disgustingly filtliv and the rooms are in the same eondition. It is a shame 103 and should l)e a crime to keep the insane and epile;3tic girl in such quarters, and compel them to witness the fits of tl e others and live in such a foul and dirty place, with idiots who have no sense of shame. The farm Avas in good condition. Jaspek. — Visited May 21, 1888. The buildings of this alms- house were found to be in wretched condition. The main b add- ing is old; much decayed; the roof leaks and the floors are worn out. The walls and ceiling were black with smoke anl dirt. The rooms were in bad condition and poorly furnished. The bedding was much worn and the bedsteads were decrepit and stocked with vermin. There were thirteen inmates present; five males and eight females. One of the inmates was insane, five were idiots, one an epileptic and five were under sixteen years of age. The inmates appeared to be moderately cleanly, poorly clothed and in good health. They were furnished with plenty of plain, wholesome food. The arrangement for the classification of the sexes is bad, and the propagation of paupers on the premises would not be sur- prising. A new building, large enough to provide for the keeper and inmates and so arranged as to provide properly for the clas- sification of the sexes, should be erected. This farm is most em- phaticall}^ a poor farm in every respect. The buildings are poor, the land is poor and the crops are poor and the keeper is poorly paid for keeping the inmates, and the farm scarcely pays for the labor expended. Jefferson. — Visited Maij 8, 1888. Since last visit to this alms- house the old log cabins have been removed, and a two story bi-ick building, 36x46 feet, has been erected. The lower floor of this building has two rooms of equal size in the centre and a hall with a stairway to the upper floor on each side of the central rooms, and on the opposite side of each hall there are two rooms of the same dimensions. The upper floor has similar divisions. The halls of the lower floor may be entered at each end from the outside or through the central rooms. The improvement is a good one, and the sexes may now be properly separated. The rooms were in gooil order, walls white and floors clean. There were forty-one inmates present; thirteen males and eighteen females. One of the inmates was insane, seven were idiots, six epileptics and thirteen were under sixteen years of age. The inmates appeared to be moderately cleanly, fairly well clothed and in good health. The food furnished was plain, but abundant. The county physician visits once in two weeks and when called for. The farm was in good condition and promised abundant crops. Jersey. — Visited Xovemher 22, 1887. The Assitant Secretary of the State Board of Charities, on being notified that the poorhouse of Jersey county had been destroyed by fire, went to the county farm, seven miles west of Jersey ville, to investigate the matter, and obtained information as follows: "On Saturday, November 19, 1887, about nine o'clock A. M., the superintendent, Mr. Charles Campbell, discovered fire next the flue, in the attic of the south part of the building. He made several attempts to extinguish the 104 fire witli liaiul-grciiatles but the* Hre still raged and had made such rai)iil progress, and the wind blowing almost a hurricane, further attempts to save the building were abandoned. There was practi- cally no water, the well and cistern were dry, and the water used for culinary and drinking j^urposes had to be carried by hand from a distance, and provided there had been an abundance of water there was no means of using it, and it is doid)tful that the building could have been saved at all, even with an abundance of water and the ])est modern ai)i)liances for using it, as the wind was blowing with such violence all ettort would have been in vain. Sparks were carried from the burning building and set tire to shocks of corn, more than half a mile distant. When the super- intentlent saw that there was no ho})e of saving the building he turned his attention to removing the inmates and to saving furni- ture. The wind was, fortunately, not blowing in the direction of a building called the asylum or insane department and the inmates were all safely housed therein. He was able, however, to save but little, even of his own furniture, for in about an hour from the discovery of the fire the building, furniture, and clothing of the inmates, (except that worn on the person) were totally de- stroyed." It is said that the building cost twenty thousand dol- lars, and that it was insured for five thousand dollars. Nearly all the walls werf still standing, but they were so cracked and warped that they were dangerous and will have to be torn down. The building, at present occupied by the paupers, is a two-story brick and its dimensions '22x2G feet. There is but one room on the lower floor, which is now used as a kitchen, dining-room, sitting- room and in which eleven persons, male and female sleep. The upper floor is divide*! into a central hall with four cells on the west side and three cells on the east side. On this floor twenty- seven i)ersons, male and female sleep. At night l)oth floors are literally covered with slee})ers. The superintendent sleeps in the barn, and his wife and children are with neighbors. The inmates seemed to be in excellent health, but may not long remain so iu such a crowded condition. Unless more room is immediately i)ro- vided and some attenti(»n paid to the proper classification oi the sexes it will probably result in the propagation of disease and paupers. There were thirty-eight inmates present; twelve men, eleven women and eleven boys and four girls under sixteen years of age. One of the inmates was insane, four were feeble-nunded, and one was blind. The numlier of chiUlren at this institution is alarming. The county authorities should at once find h«)nu's for them. No county can alVord t(» deiuorMJi/e and contaminate chil- di'cn in a poorhouse and allow them to grow up as ])aupt'rs. The supi'rintendent states that the county authorities contemplate the imnu'diate erection of a franu' building one and a half stories iu height, of dimensions MCixlH feet, so as to relieve the crowded con- dition of the inmates. The county clerk was of the opinion that the county would not replace the destroyed building, but that the j)resent farm would be sold and one purchased that would be more accessible than the present one. 105 Jersey. — Second visit May 28, 1888. Since last visit, Novem- ber 22, 1887, a cheap two-story frame biiilding, 18x36 feet, has been erected. The lower floor has two rooms, with a stairwaj" in each room, to the floor above, which also has two rooms. This building is weather-boarded with rough boards and lined with the same material. One end of the structure is occupied by the superintendent, and the other part by female paupers and children. The lower room occujjied by paupers is 18x20 feet, and is used as a kitchen and dining-room. The upper room is used as a dormi- tory. The building occupied by males is a miserable afl^air. The lower room is used as a sitting-room and sleeping-room combined, and upstairs is a row of pens, on each side of a central passage way, which are occupied as sleeping rooms. There were thirty- three inmates present; eighteen males and fifteen females. One inmate was insane, four were idiots, one blind, one an epileptic, and ten were under sixteen years of age. The inmates appeared to be cleanly, moderately well clothed and in good health. The county physician visits only when called for. The question of re- building is unsettled. Some of the supervisors Avant to rebuild on the old location, while others favor building near Jerseyville. In the meantime the paupers, both male and female, are outrageously crowded. The females occupy a room 18x20 feet, in wliich nine- teen persons have to sleep. The air in this room is foul, and passes through the same lutigs again and again. Nothing but an emergency would justify the use of the miserable building which is occupied by males. More room must be provided soon or there will be an epidemic of sickness. Humanity calls for more room and better quarters. The farm is not in good condition. Crop pros- pects are poor. Jo Daviess. — Visiied August 24, 1888. The grounds of this almshouse remain as nature left them. The fine forest trees aff'ord a pleasant shade of which the inmates were availing themselves at the time of the visit. The old buildings are becoming much worn. The insane department was found to be in excellent condition. Since last visit the floors and stairways of the old building have been repaired and the wood-work of the insane department, including the floors, has been thoroughly painted. The walls of every room in the main building were white and clean and the floors show the effects of soap, water and muscle. The bedding was in good condition, clean and tidy. The inmates appeared to be cleanly, moderately well clothed, and the general health was good. The food furnished was al)undant and of good quality. There were sixty-seven inmates present; forty males and twenty-seven females. Foiirteen of the inmates were insane, two were idiots, one was blind, two epileptic and eight were under sixteen years of age. One of the inmates is a retired Methodist preacher, who spends his leisure in writing a book. Two of the inmates are ex- justices of the peace, and one was an acting justice of the peace. The law and the gospel, in these cases, do not seem to have been re- munerative. All the insane are at liberty during the day and only lOG two arc lockoil in at iii^'ht. One iiliutic l)(>y is locked in u small jx'U in the nirin;j;-conrt lu'htnpfin^ to the insane, on acconnt of l)ein«i Hltliy »ii discharged during the yi'ar, leaving twenty- four present A|)i-il 1, ISSS. Kank. I'isHcd Aiu/nsf 13, 1S8S. On the llth (hiy of January, 1SS7, lh(^ main building of this almshouse and all the furnituri' and bedding contained thercMU were (h\stroyed by tire. The walls Were but little damaged, and the county commenced tlie work of 107 rebuildinf( at once, and the Avoik was completed in the fall of the same year. An addition of sttme, three stories in height, 40x40 feet, adjoining the rear of the main building, was erected at the same time. Since last visits, a brick laundry building has also been erected, fire-escaj^es have been placed at the rear of the main building, with connections on each floor, and water is supplied on the two first floors by a wind i)ump. The buildings were all found to be in excellent condition. The grounds were neatly kept. The rooms, being all new, except in the insane department, which was erected some four years ago, but still have the appearance of be- ing new, were found to be in the very best condition. The bed- ding is mostly new, in excellent condition, clean, neat and tidy. The general appearance of the inmates was good in every respect, and tiiey seem to have tlie best of care. The sexes are properly separated, the males sleep in the third and fourth stories of the north end of the main building, and the females in the same stories of the south end. The county physician visits the institu- tion three times each week, and oftener when necessary. Each sex of the insane has a special attendant. All the insane, except the violent and filthy, are at liberty during the day. The keeper stated that the effects of increased liberty for the insane was good. Some have improved and one has recovered and gone home to work. This institution has accommodations for forty insane. At the time of the visit there were eighty inmates present; thirty- eight males and forty-two females. Forty of the inmates were in- sane, two were idiots, one was blind, one an epileptic, and two w^ere under sixteen years of age. Eighteen of the insane were locked in room and corridors. The farm prospects for the year, in consequence of dry weather, were poor. Kankakee. — Visited iSepiemher 4, 1888. The towns of this county support their own poor. The town of Kankakee owns an almshouse to which the other towns have the privilege of sending paupers. The amount charged for keeping the town poor is three dollars a week, for county poor, three dollars and fifty cents a week, and for the insane five dollars a week. The total amount paid by towns for the support of the poor could not be ascer- tained. The cost of out-door relief to the town of Kankakee was three thousand four hundred and seventy-five dt)llars and thirty- eight cents. The buildings of this almshouse were in fair repair, bvit old and much worn. The grounds were tidily kept. The walls of the rooms were white, and the floors clean. The beds were in good condition, clean and neat. There were twenty-one inmates present; eight males and thirteen females. Twelve of the inmates were insane; one was deaf and dumb and blind, and one was an epileptic. Seven of the insane were locked in rooms. The inmates appeared to be cleanly, moderately well clothed and in good health. The food furnished was good and abundant. The sexes have separate rooms. The town physician visits the institu- tion only wdieu called for. The farm is doing well this year; good farm crops and an abundant of vegetables. 108 Kendall.- I'isih-d Aiajnsf liO, 18SS. Tliis county jias no aluis- house. Eacli town cares tor its own i>oor. The amount paid for the sai>pt»rt of paupers in the ditferent towns could nut lie ascer- tained, as no report is made to the county clerk. Knox. -I'isUrd June 23, 18H8. Tliis almshouse is \v«ll ci»n- ducted and always found to be in excellent condition in every re- spect. Since hist visit a smoke-house, meat-house, and more stable room have been constructed, which cost six hundred dollars, and the buildin.Li^s liave ])een generally repaired and painteiL The bniklings were found to be in tin' very best condition. The front yard is tastily arranged with shrubl)ery and riowerin^-[)lants. Tlie rooms were ueat, clean and well furnished; nearly all the rooms were carpeted. The beds and bedding were good, clean and tidy. There were ninety inmates present: tifty-four males and thirty-six females. Eight of the inmates were insane, ten were idiots, one a deaf mute, five were blind, two were ejuleptics and fourteen were under sixteen years of age. One of the insane, said to be (hinge rous, was locked in his room. The general appearance of the inmates as to cleaidiness, clothing and health was good. The food furnished was good and abundant. The sexes occupy separate wings. The county physician visits the institution when called for. All the insane, except one man, have liV)erty during the day. The keeper says that increased liberty has a good etfect One of the insane has improved mentally and physically. The farm promises gt)od crops. Lakk. — ]7.s/Av/ Ait(/nsf 17, 18S8. There were thirty -four inmates present at this almshouse; ten males and twenty-four females. Four of the inmates were insane, two were idiots, one was blind and one an epileptic. The inmates appeared to be cleanly, mod- erately well clothed, and generally in good health. The food fur- nished seemed to be satisfactory. Since last visit a granary and wagon-house have l)een erected, which cost three hundred dollars, one hundred and fifty gravestones have l)een [xirchased and placed in tlie cemetery, and all the wood work of the house and farm buildings has been repainted. The new building for the insane is in good conditictn. The rooms of the old building are hard to keep in c»>ndition; the tloors and stairways are worn out and the j)lastering is off in many places. The old insane department was in wretched condition and is a disgrace to the county. One man without a thi'ead of clothing was found lying u[)on some dirty straw in one of the cells of this al)ominatioii, partially covered by a Hlthy looking blankest. The beds and bedding used in the old main building were in fair condition, and thosi' in the new build- ing w«ire in good condition. The grounds are neatly kept. The county should abandon the use of the old buililings and build anew. The stock of the farm is well house.l and i)roviiled for, and it is high time that the county should tarn a little of its att Mition to the c ):nrort of it-; piiip.n's, who are m )Sl ly old and intiriu. Th ^ new l)uilding is dillicilt t;) keep warm in cold 100 weatlier, and the inmates nearly freeze at times. There is a bath tub on the premises but it has no water connections, and is rarely used. The farm promises abundant crops. LaSalle.— ]7.s//ef/ Augiisf 28, 1888. The buildings of this in- stitution were found to be in excellent condition. The grounds were neatly kept in front and rear. The walls of the rooms wore white and the floors were remarkable for cleanliness. The beds and bedding were generally in good condition, clean and tidy. The floors of the cells in the basement have been laid in tile, which are easily kept clean, but basement rooms, especially with tile floors, must be very uncomfortable; they can not be properly ventilated, have poor light and must be detrimental to health. Rooms for the insane should be provided upstairs. There were one hundi'ed and six inmates present; sixty-six males and forty females. Thirty-three of the inmates were insane, two were idiots, one a deaf-mute, five were epileptics and ont; was under sixteen years of age. Twentj^-three of the insane were locked in cells. The inmates appeared to be cleanly, moderately well clothed and generally in good health. The keeper of this almshouse stated that the class of patients recently returned from the state hospitals are generally violent, filthy and otherwise troublesome, and that the county can not provide attendants to care for them, conse- quently they have to be closely confined in cells, where the violent become more violent and the filthy more filthy. The keeper says that increased liberty has a good effect on the insane. Some of them who wei'e formerly locked up are working on the farm. The farm produces abundant crops. Lawrence. — Visited Maij 18, 1888. Since last visit the build- ings of this almshouse have been much improved in appearance by the use of whitewash. A new well has been constructed, which provides an abundance of water. The grounds are kept tidy. The walls of the rooms were newly whitewashed, and the floors show frequent scrubbing. The beds and bedding were in good condition — neat and clean. There were thirteen inmates present; five males and eight females. One of the inmates was an idiot and three were ejDileptics. There were two persons adjudged insane during the year; both were returned to their homes and recovered while awaiting admission to the hospital for the insane. Another person adjudged insane since April 1, 1888, has also re- covered while awaiting admission to the hospital. The farm, with favorable weather, will produce largely this year. Lee. — Visited August 14, 1888. There has been no change in the condition of this almshouse since last %asit. The rooms were found to be in good condition and cleanly kept. The beds and l)edding were clean and in good order. There were twenty-one inmates present; nine males and twelve females. Ten of the in- mates were insane, two were idiots and two were epileptics. The general appearance of the inmates as to cleanliness, clothing and liealth was good, and the food furnished \7as good and abundant. The sexes occupy separate rooms in the main building. The in- 110 sano have the ficodoin of tli»- coniddi- aud airing-court during the (Imv. riif kcfjjcr regards increased liberty for tlie insan«' as hi_Lchly hciit'ticial. One uf tlie insane has returned home mucli im- proved. The farm is doing well. Livingston. — I 'isitcd Scjifcmhcr 5, 1888. There were twenty- six inmates present at the time of this visit; eighteen were males and eiLjIit were fi'inales. Six of the inmates were insane, one was an e])ileptic' and one under sixteen years of age. The inmates appeared to be c-leaidy and moderately well clothed and were generally in good health. Tiie sexes have se]>arate rooms in the different buildinjj:s. The county physicians visit the paupers cmce each week, and ot'tener when needed. Two of the insane were locked up with the privilege of a small airing-court. The buildings are old, much worn and badly arranged. The walls of the rooms were white, but the flooi'S might be much imprcjved by a vigorous ap- plication of soap and water. The beds and bedding were in good condition, clean and tidy. The farm prospects wen^ good. Logan. — Visilcd June 15, 1888. All the buildings of this insti- tution, except the hospital, were found to be in good condition. The grounds in front, consisting of a lawn with plenty of shade trees, were in excellent order, and the rear grounds were neatly kept. The rooms of the main building and the insane department show constant care. The l)eds and bedding in iise by females were good and tidily kept, but that used by the males does not receive the same attention. The building called the hospital was in poor condition; the walls were dark with smoke and the floors were not as clean as they should be. The floor of the sitting-room is of brick, which, by use, is constantly causing dust and dirt, which is carried to the floors of the bed-rooms. The brick flotn- should be replaced by a floor of wood, which would make the rooms com- fortable and homelike. There were forty inmates present; twenty- seven males and thirteen females. Four of the inmates were in- sane, seven were idiots, two were epileptics and eight were under sixteen years of age. The a])])ea]-ance of the inmates as to ch^anli- ness, clothing and general health was gtxnl. The dietary wa.s goo.l and abundant. The county physician visits the inmates once each week, and oftener when needed. The farm outlook for the year was good. Macon. — Vifiiicd June 8, 1888. The almshouse building of this county was found to be in good condition. The gronnils were neatly kept. The rooms were all in good condition, excejjt those occupied by the male paupers and the insane. The beds and bedding were good and clean. There wer(> forty-two inmates pres- ent; twenty-six males and sixteen females. 8ix of the inmates were insane, three were idiots, one a deaf mute, one blind, two were epileptics, and seven were under sixteen years of age. The innnites were cleaidy, well clothed and appeared to be enjoying good health. The food furnished was good and abundant. The county physician visits tiie institution once each wi'ek, and when called for. The insane nro at liberty during the day. The keeper Ill is of the opinion that increased liberty is beneficial for the insane.. He states that one case, returned from the hospital as incurable, has recovered and gone home. The farm is doing well, good crops of all kinds are expected this year. Macoupin. — T78//jP(/ May 10, 1888. There were forty -two inmates present at this establishment; twenty-six males and sixteen fe- males. Four of the inmates were insane, tAvo were idiots, one was blind and seven were under sixteen years of age. The inmates ap- peared to be moderately cleanly and fairly well dressed. They seem to be in the enjoyment of heath, and to be well fed. The brick building was found to be in good condition, but the frame building was much worn. The grounds in front were neatly kept. The rooms occupied by the females and by the insane were in excellent condition, but the rooms of the frame building, which were occupied by males, were in considerable disorder. The floors and stairways are worn out and the wood-work is a harbor for vermin, which will ultimately stock the whole establishment. This frame building is nothing but a fire trap, and may some day cause the destruction of the whole institution. It should ])e removed. The beds and bedding in the rooms of the brick build- ing were good and neatly kept. Since last visit a one story frame with one room, has been placed in the rear, at a little distance from the main building, which is to be occupied by filthy paupers. The out-house occupied by a filthy idiot was in a bad and mal- odorous condition. The county physician visits the almshouse once each week and oftener when needed. The farm was in good condition and promised abundant crops. Madison — VisHed May 9, 1888. Since last visit a one story brick building 48x32 feet has been erected for the occupancy of insane. The structure contains a corridor on each side, and front- ing on each corridor are six cells, leaving a space in the centre of the building for a heater. The cost of the building and some other improvements was three thousand dollars. A kitchen-range has been purchased at a cost of one hundred and ninety dollars. Iron bedsteads with wire mattresses, and excelsior mattresses, and bed clothing have been purchased. Water is supplied to all parts of the premises by a wind pump, and the whole institution has been improved by repairs and paint. The grounds were neatly kept, the floors of the rooms were clean and preparations were being made for whitewashing the walls and ceilings. The beds and bedding were nearly all new and clean. There were fifty in- mates present: thirty-nine males and eleven females. Eight of the paupers were insane, four were blind, and three were epileptics. Four of the insane were locked in cells. The inmates appeared to be cleanly, tolerably well clothed and generally in good health. The county authorities having heretofore been niggardly in their expenditures for the maintenance of paupers at this almshouse, and having been severely criticised by the state board of charities and by the prominent newspapers of St. Louis and Edwardsville for their parsimony in this direction, have concluded it best to im- 112 prove matters generally, and in addition to general rei)airs to the l)nildii]gs and the purchase of new fnruiture, have turned their at- tention to the dietary of the inmates. Tlie former keeper con- tracted with the county to take ciiarge of tlie buildings, furniture, beds and bedding, and return tbem at the expiration of the con- tract in the same condition as received, and at his owu expense to furnish the necessary beds and bedding, and feed and clothe the inmates, and give the institution and inmates competent superintendence, care and attention, for the sum of fourteen cents a day, for each inmate. The pres«nit keeper has a more favorable contract, but he is not likely soon to retire in atiiuence on ac- count of the profits, nor are the paupers likely to be pampered or become dispeptic on account of the richness and variety of the food furnished. He receives fifteen cents a day for giving the in- mates and instituti(jn competent supervision and for feeding each inmate. The following is a copy of the bill of fare which the keei)er is under contract to provide: BII.I. OF FAKE. Monday, Wednesihiy and Friday. Breakfast— Hash and bread. Coffee or tea with sn^ar or milk. Dinner— Corn beef, kraut or Ciibbage, or hominy and bread. Supper— I)ried or green apples ana bread. Coffee or tea with sugar or milk. Tuesday, Thursday ami Saturday. Breakfast— Bacon or pork. Bread. Coffee or tea with sugar or milk. Dinner — Soup, beef, ])otatoes and bread. Supper— Corn bread with molasses. Coffee or tea with sugar or milk. Su/iday. Breakfast— Bread with butter. Coffee or tea with sugar or milk. Dinner KoMst beef, mashed potatoes with gravy. Siipiier— Mush and milk. Those inmates dangerously sick shall, upon the written order of the county physician, receive a special diet that may consist of either eggs. milk, rice, prunes or good soup. The number of inmates is being rapidly reduced by death; forty inmates died during the year ending April 1, 1888. The county physician makes regular visits to the institution every alternate day, and as often as necessary. The insane are at liberty in the airing-courts during the day. The cost of maintenance at the almsliouse for the year ending September 1, 1887, was three thousand six hundred and sixty-two dollars and nineteen cents, and the average number of inmates was about seventy, which makes the per cai)ita cost forty-six dollar^s and sixty cents, an amount which is excessively low, and which refiects no creilit on the county authorities. M.viuoN. -Visited Mdji 15, 1888. Since last visit the Imildings of this almshcmse have been under-jnnned with brick, a cistern lias been constructed, a force pump and fifty feet of hose have been i)urchased, two rooms have been added to the wing occupied 1)V females, and one room to the wing occupied l)y males, and forty acres of additional land have been purchased. The land cost 113 nine hundred dollars. The buildings were found to be in good condition and the grounds neatly kept. The floors of the rooms show repeated scrubbing. The beds and bedding were in good condition and clean. There were forty -four inmates present; twenty-nine males and fifteen females. Two of the inmates were insane, seven were idiots, two were blind, two were epileptics and fifteen were under sixteen years of age. The appearance of the inmates as to cleanliness, clothing and general health was good, and the food furnished was good and abundant. The county phy- sician visits the institution only when called for. There were fif- teen children present at the time of the visit. The keeper stated that homes are found for them as fast as possible, but the supply exceeds the demand. The farm has not produced well for years past. Marshall. — Visited Jithj 3, 1888. The buildings of this alms- house were in good repair. The front yard is arranged in flower l)eds, which add much to the beauty of the i3lace. The walls of the rooms were clean and white, and the floors were as clean as possible. The beds and bedding were good, clean and neatly ar- ranged. There were nineteen inmates present; ten males and nine females. Three of the inmates were insane, four were idiots, one a deaf mute, one was blind, one an epileptic, and one under six- teen years of age. The appearance^ of the inmates as to cleanli- ness, clothing and general health, was good. The food furnished was good farm-house fare. The males sleep in the detached building, south, and the females in rooms on the second floor of the main building. The rooms occupied by males in the insane department were clean and neatly kept, yet there is an abominable odor in one of the cells, which was formerly occupied by an insane man. The county has no regularly employed physician. The insane are at liberty to go where they please during tiie day. The keeper says that this increased liberty is proving beneficial. One has improved much both mentally and physically. The farm was in good condition. Good crops were obtained last year, and this year promises abundantly. Masox.— T7s/^'(/ June 12, 1888. The buildings of this institu- tion have been recently painted inside and outside and were look- ing well. There were twenty-four inmates present; seventeen males and seven females. One of the inmates was insane, four were idiots, one was blind, one was an epileptic, and four were under sixteen years of age. The inmates appeared to be moderately cleanly, reasonably well clothed and generally in the enjoyment of good health. The food furnished was plain, but abundant. The rooms were in good condition, and the beds and bedding were good and tidy in the women's department. The sexes occupy separate rooms in the different buildings. The county physician visits the institution only when called. The farm was in good condition and crop prospects were good. P. C.-8 114 Massac. I'isilal Jjull "iO, 188b. The l)uiklin<^s of this alms- house were found to be in fair condition. The buihling occupied 1)v paiipers nt^eds attention; tlie rooms need painting and white- wasliing. The beds and Ix'dding in use were in fair order, Init tliere is some old bedding on hand which is unfit for use and should be destroyed. There were only two inmates, both females, present. One of them was insane and the other was an idiot. Tiie number of inmates at this almshouse has been greatly reduced ])y death; eight inmates died during the year ending April 1, 1888. The farm was in gt)od condition and yields fair returns. McUoNOUGH. — Vitiiird June 25, 1888. Since last visit to this institution the roof has been repaired, but it still leaks. The heating apparatus has proved to be inadecjuate. Last winter the west wing was partitioned otf and left unoccupied and unheated, so that the remainder might be kept comf(jrtable. The water bowls in some of the water closets were broken and are of no use. The rooms were generally in excellent order ami the beds and bedding clean and tidy. There were twenty-six inmates pres- ent; sixteen males and ten females. One of the inmates was in- sane, four were idiots, one a deaf mute, one was blind and six were epileptics. The inmates apjjcared to be cleanly, moderately well clothed and generally in good health. The sexes are prop- erly separated. The county physician visits once each mouth and when called. The insane person, a woman, is at liberty during the day, and the superintendent stated that through increase I liberty she has become more cleanly and is less troublesome than sometime ago. The farm was in good order and the prospect for alnmdant crops was never better. McHkniiy.— I7s//r^(/ Auf/usf 29, 1888. Since the last visit to this almshouse several improvements have been made; tire-escapes, with connections on each floor, have been constructed ateacli end of the building; the barn has been removed from thefront of the main l)uilding, to a more convenient site, northwest, and has been enlarged, and a basement added; a tool-house and buggy-shed have also l)een constructed, adjoining the barn, and the ])lumbing and sewerage of the main building, whieh were t\)und ih'fective, have been inii)roved. The main building was found to be in poor con- dition, for a new building. The plastering has fallen oti' in numy places in the different rooms and there are many defeets which show hasty and cheap construction. There is one grave defect in tlu' plan of this building. No i)rovision has been made for the proper sejjara- tion of the sexes. There is only one stairway, wJiieh is used in c(un- mon by both sexes and there is no partition sejjarating the rooms occupied by inales frt)m those occupied by females, and eonsiiler- ing the character of some of the inmates, it would not he a sur- prise if ])aupers were pro[)agated on the i)ri'mises, even while the su])erinteiident may b(> using his utmost endeavors to prevent such results. This is a niattei" that should have prom])t attention. A snudl l)uilding for the oceupancy of three or four .'iltliy in- mates, should be erected at a distance from the main building, or 115 a special attendant should bo provided to keep the filthy in cleanly condition. Keeping such inmates, without special care, in the main building, creates a stench that will be impossible to dislodge and will increase with age and the odor wall pervade the entire building antl endani^er the health of the other inmates. It would add to the safety of the building and the inmates, Avere the boiler removed from the basement and placed in a suitable, separate building. Tiie rooms w^ere found to be clean and neatly kept. The bedding was in good condition and clean, but the mattresses seemed to be iu reduced circiim stances and needed refilling. The inmates were cleanly, moderately well clothed and were generally in good health. The food furnished was of good quality and abundant. The average number of inmates for last year was forty- two. The per capita expense eighty cents per week or forty one dollars and sixty cents per year. This is a very low per capita, but the maintenance of the inmates comes largely from the pro- ducts of the farm, the value of which does not enter into the estimate above given. The cost of maintenance at the almshouse is paid by the towms j}^^o I'd^fi, according to the number of in- mates. The cost of out-door relief paid by towns, including the expenses at the almshouse, was four thousand two hundred seventy- six dollars and forty-eight cents. This institution was visited in company with Dr. E. V. Anderson, the county physician, who fur- nished the conveyance gratuitously. McLean. — Visifed Jultj 5, 1888. Since last visit to this almshouse the partitions in the basement of the main building have been re- moved, and a partition placed across the middle, making two large rooms, wnich have been fitted up for dining-rooms; fire escapes have been erected at each end of the building; the water closets have been arranged so that they are flushed automatically; the two-story frame shop has been plastered, and has now two large rooms up stairs, which are used as sleeping-rooms, and two rooms below; one of them a sitting-room, and the other a sleep- ing-room, a frame building for use as a meat-house; also a frame building for use as a slaughter-house and work-shop have been erected. The main building was in good condition. The rooms were generally clean and tidy. The beds and bedding were good and neatly kept. The store room was well filled with bedding and clothing. There were eighty-seven inmates present; fifty-two males and thirty-five females. Eighteen of the inmates were insane, one an idiot, three were blind, three were epileptics, and eight were children, under sixteen years of age. Two of the insane were locked in rooms. The appearance of the inmates as to cleanliness, clothing, and general health was good. The food furnished is good and abundant. The sexes are properly separated. All the in- sane, except two, are at liberty during the day. The keeper said that the results of increased liberty are good; the patients seem to be more quiet and sleep better at night. The farm is in splendid condition, ' and promises a])nudautly. Eighty acres of additional land have been purchased. 116 Menard. — Msi/cd June 11, 1888. The building.s of this alms- house were found to be in moderate condition. The plastering is cracking in several })laces and needs attention, and the wood-work netnls paint. The rooms were in good condition excej^t those oc- ciipied ]jy some old men. The insane dejjartnu'nt was nnich out of order. The beds and bedding, in rooms orcujned l)y females, were good and clean, but the bedding used ])y males was, in most cases, badly worn and discolored. There were twenty-seven in- mates present; eighteen males and nine females. Three of the in- mates were insane, one was an idiot, one an e]nleptic and three were children. Two of the insane were locked in rooms. The inmates ai)])eared to be moderately cleanly, reasonably well clothed and generally in good health. The sexes liave sei)arate rooms in different ])arts of the buildings. The farm was in fair condition and promised well. Mekcer. — Visiied June 27, 1888. The condition of this alms- house is much the same as at last visit, except that time is con- stantly making its mark and the buildings are becoming more worthless. There were twenty-nine inmates present; twenty males and nine females. Four of the paupers were insane, two were idiots, two were l)lind, three were epileptics and six were children. The inmates seemed to be moderately cleanly, fairly well clothed, and generally in good health. The dietary was farm house fare. The sexes occupy separate rooms in diii'erent parts of the build- ing. The rooms were as clean as the condition of the buildings would allow; the floors are worn out and the })lastering is off in many places. The beds and bedding in the rooms occupied by females were in moderate condition, but were old ami worn, in the rooms occupied liy the men. Something should be done for the comfort of the inmates. It is imi)ossible to heat the rooms com- fortably in cold weather, and the inmates suffer with cold. The use of the buildings should cease, and a new building more suit- a])le for the purpose should be erected. The farm was in ex- cellent condition and good crops are promised the present year. This institution is nearly self-sup] )orting. The cost of mainten- ance last year, aside from the ])roducts of the farm, was only four hundred and sixty-seven dollars and ninety-two cents. Monroe.- Vifiifed Mai/ 7, 1888. Since last visited a two stm-y brick addition with a tin roof has been erected at the northeast conu'r of the main building. The addititm has three rooms on each tlotti': (lining roonj, kitclien and waiting-room below, and sleeping-rooms npstaiis. A bake o\en is to be erectinl in the rear and a cistern constructed. One })art of the old brick liuilding in tlu' rear will be used as a wash-house, and the other room is for the occupancy of those having contagious disea'^es. The main building will be repaired generally. The floors of the rooms were clean and the l)eds find bedding in the main building moderately good and clean. The ro«)ms in the rear building were not clean !ini" inmates as to cleanliness and ch)thing might be much im- 117 proved. There were thirteen inmates present; nine males and four females. One of the inmates was insane and an epileptic, one was an idiot, one was blind and two were children. The county phy- sician, in addition to giving medical attendance, keeps the poor- house records and acts as an overseer. There is no farm attached to this institution, a small plat of ground is used as a garden, but the fence is poor and the soil so worn out that it is not remuner- ative. Montgomery. — Visited May 24, 1888. The main building of this almshouse was found to be in fair condition and neatly kept, but the plastering is off in some places. The building occupied by females needs general repairs and painting. The rooms are neatly kept and the floors well scrubbed. The beds and bedding were in fair condition. The old wooden bedsteads are still in use, but the keeper said that they were nearly free from vermin. One of Ihe rooms in the building occupied by females throws out a very offen- sive odor; nearly every known remedy has been tried to destroy it but it seems to increase in power and pungency. It is sujjposed that some filthy insane patient occupied the room some years ago. The keeper stated that a larger sitting room is needed for the male inmates. During the winter, when the almshouse is crowded, the present sitttng room is not large enough to allow all the male inmates to be seated. There were twenty inmates present at this visit; tiiirteen males and seven females. Seven of the inmates were insane, six were idiots and one was an epileptic. The appear- ance of the inmates as to cleanliness, clothing and general health was good, and the food furnished them was good as to quality and quantity. The sexes sleep in separate buildings. The county phy- sician visits the paupers once each week and oftener when neces- sary. With the exception of wheat, the farm was a failure last year. Prospects were good for this year. Morgan. — Visited June 1, 1888. The buildings of this alms- house were found to be in excellent repair. The grounds are neatly kept; the front yard contained a profusion of flowers and shrubbery. The rooms were well furnished; the walls white and the floors well scrubbed. Some rooms in the basement are occu- pied as sleeping rooms, which sliould be abandoned. The walls are damp and the floors are rotting out, and can not but be an unhealthy place to sleep. Other sleeping apartments should be provided. The number of inmates present was ninety -four; fifty- eight males and thirty-six females. Thirty-six of the inmates were insane, three were idiots, two were blind, one an epileptic and four were children. One of the insane was weariug restraint and three were locked in rooms. The inmates appeared to be cleanly, well clothed and generally in good health. The food furnished seemed to be satisfactory. The sexes are properly separated. The county physician makes weekly visits and oftener when needed. There is a special atteinlant for each sex of the insane. Nearly all the insane are at liberty during the day; some are locked up to prevent them from straying. Tlie keeper said that tlie insane 118 iiMprovc with iiicivascd lilx'rty. He naiiipd one fernalf wlio was retnriii'cl t"n»iii the hosjjilal as iiu'uralih\ whf) had recovered and been disch7ii<,M'il from tlie almshouse. The fanu was in a ^ood state of cidtivation and produced good crops last year, and jirom- ises abundantly the present year. Moultrie.— I'lsilcil June 5, 1S8S. The Imildings of tiiis alms- house which are occui)ied by paupers are in wretcheil condition, and not tit iov occupancy. The best that could be done with the buildinj^s would be to abandon tiieni to the verrnin which have taken possession, or l)urn them. The rooms are misi'ral)le holes, plastering t)tf and jujenerally worthless. The furniture has no value. The beds and bedding were moderately good in the women's rooms, but poor in the rooms of the men. There were thirteen inmates present; six males and seven females. One of the inmates was insane, one an idiot, one a deaf-mute, one was blind, one an epileptic, and four were under sixteen years of age. Soap and water, properly applied, would imjn-ove the appearance of the in- mates. They were poorly clothed, but seemed to be in good health. The sexes occupy sleeping apartments in separate biiildings. This county farm has a good barn for the care of stock, but a miser- able hovel for the care of paupers. The inference to be drawn from this state of facts is that the county cares more for its stock than it does for its paupers. Humanity and decency dictate better provision for the paupers, and the county authorities will not have performed their whole duty until their paupers are properly h(msed. The farm was in fair condition, and the outlook for abumlaut crops was good. Ogle.— I '/.s//r(/ Aikju^I 15, 1888. Since last visit a l)ake-oveu has been erected at a cost of two hundred and fifty dollars. There were forty-seven inmates present; twenty-seven males and twenty females. Thirteen of the inmates were insane, one was a deaf-mute, one blind, two were e])ileptics and one under sixteen years of age. One of the insane was locked up. The appearance of the inmates as to cleanliness, clothing and general healtli was good. The food furnished was good and ami)le. The l)uildings were in first-class condition. The front grounds are tastily ar- ranged in fiower-beds and lawn and all neatly kept. The rooms were as clean and tidy as possible. The beds and bedding could not be improved in regard to condition, cleanliness and neatness. The sexes were i)roperly separated. The county })hysician visits the pauj)ers wlien called. The insane are at liberty during the day, Tlie keejjer stated that increased liberty was luMu^ticial to the insane and that it improves them in every respect. Hi' said that a woman who was returned from Elgin as chronic insane was keeping house for her husband, and that an insane man has so improved that he has left and is at work on a farm. The farm is in a high stab^ of cultivation anil never |)romised l)etter crops. Pkoulv. -Visiliil June 18, 1888. The buildings of this almshouse were found to b»^ in excellent condition, and the grounds were neatly 119 kept. The rooms were generally clean and tidy, especially those occupied by females; the rooms occupied by men were not so tidy, but better than the average. The beds and bedding were in good condition, clean and neatly kept. There were some wooden bed- steads, which althougli new, were infested by the bed-pest. There were one hundred and sixty-nine inmates present; eighty- two males and eighty-seven females. Forty-seven of the inmates were insane, six were idiots, two were blind, six were epileptics and fourteen were children. One of the insane was wearing re- straint and six were locked in rooms. The inmates appeared to be cleanly, well clothed and generally in good health. The dietary was satisfactory. The county physician visits the institution reg- ularly twice each week, and as often as necessary. A large por- tion of the insane are at liberty during the day. The keeper said that increased liberty is beneficial to the insane, and that several of them have improved. The farm was in very good condition with a fair prospect of an abundant crop. Perry.— T7s//f'(/ May % 1888. The building was found to be in good condition externally. The grounds were kept free of rubbish. The floors of the rooms were clean, but the walls needed white- washing. The beds and bedding were in fair condition. The bed- steads are old wooden affairs which are a harbor for vermin, and behind the base-boards of the rooms the bed-bugs are numerous. The old wooden bedsteads should be destroyed and iron, bed-bug proof, bedsteads should be substituted. There were fifteen inmates present; nine males and six females. One of the inmates w^as blind and four were children. The inmates ai3peared to be cleanly, fairly well clothed and generally in good health, and the food fur- nished api^eared to be good in quality and amj)le in quantity. The present keeper stated that when he first took possession nearly all of the inmates were lousy, but that now he does not believe one of the pests could be found. Inmates before admission are re- quired to strip and take a bath and while they are bathing their clothing is boiled so that the lives of the vermin are ended at once, and great care is taken to exterminate all that may remain on the person. The farm was in fair condition, and promised good crops. Piatt. — Visited June 8, 1888. There were twelve inmates at this almshouse, when visited; eight of them were males and four were females. One of the inmates was an idiot and two were children. The inmates appeared to be cleanly in person, reason- ably well clothed and generally in good health. The food furn- ished was good and plenty. The building was in first class con- dition, and the grounds neatly kept. The rooms were in excellent order. The beds and bed-clothing were in good condition, clean and tidy. The county physician visits the paupers only when no tified. The farm was in a good state of cultivation, and abundant crops were looked for. PiKE—F/sZ/er? Mai) 31, 1888. In company with Hon. W. A. Grimshaw. Since last visit a two-story brick building 22x40 feet 120 lias been erecteil for the uso of tin* insane. The first floor lias a hallway six feet wide, with a stairway at the north end of the buildiiijLT. A hallway five and one-half feet wide runs throupjh the centre from nortii to south, with four rooms on the east side, each 8xS.', feet, and three rooms of the same size and a space for a stove on the west side. The second tlo(jr has similar divisions. A tin roof lias lu-en placed on the old hnildin<^. The old buildint^s were in fair condition. The grounds on every side were arrayed with flowers in great profusion ami variety. The rooms were well and neatly kept. The beds and bedding were in good condition, clean and fitly. There were forty-two inmates present: eighteen males and twenty-four females. Fourteen of the inmates were insane, six were idiots, two were blind, three were ejiilejjtics and four were children. One of the insane was locked up. The inmates apjieared to be cleanly in person, well clothed and geUv^rally in good health, and they were bountifully supplied with good whole- some food. The sexes have separate rooms in the old buililing and in the new. The county physician visits the institution once each week and oftener when needed. The institution and inmates seem to be well cared for. The farm and garden were in good condition and produce bountifully. The county, prior to the year 188"), paid for keeping inmates at the county farm by the week, but since that time the county has paid the superintendent a salary, and all expenses for maintenance. The cost of maintenance under the old system for the year 1883 was seven thousand six hundred and forty-nine dollars and fifty-five cents, and for the year 1884 was six thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight dollars and sixty-one cents, but for the year 1885 it was three thousand one hundred and thirteen dollars, for the year 188(5 it was two thousand nine hundred and nineteen dollars and forty-seven cents, and for the year 1887 the cost was three thousand and seventy- eight dollars and thirty-four cents, which shows that the cost of maintenance of about the same number of inmates under the new system was less than one-half the amount ])aitl during the contract system, and the institution and inmates are much l)etter cared for. Pope. — Visifcd April 25, 1888. This county does not own an almshouse, but has contracted with Mr. William C^Urdls, of Ivose Bud, for the keejiing of its paupers at the rate of six dollars and ninety-five cents a month foi- each inmate. The place was not visited, but the visitor was assured that the paupers had good quarters and were well cared for. The buildings occujni'd by paupers are board cabins, lined and ceiled with the same material. The rooms were clean and the beds and bedding in moderate con- dition. There were fifteen inmates jiresent; six males and nine females. Two of the inmates were idiots, one a deaf mute and six were children. The appearance of the ininates as to cleanli- ness and clothing was moderate and they were generally in good health. Pulaski.— 1 7.s/7rf/ Ajiril 27, 18S,S. Since last visit to this alms- house the roof of the main building has been renewed, otherwise 121 the building remains in the same condition as at last report. General repairs are needed. The rooms were in poor condition, especially those occupied by the insane. The beds and bedding were old and worn. There were ten inmates present; seven males and three females. Two of the inmates were insane, two were idiots, two were epileptics and two were children. Two of the in- sane were locked in rooms. Some of tlie inmates appeared to be cleanly but most of them might be much improved by soap and water vigorously apj^lied. Their clothing was poor, and general health good. The food was plain but abundant. The sexes sleep in separate rooms. One of the inmates is an idiot boy of about twelye years of age, who can not speak, was found on the river- bank near Grand Chain. It is suj^posed that he was sent from some other county, or state in order to get rid of him. The farm is in bad condition, land worn out, crops poor, hardly pays to to work it. Putnam. — Visited July 3, 1888. At the time of the last visit to this almshouse there was only one inmate present, but the number present at this visit was five; all men. One of the in- mates was an idiot. The appearance of the inmates as to cleanli- ness, clothing and general health was good, and the food furnished them was wholesome and abundant. The buildings were kept in good repair. The rooms, beds and bedding were clean and tidy. The inmates seem to be well cared for. The farm promises fairly this year. Kandolph. — Visited May 3, 1888. The buildings of this alms- house remain nearly the same as at last visit, except that, as the years roll by, they are Ijecoming more decayed. The rooms were in much better condition than at the previous visit; the tloors show repeated scrubbing and the windows were clean. This is especially the case with the building for the insane, the reception room of which was very neat and contained quite an array of beautiful flowers. The beds and bedding were generally in fair condition and neatly kept. The number of inmates present was thirty; twenty-one males and nine females. Six of the inmates were insane, three were idiots, two were deaf-mutes, one an epil- eptic and three were children. Tw^o of the insane were locked in rooms. The inmates appeared to be cleanly, reasonably well clothed and generally in good health. The sexes are not as well separated as they should be. There is no partition fence dividing the grounds of the males from those of the females and there is con- stant danger of illicit intercourse. The county physician visits the paupers once a week and as often as called for. The sales from the farm last year amounted to four hundred and twenty- three dollars and ninety cents. EiCHLAND. — Visited May 18, 1888. The buildings of this alms- house are old and out of repair, and should be torn down or de- stroyed in some way. The grounds were in fair condition. The rooms were in poor condition; they were poorly furnished and the l^lastering refuses to stay on the walls and ceilings. The beds and bedilin^ were in poor condition. There were seven inmates pres- ent; tliree males and four females. One of the inmates was an idit)t and one was an epileptic. The inmates appeared to be mod- erately cleanly, poorly clothed and generally in gO(xl health. The food furnished was plain, but ai)undant. The farm was in ^ood condition. The county should erect iit'W Iniildings, the present ones are untit for occupancy. EocK Island. I'isilcfl Junr 28, 1888. The old buildinfjjs of tliis almshouse are much worn and hard to keep in c(jndition. The new buildings were in good order. The grounds were kept clean and the front yards were arranged in flower beds. The rooms "were neat and clean, except in the insane department, the cells of which are kei)t as clean as the filtliy occupants would admit. Since last visit a portico has been placed on the east and west sides of the brick building. The store-roimi, bakery and tiour-rooms have been grout<,'d and made rat-proof, fire-escapes have been placed at dif- ferent points on the building, new floors have been laid in the men's sitting room, a steam pump has been placed in the ]);)iler room. A well .sixty feet deep, four and a half feet deep in diameter, has been constructed, and the superintendent's house has been thor- oughly repainted and the rooms papered. The beds and bedding were generally in good condition and neatly kept. There were (me hundred inmates present; fifty-nine males, and forty-tJiie females. Twenty-three of the inmates were insane, nine were idiots, three were blind, ten were ei)ileptics and two were children. Ten (^f the insane were locked in rooms. The a^jpearance of the inmates as to cleanliness was moderate, their clothing was good and they were generally in good health. The food furnished was good, whole- some and abundant. A colored woman, an inmate, claims to l)e over one hundred years of age. She said that she was thirteen years old at the time of the revolutionary war. The county phy- sician visits the institution once each week and when called for. The insane have sfjecial attendants, one for each sex. The keeper said that increased liberty was gooil for the insant». Two of them have been much inij)i()ved, one of them works on tin* farm and makes a good iiaiid. The superintendent complains about the tnniblesome patients which are returned from the hospital. One, a woman, is noisy, tiltliy and otherwise a great care. The farm was in a high state of cultivation. Crops last year were oidy medium but as gi)od as the average in the neigh l)orhood. Prospects for present year were j^ood. Saline, l^isllcil April 28, 1888. This county owns a farm, but it is rented, and the keeping of })aupers is let to the lowest bidder. ^Ir. 'losiah Gohl, who has had charge of the j)aupers for several years |)ast and cares for them on his own jn-emises, is still the contractor, and receives ninety dollars a year for feeding and clothing each inmate, and for furnishing medical attention and d<'frMying burial expenses. The i)uil(lings were found (o be in moderate condition. The looms needed painting and whitewash- ing, and the floors would look much better after a scrubbing. 123 The beds nnd bedding were in fair condition, but only moderately clean and tidy. There were twenty-three inmates present; seven males and sixteen females. FiA^e of the inmates were idiots,, three were epileptics and four were children. The appearance of the inmates as to cleanliness M^as good, and they were reasonably well clothed. Four of the inmates were sick in bed at the time of the visit. The sexes occupy separate rooms. This county is badly in debt, and is abotit two years in arrears on account of current ex- penses, with no money in the treasury. County orders are selling at sixty cents to seventy-five cents on the dollar. Sangamon. — Visited July 19, 1888. Since last visit new floors have been laid in part of the basement. A well has been con- structed, which, with a wind pump, supplies water to every part of the house. The privy seats in the insane department are flushed with water, and a sewer has been constructed. It is expected that the building will be heated the coming winter by steam. The building was in good condition. The grounds were neatly kept. The rooms were neat and tidy, but there was a lack of furniture. The beds and bedding were in good condition and were clean and tidy. There were seventy-seven inmates present: forty-seven males and thirty females. Thirty-foui* of the inmates were insane, four were idiots, one was deaf and dumli and blind, ten were epileptics and one was a child. Five of the insane were locked in rooms. The inmates appeared to be cleanly in their persons, fairly well clothed, and generally in good health. The food furnished was plain but wholesome and abundant. The males have sleeping rooms in the east wing, and the females occupy the west wing. The county physician visits the institution twice each week and oftener when needed. Nearly all the insane are at liberty during the day. The keeper said that the more liberty the insane have the better they get along. One man has improved and gone home. One female had greatly improved and was sent home but she has been returned on account of a relapse. Several of the insane sleep in the basement which is so damp as to be totally unfit for the |)ur- pose. Rooms should be ju-ovided for them up stairs. The farm has sixty acres in grass, forty acres in corn, seventeen acres in oats, and about ten acres in garden. All were doing well and promised abundant crops. Schuyler. — Visited June 19, 1888. There were thirty-three in- mates present at this almshouse; twelve were males and twenty-one were females. Five of the inmates were insane, four were idiots, one was an ei)ileptic and nine were children. The appearance of the inmates in relation to cleanliness was good, they were reason- ably well clothed and they were generally in good health. The food furnished was good and ample. The male inmates sleep in the insane dej^artment and the females in the main building. The buildings seem to be well cared for and the grounds were in good condition. The rooms occupied by female inmates were clean and tidy but the board partitions were said to be alive with vermin, and the paupers cruelly tortured. The vermin harbors should be 124 removeil and piirtitioiis of latli and plaster should take their places. The rooms occupied by men are not so neatly ki'pt. The c«»unty physician iloes not make rej^ular visits. The farm was in good condition and produces abundantly. Scott. — Visited Ma if '21>, 1888. Tliis county pays the keeper of its almshouse thirty-five cents a day ftic and one under sixteen years of age. Since last visit the northwest room on the main floor has been divided by board and slat partitions, making three parts, and the room below in the basement has been similaily partitioned, and the brick floor has been replaced by wood. The county physician makes monthly visits, and oftener when needed. The farm was in a fair state of cultivation, and the prospects were good for an abundant crop. Shelby. — ]'isii<'(l June 4, 1888. Since last visit a two-story brick building, 54.\2S feet, has been erected at the northwest corner of the main ])uilding. The first floor is used as a kitchen and din- ing-room and the second floor has twelve sleeping rooms; six on each side of a central corridor. This building is a great improve- ment, more especially the dining-room and kitchen, which were greatly needed. The Iniildings generally were in good condition. The rooms were neat and clean, especially in the new part. The beds and bedding were neat and tidy. The numbt'r of inmates Jjresent was thirty-seven; sixteen males and twenty-one females. Eight of the inmates were insane, seven were idiots, one a deaf mute, three were blind, two were epileptics and six were chiklreu. One of the insane was locked up to prevent running away. The apjM'arance of the inmates as to cleanliness was good; they were reasonably well clothed, and the geneial health was good. The food furnished was satisfactory, both as to tjuality and cjuantity. The sexes have se|)arate apartments. The county physician iloes not make icgulai- visits. The keeper is of the opinion that in- creased liberty to the insane is a great advantage for them; they improve mentally and physically. One of the men has improved wond«'rfully; he works on the farm and is quite a valuable help. The farm is in a good state of cultivati(m and good crops are ex- pected the Jjresent year. S'I'AKK. I'lsHol .liiiic 211, 1SS\ The old almshouse building was destroyed by tire December O. ISSO. The tin^ commenced iu the roof ami caught thi'ougli a chimney wliidi was burning out. 125 Nearly everj'thing was lost. A frame building, two stories above the basement, with nearly the same number of rooms as the old building, has been erected on the old site, and the foundation, which is of brick, is of the same dimensions as before. The in- terior arrangements afford more convenience than the old one did. It is heated comfortably by steam. When the old building was destroyed, the superintendent moved to Toulon and took the pau- pers with him, where they remained until September, 1887, when they took possession of the new building, which had just been completed. The building is finished and painted in the Queen Ann style and presents a very tasty appearance. There were fifteen inmates present; seven males and eight females. One of the in- mates was an idiot, two were epileptics and three were children. The appearance of the inmates as to cleanliness, clothing and gen- eral health was good. The food furnished was satisfactory. The sexes sleep in separate stories. The beds and bedding, in new rooms, were in admirable condition and the inmates seemed to have the best of care. The county physician does not make regu- lar visits. The farm is in good cultivation and the prospect for an abundant crop is good. St. Clair. — Visited May 5, 1888. The buildings of this insti- tution were generally in good repair. The grounds were found to be in their usual good order.* The walls of the rooms of the main building have been neatly painted and the floors show the results of frequent scrubbing. There were one hundi-ed and twenty in- mates present: seventy-seven males and forty-three females. Nine- teen of the inmates were insane, one was a deaf mute, two were l)lind, six were epileptics and two were children. The inmates appeared to be cleanly in their jjersons, and reasonably well clothed. The food furnished was good and abundant. The health of those, not sick when brought here, was good. This institution may be regarded as more of an infirmary than an almshouse, as most of the inmates are sick when brought here, and the popula- tion is constantly changing. All inmates who are not confined to their beds are required to bathe every Saturday. It was bathing- day when this visit was made, and an insane woman was trying to hide to evade it, but the attendant discovered her in one of the cells, and she went unwillingly to the bath-tub and to a change of clothing. There are two physicians, one of them is in constant attendance. Nearly all the insane are at liberty dm-ing the day. Most of the insane have been returned from the state hospital in exchange for recent cases. Two of the insane are detained await- ing admission to the hospital. The farm and garden were doing well. Stephenson.— T7.s//efZ August 22, 1888. The buildings of this institution were found to be in excellent condition. The grounds were kept in the very best order; the front yard was tastily arranged in a lawn, flowers, shrubs, evergreen and deciduous trees, and the rear grounds did not show the least disorder, with one exception, viz. : one of the loose planks, laid to cross a road, (lid ju)t apjjear to liave l)et'n scrubbed tliat morning. Tlio walls of the rooms were snowy white, the Hottrs siiowed freijuent sernl)- l)ings, and the furniture was good, and no disorder was allowed. The beds and bedding were in gooil conilition and as clean and tidy as ])ossible. Since last visit, new floors have been placed in the men's sitting-room, and a new draiu and cess pool have been constructed; maile necessary by the refusal of a neighbor to allow the sewage to empty into a small stream, which passed through his farm. There were forty-two inmates present; twenty-seven males, and fifteen females. Eleven of the inmates were insane, two were idiots, one a deaf mute, one was blind, two were epilep- tics, and two were children. The appearance of the inmates as to cleanliness, clotiiing ami general health was good, and the food furnished was abundant and of good ([uality. The sexes were properly separated. The county physicianj^^calls once each week, and as often as necessary. The insane are all at liberty during the day. The superintendent stated that, as a rule, he has quit locking up the insane during the day, and tliat after a little per- sonal attention to new-comers he allows them their lil)erty, and he was confident that this increased liberty was beneficial. Child- ren are kept here but a short time. They are immediately sent to the Aurora Or})hans' Home, at Aurora, where homes are found for them with little delay. This institution is always fountl clean and neat in every department, whether occupied by the paupers or the live stock on the farm. Although the buildings are old, they are so cleansed and kept in repair in the interior, that every- thing has the appearance of being new. The farm was under a good state of cultivation, and promised immense crops. The gar- den i)roduced abundantly. The keeper took a great deal of })ride in his cabbage patch, and facetiously remarked that he expected to make about ten barrels of kraut for use in case of sickness. Tazewell. — Visifed June 80, 1888. The buildings of this alms- house are very much in need of repairs. The floors, stairways and doors are badly worn and the plastering is off in many places. The rooms were generally dila])idated, i)ut weri' as clean as could be made. The bugs have possession of the walls and furniture. The superintendent said that there were bushels of them, and that all hands were almost constantly employed in etforts at their ex- tennination, l)ut it seemed to be a hopeli'ss task. The bedding is much worn and most of it needs renewing; that of the female de- partment is kept clean and neat, but that in the men's rooms looked dark and dingy. There were sixty-six inmates present: forty-five males and twenty-t)ne females. Three of the inmates were insane, one was an idiot, two were blind, three were c^pih'p- tics and three were children. The inmates appi^ared to be moder- ately clean and moderately well clothed, and they were generally in good healtii. The food furnished was good. The males sle(>p in the insane department and the fenndes in the east wing of the main building. The county ])hysician visits the paupers once each week and when called for. The farm was in good condition and promised abundant crops. 127 VmoN.— Visifed April 20, 1888. The buildings of tliis alms- house are kept in fair repair. The grounds are kei)t clean and in fair order. The rooms were poorly furnished, and might be much imj^roved in several respects. The beds and bedding were clean. Some trouble with the bed-pest. There were twelve in- mates present; four males and six females. Five of the inmates were idiots, one was an epileptic, and two were children. The in- mates appeared to be cleanly and reasonably well clothed, and all were in good health except one, a consumptive. The food furn- ished was good farm-house fare. The sexes occupy separate build- ings. All the inmates, who are able, are required to work. There were five of them at work in the field at the time of this visit. The farm was in fair condition and its products nearly sustain the almshouse. Vermilion. — Visited June 7, 1888. Since last visit two old frame buildings, which had ceased to be useful, have been removr>d, and a two-story brick structure 60x32 feet has been erected on the site. The first floor of the building contains a kitchen, pantry and a large dining-room. The second story has a central hall, with two rooms of equal size on each side. The building is heated by a furnace and the cost complete was about three thousand dollars. The buildings were all in good condition, except an old frame, used as a laundry. The rooms were generally clean and tidy. The insane department, which is a model of neatness, is in charge of an attendant. The small frame building, which is next north of the insane department, is occupied by females, and there seemed to be a wrangle among them as to who should keep the rooms clean, and, as a consequence, the rooms and bedding were found in an untidy condition. The beds and bedding generally were in good condition, clean and tidy. There were thirty-seven inmates present; sixteen males and twenty-one females. Three of the in- mates were insane, three were idiots, one was a deaf-mute, two were blind, one was an epileptic and six were children. The ap- pearance of the inmates as to cleanliness, clothing and general health was good, and the food furnished was of good quality and abundant. The county physician visits the paupers weekly and as often as needed. The insane have- a special attendant and are at liberty during the day. The increased liberty has had a good effect. Some have improved, and one, who was returned from the hospital, seems to be recovering. Good crops were raised on the farm last year aud the farm promises abundantly the present year. Wabash. — Visited May 6, 1888. The buildings of this alms- house, when new, did not amount to much, and as they become older they are scarcely fit for use. The rooms were not in good condition, the plastering is off in many places, and it is diflicult to keep the rooms in order; but they might be much improved. The beds and bedding were only in moderate condition. There were eleven inmates present; nine males and two females. One of the inmates was insane, one was an idiot, and two were epileptics. The inmates were not remarkable for cleanliness, their clothing 128 was j)0()r, but they seemi-il to be in tli«j enjoyment of lu-alth. The sexes occnpiod separate r(X)ms. The county physician visits the paupers only when called. The keejjer receives one dollar a week for each inmate and has the farm free of rent. "Waiiukn. --]7. in- sane. The building contains six cells, and each cell has a i)rivy seat, with buckets below. The building was poorly heated by a stove in the center. The cost was alnrnt one thousand dollar.s. There w(>re thirty-two imnates present; fifteen males and seventeen 129 females. Three of the inmates were insane, one was an idiot, three were blind and twelve were children. The inmates api^eared to be moderately cleanly, poorly clothed and in good health. The connty jjhysician visits the paupers only when called. The keeper stated that one- of the insane inmates had recovered and gone home. The farm was in fair condition, but in c(msequence of the drouth the outlook for a crop was poor. White. — Visiied April 23, 1888. The keeper of this almshouse receives fourteen and a half cents a day for feeding and clothing each inmate and has the farm free of rent. The building was found to be in fair condition. The rooms were clean. The beds and bedding were worn out. The bedsteads were old style wooden frames, which atford a refuge for vermin. There were twenty-five inmates present; twelve males and thirteen females. One of the inmates was insane, two were idiots, one an epileptic and ten were children. The appearance of the inmates as to cleanliness was good, their clothing moderate and the general health fair. Some of the children were down with the measles. The males sleep in the first story and the females in the second story. The county physician only calls when sent for. The farm is emphatically a poor farm and makes poor returns. Whiteside— Fis/ZecZ August 14, 1888. The buildings of this almshouse were in first class condition. The grounds were neatly kept; the lawn was in splendid condition and showed constant care. The rooms were clean and neatly kept. The beds and bed- ding were in good condition, clean and tidy. There were forty- seven inmates present: twenty-three males and twenty-four females. Nineteen of the inmates were insane, four were idiots, one was blind, nine were epileptics and six were children. Six of the in- sane were locked in rooms. The appearance of the inmates as to cleanliness, clothing and general health was good, and the food furnished them was wholesome and abundant. The males occupy the west wing and the females the east wing, The county physi- cian makes no regular calls. As a rule the insane are at liberty during the day. The superintendent stated tliat several of the in- sane have much improved since being allowed their liberty. One of them returned from Elgin as chronic some four months pre- viously, has recovered so far as to be now on the pay roll of the institution. The superintendent also stated that the insane patients returned from the hospitals were, as a general thing, the worst class of patients: violent, troublesome and filtiiy. The farm is doing well. Good crops of liay and oats have been gathered, and a large crop of corn is promised. Will. — Visited August 27, 1888. Since last visit an ice-house, cistern and large water tank have been constructed. The tank is enclosed to keep out the frost and is supplied by a wind pump. Under the tank is a space for ice, and below the ice spacer is a room for hanging nieat. The tank furnishes water to the lower parts of each building. Two additional bath tubs have been pur- chased and placed with hot and cold water connections. The P. C— 9 Inuiulry has also been conni-ctcd witli hot \vntt*r ami steam. The buihlinj^s were ^'eiierally in ^ood condition. The i^ronmls were neatly kej)t. The tlowi'ring plants, when visited, were in fnll l)loom ami added much to the beauty of the grounds and were much appreciated by the inmates. The walls of the rooms were white and the floors show frequent cleaning. The beds and bedding were in good condition and clean and tidy. There were sixty-one inmates present; forty-one males and twenty females. Sixteen of the inmates were insane, six were idiots, one was deaf and dumb and blind, two were blind, three were epileptics and one under sixteen years of age. Two of the insane were lockeil in rooms. The inmates appeared to be cleanly, reasonably well clothed, and generally in good health. The food furnished was satisfactory. The male inmates occupy rooms up-stairs in the west buiUling and on first floor in the east building. Some of the females sleep in the old frame Imilding and some on the second floor in the east building. All V)ut two of the insane, who were recently returned from the liosj)ital, and are troublesome, are at liberty during tin- day. The farm is doing well, good crops of small grain and vege- tables and everything promises well. Williamson. — Visited Minj 1, 1888. The keeper of this alms- house receives one dollar a week for boarding each inmate and has the farm free of rent. The buildings were in poor condition and needed general rejjairs aiul painting. The rooms are as neatly kept as the crowded condition and the state of the buildings would allow. The beds and bcddinir were clean and in good con- dition. The inmates a])peared to be moderately cleanly, reasonably well clothed and in good health. They were sui)plied with plenty of jjlain food. The number present was thirty; thirteen males antl seventeen females. Three of the inmates were insane, two were idiots, one was blind, three were epileptics and sixteen were chil- dren. The county should provide homes for the children without delay. Children reared in almshouses generally remain ])aui)ers after they mature. Farming for j)rofit is a failure at this place. WiNNKiJAGO.- VisHcd Aiu/iisf 22, ISSS. This almshouse is a good and convenient building, and was found to be in excellent .condition. The grounds were neatly kept. The rooms still have the appearance of newness, and show the best of care. All the inmates have excelli-nt (]uarters, which were clean and neatly kept. The female inmates have a very comfortable sitting room, which had a large table covered with flowtM'ing plants. The beds and bedding were in the best of order. The api»earance t)f the in- mates as to cleanliness, clothing and general health, was good. Plenty of good, plain food is furnished. The number present was forty-eight ; of whom twenty-eight were males and twenty were females. Fourteen of the inmates were insane, four were idiots, one was blind, three were e])ileptics, and one, a colored boy, under sixteen years of age. The county physician visits the institution only when called for. All of th(» insane, except five, are free to go and come at pleasure, during the day. The keeper stated that increast-d lil)erty t«» ilie 131 insane lias proved beneficial; several of the inmates have been greatly improved. The farm is doing; well this year and promises splendid crops. Woodford. — Visited July 2, 1888. The buildings of this alms- house were in good condition except that the roof on the main building leaks, near the chimneys. The old brick floor still re- mains in the basement. The grounds were neatly kept. The rooms were newly whitewashed and Avere clean and tidy. The in- side walls of the insane department have been whitewashed and bed-bugs were not quite so numerous, but there were plenty of them left to make it lively for the inmates during the night. The insane department is imperfectly heated, and the inmates suifer with cold in the winter. The beds and bedding in the rooms oc- cupied by females were in good condition and neatly kept, but the bedding used by the men was in an untidy condition. Since last visit, a brick smoke-house, 14 x 20 feet, has been erected, which cost about two hundred and seventy-five dollars. There were thirty inmates present; twenty males and ten females. Two of the inmates were insane, two were idiots, three were blind and one was an epileptic. The appearance of the inmates as to cleanliness, clothing- and general health was good. The table is furnished with good farm-house fare. The county physician visits the insti- tution once each week and whenever needed. An insane man, re- turned from the hospital as a chronic case, has improved much since his return, and at the time of the visit was at work on the farm. The farm was in fair condition, and the prospects for an abundant crop this year were good. TRAINING SCHOOLS. Illinois Industrial School for Girls, South Evanston.— FVsi/r'c? Aiigusf 10, 1888. Since last visit to this institution city water has been introduced and a system of seAverage constructed, which work well, and are appreciated as great conveniences. Fire escapes have also been erected. The adjoining cottage has been rented, and is used for school-rooms and dormitories. The main building is very much out of repair; the floors and stairways are worn out, and unless the building is soon thoroughly repaired, it will have to be abandoned. The institution is as well and neatly kept as the con- dition of the building will allow. It is well and comfortably heated, and has plenty of ventilation. There were one hundred inmates present; some of them are dependent children and others have been committed by the courts. There were one hundred and four inmates present October 1, 1886, and sixty-six were admitted or returned during the year, thirty-four were placed in homes,, 132 twpiity-five returned t*) parents, seven attained majority and four were discharged, leavinj^ one hundred inmates j)resent C)t'tol>er 1, 18S7. The inmates appeared to l»e ch-aidy and well clothed. No corporal punishment is alloweil exce[jt such a.s a kind mother Would intlict upon a refractory child. Some of the disoliedient older ones are locked in rooms. The inmates are occupied in sewiuf^, cooking and in dormitory anil geneial lK)use-w«)rk, and are taught reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, language lessons, U. S. history and vocal music. Chajjel exercises are hekl twice each day, prayer meetings twice each week and Sunday school and <-hurch services every Sabbath. Abimt twelve children ran away during the year, but all have returned except three. Tiie children can escape if they wish, as there is no high fence and the gate is left o[)eu, and they have the run of the grounds. A new building is needed. The |>resent ])roiierty is rented, and not at all suital)le for tlie purpose. St. ]\J.\rv's Th.vining School Feeh.\nville, Cook County. I'isilril Aiij/nsf 31, ISSS. The buildings of this institution were founil to be in fair condition. The grounds were neatly arranged in lawn and tlowers. The walls and ceilings of all the rooms have been recently calcimined, and all av»pear to be clean ami neat. The l)eds and bedding are in fair condition; clean and in good order. There were three hundred boys present. All appeared to be cleanly, moderately well clothed, and in excellent health. There were twt) hundred aiul thirty-seven inmates present January 1, 1887, and one hundred and eighty admitted during the year. One hundred and seventj-four were taken home liy pandits, or homes found for them; and one died, leaving two hundred and ft)rty-tw() inmates Jjinuary 1, 1888. Since last visit a two-story frame building, 80x32 feet, has been erected, and the old laundry has been remodeled , so that the entire length is 117 feet. The building has been arranged for shops for chair-caning, knitting, shoemaking, carpentry, blacksmithing, steamtitting, i)rinting and tailoring. There are three shops on the tirst tloor, and one room, 80x32 feet, on second floor. A washer, wringer and mangle, all operated by steam, have been purchased. An artesian well has been constructed, which throws water nearly thirty feet, and the sui)ply is ample for the wants of the institution. The water is so cold that ice is unnecessary. The main building of this institu- tion, which will l)e four stories in lieight, will be eri'cted next year. The capacity of the whole institution, when completed, will be one thousand. The I'ounty pavs an a\t'ragi' of eight dollars and thirty-three cents per month for each boy committed, |)rovideil that the number shall not exceed one huiulred. In adtlition to the amount received from the county, the institution is supjxu-led by the diocese of Chicago, under Archbishoj) Fe(>han, and by in- dividual contriluitions, and a large |)art of the support comes from the fiinii; such as vegetal)les, in great viirietv and cpiantity, milk in nhimdance. and a l;ii-gc |)ortii'n ol' llie meat. 133 House of the Good Shepherd, Corner of North Market and Hill Streets, Chicago. — Visited Augusi 24, 1888. This is a Romau Catholic iustitutiou, which is supported by ccnitribntious. Its objects are the reformation of erring women, a home for un- protected girls and an industrial school. Dependent and vicious girls have been committed, by order of court, to the custody of a corporation known as the Chicago Industrial School. This school, having no local habitation, has transferred the girls committed to it to the care of the St. Joseph's Home and to the House of the Good Shepherd. At the time of this visit one hun tired and ninety- seven girls — committed by order of the court — were present in this institution. One hundred and eighty-two were present April 1, 1887, and fifty were committed during the year. Twenty-two were placed in homes, two attained majority, two left without permis- sion and three died, leaving two hundred and three girls present April 1, 1888. The inmates appeared to be cleanly in person, moderately well clothed and in the enjoyment of good health. This institution has several departments, so that the classification may be made. The recently admitted are not allowed to associate with the older inmates until the Sisters are satisfied as to the character of each, when they are distributed to the department best suited to their condition. Great eave is taken to keep the vicious in a class by themselves so that they can not contaminate the better class. The inmates seem to be well governed. They are taught the English branches, house-work, sewing, embroideiy and the various industries to which females are accustomed. One of the older inmates was engaged at the shoe-bench, making slip- pers. Chapel services are held twice each day. The inside wood- work of the building needs painting and tlfe ceilings and walls would be improve 1 by calcimining. Illinois Industrial School for Boys, Norwood Park, Cook County. — Visited August 31, 1888. This school was instituted for the purpose of furnishing a home and school to which boys hav- ing no proper parental or other control might be committed, by order of a court of record or by the consent of their parents who are unable to control them. The buildings occupied by the insti- tution are rented. The main building is a three story frame, above the basement, and contains twenty-six rooms and two central halls. The school-room building is a separate frame building, two stories in height, which contains three rooms. The grounds in front of the main building have shrubbery, evergreens, flower beds and gravel walks. The rooms were in good condition; the walls white and floors clean. The beds and bedding were good, neat and clean. There were one hundred and ten boys present, who appeared to be cleanly, well clothed and in the enjoyment of good health. The number admitted from June 30, 1887, to June 30, 1888, was one hundred and forty-one from counties and twenty- two boarders. The number placed in homes fifty-six. One was sent to the reform school, leaving one hundred and six boys re- maining June 30, 1888. At the time of the visit the school was 134 ill session and the boys sang several of their beautiful songs for the entertainuKMit of tin* visitor. The teachers seemed to have the affections of the children and were doin<; <^ood work. The boys presented bright, happy faces and while singing every voice seemed to be employeorary. A large hearteil, charitable gentleman has offered to donate a farm of three hundred and twenty acres, near Glenwood, for the school, proWded that the citizens of Chicago, Illinois, would contriljute one hiindred thousand dollars for the erection of suitable buildings. 135 CHAPTER VIII THE COUXTY JAILS. Adams. — Visifed June 22, 18SS. This jail was found to be in good condition as to cleanliness. The south corridor is lighted by the sun a portion of the day, but in the north corridor the light is poor, and the central corridor is so dark that artificial light is in constant use. The jail is well heated, but the ventilation is bad. There is no library but the prisoners are furnished ^vith a reason- able supply of books and papers. Disorderly prisoners are punished by beiug locked in cells. The T. M. C. A, hold services in the jail every Sunday. There have been no escapes. The jailor said: 'T don"t know of any improvements we need, unless we can get a new jail." A basement jail is an abomination. QriNCY City Workhouse. — Visited June 22, ISSS. There has been no change made either in the construction or the conveniences at this institution since last visit This badly adapted building was found to be as clean as can be made. The floor is of cobble- stones covered with cement originally, but the cement is worn oflf and the floor has the appearance of being very dirty. The build- ing is well lighted, comfortably heated and has fair ventilation. The men were employed in excavating and breaking stone, and the women do house-work, and some were breaking stone at the time of the visit. The number of prison ei-s present April 1. 1SS7, was seven, and the number committed during the year two hun- dred and ten; the number discharged during the same period, one hundred and ninety-four, and the number remaining April 1. ISSS, twenty-three. The accounts of this institution show for the year 1887, a net profit of twenty-six dollars and eighteen cents. W. A. McConnell is the superintendent. The following is the report, in part, of the iuspectoi-s to the city council of the city of Quincy: "We would respectfully call the attention of your honorable body to the following facts: The two small cell rooms i^the only avail- able rooms for all our maU? prisitner.s ), now used, an* dark, damp, and j)oorly constructed, endant(erin<^ the life and health t)f our prisoners. AVe have heen compelled to keep a ^reat number of prisoners con^rej^ated in those two small rooms, making it iniinxs- sible to keep the i)ris(mers free from vermin and other foul, cou- taminatini^ infections. Our accommodations are productive of de- grailin^ influences among our prisoners. We find it impossible to imjtrove the morals, hal)itsand general vices of priscmers .so con- fined, where, with jiroper accommodations and sanitary restricti«m8 very much more could be accom{)lished in reforming and freeing our prisoners from many vices, arising from the contaminating effect and influence of vicious prisoners, which we deem the great object to be attained in this work. It is our i)urpose, therefore, to build a new cell house, which may be constructed with but little cost to the city, and though this building, now of the great- est necessity to the city, could not be completed during the jires- ent fiscal year, the work could be so far advanced as to materially relieve our ju'esont wants; we would, therefore recommend that your honorable body a])propriate, for the ensuing fiscal year, the sum of two thousand dollars for the building of a cell house.'' It is rep(jrted that the aj:>i)ropriation of two thousand dollars has since been made for a cell house. Alexander. — Visited April 21, 1888. Since last visit to this jail, the wooden cells have been removed from the north side, ■which at this visit was all in one room, with floor grouted and walls and ceiling neatly whitewashed. It is the purpose to place steel cells in this room, similar to those in the south side, at an early day. The jail was clean, well heated, ventilation much im- proved, but the light is still poor, excei)t in the room from which the wooden colls have been removed. Prisoners are furnished with pai)ers and books from the city library, when desired. Visi- tors bring religious papers, etc. Ministers sometimes call, but theie are no regular religious services. Hefractory prisoners are punished by ])utting irons on their legs. One ])risoner escaped while attending to kitchen work. Tliis jail has been much im- proved, but it still remains a basement jail. Bond. — Visited Mdij 23, 1888. City water has been introduced into the jail and a sewer constructed since the last visit. The })rivy vault has been drained antl the odor has disaj»peared. The jail was found to be clean and well lighted, but the light was ])0(»r and the ventilati«»n in cells was bad. The jail is \isited oc- casionally by ladies. l>ooks and papers are furnished. Disordeily prisoners are confined in cells. A new jail is much needed. The present jail is in as good condition as it can be made but it is not what it should be. Two female ])risoners escMp(>d from a room U])-stairs but both wen- recaptured. ]>noNE.— T'/.s//rf/ Aiojnsf 20, 18SS. No change has taken i)laco in this jail except that a i-oom. formerly a jury-room, adjoining the court-room, is iiow occupied by an insane woman, who has been returned from Elgin. This kmuh has bars to the window. • 137 and lias a light iron-grated door. The jail was found to be in cleanly condition, poorly lighted, well heated and with poor ventilation. Books, papers and playing cards are furnished to prisoners. Disorderly prisoners are locked in cells. There are no religious services. The jail register has not been written up since July 6, 1887, and the report as to the movement of the population from April 1, 1887, to April 1, 1888, is made up partly from the judge's docket. A new jail is needed. Beown. — Visiied June 20, 1888. This jail is one of the poorest jails in the State. It is badly arranged, insecure, poorly lighted and the ventilation is bad. The jail was found to be in fair con- dition as to cleanliness, and well heated. There were two male prisoners present awaiting trial. Disorderly prisoners are locked in cells. Books and papers are furnished, but there are no relig- ious services. There have been no escapes from the jail, but one prisoner was sent out for coal and seems to have been very particu- lar as to the coal he wanted, for he is still searching for it and determined not to return without it. This jail is a terror; prison- ers confined in it loose health and they can not be blamed for trying to leave it. It is generallj^ worthless. Bureau. — Visited August 29, 1888. There has been no change in the construction of this jail since last visit. The condition as to cleanliness might be considerably improved; the floor of the corridor was wet, and some disorder in the cells. At the time of this inspection the grand jury was examining the jail. The jail was well lighted, except in some of the cells, well heated and the ventilation moderate. There is some defect in the sewerage. There has been considerable sickness and several deaths in* the families of those who have occupied the sheriff's residence, which is attached to the jail. The matter should be remedied, or the jail should cease to be used. Prisoners are kept in cells when disorderly. Religious services are held each • Sunday afternoon. Books and papers are furnished. A new jail is needed, the cells are too small, the floors are rusting out; it is insecure, and un- healthy to stay in. Calhoun. — Visited Septcmher 12, 1888. — This jail was found to be in fair condition as to cleanliness. The outer-rooms and those up-stairs are well lighted but the cell is dark and without ventil- ation. There were no prisoners present when visited and none present April 1, 1887, and only two committed during the year. The count}^ psys at the rate of four dollars a week for dieting prisoners. The total jail expenses for the year ending September 1, 1888, was one hundred and six dollars and eleven cents. Carroll.- T7s^/e(/ August 23, 1888. This jail was found to be as clean as such an abominable hole can be made. No amount of labor can make it look clean or make it comfortable. It is so dark in the corridors and cells that it is necessary to keep a light constantly burning. There is no ventilation, biTt plenty of con- densed odor. One of the jail committee was present at the time of the visit, and wished to get some information from the visitor 138 as to what was best to do by way of improvement in this jail. He said he had never been in the jail. The visitor told him if he wonlil pass through the jail he woulil get more information than the visitor could give him in an lumr. The committee-man pa.s.sed through the jail and seemed to be overwhelmed with astonishment at what he saw and exjjerii'nced. He said he never thought it was so bad, and came to the same conclusion as the visitor, vi/. : that a new jail was the (mly remedy. The jail is lieated l)y stoves. There was one i)risoner, a man, present, awaiting trial, who said that if he haut books and papers are furnished. No religious services are held in the jail, but sometimes ladies of the city call and converse with prisoners. There have been no escapes. The jail is in good repair, and nothing seems to be needed, except it is an abundant supply of water so that the sewer <;an be thoroughly flushed. Clay. — Visited May 15, 1888. Since last visit this jail has been patched up and is used again as a place of confinement for per- sons charged with crime. A partition af oak planks has been placed across the east end of the jail; the partition has a door of cross-barred iron. The entire jail has been thoroughly painted and whitewashed, and is as clean as it can be made. The light, heat and ventilation are good, except in the cells, which are no better than dungeons. There were five male prisoners present, awaiting trial. Prisoners who disobey the rules are chained and hand-cuffed. No religious ser^'ices are held. The prisoners are supplied with reading matter. Since last visit one prisoner escaped by breaking a lock and slipping by the keeper. This jail is insecure and the cells are dark and uncomfortably hot in warm weather. It should be abandoned altogether and a comfortable jail erected. Coles. — Visited June 6, 1888. This jail, which at last visit was all torn up and workmen engaged in remodeling the interior, has been much improved and is now in working order. It was found to be clean, well heated, with good light and ventilation in the new cells, l)ut the old cells were dark and poorly ventilated. There were three male prisoners present; two awaiting trial and one awaiting removal to the penitentiary. There are no religious ser- vices held in the jail. Prisoners are furnished books and papers to read. Disorderly persons are jjlaced in the dungeon. One prisoner escaped from the jailor's corridor by breaking the lock The jailor says that no imj^rovements are needed. Clinton. — Visited Man 1^' 1888. This jail was found to be clean and uewl}' whitewashed. Since last visit, a partition between two cells has been removed, which is an improvement on a small scale. Light and air are almost excluded from the cells. The no orridors ure moderately lighted and have a little circulation of ;iir. ])ut they are so insecure that prisoners are not allowed their use. In the construction of this jail, i)ains seem to have been taken to cxchidH H<^ht and air from the ct'lls, and to make them as uncomfortable as possible; tliey are cold in winter and insuffer- ably hot in summer. Prisoners are somi'limes liand-culfed and taken out under ^iiard for exercise, and durinj^ the heat of the day are allowed the shade of the trees in the court house yard. The jail remains as when visited in 1880. There is the same tnmble with the sewer, and it has become so odorous and dis- aj^reeable that no one can be induced to live in the dwelling part of the jail. The county authorities talk of erecting a new jail, prt)bably this year. The sooner a new jail is erected the better, ftu- the maintenance of the present building is iniiunian and a dis- grace to thi' county. There were two prisoners present, awaiting trial and breathing the stagnant, odonms and \ile atmosphere. AVhen the keeper was asked, "How are disorderly i)risoneis pun- ished?" he replied: "I do not see how I can add to their punish- ment.' Books and papers are furnished for the use of jjrisoners, but it is a difficult matter to use them on account of insufficient light. One pri.soners escaped, since last visit, by cutting the bars of cell door and outside window. It is supposed that tools were furnished from outside. Cook. — Visiled AikjiisI 10, 1888. -This jail was found to be as clean as possible. The floors of the corridor are of grouting, which is worn otf in some places by the constant tramp of prisoners exercising. The light is good in the u])per cells and moderate in the corridors and lower cells. The jail is well heated and the ventilation moderate. The corridcu's are too small for the large number of prisoners who have to take daily exercise. Large air- ing courts should be provided so that i)ri.soners could take exercise out of doors each (hiy. It is very difficult to keej) the air in proper condition where so many pris(mers are kept night ami ilay. Tliei-e were two hundred and eighty-tive prisoners preseiit on the day of visitation; two hundred and sixty-tive males and twenty females. Thirty-two of the males were under sixteen years of age, twenty-seven of the males were serving sentence and the rest of the prisoners were awaiting trial. The numl)er of prisoners present April 1, bSST, was two liunf the city and neighboring towns, and by the county and United States courts. The charge for dieting prisoners, other than for those sent by the city, is twenty-tive cents per day. Cnxw'FOiw- -Vi^ilrd Mai/ 19, 18(S8. There is no change to note in the conrders. This looks a little like an evasion of the law. The cost of the erection of the court-house added to the i)resent indebtedness of the county, may cause considerable delay in the erection of a jail. DviKwM. — Jl'si/cd AiK/iisf 1(>. 1888. Since last visit tlit> vault has l)een cleaned and icpaired; windows, 8x10 inches have been placed in the rear of each of the stone ci'lls, (»xcept one; new floors have been laid in the old ])art of tlu^ jail. The whole jail has been thoroughly rej)aired and painted insid(\ It was found to 143 be in good condition as to cleanliness. Good light, well heated and the ventilation considerably improyed since last visit. There were two male prisoners present; both awaiting trial. There were four prisoners present April 1, 1887, twenty-two were committed during the year, twenty-three discharged and three remaining ser\ing sentence April 1, 1888. There is sometimes delay in pro- curing the admission of the insane into the hospital; some liave been detained in jail four weeks. Religious services are not held in the jail. Prisoners are furnished with books and other reading matter. Refractory prisoners are locked in cells. There have been no escapes. Ko improvements are needed. DeWitt.— 17s?7erf June 14, 1888. This jail was found to be newly whitewashed and as clean as could be made. It is well heated, Init the light and ventilation are poor. There were three prisoners, all males, present; two were awaiting trial and one serv- ing sentence. There were three prisoners present April 1, 1887, twenty-eight committed chiring the year, and the same number dis- charged, leaving three prisoners present April 1, 1888. Disorderly prisoners are punished by being confined in cells. There is no jail library but reading matter is furnished. No religious servic s. There have been no escapes. By removing the stone cells and re- placing them with steel cells the light and ventilation would l)e much improved and the prisoners made more comfortable, but a new jail with modern improvements would be much better. Douglas. — Visiied June 5, 1888. There has been no change in this jail. It still remains the same dark, damj) miserable hole. A basement jail is an abomination, bntwdien in addition to being a basement jail, every effort seems to have been made to exclude light and air, it becomes a place of torture, and the county authorities should blush with shame at their own inhumanity in maintaining such a horrible place. The jail was found to be as clean as it could be made and well heated, but it is black with darkness and no ventilation, and how men can serve a sentence in such a place and survive is a mystery. There was one male pris- oner present serving sentence. The sheriff allows this prisoner the range of the corridor and all the cells. There were eight prisoners present April 1, 1887, and fifteen committed during the year, nineteen were discharged, leaving four present April 1, 1888. There is no way of increasing the punishment of disorderly prisoners. Some prisoners might prefer to be hung at once, rather than be murdered slowly by confinement in this den of horror. Religious services are sometimes held. There have been no escapes. "All who enter here leave hope behind." DuPage. — Visiied August 13, 1888. Since last visit to this jail a new door and new locks have taken the place of old ones. The jail was in excellent condition in regard to cleanliness. It is well heated and has fair ventilation, but the light of the corridor is poor and in the cells there is no light at all. There were five male prisoners present, awaiting trial. The number of prisoners present April 1, 1887, was three, the number committed during 144 the year, twenty-one; the num]>er discharged, twenty -one, and the nuinl)er ren)aining April 1, ISSS, was three. Prisoners who vio- hite the jail rules are i)laced in cells. There is no library, but prLsouors are suj)pli sheriff's residence, to be used as a kitchen. No other change has taken place. The jail was clean, has good light and ventilation and is well heated. There were three male prisoners present awaiting trial. The register shows that one pri.soner was present A[)ril 1, llr87, the number committed dur- ing the year thirty-eight and the nundu'r discharged thirty-eight, leaving one prisoner j)resent April 1, 1888. Bt)oks and papers are fnrnisiied to tho.se wlu^ wish to read. There are no religious ser- vices. Disordei'ly prisoners are placed in the dungeon. The jail lias defects, and in some resjjects it is very uncomfortable. A new jail nii'dit be a rcnicdv. 145 Fayette. — Visited May 23, 1888. This jail was found to be in excellent condition in regard to cleanliness. The floors show the effect of repeated scrubbing. The light and ventilation are good, and it is now well heated by a stove, the furnace having been abandoned on account of its worthlessness. The cell prepared for females remains the same, without light or ventilation. It is, fortunately, little used. The jail was empty at the time of the visit. There were four prisoners in jail April 1, 1887 and forty- seven committed and fifty discharged during the year, leaving one prisoner present April 1, 1888. There have been no escapes, but four prisoners succeeded in cutting through the bars to the jailor's corridor. The bars are of soft iron, which seems to be easily cut. All the iron- work should be replaced by hardened steel. Priso- ners who disobey are hand-cuffed to the bars. Ford. — Visited July 7, 1888. There has been no change in this ail since last visit. It was found to be in good condition, clean and newly whitewashed. The light was good, except in the lower cells. It is well heated and the ventilation is good. The sewer is troublesome at times. There were three male prisoners present; two of them awaiting trial, and one insane, awaiting admission to a hospital. Religious services are held occasionally. Books and papers are supplied. Unruly prisoners are confined in cells. The jail register shows that fourteen prisoners were present April 1, 1887, fifteen committed and sixteen discharged during the year, and three remaining April 1, 1888. There have been no escapes since last visit. The sheriff said that no improvements were needed. Franklin. — Visited May 4, 1888. There has been no change in this jail since last visit, except that it is becoming more insecure, the floors are rusting away and the fastenings on the cell doors are in a weakly condition. The jail had the appearance of having been deserted for years. It was dirty, had a foul odor and a total stranger to paint or whitewash. It is comfortably heated, no light, cells as dark as duugeons and ventilation is excluded. There was one prisoner, a female, present, serving sentence in the kitchen of the dwelling which is attached to the jail. There Avas one pris- oner present April 1, 1887, twenty-one committed and twenty dis- charged during the year, leaving two prisoners present April 1, 1888. The jailor said that they have had no occasion to punish disorderly prisoners. Books, papers and a lamp are furnished to prisoners who are disposed to read. Three prisoners escaped by the use of the key which was left in the door, but all were re- captured. A new jail is much needed, but there is no hope of its erection for some years or until better crops are raised. The county is in debt, and the authorities cannot build before permis- sion is given by the taxpayers. Fulton. — Visited June 19, 1888. There has been no change in this jail except that the residence has been thoroughly repaired and painted. The jail was found to be in good condition; clean P. C— 10 i4ti niul dry. The sewfr, however, is troul)les()nie. The light and ventilation are poor, and the jail is imperfectly heated. There were ei^ht prisoners present; six males and two females, four of the j)riscmers were awaiting trial and four were serving sentence. The jail register shows eiglit prisoners present April 1, 1887; forty- four coniniitted. and forty-«'ight dis^charged during the year and four prisoners present April 1, LSSS. The insane are kept in jail but a sIkuI time, as arrangements are generally made for their admission to a hospital before they are tried. There are no religious services and no jail library, but jjapers and books are furnished. Disorderly prisoners are confined in cells. There have been no escapes since last visit. This jail needs reconstnicting The plan is a poor one. The walls need attention; an iron railing should be placed on the steps, and the sewer should be thoroughly overhauleil. GALL.A.TIN. — M'sifcd April 24, 1888. Since last visit, this jail has been repaired, and a partition has been placed in the south end, so as to separate the insane from other prisoners. The con- dition of the jail as to cleanliness was good. The light and ven- tilation are good, except in the cells, which are dark and without ventilation. There were four prisoners present; three males and one female. One man was insane, awaiting admission to a hos- pital; the other prisoners were awaiting trial. 'Ihe insane man was very violent, and at the time of the visit had torn his clothing to tatters. There were six prisoners present April 1, 1887, and ten committed during the year, all of whom were discharged before A})! il 1, 1888. Those adjudged insane in this county do not readily gain admission to a hospital. Prisoners who violate the rules are not subjected to extra jninishment, the confinement in jail being deemed more than' sufhcieut. A new jail has long been needed. The old one is not susceptible of improvement. Green. - Visiicd May !2i), 1888. This jail was found to be in good condition in regartl to cleanliness. Since last visit a Yale lock has been placed on the door of each cell. The jail is well heated. The light and ventilation are poor, especially in the cells, which are dark and without ventilation, except such as i)asses through the grated doors. There were five male prisoners present, awaiting trial. The number of prisoners present April 1, 1887, was four, the number committed thirty, and the number dis- charged during the year was twenty-nine, leaving five prisonei-s lu-esent Ai)rir 1, 1888. There have been four escapes from this jail during the last two years; two ran over the guard, and the others forced a steel plate off the wall in the corridor and passed through the brick wall. Two of them were recaptured. Kefrac- tory prisoners are locked in cells. There is no jail library, but prisoners are furnished with all the reading matter they desire. There have been no religious services since last summer. This jail is regarded by the keeper as secure, and he thinks that no imi)rovements are needed. (iiMNDV. I'l'sHcil Avfpisl 28, 1888. No change or improvement 1ms taken place in this jail since last visit. It was found to be 147 clean, well lighted and heated, but the ventilation was poor. Eight male prisoners were present, awaiting trial, at the time of the visit. Three prisoners were present April 1, 1887; forty-one were committed aud thirty-nine discharged during the year, and five remained in the jail April 1, 1888, serving sentence. Religions services are held occasionally. Prisoners who misbehave are locked in cells. There is no library, but reading matter is furnished by the sheriff. There have been no escapes. This jail needs water for washing purposes and for flushing out the sewer. There is an abundance of water close by, and a small expenditure for a pump and pipe connections would afford a great convenience and prevent the foul odor from coming into the jail- Hamilton. — Visifed April 24, 1888. The south wall and parts of the east and west wnlls have been rebuilt since last visit. The condition of this jail in regard to cleanliness might be improved. The light is good during warm weather, but when it is cold, there being no sasli with glass, it is necessary to close the iron shut- ters, which exclude the light. The jail is Avell heated and in sum- mer time is well ventilated. This jail has no arrangement for the classification of prisoners; boys and men as.sociate together. The women occupy the same corridor as the men and are sej^arated only by a grated door; they can see and converse with each other at pleasure. One male prisoner was present at the time of the Adsit, awaiting trial, who passed the time mostly in torturing a banjo. There were two prisoners present April 1, 1887, twenty- eight committed, and the whole number discharged during the year. Disorderly prisoners are locked in cells day and night, and, in special cases, are handcuffed to grating. Tlie pri-cners have books and papers to read. None but relatives visit prisoners. Sewerage has been recommended by the grand jury, but a new jail, with proper facilities for the classification of prisons, is a necessary im- provement. There have been no escapes. Hancock. — Visiied June 21, 1888. The condition of this jail in regard to cleanliness, light and ventilation was found to be good. There were two male prisoners present; one was awaiting trial aud the other awaiting removal to the penitentiary. Five prisoners were present April 1, 1887, twenty -seven committed and the same number discharged, leaving two prisoners in jail April 1, 1888, There is considerable delay in obtaining admittance to the hospi- tal for the recently adjudged insane. One patient was detained in jail five weeks, awaiting admission. Religious services are not often held in this jail. The prisoners have all the reading matter they desire. Disorderly prisoners are locked in cells. There have been no escapes. The jail roof leaks and needs renewing. The partition between the department occupied by males and females should be made so that the sexes could have no communication whatever, and common decency suggests that it be done imme- diately. Hardin. — Visited April 25, 1888. This old and decrepit build- ing is only used as a calaboose, in which drunkards are stored 148 over night, aud when they are solx'r they walk out, as the tloors arc not loekfd. Prisimcrs charged with criine are seut to Cairo, Shawiieetown, or Meti'opolis. Hendejjsgx. — Visifeil June '20. 1888. There have been no changes in this jail, except that a new door has been laid in the corridor. This cellar was found to be eniptvj as it always should be. It ought to be a penitentiary oll'ence to lock any huiuan being in any of its cells. There is nothing about this jail in its fav(jr. It is a disgrace to the county and a terror t<^> evil doers. Ten jjersous were temporarily incarcerated in this underground hole during the year. Four of them had a happy release by being conveyed to the penitentiary, One was insane and sent to a hosj)ital, three serveil jail sentences, one was acquitted and one is out on bail The keeper said that they have had no disorderly prisoners to punish and if they had he would be at a loss to know how to add to their present torture. The jail was found to be clean, without light and ventilation, but well heated. The keeper furnishes the prisoners with reading matter and a light. A new jail is an emer- gency and the cry of "high taxes and economy" should be set aside until a new jail is erected. Poverty is no excuse for inhu- manity. Henry.— FVs//e(/ June 28, 1888. This jail was found to be as clean as possible. The light and ventilation are good in the cor- ridors and upper cells, but the lower cells have very little light, antl the ventilation is poor,, although each cell has an {jj)ening for the circulation of air. The jail is heated by steam and made comfortable. There were five male prisoners present; one was serv- ing sentence, and four (one of them insane) were awaiting trial; No prisonei-s were present April 1, 1887, fourteen were committed, and twelve discharged during the year, and two ]n"isoners ren^.ained Ai^ml 1, 1888. The insane are not detainetl in this jail after trial, if they are not promptly admitted to a hospital they are taken to the county farm, lleligious services are held by ministers of the ditl'ei-ent churches. There is no jail library, but books and papers are fuinished. Prisoners who are disoliedient are placetl in cells. There have been no escapes. The sheriff said that no improve- ments were needed. Iroquois. — T7s//rr/ Jidij (>, ISSS. There was no change tt> note in this jail. It was found to be in good condition as to cleanli- ness. It was well heated. The cells are dark and the ventilation is biid. This jail has l)een condemned by the grand jury and the county judge refuses to commit prisoners to serve jail sentences. There were two male prisoners present, awaiting trial; one was a boy under sixteen years of age. Eight prisoners were present April 1, 1SS7; twenty-eight were committed and the whole nund)er discharged during the year ending April 1, 1.SS8. The insane aiv not kept in this jail, lui'orrigible prisoners are locked in cells and sometimes handculVed. Papers and books are supplied to those who wish to read. No religious services are held. Two I)risouers escaped since last visit, by tunnelling through the cement 149 and brick floor and under the wall. A new jail is needed. A basement jail is a great barbarism. It is inhuman to compel men to stay under ground. Tlie^^ should not be buried until after they are dead. Jackhos.— Vis i fed Maij 1, 188S. There has been no change in the cdustruction of this jail since last visit. There were six pris- oners present; three males and three females. The three females were awaiting trial. The remarks made in last report relating to the separation of the sexes may still ai)ply. The only separation is a grated door. The use of this jail for the imprisonment of both sexes at the same time is a violation of law. The law says that male and female prisoners shall not be kept in the same room. Somebody should be responsible for this state of affairs. The j lil is a poor miserable affair. It was found to be in fair condition as to cleanliness. The light and ventilation in the cor- ridors were fair, but in the cells darkness prevails, and ventilation is not known. The whole establishment emits a foul odor. Pris- oners who violate the rules are locked in cells, and if persistently noisy they are gagged. There are no religious services. Books and papers are furnished when desired. There have been no escapes. This old unlawful jail should be destroyed. Jasper. — Inspected May 21, 1888. — No change has been made in the construction of this jail. It was found to be in good con- dition. The light and ventilation were excellent, and the keeper stated til at the jail was comfortably heated in cold weather by a furnace. There were no i)risoners present. The number present April 1, 1887, was ten, l^e number committed dnriug the year was thirty- six, and forty-six were discharged during the same period, leaving an empty jail April 1, 1888. Insane persons are not kept in the jail over two or three days. If admission to the hospital is likely to be long delayed, they are kept by the county, at pri- vate houses. Disorderly prisoners are closely confined in cells and handcuffed. Books and papers are furnished. The ladies of New- ton hold religious ser\dces occasionally. There M-ere two escapes; one was released with aid from the outside, the locks being taken from the outer door, and the other escaped by rushing by the keeper. Jefferson. — Inspected May 8, 1888. This jail was found to be in good condition. Whitewashing was the order of the day at the time of the visit. The light was poor in tlie cells, but the ventil- ation was good. The jail is well heated. There were eight pris- oners present awaiting trial. The number present April 1, 1887, was four, and the number committed during the year was forty- five, and the number discharged during the same period Avas forty-four; leaving five prisoners present April 1, 1888. Books and papers are furnished, and religious services are held every other Sunday by the superintendent of the M. E. C. Sunday school. Dis- orderly prisoners are locked in cells. There have been no escapes. Jersey. — Inspected May 28, 1888. This jail was found to be in first-class condition. Since last visit the electric light has been in- loO trodiu-t'd. Tlu' jail has now ^(mkI li^ht at nif^ht as well as during lh«' day. Tlu' ventilation is excellent and the sewer works welL Tlie l)uildini; is hcati'd by steam. There were two prisoners j)res- t-nt: one awaiting trial and one serving sentence. Three prijjoners wer»' prcst-nt April 1, 1.SS7, thirty-three were coinn)itted during the year, thirty were disehargeil and si.\ remained April 1, 18S.S. The prisoners have books and papers furnished them. If they are dis- orderly they are locked in cells. There were three escapes since last visit, by sawing off' the bars on one of the outside windows. The tloor needs i)ainting. JoDavikss. /iispccfrd Akj/usI 2-i:, 18K8. This jail is «)ne of the most conifortal>le jails of the state. It stands on the edge of a high bhitf where an abundance of fresh air is constantly passing through. It is well and comfortably heated l)y a furnace, well lighted, and the ventilation is excellent, and it was found to be clean and tidily ke])t. There were eleven prisoners present; nine of them awaiting trial and two of them were serving sentence. Three j)risoners were present April 1, 1887, twenty-four were committed and twenty-six were tlischarged during the year, leav- ing one prisoner present, serving sentence, April 1, 1888. Books and papers are furnished to those who desire to read. No relig- ious services are held. There have been no escapes. Disorderly prisoners are locked in cells. No improvement needed, exce})t painting in the prisoners' corridor and cells. Johnson. I nsprctcd Aj)ril Hi), 1888. Since last visit, a new- jail, with jailor's residence attached, has been erected. Tlie build- ing is of brick. The residence of the jailor is 18 x 85 feet and two stories in height and has a cell for females on the second Hoor. The jail room is 25 x 26 feet, and contains four steel cells, two on each side of a central corridor, which is enclosed by steel grating; the cells are each (5x7 feet and the corridor is 6x18, and contains a privy seat and sink. A jailors corridor surrounds the whole. The jail was in good condititm, well lighted and lu-ated, and the ventilation good. There were three prisoners i^rcseut; two were awaiting trial and one was serving sentence. Tlie pris- oners have books and papers to read. Disonlerly prisoneis are locked in cells. At the time of the visit the sewer was ck>gged. Kane. — Inspcclcd Axj/iisl i:i, 1888. Since last visit the sewer under the jail has been takiMi u[) and a new one placeil there, whi<-h is a valuable improvement. The jail was in good condi- tion in regard to cleanliness, and it is well heated during the wiiitei- by steam. Tlie light is very poor, espi'cially in the cells, where arti(ici!il^ light is in constant use. The ventilation in the corridors has oeen improved a li1tl(» but the cells have no ventila- tion. There were five male prisi)ners present awaiting trial. Nine })risoners were pre.sent April 1, 1887. One hundred and twenty- seven were committecl, and one hundred and twelve w«'re dis- charged during the year, leaving six prisoiuMs present awaiting trial, and eighteen serving jail sentences April 1, 1888. Ueligious services are held every two w(H'ks. Heading matter is furnishecL 151 Disorderly prisoners are kept in cells. Tliere have been no escapes. The county authorities were discussing the question of a new jail. It is hoped that a new jail will soon be erected. The present hole in the ground is a barbarous place in which to confine human beings. Kankakee. —Jvisprc/pd Sepientbcr 4, 1888. Since last visit to this jail, city water has been introduced, and a sewer constructed, and the floor of the jail has been relaid with concrete. The pres- sure of the water makes the t^ushing of the privj' seats a complete success and the sewer works well. The jail has been much im- proved; the floors were clean and the walls white. The light was poor in the corridors and the cells were very dark. There was uo ventilation. Eight prisoners were present awaiting trial. Three prisoners were present April 1, 1887, sixty-two were committed and sixty were discharged during the year, and five prisoners re- mained April 1, 1888. Prisoners who disobey the rules are con- fined in cells. Reading matter is furnished to those who desire it. Ministers of the city sometimes visit the prisoners. This undeiground jail should be abandoned as it is unsafe and danger- ous to health. Three prisoners escaped by digging through the floor and through the wall since last visit. Kendall. — Inspecied August 30, 1888. This county jail is lo- cated in the basement of the court house. The court house was destroyed by fire March 24, 1887, but the ceiling over the jail corridor was all the damage done to the jail. The court house has been re-erected, and the jail unfortunately remains the same place of torture. The jail was clean, well heated, but darkness prevails. There were no prisoners present at the time of the visit, and none present April 1, 1887. Seven were committed and discharged during the }ear, leaving an empty jail April 1, 1888. Disorderly prisoners are locked in cells, but the necessity for such treatment is rare. The ventilation might be improved in the cells by cutting small openings in the walls for the passage of air, but the erection of a new jail on the surface of the ground would be much better. Knox. — Inspecied June 25, 1888. There has been no change in this jail since last visit. It was found to be in excellent condition in regard to cleanliness. The light and ventilation were good and it is well heated by steam. There were seven prisoners present: two of them were awaiting trial, four were serving sentence and one, an insane man, was auaiting admission to the hospital. There were eight prisoners present A])ril 1, 1887, seventy-nine were com- mitted and eighty- two discharged during the year, and five re- mained in jail April 1, 1888. Unruly prisoners are locked in cells. No religious services have been held since last summer. The prisoners have books and papers furnished. Five prisoners escaped through the door. One door was unlocked and the other locks were picked. Lake. — Inspected August 17, 1888. There has been no change in this jail since last visit. The jail was clean and was otherwise 162 ill good condition. The liLjlit wns jxxtr in the corridors and mnch worse in the (•ells, and tlu' ventilation was bad. The jail was eom- fortably heated l)y a slove. 1 he jail has no sewer, and prisoners are com]>elled to use bickets. There were four prisoners present, nwaitin*^ trial. Four pi !soners were present April 1, 1887, sixty- nine were committed, and the same number discharged during the year, leaving four present April 1, 18iS8. Pri.soners who mii^be- have are punished in the usual way. The prisoners have reading matter, but no religious services are held. There liave been no escapes. A new jail is a necessity. An undergrouiul jail is neces- sarily dark, damp, and without ventilation. LaSalle.— /ws7>»r('/rr/ Augiisf 28, 1888. This jail was found to be in excellent condition in regard to cleanliness. It was well lighted and tlie ventilation is good during the summer heat, but when the windows are closed the ventilation is poor. The jail is comfortalily heated in cold weather. Eleven prisoners were jn'es- ent; seven awaiting trial and four serving sentence. There were eleven prisoners present April 1, 1887. One hundred and sixty- one were committed and one hundred and sixty two were dis- charged during the year and ten prisoners were present Ajn-il 1, 1888. The insane are only kept here over night. If there is de- lay in gaining admission to a hospital they are sent to the poor- house. Prisoners who violate the rules are locked in separate cells VL\) stairs. Religious services are held on Sundays, and the pris- oners are furnished with reading matter. There have been no re- j^.ii-s and no imj movements are needed. Lawrence. — Tnspn d May 18, 1888. This jail showed no change except general decay. It was as clean as could be ex- pected. The light and ventilation was good and it is well heatecL There were two prisoners jiresent, awaiting trial. There were no prisoners April 1, 1887; twenty-nine were committeil and twenty- three were discharged during the year, and six i)risoners remained April 1, 1888. Prisoners who misbehave are haudcutfed and placed in dark cells. No religious services are held, but the prisoners are furnished with liooks and })apers. One prisoner escaped from the corridor through the window since last visit. The county commenced the erection of a fifty thousand dollar court house, but after the basement walls were uj) the moni'v was exhausted, and the work had to stop. It was exi)ected that the county would vote an amount sutticient to complete it, l)at at a much less cost than the t)riginal estimate. When the court house is com[)leted. if the tax-payers do not objert. a new jail (which is badlv needed) may be erected. JjEE.'- In.siH-ch'd Angiisl 14, 1888. This jail was toiiiul to be in good condition. The walls and floors were clean. The light ami ventilation were good, and the jail is comfortably heated during winter. There was only one prisoner j)reseiit. and he was await- ing trial. Consi-ious services are held.' There have been no escapes. The jail is in good repair and well cared for, and nothing seems to be needed. Livingston.- luspecied Sepiemher 5, 1888. Since last visit pipe connections have been made with the river and water is now pumped and forced through the privy-seats and sewer; which are less offensive than at the former visit. The jail was clean, well lighted and heated, but the ventilation was poor. Three prisoners were present: two were awaiting trial and one serving sentence. Three prisoners were present April 1, 1887, thirty-three were committed and thirty -two were discharged during the year, and four prisoners remained April 1, 1888. Disorderly prisoners are punished in the usual way. Books and papers are furnished to those who desire to read, and religious services are held every Sunday by ministers of the different churches and by the ladies of the W. C. T. U. There have been no escapes. IS o improvements are needed. Logan. — Inspecied June 15, 1888. Since last visit to this jail city water has been introduced and a sewer constructed. The jail was clean, well heated, but it is poorly lighted and the ventilation was miserable. Prisoners complain of the want of pure air. Ven- tilation should be placed in the ceiling of. the jailor's corridor, and openings should be made in the cells so that the air could pass through. There were ten prisoners present; eight were awaiting trial and two were awaiting removal to the penitentiary. Four prisoners were present April 1, 1887, seventy -three were committed and seventy-six discharged during the year, leaving one prisoner present awaiting trial April 1, 1888. The jailor stated that he had no occasion to punish refractory prisoners. The prisoners are furnished with books and papers. No religious services are held. There have beon no escapes from the jail, but two prisoners who were confined on trifling charges and were allowed outside, left without written permission. No effort has been made to recapture them. Macon. — Inspected June 8, 1888. There has been no change in this jail since last visit. It was found to be clean, well lighted and heated, and the ventilation good. The sewer clogs up at times and is troublesome. There were twenty-one prisoners pres- ent, one of them a boy; seventeen were awaiting trial, three were serving jail sentence, and one was sentenced to execution. There were thirty-four prisoners present April 1, 1887. One hundred and ninety-three were committed and two hundred and six were discharged during the year, leaving twenty-one prisoners present April 1, 1888, awaiting trial. This county experiences but little delay in finding places in the hospitals for its insane. Religious services are held in the jail every Sumlay, and books and papers are furnished to those who desire to read. Unruly prisoners are placed in cells. Two prisoners escaped from the keeper while out- side the jail. No improvements are needed. l.")4 Macoupin. — lu^prclcl Maij 10, 1S88. There has been no change in this jail since last visit. The jail was not remarkable for clean- liness and neeleil whitewashing. The light in the corridors was moderate. ])ut it was dark in the cells. The ventilation was poor, the openings in the walls for windows are too small. The jail is well heat«'(l. There were four prisoners present; three were awnit- ing trial, and one was serving sentence. One of the pri.'^oners awaiting trial was a boy al)out fourteen years of age charged with murder. It is said that the boy followed the instructions of his father and shot the man who was the cause of his father's death. There were .seven prisoners present K\n\\ 1, 1887; fifty-four were committed, and fifty-eight were discharged daring the year, leaving three in the jail April 1, 1888. Prisoni-rs who violate the jail rules are placed in the solitary in chains. Tlu' jail is visited every SuiKiay afternoon by the Methodist minister. Books and papers are furnished the j^risoners when desired. The water sup- l>ly is deficient. The jail should l)e better lighted and the venti- lation imjjroved. Madison. — Insppclcd May 9, 1888. This jail was found to be in good conditio!]. Since last visit it lias been thoroughly repaired and painted. It was clean. The light was good in the south side cells, and the ventilation fair, except in cell for females, wliich has no ventilati{m and very dark. The jail is well heated by a furnace. There were five prisoners present, two of them awaiting trial and three were serving sentence. There were seven prisoners j^-esent April 1, 1887, fifty-tluee were committed and forty-five discharged during the year, and fifteen remained awaiting trial April 1, 1888. Persons adjudged insane are sen1 to the almshouse, if admittance to a hospital is not icadily obtained. Prisoners who are unruly are locked in cells. Religious services are held sometimes. Read- ing m-itter is farnisliod. Four prisoners took the keys away from the keeper and escaped. Three were recaptured. Marion. — Im^pcclrd Mai/ 15, 1888. There has been no change in, or addition to this jail since last visit. The jail was clean, well heated and the light and ventilation weiv excellent. Prison- ers who misbehave are dieted on bread and water and sometimes hand-cufi't'd There are no religious servicv-s held. Bt)oks and papers are furnished when desired. There have been no escai)es. Twelve prisoners were j)resent; ten of them were awaiting irial anrisoners escajjed by iising a weight on a loose bar in the grated door of the inside corridor. A\'ater closets are needed. The jailor stated that they expect to have water works in the city this season, and the jail will probably have water connections. Ogle.— Ins2^('C fed Aiigusi 15, 1888. This jail seems to be al- ways in good condition; clean and neat in" every part. The light and ventilation were good, and the jail is well heated l)y a fur- nace. There was one prisoner present, awaiting trial. Three were present April 1, 1887, fourteen were committed and fifteen were discharged, and two prisoners remained Aj^ril 1, 1888. Persons adjudged insane are not committed to the jail, but are sent to the almshoiise, to await admission to a hospital. The keeper stated that he has had no occasion to punish disoi'derly prisoners. Re- ligious services are not held. Books ami papers are furnished. There have been no escapes. No improvements were needed. 'PEoniA.'-Jnspccfcd June 18, 1888. There has been no change in this jail since last inspection. It was found to be in good con- dition in regard to cleanliness. The light in the upi)er cells was good, but the lower cells M-ere dark. The ventilatit)n was good. The jail is comfortably heated by steam. Fourteen prisoners were present; one of them was a woman, twelve of the prisoners were awaiting trial and two were serving sentence. There were eleven prisoners present A])ril 1, 1887, one hundred and seventy-two were committed, and one hundred and seventy-six were discharged dur- ing the year, and seven i)risoners remained in jail April 1, 1888. Dark cells are provided for disorderly prisoners, but they are rarely used. There is no jail library, but reading matter is pro- vided. Religious services are held every Sunday. There have been no escapes. No improvements needed. Pkouia City ^VimKuov^^E.— hisjx'cfcd June 18, 1888. There have been no changes or additions to the buildings since last visit. In our last report we omitted to niiMition the erection of a broom-shop of brick, two stories in height, ilOx-lU feet, which cost 159 two thousand, one hundred and one dollars and thirty-four cents. The brick for this building were made on the premises, and all labor, except bricklaying and carpenter work, was performed by prisoners. The prison was found to be clean and in good condi- tion. The light and ventilation were good. The premises are heated comfortably by steam. Tliere were fifty-four prisoners present; fifty-one males and three females. Two of the prisoners, one of each sex, were under sixteen years of age. Sixty-four were present April 1, 1887; five hundred and thirty-six Avere committed and five hundred and twenty-eight were discharged during the year, and seventy-two were present April 1, 1888. Disorderly prisoners are locked in cells. Eeligious services are held every Sunday by the W. C. T. U. and by the Y. M. C. A. The prisoners have papers and books to read. The male prisoners are occupied in brick and broom making, and the females do the housework. The receipts of the institution for the year ending December 3], 1887, were twenty-one thousand, two hundred and ninety dollars and forty-eight cents, and the expenses for the same period were twelve thousand, eighty-six dollars and ninety-eight cents, and the balance nine thousand, two hundred and three dollars and fifty cents was paid into the city treasury. The upper tier of cells, which are of wood, need replacing by cells of better ma- terial; the present cells are a harbor for vermin. Two prisoners escaped during the year, when on parole. Perry. — Inspected May 2, 1888. This jail was found to be moderately clean, well lighted and heated, and the ventilation good. The sewer was out of order and was giving trouble. Four prisoners were present awaiting trial. Eight prisoners were pres- ent April 1, 1887, fifty-three were committed and fifty-one were discharged during the year, and ten prisoners remained in jail April 1, 1888. Unruly inmates are locked in cells. Reading mat- ter is furnished to those who desire it. No religious services are held. One prisoner, a colored man, charged with rape on a white woman, was hung by a mob. The prisoner was sent to St. Clair county to be out of the way of lynching, but was returned for trial, when a mob, consisting of about forty masked men, demanded of the jailor the surrender of the prisoner, and the jailor com- plied. Two prisoners escaped through the bars and floor aud out through the cellar. Piatt. — Inspecied June 8, 1888. There has been no change in this jail since last visit, except that a steel plate 24x30 inches has lieeu placed over the keyhole of the door, to prevent lock-picking. This jail is so small that when there are many prisoners it is im- possible to keep it clean. The jail is well heated. The light is poor in the cells. The ventilation is not good; the windows and corridors are too small. Five prisoners were present. Three were present April 1, 1887, twenty-nine were committed and thirty-one were discharged during the year, leaving one prisoner present April 1, 1888. Disorderly prisoners are locked in cells. Reading matter is furnished, but religious services are not often held. 160 Tiireo prisoners effected tlieir escape since last visit; two, who were cliartfeil witii trilling offenses, ran away while outside, and one, who was sick in the turnkey's room, escaped while the turn- key's V)ack was turned. One of the i)risoners who was awaiting trial, charged with the murder of his wife, was taken from the jail and huni; Ijy a mob C)ctol)i'r 14, 1880. The mol^ entered the jail l\v removing the brickwork on the side of the entrance door, and tinding the ki*y, eiitered the prisoner's corridor. The keeper sug- gests that the jailor's corridor should be lined with iron so that the {prisoners migiit be allowed there and have more room, and that the windows should be enlarged so as to att'ord better ventil- ation. The jail is too small for the wants of the county and more room should be provided. Pike. — Inspccfcd Majj 31, 1888. There were four prisoners pres- ent in this jail, when visited; two were awaiting trial and two were returned patients from the insane ho.si)ital. The jail was clean, well lighted and well heated, but the ventilation should be im- proved. The number of prisoners present April 1, 1887, was four. Fifty-six were committed and fifty-eight were discharged during the year, and two remained April 1, 1887. The remaining pris- oners were the two insane patients, mentioned above, who make the jail their home. One of them has been here since December, 1884, and the other since May, 1887. They are allowed to go out at pleasure and have improved greatly. When the present sheriff took charge of the jail one of the insane had been confined for two years and never allowed to go out, and was very violent. The sheriff said that if the man was now locked up he believes he woidd become a raving maniac in less than a week. The other insane prisoner draws a pension and pays his own way. There is no jail library, but reading matter is furnished when desired. Unruly prisoners are locked in the dungeon. There have been uo escai)es. The privy vault is very offensive and needs attention. Tim construction of a sewer would be wise, as the city has con- tracted for water-works. Pope. — Inspected Ajyril 25, 1888. This jail remains without improvement. It was as clean as circumstances would allow. The liglit in the upstairs room was good, but it was dark in tlie lower room. Prisoners sutt'er from cold and iieat according to the sea- son. The upj)er room has fair veutilation, but the openings for light and air in the lower room are very inadequate. Two prison- ei"s w(^re present, awaiting trial. There were two prisoners pres- ent April 1, 1887, eleven were committed and thirteen were dis- chargiMl during the year, leaving the jail vacant Ai)ril 1, 188S. Prisoners have books and papers furnished. The keeper stated that disorderly ])risoners do not have increasetl ))unishiiient, for l)eing locked in tiiis den is punishment enough. The old jail has not one feature to recommiMid ii. It is n discredit to the county and should be abandoned. PUL.\SKI.— ///.s-yv'c/rv/ April '11, 1888. This jail was found to be clean, well lighted and heated, and with excellent ventilation. The 161 cage was empty. There was one prisoner present April 1, 1887, twenty were committed and twenty-one discharged during the year, leaving none present April 1, 1888. Reading matter is furnished to prisoners when desired. Disorderly prisoners have no other punishment. There have been no escapes. Putnam — Inspecied July 3, 1888. Since last visit to this jail a door of steel grating has been placed at the entrance, which cost §110. This jail is without light and ventilation, but is well heated. It was found to be as clean as could be made. There were no prisoners present at the time of the visit, and none pres- ent April 1, 1887. Four prisoners were committed and the same number discharged during the year, leaving an empty jail April 1, J 888. The keeper stated that "we don't have any disorderly pris- oners to punish" and very few of any kind. This jail is a dark dungeon of a place and is perhaps serving the county better when it is empty than when it is occupied. Three prisoners escaped by boring through the floor of the corridor with diamond drills. The windows should be enlarged so as to improve the light and ventilation. Randolph — Inspected May 3, 1888. There has been no change in this jail since last visit, and the criticisms then made are still applicable. It was found to be newly whitew^ashed and moderately clean. Light and ventilation are excluded. One prisoner was present awaiting trial. Seven prisoners were present April 1, 1887, twenty-one were committed and twenty-six were discharged during year, and two prisoners remained April 1, 1888. Unruly prisoners are locked in cold cell and fed on bread and water. Papers and lights are furnished when desired. No religious ser- vices are held. Three escapes have been effected since last visit; two with help and tools from the outside; the rivet on the door hinge was cut, and one female who was temporarily trusted out- side, failed to return on the night before this inspection was made, and the keeper was mourning her absence. A new jail is needed. Richland — Inspected May 18, 1888. The condition of this jail might be improved as to appearance, but not much in reality. This is one of the worst jails in the state and a disgrace to humanity. The light was moderate and the ventilation fair except in the cells. The jail is well heated. There was one prisoner present awaiting trial. There were no prisoners present April 1, 1887, but forty-five were committed and the same number dis- charged during the year, leaving the pen empty April 1, 1888. Insane persons are not committed to this jail. Inquisitions as to insanity are not made until certain of admission to a hospital. Disorderly prisoners are placed in the solitary. Books from the city library are furnished to prisoners. No religious services are held. Some elderly ladies visit about once each week. It is not much trouble to get out of this jail. There were five escapes through the wall since last visit. Two women went through the brick wall by the aid of a table knife. A new jail is a necessity. P. C— 11 1(52 Rock Island— ///sy^r/rr/ June 28, '888. There has })een no change in this jail. It was found to be in excellent condition in regard to cleanliness. The light and ventilation on the west sid& Wert.' good, but the east wall has no opening for light and the ventilation was |)oor. Ten jjrisoners weie present; one of them was a female. Five were awaiting trial and five were serving sen- tence. Eighteen prisoners were present April 1, 1887. One hun- dred and si.xty-two were committed and (^ne hundred and tifty- seven were discharged during the year and twenty-three remained in prison April i, 1888. Religious services are sometimes held. The prisoners have reading matter furnished. Unruly inmates are locked in cells. There have been no escapes. No improvements are needed. Saline — Insperied April 28, 1888. This jail is in no better condition than it was at the time of the Jast visit, but rather ■worse. The light was poor and the ventilation bad. It was well heated. There were no prisoners present. The number j)resent April 1, 1887, was twelve; the number committed during the year was thirty-six and the number discharged during the same period was forty-eight, leaving the jail to the exclusive occupation of the bed- bugs and other enterprising vermin, April 1, 1888. During the year there have been thirteen prisoners in this smothering hole at one time, and how the}" managed to survive the night remains a mystery. No religious services are held in this jail, there is not room. Prisoners who violate the rules are locked in cells. A new jail is needed, but the connty is now running on tick. The court granted a mandamus, compelling the payment of a certain claim, which left no money in the treasury. Sangamon— 7??sp^'c/^(7 Juhj 19, 1888. This jail is always kept clean and neat. The light, heat and ventilation were good except in the old building. There were twenty-six prisoners present; three of them were women and one was a boy under sixteen years of age; seven of the prisoners were awaiting trial and nineteen were serving sentence. There were fifty-six prisoners present April 1, 1887; one thousand three hundred and forty-two \irere committed and one thousand three hundred and seventy-nine dis- charged, leaving nineteen ])risoners present April 1, 1888. Some of the prisoners committed and discharged were United States prisoners, but the larger portion were tramps, wlio were committed one day and discharged the next. Religious services are held every Sunday by tlie Y. M. C. A. or the W. C. T. U. Disonlerly prisoners are locked in cells. Reading matter is provided. There have been no esca|)e8 since last visit. An aj)artment for female jjrisoncrs is needcvl and provision for the custody of the insane sh(jul(l be made. The wooden cells in the tild building, which are alive with vermin, should he removed anil cells of better material placed there. Schuyler— 7;/.s?)rr/r(/ .hmr l!l, 1S88. Since last visit a pine floor has been laid in the corridor and in the cells, which is an improvement on the old rough stone tloor. The high jail fence has. 163 been removed so that better ventilation has been secured. The jail was in good condition in regard to cleanliness, the light and ventila- tion were poor but much improved since last visit. Tlie jail is com- fortably heated by a stove. There was only one prisoner present; he was awaiting trial. One prisoner was in jail April 1, 1887, thirty-two were committed and thirty-three were recorded as dis- charged during the year, leaving no prisoners in the jail April 1, 188S. One prisoner who was committed May 26, 1887, on the charge of burglary, committed suicide by hanging the next day. Religious services are sometimes held, but not often. The pris- oners are furnished with books and papers. Disorderly prisoners are confined in cells. The sewer connecting with the water closet is very troublesome, choking up at times and generally throwing out a foul odor. A new jail is needed. Scott — Inspected May 29, 1888. There has been no chjuige in. this jail. It was found to be clean, well heated and the ventila- tion fair but the light was poor. There were no prisoners present at the time of this visit. One prisoner was present April 1, 1887, twenty-four w re committed and twenty-one discharged during the year and four remained in jail April 1, 1888. Prisoners who violate the jail rules are locked in cells. No religious services are held, but reading matter is furnished. There have been na escapes and no improvements are needed. Shelby — Inspected June 4, 1888. Since last visit to this jail city water has been introduced and seM-er connections made. The jail was found to be clean. The light and ventilation in the cells were poor. The jail is comfortably heated in cold weather. There was only one prisoner, a woman, present awaiting trial. There were nine prisoners in jail April 1, 1887, thirty-one were committed and forty were discharged leaving the jail unoccupied April 1, 1888. Disorderly prisoners are locked in cells. There is no jail library, but books and papers are furnished. No religious services are held. One prisoner escaped since last visit, by forcing the lock of the entrance door, but was recaptured. A new jail is needed. Stark. — Inspecied June 29, 1888. This jail is such a terror to evil doers that Stark county is shunned by the criminal class and as whiskey is not allowed to be sold in Toulon very few are dis- orderly, so it seems that there is very little use for a jail except as a terror. The jail is only used temporarily, over night or when court is in session. Prisoners serving jail sentences or awaiting trial are sent to the Peoria county jail. There were no prisoners present April 1, 1887. Three were committed and the same num- ber discharged during the year ending April 1, 1888. St. Clair. — Inspected May 5, 1888. This jail was found to be in excellent condition. The light is good in the corridors, but dark in the cells. The ventilation is good generally, but might be improved in the cells. The jail is well heated. Nine prisoners were present; one of them a woman. Five were awaiting trial and four were serving sentence. There were twenty-three prisoners present April 1, 1887, one hundred and twenty-five were committed and one 164 hundred ami thirty-nine discharged during tlie yfar, leaving nine prisoners pri-scnt April 1, ISftS. Disorderly prisoners are locked in cells without food. Books and papers are provided for prisoners. Religious services are held every Sunday by the Y. M. C. A. Tliere have ])een no escapes since last visit. Stephenson — .Inspected August 22, 1888. Since last \4Bit the sewer which was defective has been rej)aired and the privy seats have been improved. All necessary plumbing has received atten- tion, and a new l)oiler for heating the jail Ijas been placed in tlie basement. Cleanliness seems to be still the rule in every depart- ment. The light and ventilation were good and the jail well heated during cold weather. Four i)risoners were present; one was a boy under sixteen years of age, and one an insane man awaiting ad- mission to a hospital. Fifteen prisoners were present April 1, 1887, thirty-five were committed during the year and forty-four were dis- charged, leaving six prisoners i)resent April 1, 1888. Unruly pris- oners are locked in the dungeon. Reading matter is furnished and religious .services are held occasionally. Tliere have been no escapes. Tazewell— /«spec/r(/ June 30, 1888. This jail is a disgrace to civilization. It is dark, damp and has no ventilation. Prisoners become sick from the foul odor and the dampness. The jail should be annihilated. It is not fit to keep hogs in. Grand juries have condemned it again and again but it seems to have had no effect, as the county commissioners refuse to erect a nc^w jail. The com- missioners who reside at Pekin and in the immediate vicinity are in favor of a new jail, but those residing at a distance are o|>posed to it. It is county r.s. town. In the. meantime innocent men are at times kept in this mankilling hole, breathing its vile odor and having their systems ini)regnated with disease. The county will have a heavy bill of damages to pay if the use of this jail is per- sisted in. The jail was as clean as could be mnde, but no amount of labor will make it look decent. The light was poor and the ventilation bfid. The privy vault had no outlet and the foid odor pervades the jail. There were two prisoners; one serving sentence and the other awaiting trial. Two i)ri.soners were present A|)ril 1, 1887, sixty-one were committed and fifty-.seven were discharged during the year and six prisoners remained in jail April 1, 1888. The keeper of the jail stated that he has not had any disorderly prisoners to punish and if he had the jail punishment can't well be increased. There have been no escapes froiu the jail. One j)risoner escaj)ed from the jailor while outside. .A new jail should be erected or tiie county commissioners should be indicted and in- carcerated in the old jail until they incline to be a little decent. Dr. J. H. Ranch, Secretary of the State lionrd of Henlth, was re- quested by the slnu-itr to call and examine the jail and his report is as follows: "On the 14th of July I made an inspi>ction of the Tazewell county jail at Pekin, concerning which I subsequently wrote to the sheriff in unipialified condemnation of the structure. 165 That portion of it in which the male prisoners are confined con- sists chiefly of a room 27x28 feet, and S^ feet high; this is divided by heavy iron bars into eiij^ht cells and, with its stone floor rest- ing directly npon the ground, resembles a cage for wild beasts rather than anything designed for human occupancy. The only ventilation is by three small apertures, 27x30 inches, fully one- third of the space obstructed by heavy iron-work. These apertures are situated in the upper part of the wall, thus still further re- ducing their ventilating value, which is only nominally aided by two so-called air-shafts. Openings through the stone flagging in corners of the room communicate directly with shallow holes in the ground which constitute the only cloacae. To empty these it is necessary to tear away the outside wall and then rebuild. The result may be imagined, but not described. Diarrhoeas and low continued fevers prevail among the prisoners confined in this damp, noisome stone dungeon. If this jail is the result of a studied effort to outrage every law of health, humanity and decency, the effort is a disgraceful success." Union. — hispected April 20, 1888. This jail was found to have been newly whitewashed and was as clean as such a dark, damp jail can be made. The light and ventilation were bad, the open- ings in the walls being too small to admit either light or air in sufficient quantity. The jail was imperfectly heated by a stove placed in the entrance corridor. The sewer was still very offen- sive. There were five prisoners present, all awaiting trial. The number of prisoners present April 1, 1887, was seven; thirty -three were committed during the year, thirty-seven were discharged, and three prisoners remained April 1, 1888. The keeper stated that he has had no disorderly prisoners to punish, and that if he had he would be at a loss to know how to increase their punishment. Reading matter and lights are furnished. No escapes from the jail. Vermilion. — Inspected June 7, 1888. This jail was found to be in excellent condition. The light and ventilation was very good, and the jail is well heated by steam. Two prisoners were present. There were five prisoners present April 1, 1887; one hundred and twenty-five were committed and one hundred and seventeen discharged during the year, and thirteen prisoners re- mained April 1, J 888. Unruly prisoners are locked in cells and kept on short rations. There is no jail library, but reading mat- ter is furnished by the sheriff. Religious services are held every Sunday by the W. C. T. U. Six prisoners escaped by removing the iron from around the register, passing to the basement and through tiie flue to the top of the residence. All were recaptured except one. A grated door is needed at the entrance from the office, and the cells and other ironwork should be painted. Wabash. -Inspected May 16, 1888. Since last visit this county has erected a jail and jailor's residence combined. The building is of brick and the residence part is two stories iu height, with 1G6 three rooms on the lower Hoor artel two rooms and two cells, 0x8 feet, for female jirisoners in the second story. The jail proper is 14x15 feet and has two steel cells, each B^x^^ feet, and a jailor's corridor (> feet in width. The ])uilding was erected and the steel work was done under contract with Messrs. Paidley lints., of St. Louis, for five thousand dollars, and was completed and occupied in the month of Octoltcr, 1SS7. Tiie jail was found to l)e in the Ijest condition in every respect. The lij^ht and ventilation were good and the jail was well heated l>y a stove. There were two prisoners present, one man and one woman. Five prisoners were committed from the time of its first occupancy; one of them escaped while the door was open and four remained in jail A])ril 1, 188S. Pri.soners who disregard jail rules are confined in cells. No religious services are held, but b(X)ks and papers are fur- nished. Warren.— 7 //67>rr//-r/ June 26, 1888. The condition of this jail •was found to be good and as clean as could be made. The light and ventilation were good and the jail was well heated. There were two prisoners present, one awaiting trial and one was a crazy man from the county farm, sent here to keep him out of mischief. Eight prisoners were present April 1, 1887; thirty- four were committed and thirty-eight were discharged during the year and four prisoners remained Ai)ril 1, 1888. Unruly ])iisoner8 are locked in cells and handcuffed to the doors. The prisoners are furnished with reading matter. No religious services have been held for a year past. Two prisoners escaped since last visit. One remained in the corridor after the other prisoners were locked lip And slipped out; the other, who claimed to be sick, was al- lowed too much liberty. AVashington. — Ins;f>ert('d Mai/ 8, 1888. This jail was found to be in poor contlition. It had the appearance of being dirty and needed whitewashing. It was heated by a stove. The light was not good, and the ventilation, especially in the cells, was bad. The prison wall prevents the free circulation of air. There was only one prisoner present, awaiting trial. Seven prisoners were ])resent Ajjril 1, 1887; fourteen were committed and twenty were discharged during the year and one prisoner remaint'd Aj)ril 1, 18.S8. Mrs. Cxerstkembor, the widow of the former keepiT of the jail, has charge. She stated that the prisoners generally behave very well under her management, even better than wlu'u cttn- trolled by a man, and that she has had no occasion to punish any of them. No religious services are held. Sometimes a lady of the •city visits and talks to the ])risoners. liooks and j)ajM>rs are fur- nished when desired. One jtrisoner, a woman, escaped willi out- side lu'lp, since last visit. Soiiiethitig should be done to im})rovo the ventilation. W .K\SE.~ J ns/x-clcd Mdji 1(1, 1888. Since la.st visit to this county the county offices were destroyed by fire and many- valuable records lost, but the worthless old jail still remains. The jail was as clean 167 as such a jail can be kept. The light and ventilation in the cor- ridors were good, but the cells are dungeons, where light and ventilation are total strangers. The jail is imperfectly heated by •a stove. One prisoner was present, awaiting trial. Three were present April 1, 1887, thirty-five were committed and thirty-four were discharged during the year, and four remained in jail April 1, 1888. The prisoners are furnished with reading matter, but religious services are not held. The keeper stated that he has had no occasion to punish unruly prisoners. Since last visit five pris- oners broke jail by kicking out a window. Prisoners have but little trouble in getting out if left in the corridor. A new jail is much needed and may probably be erected in a year or two. The <30unty offices are in a private building. White. — Inspccied April 23, 1888. Since last visit grating has been placed at the windows on the inside. The jail was found to be clean and in excellent order for such a badly arranged jail. The light aud ventilation were good, except in cells. The jail was poorly heated by a stove. One prisoner was present at the time of the visit. Eight prisoners were present April 1, 1887, forty-five were committed and forty-eight were discharged during the year, and five prisoners remained April 1, 1888. Prisoners who violate the rules are locked in cells. Beading matter is fur- nished and the prisoners are visited by the W. C. T. U. on Sun- day. Two prisoners escaped since last visit. One broke the door and the other unlocked his cell door by the use of a duplicate key and went out through the roof. This county is nearly out of •debt and is well able to build a new jail. The jail in its present location is a nuisance to the neighborhood and to the passers-by. Many of the prisoners have no sense of decency and often assail those who pass that way wath vile and indecent language. Com- mon decency and justice demand the erection of a jail in some locality where its inmates can not make themselves a terror and a pest. Whiteside.— /«s|)ec/<'d August 1-4, 1888. Since last visit to this jail the sheriff's residence has been enlarged by an addition of brick 16x24 feet, three stories in height, which contains six rooms. The jail had been newly painted and was as neat and clean as possible and had the appearance of a new jail. The light and ventilation Avere good and it was comfortably heated by a stove. Six prisoners were present, one of them a woman; all were serving sentences. Two prisoners were present April 1, 1887, sixty-three were committed and forty-seven were discharged during the year, aud eighteen remained in prison April 1, 1888. Religious services are. sometimes held and reading matter is furnished. Disorderly prisoners are handcuffed to the bars of the corridor. There have been no escapes and no improvements are needed. Will. — Inspected Avfjust 27, 1888. This jail was found to be neat and clean, and in good, condition generally. It is well heated and the light and ventilation were good. There were eighteen prisoners present; sixteen males and two females; seven of them 168 were awaiting trial and eleven were serving sentence. One pris- oner was present Ajjril 1, lSrt7, one huntjred and thirty-five were committed and one hundred and thirty were tiiseharged, leaving six prisoners in jail Aj)ril 1, 188S. Disorderly prisoners are locked ill cells, and if very unruly they are placed in the dark cell. Re- ligious services are held every Sunday afternoon. Books and papers are furnished to those who ask for them. There have been no escapes. The jail sewer is frecpiently clogged uj) and needs attention. Prisoners serving jail sentence should be required to work, and a place should be provided where they would be com- pelled to labor. Williamson.— T7s?7r^/ Maij 1, IHSS This county has no jail, but may build one in a year or two. A court-house was in pro- cess of erection at the time of this visit, which will cost from twenty-five to thirty thousand dollars. Prisoners were sent to the Perry county jail l)efore the Johnson county jail was erected, but they are now sent to the latter county. AViNNEBAGC— .Z«S7)rc/<^f/ Aiigiisi 22, 1888. This jail was found to be in the best condition. The light and ventilation were good, but it has not been comfortably heated in severe weather. Five prisoners were present awaiting trial. There was one prisoner present April 1, 1887, thirty-nine were committed and thirty-four were discharged during the year, and six prisoners remained April 1, 1S88. Books and papers are furnished but no religious services are held. Disorderly prisoners are lockeil in the dungeon. There have been no escapes. The jail was in excellent repair and no im{)rovenients were needed. "WooDFOKD. — Inspedcd Jul// 1, 1888. This rotten, odorous den Btill polutes the air. It was as clean, in appearance, as it could be made. Darkness prevailed in this jail and gross darkness in the minds of the county commissioners. There was no ventilation. The jail is well heatefl in cold weather. There were two prisoners j)rosent awaiting trial and taking in the richness of the atmos- l)here. Four priscmers were present A]n*il 1, 1887, fourteen were committed and eighteen were discharged, and the jail was empty A\n'i\ 1, 1888. Prisoners are generally ordi'rly. Books and jiapers are furnished. No religious st'rvices are held. There have been iio escapes. The county seat question is still unsetiled, and a majority of the supervisors are opposed to the erection of any more county buildings in Metamora, so the erection of a jail is post- poned. 169 CHAPTER IX. CRIME, THE CONVICT, AND THE PRISON. The advance of human intelligence is marked by an increased ability to discriminate between objects of thought which, in a more primitive stage of mental development, are apt to be con- founded. The untutored man sees the abstract only in the con- crete; and so, in the early history of mankind, the power which stood' for go»^ernment confounded the offender with his offense, and got rid of both at once by the convenient process of decapi- tation or some other sammary equivalent. Unless we, in these days of supposed enlightenment, when we discuss the prison ques- tion, distinguish sharply in our minds between crime and the criminal, we shall lay ourselves open to the charge of having re- lapsed into barbarism. For it requires but little reflection to enable us to see that the question of the suppression of crime is one thing, and that of the restoration or destruction of the criminal is quite another. That which most interests and concerns society is the suppression of crime, irrespective of the effect which the measures adopted for its suppression may have upon the men who commit crime. It is essential to human happiness that there should be social order and security; that the government should protect the lives, the liberty^ and the property of the persons over whom, with or without their consent, it exercises authority. These ends must be secured, no matter who suffers, nor to what extent. The indi- vidual must be sacrificed, if necessary, to the good of the greater number. If the suppression of the criminal is essential to the suppression of crime, the criminal must be suppressed. But it is possible to check the growth of crime, at least par- tially, without resorting to measures of extreme severity against criminals. This end can be accomplished, first, by the prevention of crime by means of a wise, thorough, and efficient police system; and second, (in some cases if not in all), by the reformation of 170 the criniinni, instead of incapncitating liini by drath or perpetual imprisonment from the prosecution of a crin)inal career. Evi- dently, we are not justified in tiie adoption of harsh methods for the reduction of the volume of crime in the community, when milder ones will answer. Severity, when pushed beyond the limits of necessity, l)ecomes injustice, and injustice inevitably reacts un- favorably upon its perpetrators. Tlie experience of mankind has convinced all civilized nations of the impolicy of incorporating into their criminal codes the excessive and vindictive penalties for crime, which were once believed to be indisjx'nsable. Tiie at- tempt in past centuries to enforce such })enalties defeated itself, 'because, if judges and juries recognized their injustice, they de- •clined to enforce them, the criminal went unwhipped of justice, •and an element of uncertainty was imported into criminal pro- cedure, which tended to bring the law into contempt, and so to encourage crime; on the otlier hand, if these penalties were in fact enforced, the moral sense of the public at large revolted against them, and their enforcement inciteil ami prepared the way for political revolution. We have now to a very large degree out- grown them, though public opinion has not yet reached that point where jurists and statesmen for the most part believe that capital :punishment, the supreme form of torture, can safely be dispensed with. But, with the progress of the human race, a system of pro- tection of property and life through the agency of the ])olice, though still very far from perfect, has been developed; and the idea that im})risonment for crime is neither exclusively, chietly. nor perhaps at all expiatory in its character, but that it may be made the means of the restoration and rehal)ilitation of the convict, has within the last hundred years taken root in the minds of men. The first question, therefore, which confronts us, in entering upon the discussion of this subject, is: What is crime? Crime must be distinguished, on the one hand, from sin, wliich is the violation of the moral law. An act may be sinful, which is not criminal. On the other hand, it must be distinguished from vice, which is contrary to the law of self-preservation, and which does not terminate, directly and in the first instance, upon others, but upon the man himself who indulges in it. Its ettect upon others is indirect. It does not immediately threaten social order or security. Crime is the violation of human law, of statutory ■enactuKMits or of the accepted provisions of the common law. Human law has for its design, not the regulation of religious be- liefs or of j)ii\ate morals, but the ])reservation of the civil aiul political rights of indivi adjust the relations of men in their intercourse with each other, to define their mutual rights and ol)ligations, and to prevent or ])unish any infraction of those rules, the observance of which is essential ti) human life in as.sociation. The enforcement of religious belief by law is the fruitful mother of op])ression and hypocrisy, — twin monsters; it leads, logically, to religious wars or to the impiisition; it murders 171 freedom of thought, of speech, and of action; in&tend of protect- ing public peace and security, it is their active and ever-present foe; and it renders the free and happy life of any people in as- sociation impossible. The attempt to enforce by legislation any given standard of private morals is equally unjust and futile. The regulation of every man's private life, .so long as his actions do not threaten public order and security, must be left to his individual conscience and sense of propriety. The evils of sumptuary legislation are well-known and are admitted on all hands. Again, crime properly so-called must not be con- founded with the violation of purely police regulations em- bodied in municipal ordinances. A city government, for in- stance, may decide to pass an ordinance forbidding the erec- tion, of signs which project over the pavement; or it may require all householders to deposit their ashes and other refuse matter in barrels placed in an alley, in order that they may be conveniently carried away by the public scavenger. These regulations may be enforced by appropriate penalties in the form of fines, and, if the fines are not paid, those convicted in the police courts of having disregarded tliem may be compelled to work out the fines imposed by undergoing a short term of imprisonment. But it is clear that the transgression of a rule like this, which involves no moral delinquency, and which is not an invasion of the i-ights of any individual, does not constitute the transgressor a criminal, and he should not be accounted as a member of the crime class. The failure to perceive this obvious distinction has led many persons to make statements regarding crime and criminals which are wide of the truth. In dealing with the statistics of crime, convictions and punishments for this class of misdemeanors ou'ght to be carefully eliminated, if we do not M'ish to mislead the public. But, in consequence of the imperfection of our criminal sta- tistical records, it is often very difficult to separate actual crimes from purely nominal offenses. Once more, it is important to observe the distinction between crime and insanity or intellec- tual imbecility. Although crime is not to be confoxmded with sin, yet a moral character attaches to crime, which does not attach to the actions of a lunatic. The diagnosis of insanity is a task not so difficult as its definition. Mistakes in diagnosis may, be and have been made; but no one has yet succeeded in framing an intelligible, exhaustive, and correct definition of insanity. Some lunatics and imbeciles lack the capacity to distinguish between right and wrong, in respect of acts which, if they could recognize their moral and legal character, would be undoubtedly ci"iminal. Some of them commit quasi-criminal acts under the infiuence of insane delusions, and, where the connection between the delusion and the act is apparent, the law will not suffer the actor to be held criminally responsible for his act. In a third class of cases, not so numerous as either of the other two, a lunatic, thoiigh 'able to distinguish between right and wrong, and not acting under the influence of any known delusion, acts nevertheless under an 172 irresistible influence, the product of a diseased brain; nml, if this fact can be establishi'd to the satisfaction of the court, the lunatic gova fri-e of punishment. Insanity and crime resemble each other, in so far as both the ore and the other lead their subjects to commit actions wliich threaten public peace, order and security. There are perhaps comparatively few lunatics in whom the moral sentiments aie not more or less impaired, at least in certain direc- tions. Some of the insane are thievish, some lecherous, some manifci-t a j)ropensity to set fire to houses, others to destroy pro- perty in other ways, some are quarrelsome, commit acts of violence, and even take human life. The problem of moral and legal res- ponsibility is confessedly the most difficult question of solution with which the human intellect has ever grappled. The answers given to it depend upon our conception of the nature of mental actiWty, whether we regard it as independent of any connection between the human soul and the human body, or merely as a physical function of the brain; upon our view of the nature and limitations of the freedom of the will; and U])on our general theory of morals. But, without attempting to define moral res- ponsibility, or to say wherein it consists, if there is any such thing, ( though we firndy believe in it ), or how the degree of moral responsibility which attaches to any given act is to be determined or estimated, let us confine our attention to the ques- tion of legal res])onsibility, which is a different thing. Legal res- ponsibility is liability to suffer the penalty denounced in the law against those who commit specific acts. AVhether the law is right or wrong is not the point at issue. If ^^e pursue this subject into all its possible ramificati<^ns, and liegin to discuss the abstract, metaijhysical question of the right of any human government to inflict punishment for crime, we shall lose ourselves in the fog of profitless and interminable s{)eculation. We might admit, merely for the sake of getting by this point without further argument, that government has no right to punish any one, in the .sense of taking vengeance upon him for the violation of law; yet the govern- ment has the power to do precisely this, and it exercises it. Here, again, we may be confronted with the ileclaration that the infliction of legal penalty is not punishment, that the criminal code contem|)lMtes merely the protection of society and the good of the offender, that it has not been instituteil with a view to the satisfaction of justice, abstractly considered, of the nature of which human intelligence lias at best but a vague and adequate notion, and which it is incapable of administering. This is a mere dis- pute about words. The simple fact is that, if a man commits an act forbidden by the criminal code, and it is proved in i>pen court that he has committed it, the court will sentence him to undergo the ])enalty prescribed in the statut«»s, unless the couit is satisfied that he is insane. In that event, no penalty will be enforced against him. In (^ther words, the law holds a man who has wil- fully and maliciously killed another to be legally responsible, and it hangs him. Anothei- man who has committed a homicide far 173 more atrocious in its character, and with less provocatioi), is adjudged, although the facts in the case are admitted, to be legally irres- ponsible, because he is believed to be insane, and his life is spared, notwithstanding the statutory provision for the punishment of murderers. The common sense of mankind recognizes the jus- tice of this distinction. The law is the embodiment and expres- sion of the popular conviction that men in the full possession of their faculties have the power of choice, and that, where they choose to do wrong, they are liable to punishment; but that, if the power of choice is lacking, through disease, they are not res- ponsible, and the infliction of any penalty, however slight, on account of what they have done, would be the denial of that principle of justice of which our courts are supposed to be the bulwark and defence. An insane person, in the eye of the law, is not and can not be a criminal. Is crime, in the limited sense in which it has been defined in the preceding paragraph, increasing or decreasing in this country? The answer to this question must be sought, first, in the census. The census of inmates of prisons prior to the year 1880 is known to have been very imperfect, and the results stated in the pub- lished census rejjorts are not worthy of entire confidence. They have, nevertheless, some value as surface indications at least of the growth of crime. The census of prisoners was first taken in the year 1850. In that year, with a total population of 23,191,876, the number of prisoners reported was 6,737, or 290 in each mil- lion of the population. In 1860, with a population of 31,543,321, the number of prisoners reported was 19,006, or 607 to the mil- lion. In 1870, with a population of 38,558,371, the number of prisoners reported was 32,901, or 853 to the million. In 1880, with a population of 50,155,783, the number of prisoners reported was 58,609, or 1,169 to the million. So far as these figures can be trusted, they go to show that the ratio of prisoners to the total population, in the United States, is now four times as great as it was only thirty years ago. This fact, if it be a fact, is one w^iich merits more attention than has been paid to it. It is true that the number of persons in prison at a given date does not indicate with precision the amount of crime committed within the year. If, for instance, we undertake to compare the prison popu- lation of one state with that of another, we discover that the number of prisoners ' depends partly upon the comparative vigor with which crime is pursued by the officers of the law, partly upon the average length of sentences imposed, and partly upon the inclusion or exclusion of persons sentenced for trivial offenses, such as drunkenness, disorderly conduct, and the like, which are not properly speaking crimes. The same is true of any compari- son which may be made between the number of persons in prison in 1850 and 1880. What we need, in order to gauge accurately the amount of crime, is a record of judicial convictions, from year to year, such as is kept by the English government. This we have not, at present, and there is no prospect of our getting it 174 soon. The United States ^^ovenuntMit roiilil lianlly render a greater service to tlie people of this country, tlian by niakiniJr provision for the collection, collation, and publication in an an- nual volume of the judicial statistics of all the states and terri- tories. Such a record would enable us to measure the advance or retrotjressiou of the popular respect for law; we could then judge of the efficacy of our criminal codes and pVison systems, and could amend them in those particulars wherein they require alteration and improvement. In the absence of such statistics, and in view of the im})erfection of the census, the only other means at our command by which to determine whether crime is increas- ing more rapidly than the growth of our poi)ulation would war- rant, is to consult the published reports of our state prisons. The criminal law makes a very curious distinction between felonies and misdemeanors. For a felony a man is sent to a penitentiary; for a misdemeanor he is committed to a minor prison. A mis- demeanor is an offense for which a man is not sent to the peni- tentiary: a felony is an offense for which he is so sent. Mani- festly this is reasoning in a circle and the definitions of a felony and a misdemeanor, respectively, are definitions in name rather than in fact. Still, we understand very well what is meant by these expressions. Generally speaking, a felony is an offense so grave that it is thought to be worthy of punishment by imprison- ment for a term not less than one year in its duration. If, there- fore, we confine our attention to the reports of prisons in which none but felons are incarcerated, we shall not make the mistake of including, together with the petty thieves, other misdemeanants whoso offenses are purely technical. We have not access to any complete file of i)rison reports, and do not know of any in exist- ence. Such examination as we have been able to make of the re- ports for Maine, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, Illinois, and Minnesota, shows that, in those states, which had, in 1860, a total population of 10,297,311, there were 2,721 commitments to state prisons that year. That is to say, there was one commitment to every 8,781 of the population. But, in 1880, when the population of the states had grown to ir).;}")!,")!!). there were 5,172 commitments, or one to 2,*)()8 of tfie population, ^^'hile the popidations of these states increased aliout fifty per cent., the nund)er of commitments for felonies nearly iloubled; we may therefore infer that there are now nearly one-third more convictions for crime, in proportion to the population, than there were twenty years ago. That this should be so, is a lamentable commentary upon our social condition. The question of the causes of crime is (me of great ditliculty. There are many causes which might be assigned for this sudden and rapid growth. But we call attention to it simply for tiie purpose of emphasi/ing the remark that our l)enal and prison system has failed to acconq)lisli what we hail a right to expect of it, namely, to hold the growth of crime in check. It must, therefore, be conceded that it is ilefective, and flinf if needs amendment. 175 We should be glad to make some observations, at this point, on; the causes of crime, were it not that we fear that Ave should be led too far away from the particular point which we wish to dis- cuss. The causes of crime are in the constitution of human nature and in the organization of human society. They are very complicated, and some of them are very remote. Their roots run far back into history, especially into the family history of the criminal. They are partly negative, partly positive. To show why any individual who may be named fell into crime, we must know his physical, intellectual and moral nature, the circumstances of his life, and the temptations to which he has been exposed. Any discussion of the causes of crime, to be complete, must be a treatise on social conditions and relations in general, and social evils in particular.* It is easy to pick out a single cause, such as intemperance, and declare that, if we could put a stop to the operation of this one cause out of many, crime in the world would substantially cease. But it is not true; and, if it were, the ques- tion would still arise, what practicable method is available to us by which to put a stop to its operation? The effects of crime are more apparent. We confine our atten- tion, however, to its cost. This is difiicult to estimate. The problem involves many elements, of which some are very obscure. The cost of the police departments of the United States was said,, at the time of taking the last census, to be fifteen million dollars. This did not include the cost of the private detective force. In the second place, there are in this country more than 2,000 courts which possess more or less criminal jurisdiction, besides more than 80,000 justices of the peace. It is impossible to say how much our judicial system costs us, with its judges, clerks, attor- neys, bailiffs, witnesses, and jurors. Neither is it known what proportion of this total bill of expense is chargeable to the civil and criminal dockets, respectively. If we assume the criminal costs to average five thousand dollars per annum in each court of record, and one hundred and twenty-five dollars in each justice's court, the sum of these items will be twenty million dollars. In the third place, there is the cost of maintaining the prisons. The number of inmates of prisons and reformatory institutions, in 1880, was 70,000. Assuming that the charge for keeping up the prisons, including building and repairs, is not less than two hundred dol- lars per year for each prisoner, this item of expense Avill amount to nearly or quite fifteen million dollars annually. These three items, taken together, constitute the enormous sum of fifty million dollars annually, raised by taxation, to defend the community against the ravages of crime. In this computation we have not • In discussing the causes of crime, we need always to remember the truth expressed by F. W. Robertson, of England, in the following words: "Most evil is perverted good. For instance, ex- travagance is generosity carried to excess. Revenge is sometimes a sense of justice which has put no restraint upon itself. Woman's worst fault is perverted self-sacrifice. Incaution comes from innocence. There are some men who see all the evil, and never trace, never give themselves the trouble of suspecting the root of goodness out of which it sprang. There are others who love to go deep down, and see ivlnj a man came to do wrong, and whether there was not some excuse, or some redeemin^cause, in order that they mav be just." (Sermon on the I're-eminence of Charity.) Per- haps Mr. Robertson would have expressed himself more accurately, liad he said "much" instead of "most." 170 included any estimate of the sums paid by the accused to their attorneys, nor of the losses to individuals resulting from success- ful fraud and dt'[)redations. Economic considerations, if not those of a higher order, demand for the prison questi(ju a degree of attention on the part of legislators and of the public at large which has not yet been accorded to it. Thus far we have spoken of crime in the abstract. But crime is an act, and an act implies an actor. Every crime is committed by an individual, who, by this act, becomes a criminal. But here, again, we must discriminate. In the sense of having, at some period of life, i)erpetrated some act which, if it had been discov- ered and brought to the attention of a court of justice, would have subjected the perpetrator to some penalty prescribed in the criminal code, probably every man living may be said to have been, if he is not now, a criminal. The first distinction, there- fore, which we must make in speaking of criminals, is between the convicted and the unconvicted. There is no legal maxim more familiar than that which declares that the law presumes every man to be innocent until he is proved to be guilty. A more im- portant distinction is that between the accidental criminal and the habitual or professional criminal. No man knows what he him- self might do under the stress of extraordinary temptation. Men have been compared to the iron beams used in the construction of modem warehouses, each of which has its maximum limit of possible strain. If not overloaded, it will carry the weight for which it was designed; but, when subjected to a pressure bej-ond its strength, it breaks. This is no doubt what is meant by the proverb that "every man has his price." The iron of which a girder is composed may be good iron, and there may l^e no flaw in it; still, it may break. So a man who is a good man may be placed in circumstances under which he will commit an act which he did not suppose himself capable of committing, and of which those who know him best would not have suspected him. Such a man is an occasional criminal. The crime of which he is con- victed is foreign to his ordinary and haV)itual character. He may endure i)unishment, profit l)y it, and, when released, resume his former place in society with even less liability to be carried off his feet by a renewal of the cin-umstances under which he fell than before his conviction. Many a ])etty defaulter has been ren- dered honest by the simple fact of detection, coupled with for- giveness and concealment, without ever going to prison. Many a man who has killed another in the heat of passion has exhausted his capacity for murder by a single homicide, and might safely be allowed henceforth to go at large. But there is always danger that one who has once taken the fatal step across the line which divides crime from virtue will be unable to retrace it. He has lost confidence in himself; he feels that he has forfeited th<' re- spect of others; he gravitates towanl a lower stratum of moral as- sociation; he is disgraced and enfei'bled. He tends to a repeti1i(m of the act into which ho has been betrayed, or to some other act of crime. But there are members of the criminal class whose 177 entrance upon a career of crime was not the result of an acci- dental fall, but of hereditary predisposition or youthful training for it. We may distinguish three grades of criminals: (1) those who have fallen into crime once, but are tolerably certain not to commit crime again, if given a fair chance to redeem themselves; (2) those who, having committed crime at an unexpected moment, under the stress of peculiar temptation, are of too weak moral character or have too little strength of will to extricate them- selves from the snare in which their feet have been caught, and who tend to become habitual criminals, unless very strongly im- pressed while in prison and very securely guarded after their liberation; (3) those who were either born criminals or who have been subjected from their earliest infancy to such an atmosphere of crime as to have corrupted their moral nature beyond all human probability of redemption. Now, whether the object of the criminal law is to inflict pun- ishment for an act already past, or to secure for the prisoner the remedial treatment which he requires, it seems to be beyond dispute that criminals of these three different grades ought not to be subjected to the same amount and character of punishment. If the law undertakes to apportion punishment according to evil desert, it is plain that the good man who has been betrayed into crime in a moment of weakness, under the stress of violent tempt- ation, does not deserve the same condemnation that is due to a hereditary and incorrigible scoundrel. But how is guilt to be weighed or measured by us? It may be said in favor of the in- corrigible scoundrel, that he is more completely the victim of his antecedents and of his surroundings than the other, and that therefore there are extenuating circumstances in his case, which do not plead for the man who has sinned against greater light and who had more original force to withstand temptation. If, on the other hand, the question is one of treatment merely, it must be obvious that a tei'm of imprisonment so short as to be merely nominal will answer in the former case, while for the latter incarceration for life may prove insufficient to eradicate the criminal bias. Whatever may have been the original basis of the criminal law, it has beyond doubt been administered, at least until within the present century, very largely in a vindictive spirit. Certainly this was true of the codes of antiquity, the Egyptian, the Syrian, the Assyrian, the Persian, the Greek, and the Roman. That murder should be avenged by murder, that he who strikes another should himself be struck, said ^Eschylus, is the most ancient of all laws. The ancient codes conceded to every person wronged by the act of another the right of revenging himself. In the earliest times, offenses even against a ruler were regarded rather as private than public, as torts or injuries rather than crimes. The amelioration of the severity and barbarism of these ancient codes was due to the gradual acceptance of two principles: First, that an injury might be compounded, and that the injured party might accept from the man whose life was forfeited to him an agreed recom- P C.-12 178 pense in money, or its equivalent; and, second, that the state niight asBume tlie infliction of venLjeance, in tlie name of the party wronged, and actinj< as liis representative. Tliat tlie administration of justice, private or pul>lic, was orij^inally piirely retributive, is a historical fact of which we have aljundant and convincing evidence. The scale of penalties, of which European criminal codes have so much to say, is a survival of this primitive conception of the end of punishment. So long as this idea j)revailed, prisons were places of horrible oj^pression and suffering. The practice of inflicting torture survived, until the treatise of Beccaria on crimes and pun- ishments, first published in lv()4:, had had time to do its worK. In some countries of Europe it was not abolished until after the American revolution. Thi- is true of Sweden, France, and Austria. When John Howard, the sheriff of Bedford, pub- lished his great historical work on the State of Prisons, in 1777, he complained that in half of the county jails of England debtors had no bread, and that in some jails felons had none. They would have starved to death but for the benevolence of private persons, who formed societies and gave money for their relief. The great reform which has taken place in the construction and management of prisons may be said to date, in nearly or quite all civilized, nations, from the time of Howard. It is in effect scarcely a cen- tury since it began. In the female department of the Newgate prison, in London, Elizabeth Fry demonstrated the susceptibility of prisoners to religious instruction, when given in sincerity and in the spirit of kindness. The growth of the spirit of humanity in the treatment of prisoners, and the introduction of useful labor and of religious and secular teaching into ])risons, have been grad- ual Ijut continuous and rajjid. As the severity of prison life has abated, it has become a])pa]ent that prisons have another use than that of serving as places of punishment,— that they may be- come places of penitence and of reformation as well; hence the name penitentiaries. The severity of the criminal code has at the same time been relaxed. The French revolution was a powerful agent in bringing about this relaxation. The impossibility of ad- justing })enalty to guilt in the code itself has become so obvious, that it is now almost the universal usage to ])rescribe maximum and minimum penalties for each offense, and to allow to judges discretionary power, Avithin the limits prescribeil by ]n\\\ in i)ro- nouncing sentence upon persons convicted before them. .ludges themselves at last begin to perceive that they, like the legisla- tors who frame these codes, are also incaj)able of adjusting pen- alty to guilt. If judges do not see this, it is clear to con- victed i)ris()ners, who compare sentences with each other, after their incarceration; and it is equally apj)arent to the officers of j)risons. It^ has been sui)posed that the pariloning power would suffice to correct the ineipialities in the administration of criminal justice. But experience has i)roved that this is not the case. The governor has not before him the evidence ui)on which sen- tence was pronounced, nor has he the time to examine it critically, if he had. It is impossible for him to revise and correct the sen- 179 teuces pronounced by the courts, except in very flagrant instances of injustice, which have to be strongly pressed upon his attention. It is his function to sustain the administration of justice, rather tlian to weaken it; and he is compelled, as a rule, to uphold the decisions which have been pronounced by the courts. To do other- wise would be to raise a popular clamor against himself and ta impair his authority. The changes which have taken place in criminal jurisprudence and in prison discipline suggest the character of the changes which are likely to follow. There has been a gradual ameliora- tion of the condition and treatment of the convict, which is likely to continue. The criminal who at one time would have been murdered in a v^endetta; and, at a later date in the his- tory of the world, would have been murdered by the < ivil au- thority; and, still later, would have benefitted by the substi- tution for the death-penalty of exile, slavery, perpetual im- prisonment, or pecuniary ransom, is now subjected to imprisonment for a limited term of years, or even months or days. The punish- ment which would at first have been inflicted for vengeance only, is now regarded as a mode of treatment for the reformation of the prisoner, which may or may rot prove successful, but which it is the duty of the state to. try. The arbitrary sentence once imposed in the code itself has given way to a variable sen- tence at the discretion of the court. Is it not reasonable to sup- pose that the vindictive element in criminal jurisprudence will, with the advance of intelligence, tend to disappear? that the re- formatory aim in prison discipline will become more and more prominent? that improved reformatory methods will everywhere be developed? and that reformation sentences will in the end be uni- versally imposed? The ameliorations which haA^e already taken place have not proved detrimental to public morals. The general standard of morality in the world has been elevated, rather than lowered. We need not fear any injurious effect from the changes which we predict. Criminal process divides itself into two distinct stages. In the first stage, the government deals with those accused of crime, but who have not been convicted of it. It formulates the charges against them, arrests them, brings them into court, tries them, and pronounces sentence of condemnation or acquittal against them. Until the sentence has been pronounced, the alleged crimi- nal is in the custody of the court. But, when the court has passed upon his guilt or innocence, has found him guilty, and has an- nounced the penalty which he must undergo, unless that penalty is a simple fine and is immediately paid to the officer of the court, he is turned over to the authorities in charge of some prison, who do not belong to the judicial but to the executive branch of the government. There the executiim of the sentence begins, and there it is completed. It is important to understand and remem- ber that these are two distinct stages of one process, but that the process itself is nevertheless one. Criminal jurisprudence and 180 prison discipline, tliough not the same, are yet so intimately re- lated, that no Hniendnicnt of tiie one is jMJSsible without a siniul- taneous anieudnient of the other. A complete view of this sub- ject must include hotii; yet legislators are apt to consider the criminal code apart from its relation to prison discipline; and prison officers are in danger of confining their attention to ques- tions of practical prison administration, without considering their relation to criminal law in general. The criminal law may be such as to destroy the possibility of a thorough and effective dis- cipline, certainly of a reformatory discipline, in prisons. On the other hand, ideas of prison discipline may be developed and ad- vocated by those in charge of prisons, which, if carried out in })ractico, would defeat the aim of the criminal law, which is to prevent and deter, so far as possil)le, the commission of crime. This country has always occupied a leading position in the movement for prison reform. An English writei* has said: "As sotm as the American colonies had shaken off tht-ir English con- nection, they began to reform their penal laws. When the revo- lution began, there were in Pennsylvania nearly twenty crimes })nnishal)le by death, and within eighteen years of its close the })eual cole was thoroughly transformed, it being ordained in 179-4 that no crime should any longer be capital, but murder in the first degree. It is true that this was but a return to the princi- ples adopted by Penn on the settlement of the colony: i)ut Penn's penal code was annulled by Queen Anne, and the English gov- ernment insisted on a strict adherence to the charter of Charles II.. which enjoined tlie retention of the statute and common law of England." It was in Pennsylvania that the first prison was con- structed on the solitary or separate system, and it attracted the attention of the civilized world. The silent system of labor in association, as practised at Auburn, New York, was also an American invention. The House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents in the city of New York, was the first of its class in the world. We invented the good-time laws now in force in nearly every American state. Boards of pardon, to assist the governor in the difficult and delicate exercise of the i)ard(Miing power, are our in- vention. We did not invent the ticket-of-leave, which was devised by the Englisli government as a feature of its system of trans- portation; nor the mark system, which was given to the world by C'aptain Maconochie, of Norft)lk Island, Australia. Neither can we claim to be the originators of the indeterminate sentence, which ai)pears to have been first clearly outlined by M. lionneville de Marsangy, in an address delivered at the opening of the civil tribunal of Iiheims, in France, in 184(5. About tlie same time, it was suggested by Matthew Davciiport Hill, the (MnintMit Recorder of Jiirmingham. But the indeterminate sentence was never jirac- tically tested, in any country, before the creation of the State Reformatory at Elmira, New York. The drift of opinion among American penologists is clearly toward the indeterminate sen- tence, the mark svstem, and conditional liberation, taken to- 181 gether aud constituting the three leading elements of the prison system of the future. The Elmira Reformatory has been imitated in Massachnsetts, in Pennsylvania, in Minnesota, and in Kansas; and the principle of the indeterminate sentence has been engrafted upon the criminal code of Ohio. It is, we think, merely a question of time how soon it will be adopted by all the leading states. The opera- tion of this new system has attracted attention abroad, and not only are inquiries made by letter, but the Prussian Ministry of Justice sent a representative. Dr. P. F. Aschrott, a German judge, to the United States, last summer, to investigate it in person and make an official report upon it to the Prussian government. The new system contemplates a change both in the criminal code and in the organization and government of prisons. The change suggested in the criminal code is the substitution of indefinite for definite sentences. The phrase "indeterminate sentence" is employed in two different senses. Some of those who use it believe that every sentence of imprisonment should be vir- tually a sentence to imprisonment for life, unless the prisoner is sooner discharged under the operation of the law; that there should be no maximum limit to the term during which he may be held, if, in the opinion of the prison authorities, he would be liable, if discharged, to continue to lead a life of crime. Others believe that the imposition of a virtual life sentence, in all cases, regardless of the character of the offense and the aggravating or extenuating circumstances attending it, would be unjust, and that a maximum limit should be assigned to the power of the officers in charge of a prison to detain the prisoner. The first of these two definitions is theoretically correct; but in popular usage the second is the interpretation commonly put upon it. It is in this latter sense that we employ the term. The New York law, for instance, provides that "every sentence to the Reformatory of a person hereafter convicted of a felony, or other crime, shall be a general sentence to imprisonment in the New York State Reformatory, at Elmira, and the courts of this state imposing such sentence shall not fix or limit the duration thereof. The term of such imprisonment, of any person so convicted and sentenced, shall be terminated by the managers of the Reformatory, as authorized by this act; but such imprisonment shall not exceed the maximum term provided by law for the crime for which the prisoner was convicted aud sentenced." This is the so-called in- determinate sentence. The grant of the right to detain a prisoner for the maximum term for which he might have been sentenced, under the code in force with respect to the inmates of other prisons, implies the grant of power to release him prior to the expiration of such maximum term. This grant is express^'d in the New York law as follows: "The said board of managers shall also have power to establish rules and regulations under which prisoners within the Reformatory may be allowed to go upon parole outside of the Re- formatory buildings and enclosure, but to remain while on parole 182 in the legal custody and under the control (»f the bimrd of mana- gers, and subjiH't at any time to l)e t^iken hack witliin tlie en- closure of said Reformatory." This is the engrafting into the code of the principle of conditional liberation. The organization and rules of a prison to which convicts are sentenced for an indefinite period, and from which they may be releaseil, within certain restrictions, at tiie discretion of the officers in charge, must of necessity be ditrercnt from those of a prison to which convicts are sentenced for a term tixed ))\ the c«)urt at the time of that conviction and subject to no abatement except such as may be autiiorized by a good-time law. In the latter, the first duty of the warden, and it might almost be said his only duty, is to hold the prisoner until the expiration of his term, and then let him go. All questions of discipline which may arise in the discharge of this duty are of subordinate consecjuence. A good ■warden will of course be anxious that there should be no well- founded cause of complaint against his administration on the •score of insecurity, defective sanitation, the lack of cleanliness and neatness, insubordination, neglect, extravagance, laxity of disci- pline, or insuthcient earnings. But no excellence of discipline on his part will abridge the period of incarceration of the men com- mitted into his hands; nor will any laxity of discipline lengthen by a single second the term of their confinement. The reforma- tory purpose of prison discipline, if not lost sight of, is relegated into the background. No motive is held out to the prisoner to in- duce him to co-operate in any effort which may be made for his reformation. His thoughts and energies are devoted to an effort to secure a pardon or the commutation of sentence. The warden is very apt to be impressed with the conviction that efforts for the reformation of criminals are wasted uj)on them, and that they offer no prospect of an adecjuate return. But, with the introduction of the indeterminate sentence and the i)arole system, the atmosphere •of the prison changes, as if by magic. It becomes necessary that the warden or siiperint(uident should have some means of testing the progress made by each prisoner in the work of his reforma- tion, since the date of his discharge depends upon the develop- ment of a belief in the minds of those wlui havi> hin) in custody that it will be safe to parole him. This necessitates the introduc- tion into the prison of the mark system. The details of this sys- tem may be varied according to circumstances and according to the ideas of the superintendent. Essentially, it consists in a (laily record, covering the prisoner's obedii'uce to the prison rules, the -amount and character of work done by him, and the progress which he makes in his studies. The maximum mark may be three, five, ten, or any other number. At Klmira it is three. The prison(U- is entitled each day to a credit of tliree good marks on account of his behavior, thn^e on account of his industry, and three on jiccount of ids zeal and attention in the prison school, or nine marks in all. The law confers upon the managers power to ^'fix upon a uniform plan under which th(>y shall determine what 183 number of marks, or what credits sliall be earned by each prisoner sentenced, as the condition of increased privileges, or of release from their control, which system shall be subject to revision from time to time." It further provides that, "when it appears to the said manafjers that there is a strong or reasonable probability that any prisoner will live and remain at liberty without violating the law, and that his release is not incompatible with the welfare of society, then they shall issue to such prisoner an absolute re- lease from imprisonment." Under the rules adojoted by the man- agers, the inmates of the Reformatory are divided into three grades. Every prisoner, at his entrance, is placed in the second or intermediate grade. If, for six months, each month in succes- sion, he "earns his nines," he is promoted to the first grade. If he earns six more nines in succession, he is then a candidate for successful liberation. This is the best that any one can do. The minimum term of imprisonment, under any circumstances, is one year. In the third or lowest grade, men dress in red, march in lock-step, are deprived of tea and coffee, library books, gas in their cells at night, and the privilege of writing letters. Their cells are poorly furnished; they are not allowed a chair, but must sit on the bed. In the intermediate grade, they are given a citizen's suit, march by twos, not in the lock-step, have tea and coffee, library books, gas at night to stud}^ by, a chair in their cells, sheets, slippers, brushes, receive letters once a week, and they may write once a montli. In the first gradj, the men are dressed in blue cloth, wear a military cap, have spring beds, take their meals in a separate dining-room, are allowed to converse at table, write once a week, move by fours under a captain of their own number, may burn gas for an hour longer at night, are eligible to appoint- ments of trust in the prison, and the patrolmen are given the privilege of the guard fioor. The men are promoted or degraded according to their marks, and many so conduct themselves as to remain in prison until the expiration of "the maximum term pro- vided by law for the crime for which the prisoner was convicted and sentenced." It is plain that, under this system, not only are the men them- selves, if normally constituted, anxious to do all in their power to secure a speedy release, but the officers in charge are made to feel a certain responsibility for the discharge or detention of the pris- oner, which impels them to use the utmost diligence to secure his reformation, if possible. It is equally plain that, whereas any man of ordinary ability and integrity can be trusted with the warden- ship of a prison in which the only end sought is the confinement ■of the prisoner until the expiration of his term of sentence, the superintendence of a reformatory prison can not be confided to any ■one who does not believe in the possibility of the reformation of prisoners, and is not willing and anxious to bring it about. The system makes the position of warden of a prison more attractive to men of education, intellectual and social culture, moral earnest- 18i ness, and religious conviction of duty. Further, it compels the introduction nnd retention, in prisons, of reformatory agencies. These agencies are, by common consent, three in nximber, namely: first, labor; second, education; and third, religion. First of these in order, if not in importance, is useful, prf>duc- tive lal)or. Physical exercise of some sort is indispensable to physical health. Occu])ation of some sort is essential, to prevent the mind of the j)risoner from preying upon liimself. Idleness in prison is the mother of insanity. The e.xperiment has been tried of imposing a i)hysical task as a punishment, tliat is, as a means of adding to the jjain of confinement. Fiom this point of view, it is doubtful whether idleness in prison is not the occasion of more intense suifering than any form of labor, however hard or unprofitable. The experiment has also been tried of unproductive lal)or, such as the turning of a crank, taking steps upon a wlieel, or lifting cannon-balls and laying them down again. The trouble witli all these forms of occupation is tljat they are purely mechan- ical; they do not employ the mental faculties; and the weariness resulting from the sense that they are aimless and unrenumerative must be beyond expression. The only forms of labor wliich it is worth while to introduce into prisons are those wliich result in the production of something of value. Useful labor, where not excessive, not only keeps the prisoner in health, and occupies his time, but it has a positive moral value. This was extremely well set forth by Dr. Felix Adler, at the recent National Confereuce of Charities hnd Corrections, at BuflPalo, in a paper read l\v him, entitled "The Influence of Manual Training on Character." A not uncommon type of criminality is tliat of moral detei-ioration aris- ing from weakness of the will. The man of weak will, who has a grudge against his rival, is not capable of putting forth a sus- tained and complex series of efforts towards obtaining satisfaction by laboring arduously to outstrip his rival. Be is furthermore incapable of those larger considerations, those complex groujis of ideas relating to society and its j)ermanent interests, which check the angry i)assions of the educatetl. He gives free and imme(liate range to j^assion as it rises. He takes the readiest means for getting satisfaction; he draws his knife and kills. Tin* man of weak will, who burns with sensual desire, assaults the object of his desire. The virtues depend in no suudl degree on the power of serial and complex thinking. Those vices which are due to weakness of will are characterized by crudeness of the aim and c]-udeness of the means. To strengthen the will, therefore, it is necessary to give to the person of weak will the power to think Ct)nnectedly, and especially to r(>ach an end by long trains and complex grou2)s of means. Manual training fulfils these conditions. To cultivate the intellect in its own sphere of contemplation anil abstraction, a|)art from action, may leave the will j)recisely as fee- ble as it was before. But manual training cultivates the intellect in close and inse])arable connection with action. Manual training is incomplete, in Dr. Adler's opitiion, unl(>ss it includes art train- ]85 ing. But it is not enough that we should make the will strong, since a strong will is not necessarily a good will. There are in- fluences in manual training which are favorable to a virtuous dis- position. Squareness in things is not without relation to square- ness in action and in thinking. The refining and elevating influence of artistic work is conceded. Manual training develops the property- sense. Productive labor not only turns out wealth, it also turns out men, which is a much higher and more important considera- tion. To dispense with productive labor in a prison or in a re- formatory, is to deprive the men committed to it of a potent means of elevation of their moral and spiritual natures. It is to degrade them, instead of to lift them up. Productive labor in prison has the further recommendation, that it enables the prisoner to earn money which can be applied to defraying the cost of his support, thus relieving the tax-payers of a portion of the financial burden of crime. Whether labor in prison shall be performed under either of the three systems of convict labor, that of public or state account, the contract system, or the piece-price plan, is a matter of minor con- sequence, compared with the importance of useful labor under some system. There are weighty objections to the contract system, which have often been set forth, such as the weakness displayed by a government which turns over its proper and inalienable function and responsibility to some other agent; the direct, per- sonal pecuniary interest of the contractor in the work performed by the men; the danger of a conflict of authority between the prison officers and the contractor; the temptation to introduce free labor into the prison, and to work unconvicted men by the side of the prisoners; the facilities afl^orded by the coming and going of the contractor's men for communication on the part of prisoners with persons outside, and for the smuggling into the prison of contraband articles; the increased liability to political control of the prison through the political influence of the contractors; the temptation to subordinate the reformatory ends of prison discipline to the desire to show large earnings; the tendency, under the con- tract system, to deprive prisoners of the opportunity to learn a trade, by which to support themselves when discharged; the feel- ing that it degrades men to offer their labor to the highest bidder in the market; etc., etc. Some of these arguments are worthy of more consideration than others. A very common argument is the smallness of the price at which the labor of prisoners is usually contracted out, which is far below the price paid for free labor in factories where the same class of goods is made. This is said to be unfair. But we must remember that the enforced and un- willing labor of prisoners is not worth so much as that of free men, who seek employment, instead of avoiding it; and that it costs more to sell prison-made goods, owing to the prejudice against them, than to sell the product of a manufacturing establishment; besides, the stock of goods on hand has to be carried for a long time, and in great quantity, when tht, market is unfavorable, since the C(mtractor has not the usual resource of the manufacturer. 186 Be cannot shut ilowii the works; if he could, he would still have to pay the price agreed upon for the labor of men who are in fact producing nothinj^. It lias been said that his protection against strikes is an ecjuivalent for this, but Wf do not so regard it. The opposition to the contract system, thougii many share it who have no wish to see prisoners idle, is ver}" largely based upon an oppo- sition to what is called the competition of convict with free labor outsiile. It has for its aim the abolition, not the regulation, of prison industries. This is wrong. The competition is not, on the whole, nearly so great as it is often represented to be. On this ;point we may quote the language of General Briukerhoff, at the Confereuco of Charities in Omaha: The total amount of prison labor Hctiially empleyed in productive induntrics in the United States a]nount(<, at the farth<^»t, to only two and a half per cent, of free labor euiployed in the t-ame in- dustries. A large proportion of all prifoners are employed in the same IndustrieB in-ide that they were engaiied in when outside; and, as thn product of their lalKir inside cannot be greater than it was ouisid'', how is* it piL-sible thai their labor .-hoiild injuriously compete with free lal>or? The producing power of convict labor is a-bom oue-fourih less than free labor, so that the actual product of convicts in the I'nited States is less than two per cent, of the total production of tree laborers in the sami- industries. That a variation of two per cent, in the productive power of the country should be fraught with the direful consequences claimed, is simply impossibli'; and we may as well, one** for all, set aside this count in the iudictment against prison labor as untenable or at least of very little value. Wages (the price of labor i are not lixcd by the ni'mber of laborers, or the producing power of any pins;le manufacturing industry, or of a limited class of industries, but are governed bv the total production ot all the indn.-tries of the kind in the countrv; and, upon this basis, the offlciaf statistics of tli"> Commissioner of Labor show that the protluct of convict labor compared with free labor is only lUty-four one-hundredths of one per cent. It is therefore practically infinitesimal in its aggre- gate inlluence. That convict labor interferes to some extent with certain indus- tries with which it comes into competition cannot be denied. Some trades feel it more than others. It has been the theme of much anxious thought how this .interference is to be reduced to a mini- mum. Mr. C'aiToll D. Wright, in the tenth annual report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, ( 1871'), nameil seven suggested remedies for the competition of which complaint is made, as follows: (li The tlbolition of all labor in penal institutions. cJ) The proliil)iiion by law of any contract for convict labor at lower rates per day than the average paid for out«ide labor of the same kind. ('li The reduction of hours of labor in penal institutions to six per day (t) The gi>neral introduction of the public account system. '(")) (Jreatly increased diversity of employments under either eyi>teui. fli) The employment of convicts U|)on public works by the government. (?) TIk' i-niployin«'nt of convicts on work requiring tin' greati-st expi'iidilure of muscle, and the least outlay of ( apiinl. ciiliiT in raw material or in niailiineiy. work ()n stoiu', etc. These supposed remedies do not wlmlly t'Xtliidf cacli other. So far Jis this state is concerneil, the contract system is abolished by virtue of an amendment to the constitution, and it cannot be re- stored, except by the repeal of that amendment by a p.)pular vote at a general election. The piece-i)rice plan, if it is not a variety (jf contract, (and if it is that, it is iu Illinois unlawful), must be a variety of the public account system. Oiir prisons can only be conducted on state account. But that does not prevent the intro- duction into them of diversified industries, or the eniployment of 187 convicts in manufacturing articles for the use of the state itself, or the reduction of the number of hours of work, or the abolition of machinery and the substitution of hand-work in prison. Mr. Wright discusses all of these subjects, and states his conclusions in the following words: (1) Convict labor should not be abolished. (2) Legislation to restrain officials in penal institutions frotn contracting out the labor of con- yicts at lower rates i! an the average of outside labor, without allowing contractors- to employ or not the men contracted for, simply abolishes labor in such institutions. (S^i The reduction of hours of labor in prison to six per day, with the old rates of contract per day, simply abolishes labor in penal institutions. (4) The general introduction of the public account system, as a rule, simply aggravates the grievances arising from whatever competition may result from the contract system. (5) The increased diversity of employment in penal institutions tends not only to lessen what- ever competition now exists, but has an excellent reformatory effect upon the prisoners. (6i The employment of convicts upon public works, wh'»n it can be done, is a feature of prisoa labor commendable, not only from the stand-point of the labor and prison reformers, but from that also of the manufacturers and working-men. (7i The emi)loynient of convicts in breaking and dressing stone, and other kindred work, while it palliates the evils of competition, induces to a large degree other conditions far more in- jurious to the body politic: and that work which requires the most expenditure of muscle and the least expenditure of capital is, if it can be had, ihebestfora large class of convicts, all things considered. Mr. Wright points out, in the report from which we have quoted, that there are two kinds of competition, that of labor and that of prices; it is the latter to which the manufacturer who employs labor most seriously objects. The manufacturer complains that a comparatively small amount of product, if sold below a fair market value, has a ruinous effect upon prices, and that the contractor secures the labor of convicts at a rate which enables him to under sell the market and thus to derange it. But it setms to us that this objection, and nearly every other objection that can be urged against contract labor, from the point of view of the manufacturer or workman, on the ground that it involves an injurious competition, applies equally, and possibly with added force, to convict labor on state account. The only thoroughly consistent position for those who object to this com- petition, is to urge the prohibition of cenvict labor under any form. And this is the point to which the opposition is rapidly tending. The condition of the prisons of New York, in consequence of recent legislation against prison labor in that state, is most deplorable. An attempt has been made, in the National Congress, to pass a bill prohibiting the transportation of convict- made goods from one state to another, which would have the effect to break up convict labor, if that is not its intention. At the annual meeting of the National Prison Association in Boston, last July, the following resolution was adopted: Risolied, That, in the judgment of this Association, productive prison labor is an indispensable factor in the work of prison reform, and that any scheme which has a tendency, direct or indirect, to promote or permit the idleness or unproductive labor of prisoner, will inflict irreparable injury upon the prisoner, the working-man, and the state. The force of this resolution lies in the fact that the small amount of competition between free and convict labor can not by any possibility produce the evil results which would follow from 188 the iiicioaso of crime of wliicli tlu> abolition of prison labor would bo tlu* occasion. Mr. Cairoll D. Wright, in his report to the federal government, (1887), .says that "the total product of all the penal institutions in the United States, for the year covered by this investigation, amounted to S2S,753,999." But Mr. Charles E. Feiton, superintendent of the Ciiicago House of Correction, has shown that this product included the equivalent of free labor, material, transportation, and other manufacturing expenses; and that ( though only about one-half of one per cent, of the total manufactured product of the countrv), it represented not more than s4,000,000 paid for convict labor. Suppose that the manufacturers and working-men who favor idlniess in prisons, (and not all manufacturers and working-men, nor, as we believe, any very considerable number of them, are so foolish ), could have their way, what would be the result, in a financial point of view? The prisoners employed in manufacturing would lose the oppor- tunity to earn 84,000,000, and these same prisoners would cost the tax-pavers of the country, for their support in idleness, 88,000,000 annufiily. Where would be the gain in that? This .88,000,000 would have to be collected by taxation; aud it is a well estab- lished fact that all taxes are in the end paid l)y labor. The burden which crime imposes upon labor would be doubled, instead of being diminished. The laboring men have their choice whether to endure with patience the evil of competition, or pay twice as much to get rid of it. If they are wise, they will readily see in which direction their real interest lies. But, if it were otherwise, if a small saving could be effected by closing down the manufacturing industries now carried on in prisons, this pecuniary gain would be more nominal than real, and the country would pay for it in another way far more than it would be worth. To abolish productive labor in prisons would be to throw the prisons of America back into the condition in which John Howard found the prisons of Europe one hundred years ago; it would be to turn back the hands upon the dial of the clock which marks the progress of the human race. For we should not only lose the reformatory inHuence of labor upon prisoners; we should lose its deterrent iniiuence upon those out- side who are tempted to commit crime. A thief dreads work more than he dreads confinement. And our ])risons would be- come festering centres of moral contagion, which would turn loose every year thousands of corrupted men and women, who would spread the corruption engendered by pi'ison life in every direc- tion throughout the community. Nor is it probable that the total manufactured prt)duct would hv materially lessened. Is it certain that it would l)e an advantage to trade to have it diminished? There is still another aspect of the ([uestion: Would not j iris- oners compete with labor outside, if they W(M-e not in prist)n, to the same extent that they now do, if they were engaged in honest toil? And is it for tlie interest of any one that, instead 189 of being employed, were they at liberty, they should be drones in the hive, to be sustained by the labor of those who are willing to work? If that would be to be deprecated in one case, why is it not equally to be avoided in the other? Objection has often been made to the use of machinery in pris- ons, on the ground that it increases the product of prison labor and thus aggravates the evil of competition, of which free labor is disposed to complain; and on the further ground that the crim- inal who, when committed, knows no trade and therefore is unable to earn an honest livelihood, ought to have the opportunity of ac- quiring a trade while in prison. It is true that the great majority of criminals are ignorant of any trade, and to this ignorance must be attributed in part their liability to fall into crime. It is true that to give a man a trade, while in prison, and to insure him a chance to follow it after his discharge, is to give society one of the strongest possible guaranties against his relapse. But we live in an age of machinery, when handicrafts give employment to comparatively few working-men. With every year the division of labor is pushed a step farther, and the man wdio once would have been taught to make a whole shoe, now simply fulfils the function of a human attachment to a machine, which performs but a single process in the art of shoe-making, but does its work with a rapid- ity and precision unattainable by the highest human skill and energy. The man who does not, in this age, learn to operate a machine, is never sure of employment. The educational value of hand-work is no doubt greater, and its influence upon character is better; in an ideal state, it might be preferable to employ all prisoners in purely manual industries; but we have to take the world as we find it. If machinery w^ere driven out of prisons, is there not reason to fear that many discharged prisoners would find the knowledge of a trade acquired by them in prison utterly unavailable for the practical purpose of making a living thereby, after their release? As to the competition of convict with free labor, however desirable it may be to reduce this to a minimum, since it is impossible wholly to eliminate it, under any system of prison industry which can be devised, there is but one course, in the end, for sensible men to pursue with reference to it, and that is to disregard it. After labor, the next great instrumentality which must be em- ployed, if we are to lift the criminal to the level of a higher life, is education. The connection between crime and mental imbecility or mental indolence has often been remarked by those familiar with the characteristics and habits of the criminal class. There are in every prison men of exceptional intelligence and capacity who, but for an unfortunate twist in their moral nature, might have attained eminence in the pursuits of integrity and of honor. But the great mass of criminals are men deficient in mental power, men in whom the animal nature predominates over the intellectual 100 and spiritual. Tiieir int'Utal operations display a certain low cunning, rather than any real intellij^encc; they are proverbially short-sighted and destitute of moral sensibility; even their physical ]>ower8 have often been impaired by excessive animal indulgences. A useful hint as to the proce.sses necessary for their redeiuption may be derived from the methods pursued in training-schools for idiots and feeble-minded children, of which there are now, in this country, so many. Those who have had to deal with children whose mental development has been arrested in infancy and early childhood knt)\v, jjerlmps better than any others, that the basis of all education is ])hysical. The mind operates through the brain, the brain is the fountain of nervous energy, and its activity is manifested in muscular action. The training of the muscles reacts upon the brain and develops intelligence, even in those whose original intellectual power is but feeble. Prison labor, therefore, is a potent means by which to cultivate and strengthen the intel- lectual faculties of criminals. This is especially the case, where labor is organized with this particular end in view. The modern system of prison trade-schools, introduced into some juvenile re- formatories, and notably into the reformatory for adult prisoners at Elmira, is undoubtedly a movement in the right direction. But the feeble brains of prisoners of a low grade need to be exercised directly as well as indirectly. Many prisoners have never received any school training, or at best have acquired only the rudiments of an Englisli otlueation. Ignorance is the fruitful mother of crime. An illiterate and idle man can find no other vent for his natural activity except in mischief. AVhile at large, he plots mischief; or, if incapable of originating criminal enter- prises, he becomes the easy victim and tool of criminals of a higher grade than himself. When arrested and incarcerated, he lives over again, in memory, his past criminal history; the recollection does not trouble his conscience, which is both weak and uninstructed; and in imagination he revels in the thought of future triumi)hs over the inexperienced and the unwary, of which he hopes to be the hero, when his sentence shall expire. He regards hiniself as the victim of circumstances, as wronged by his conviction, and as more unfortunate than undeserving. AVith cynical self-esteem, he more than siispects that the ditfiMence between himself and men who have been more successful in life is that he has been caught, but they have not. He regards the laws of the land not as an expression of the natural rights and obligations of men in their relations to each t>theT, but as a code of ndes in accordaiu-e with which the game of human life, in which one man loses what the other wins, is to be played. The other players have been nu)re skilful or more lucky than himself. If he wanted to earn an honest livelihood, he would not know how to set about it. His natural and acquired character is such as to render him an object of suspicion; there is nothing that he knows how to do well; it is 191 even possible that he is incapable of adding up a column of figures,- of signing his own name to an agreement, or of deciphering a line or a word in a printed newspaper. The first thing that he needs, in order to make him sensible of his own deficiency, to stimulate him to efforts for his own improvement, to give him confidence in himself, and encourage him to aspire to a higher form of exist- ence, is education, in the ordinary signification of that word, in- cluding instruction as well as mental development. The prison which furnishes no education, even to convicts so densely stupid and ignorant as these, can accomplish nothing whatever in the direction of their reformation. But there are those who, while they concede the propriety and necessity of employing a school-master for the purpose of giving elementary instruction in the rudiments of knowledge to those who • can neither read, write, nor cipher, would bar out of prisons all the higher forms of education. We are of a different opinion. The more extensive any man's intellectual attainments and acqui- sitions may have been, prior to his incarceration, the more essential is it that he should find suitable employment for his mental powers in reading and in study, when shut out from free intercourse with, mankind and shut up to introspection and communion with his own thoughts. Otherwise his mind will consume itself in vain, regrets, pollute and degrade itself by vile imaginations, or occupy itself in devising schemes of reprisal against society when, again, at liberty, he shall enjoy the opportunity of taking vengeance upon it for what it has made him suffer. No matter what may be the degree of general or special culture which may characterize any individual convict, his mental processes are always more or less one-sided, his views of life distorted, and his judgment unbal- anced. He is the prey of what may be called moral astigmatism. If he does not require development in one direction, he needs it in another. His ethical conceptions are tolerably sure to be per- verted. He takes a prejudiced view of the legal relations of men to each other. He is essentially an egotist. His mind needs to be diverted from the contemplation of themes of purely persouaL and selfish interest, and occupied with subjects which will lead his- thoughts in other and unaccustomed channels. Ho may be bene- fitted by lectures (or by a course of reading) upon the fundamental principles of philosophy, or upon scientific discoveries and inven- tions, upon history, upon art, upon law, or upon morals. Indi- vidual prisoners no more resemble each other in all respects than do people who have never seen the inside of a prison. They manifest the greatest possible diversity of temperaments, tastes, and aptitudes. They must be treated, before all, individually, and not upon any routine system. Each prisoner, if he is to be benefitted while in prison, must receive the peculiar form of disciplme suited to his individual necessities. It is absurd to take the ground that education is an advantage to prisoners of low grade, but that pris- oners of a higher grade need no intellectual stimulus and occu- pation. 192 Before leaving this hraiu'li of the Kuhject, it is to be remarked that a broad, varied, but \vell-ct»iisidered sfheinc of eilucatioual agencies Jind facilities is ess«Mitial to the successful adrainistratit)n, in any j)rison, of the nioderii n)cthod of testing, by marks and grades, the fitness of {)i"isoners for conditional liberation. Finally, it is impossible to conceive of any good prison system* in which the purifying and ennobling influences of genuine religion are wanting. By religion we do not mean the inculcative to l)e tpiite as important, if not nu>re im- portant, in its influence ujjon the ])risoner), it is most desirable that every oflBcer and employe's from the highest \o the lowest, whatever may bo his ecclesiastical connectioiis oi- peisonnl creed 193 should be under the influence of religious motives, and exemplify them in his daily life before those who have been committed to his custody. The influence of example is greater than that of precept, and preaching which is not illustrated by example is worse than useless. A prison chaplain may himself be perfectly consistent, upright, true, and kind, but it is in the power of the warden and of his assistants — and we Avill add, of the board of inspection, manageme t, or control — so to antagonize his influence for good, as to undo all thau he might otherwise have accomplished. What we need, before we can make our prisons truly reformatory institutions, is to elevate the character of prison officers, and to imbue them with a nobler spirit and a more unselfish aim. It has been said that, to reform the prisoner, you must begin by re- forming the warden; but it is equally true that, to reform the warden, you must sometimes begin ]:)y reforming the commissioners by whom he is appointed; and, to reform the commissioners, it might sometimes be well to begin by reforming the governor. AVe might even go a step further, and say that, to reform the governor, it is necessary to reform the peoi:)le by whom he is nominated and elected. The root to Avhicli all the defects of our existing prison systems may be traced, is the prevalence of wrong conceptions with regard to the true work of a prison in the mind of the public, and the almost criminal indifference of the public to all aspects of the prison question, except those which are pecuniary or political. We conclude all we have to say upon this subject, by indicat- ing two* popular fallacies; first, that a prison must be made to pay; and, second, that a prison may be lawfully regarded and used as a part of the political machine. It is very natural for us to apply to every human enterprise the test of financial success. It would be easy to show, (but it would involve too wide a discursion from the theme in hand), that this financial test is always crude, and often inaccurate. The highest and best things in the world can never be subjected to it. By this test, the life of Jesus Christ was a failure, for he made no money, and sought to make none. He laid down the rule that it is more blessed to give thau to receive. But we confine our- selves to observing that the financial results of a criminal system are not measured by the earnings of a prison. For the prison constitutes only part of the system. A prison may earn money, and yet, in consequence of its failure to fulfil its mission in re- forming prisoners and deterring those on the outside from the commission of crime, it may, on the whole, serve to promote crime, rather than to repress it. Yet it is not the cost of the prison, but the cost of crime, which constitutes the heavy burden which the community has to carry. We do not ask our hospitals for the insane to return an equivalent to the state treasury for the services performed by them. The man who should propose to take all the lunatics of the state on contract, and pay the state a bonus, in consideration of l)eing allowed to employ them at P. C-~13 194 linni lalidr for his own jjiilit, without reference' to their restora- tion to reas(»ii. would he lau^hrd at. Yet the prospect of reform- ing and rehal)ilitating a young man who has just entered ujjon a career of ciime. ami in whom the criminal habit has not yet been formed, is perhaps cpiitc as bright as that of the recovery of the average insane j)erson. The habitual criminal is in no more de- j)loral>le or hopeless condition tlian tlie chnjnic and j robably in- curable lunatic. There is no nioie reason why we should seek to derive a revenue for the public treasury from the one than from the other. \V(< have no more right to deprive the one of a curative treatment than the other, for the sake of i)urely econom- ical considerations. If we cured no insane patients, we should liave to bear the cost of maintaining them as long as they live; and tliis is what we have to do in the case of the unreformed criminal. Political reasons ought, if possible, to have still less intluence in the conduct of prisons. That a man has rendered good and efficient service to his party may entitle him to recognition, but it does not (jualify him for the responsible duties of a prison warden, — a position which ought to command the very best talent, character, and devotion that any state possesses and can give to the work. The ideal warden must have the ability to govern men whicii belongs to a general, the knowledge of the law which would qualify him for the bench, the purity and elevation of character which ought to be found in every clergyman, the financial skill and integrity of a banker or manufacturer, the tact of a success- ful politician, and the education of a college president or pro- fes.sor. These varied gifts are not found in combination in any one man; but the more nearly a warden ajjproaches this ideal, the better it will be for his prison, his prisoners, and the public. When the right man for this place is found, he should be re- tained, regardless of political changes in the administration. An inferior man should never be retained, for purely political reasons, when a better can be found. And, in the government of the prison, polities in the ordinary accei)tation of the term has no more j)lace than it would have in a church or in an astronomical observatory. Least of all should the decision of questions affect- ing the criminal law ami its application to convicted felons be allowed to dej)end on tlie caclulations of politicians as to the prob- able effect of their action upon a ponding or future election. He who makes principle the guidiiag star by which to sail over life's troubled sea, will, through storm and tempest, it may he, reach the desired haven; but the man who substitutes policy for ])rinciple, will discover, when it is too late, that i)olicy is often of all things tlie most imj)olitic. APPENDIX, 197 APPENDIX I. STATISTICAL TABLES, Table I. LIST OF INSTITUTIONS AND SUPERINTENDENTS. There are at present, in the State of Illinois, fifteen public in- stitutions, in actual operation. We give their names, location, and the dates of their respective creation: Name. Location. Cre- ated. Correctional. Penitentiary (Northern) Penitentiary (Southern) DlinoiB State Keform School Charitable. Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane Illinois Institution for the Education of the Blind Illinois Soldiers' Orphans'' Home Illinois Asyium for Feeble-Minded Children Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary Illinois Northern Hospital for the Insane Illinois Southern Hospital for the Insane Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home Educational. Normal University Industrial University Southern Normal University Joliet.. Chester Pontiac , Jacksonville Jacksonville Jacksonville Normal Lincoln Chicago Elgin Anna Kankakee — Quincy Normal Urbana Carbondale. 1827 1877 1867 1839 1857 1849 1865 1865 1865 1869 1869 1877 1885 18.57 1867 1869 LIST OF SUPERINTENDENTS. Correctional. Name. Superintendent. Penitentiary (Northern.) R. W. McClau^hry. Penitentiary (Southern) James A. Mitchell. Reform School J. D. Scouller, M. D. Charitable. Institution for the Deaf and Dumb » Philip G. Gillott, LL. D. Central Hospital for the Insane Henry F. Carriel, M. D. Institution for the Blind William S. Phillips. Asylum for the Feeble-Minded Children William B. Fish, M. D. Soldiers' Orphans' Home 11. C. DeMotte. Eve and Ear Infirmary Ed^arC. Lawton. Northern Hospitalfor the Insane E. A. Kifbimrne, M. D. Southern Hospital for the Insane Horace VVardner, M. D. Eastern Hospital for the Insane R. S. Dewey, M. D. Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home J. G. Rowland. Educational. Normal Universitv E. C. Hewett. Industrial University '. S. H. Peabody, Ph. D. Southern Normal University Rev. Robert AUyn, D.D, 198 Table II. LIST OF TRUSTEES OF THE STATE INSTITUTIONS, {E.rccj>i ilie PcnUcnfiarirs (ind Universities), tcith the of flieir terms of service, respectivehj. «I lira f ion Name. Address. Term Ex])ire8. March 16B9 1891 1893 March 1S89 1891 1S93 March 1889 1891 1893 March 1889 1891 18!t3 March 1889 1891 1898 March 1889 1891 1893 March 1889 1891 1893 March 1889 1891 March 1889 1891 1W3 March 1S89 1891 1893 Doc. 1889 1891 1S93 Xnrlhern Hospital for t/ic Ii,»ane. S. P. SedffAvick.... David K. Burclav. . OharleuW. Mar^li. EusU rn Iloi^jiital for the Inganf. Lemuel Milk E/ra B. McCagg.. John L. DoiiDvai!. Central Hospital for the Insane. NVheaton. Elgin DeKalb.. Chebanse. Chicago. . Watseka. . David E. Beat v.. R. W. Willett" ... Edward P. Kirbv. Siiiilhern Ilosjntat J'nr tlif Insane. Jamee Bottom Eli/.iir H. Finch William 11 Boicoiirt. Iimtitution for the Deaf and Dumb. Melvin A. Ciishing. Stephen R. Capps.. J. (J. Maniihan Jer.>'eyville... Vorkville .. Jackeonville. Sparta Anna Golconda. Minonk iJacksonville. Sterling Institution for the Blind. N. W. Branson Benjamin F. Funk Archibald C. Wadi^worth. Asylum for Fetble-Minded Children. Edward D. Blinn. Benson Wood Oralinm Lee Petersburg Bloomington. Jacksonville.. Lincoln. . . Etlinghani. Ilanik't .... Soldiers' Orphans' Hume. Duncan W. Funk.. James E. Morrow. Ed. Ilarliin Eyi and Ear Inlirtnary. Bloomiiigton. Pontiac Marshall Daniel Goodwin, Jr E. S. Fowler, Ml) William II, Fildi. .M. D. State Reform School. James T. CrosHwell. Ed. Spelnian Solon Kendall Sotiliers'' and Sailors' Home. L. T. DickaKon Daniel DiiHtin ThomaK W. Marfall. Chicago. ... Springfield liockford . . Pontiac. Peoria... Ueneseo. Danville... Sycamore, tiuincy 199 t IS J. TO §■•*- S ?" £ c :; - I- c s t- aj •^ o t- r- ic; i- i- ir: o C-. c* X TT -H ■* JJ 1-1 l-l 1-1 1-1 ic 5 L-^ — o S i?: t> i- ic o i- X — t- !- (S ■* ■^ " «M- 800COOOOQO CCCiSOOOCOOO lo o o = i- o c; i- o in c o o u-; m kf: X ir: o x •:> i- c: o d( iri = X c i- — =: o 1.1 o: TO ^ £ C-. « m c- ^ m ;2 SS = = 3ciSS^22 s 5 1= =■; O TJ X IC TO »i ^! I- m 1- I- t- O i- t- »< ■<* CC .-^ CC S OS- 'S.— .' C 33 » ^ to n - - :iliiifi|| 'SS.i^S J c 3 m K =^— o ~ .:: ! 0) o a - "5 o ^^ o ! ^ K i-H ^ < X a /J 72 X o o 5 o t- c> ?« t- o p§2£<2'^2-93RS p^i^SJJ^— -'^~ xc:i^.ao- s ' ~ '3? l;Si£3i!igc?55i = «- « I.-; 2 « t- C -T 2 1- in 2 -i .7S "■ i? £ ^> ss i«ij 55 2 -^ r^ — — c > — u O c lO — c ej S— ■ ~ ^— 1 - L c:_s.» = o s - --^ EC'S '3 c s :> SKWO: 201 Table IY. — Showing (unoioits collected from each comity in the stnte hy seven staie institutions, between the 1st day of October. 1886, and the 30th day of September, 1887. Counties. Northern Insane Hospital. Eastern Insane Hospital. Central Insane Hospital. Southern Insane Hospital. Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Feeble- Minded Children. Total. $5:W 74 $456 93 $81 47 $12 00 $10 31 $1, 095'45 $237 5b 140 00 2:17 55 Bond . 130 00 21 73 30 01 126 91 8 25 29 57 60 94 511 04 44 89 8 60 28 35 18 60 11 07 339 56 $66 12 96 45 31 22 79 18 81 59 89 58 206 09 23 26 44 66 28 95 229 00 38 87 12 90 195 72 53 51 52 53 165 63 Carroll 68 48 142 71 149 48 12 62 60 18 22 08 2 22 251 99 11 65 811 87 62 07 10 343 40 2:^2 91 184 75 160 70 123 12 Clark. 46 82 42 42 405 34 Clav 12 00 483 05 32 48 58 95 270 74 Coles 156 71 376 36 Cook 405 25 218 70 29 81 4:35 06 16 08 46 40 36 80 42 20 34 91 11 15 23 10 269 69 DeKalb 121 04 92 64 191 00 138 29 52 25 43 90 22 37 85 49 i7 80 136 08 33 13 322 15 DeWitt 386 88 2 40 82 43 110 85 8 64 302 38 134 68 Edf'ar' 207 70 48 40 307 55 109 95 io 43 20 44 43 79 31 16 12 14 2 90 32 29 261 03 Edwards . 15 30 33 79 106 51 470 62 Fayette 141 11 Ford 398 99 50 "8 51 45 21 85 463 11 202 20 15 15 36 74 271 70 Fulton. . . 147 73 402 88 641 49 Gallatin 79 35 79 35 154 17 150 39 149 58 37 82 33 81 341 57 ' 184 20 182 15 38 80 53 5t 220 V)5 68 21 165 41 65 56 13 65 16 63 369 39 13 65 58 10 220 99 30 48 88 58 211 86 619 26 35 60 145 89 3 25 471 70 74 77 839 92 4 26 53 80 178 45 53 75 22 60 134 41 178 45 57 13 66 34 iio ii 35 95 167 27 175 25 49 95 327 49 98 10 98 10 390 79 468 85 422 03 366 34 31 47 14 39 1,240 38 453 50 12 72 12 72 239 09 577 30 972 95 297 58 25 92 31 19 35 56 16 80 42 65 8 66 593 78 183 52 466 13 796 38 238 75 39 55 13 95 1,7(8 58 74 75 156 95 Lee 139 31 2 01 141 61 1,009 23 106 60 220 35 322 14 544 37 39 77 27 37 78 65 289 58 24 60 281 61 93 55 256 42 7 90 30 32 69 48 24 34 89 58 96 11 90 85 49 85 33 12 1,099 28 118 57 34 88 23 18 107 10 33 01 21 58 39 53 20 37 576 26 37:5 12 150 67 841 99 558 20 118 70 1,313 68 282 33 92 51 156 11 191 31 26 00 26 69 :i26 98 135 50 155 87 277 10 277 10 112 60 82 65 288 45 89 43 87 82 24 37 101 95 13 59 6 13 25 12 219 62 191 64 68 60 103 03 1.32 96 20 49 104 73 819 73 192 11 196 98 25 12 219 87 389 19 35 30 255 17 61 40 12 77 231 43 65 -24 55 30 92 71 67 74 583 57 Moultrie 71 50 139 59 Ogle 149 43 30 39 503 Pg 202 Tahle IV- Concluded. Couiitiee. Northern Inmane Hospital. Eastern In.'une Hospital. Central Iniiiine Ho.'pital. Southern Insane Hospital. Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Feeble- Minded Children. ToUl. Peoria fan 3.3 12 26 $286 n ■■■ii2iJao 29 00 1 1183 73 |60 (tl 12 M $500 18 Perrv lin- 27 12 35 42 90 252 56 Piatt 138 7U \9t\ 05 Pike 112 88 87 40 193 18 Piijacki 15 52 162 55 178 07 67 88 44 82 1(12 ao lianilolph 138 90 22 88 161 08 Kirhi.'iDd 39 38 m« 0(i 61 52 85 65 $32 20 2 60 133 10 %n 60 287 23 19 55 1,055 75 44 40 44 40 501 62 47 76 17 94 232 59 125 31 104 3») 147 78 20 35 75 03 7 75 155 88 15 48 1,1 «T S7 '""•ijw M 2s:l ;« Scott' 1*1 05 Shelby 55 00 i4'72 Si 10 60 56 77 ao 42 81 345 64 Stark 9 86 58 40 5 81 2M 06 121 64 245 35 80 15 67 St. Clair 552 73 KM 34 171 42 116 65 340 32 423 60 1,255 86 Stephenson Ta/ewell 183 06 4".iT '.M 206 87 44(» H5 172 06 12 70 120 75 106 79 28 35 80 95 bOA 74 424 18 130 75 238 44 63 43 179 46 ::::::::::i:::::;:::: 417 90 77 75 41 52 14 87 76 00 31 10 30 77 228 :i4 76 <10 White 70 65 61 66 602 87 80 75 50 20 17 00 77 94 21 62 44 45 2:ji 70 172 10 14 31 2.'j0 76 Will 47 62 10 35 6 26 749 00 88 00 119 97 Winnebiico 145 79 292 25 8<) W 17 U 71 17 $2,1<« 66 499 60 126 58 :::::::::: 284 b9 1 Totals $3,500 15 $14,344 13 |6,297 87 $6,256 30 $4,485 42 $1,074 73 $37, 157 66 203 Table V. — Showing amoioifs collecfcd from each conniii in the state, bij seven state instifniions, between tite 1st daij of Octo- ber, 1887, and tlie 30th daij of June, 1888. Counties. Northern Insane Hospital. Eastern Insane Hospital. Central Insane Hospital. Sonthern Insane Hospital. Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Feeble- Minded Children. Total. $202 35 $221 85 .floe 10 *3 75 .$43 10 .$583 IE 210 05 .piO 05 127 33 Bond 18 33 1 54 15 62 66 68 22 71 2 75 10 67 9 89 178 26 .|35 24 39 63 19 88 46 17 66 68 95 18 5 31 46 21 390 92 41 55 28 13 81 29 142 64 Caps. 61 08 4 50 5 93 48 52 15 36 145 85 520 78 92 96 108 32 Clark 60 42 99 05 7 54 35 85 203 86 Clay Clinton 14 10 84 55 210 25 "iis'so 11 55 59 93 31 31 21 06 1,168 25 33 35 189 89 Coles 231 31 Cook 5, 187 07 10,081 93 3,278,46 503 16 62 86 20,218 87 210 01 11 65 DeKalb 50 00 69 33 79 41 18 95 43 45 14 80 34 90 ^i 40 is 48 24 34 1 96 186 66 DeWitt 67 49 238 09 Uonglas 54 45 71 21 DnI'age 64 01 43 68 l:JO 93 106 69 97 80 27 75 121 25 165 65 12 40 6 50 7 70 4 16 34 22 13 93 9 50 35 81 247 63 KcUvards 6 09 74 35 13 73 11 20 55 27 Effingham 310 96 Kayeiie 199 87 Pord 70 61 5 70 23 85 15 20 89 24 Franklin 91 80 5 25 115 44 130 40 Kulton 105 60 195 09 467 14 Oallatin ■Greene 54 70 113 37 107 61 23 49 115 78 185 80 229 15 Ilaniillon 199 55 15 05 34 55 214 60 Hancock 45 02 81 07 8 34 8 13 167 11 Hardin Henderson 50 25 136 47 36 45 86 70 64 08 223 91 8 90 73 42 209 45 23 84 321 17 Jackson 13 68 131 30 122 10 164 66 4 65 313 29 JefEerson 122 10 ss'oo 41 48 10 13 348 69 58 23 86 35 19 98 bU 75 ■Jo Daviess 115 11 28 85 28 85 Kane 168 97 62 16 19 30 16 10 2.5 69 10 72 272 92 259 59 11 59 140 18 143 80 464 82 289 61 2S 28 ■""i27'35 6 75 46 62 Knox 12 75 32 44 11 38 9 34 45 65 4 43 313 73 141 22 196 53 396 30 LaSalle 98 05 32 20 768 74 135 05 313 90 Lee 52 97 76 40 133 80 Xrivingston 15 41 12 26 37 67 64 69 10 84 6 81 43 71 86 77 8 64 61 69 Macon 26 20 82 31 147 61 1 05 27 55 81 24 98 94 2 85 38 45 24 91 32 41 42 15 22 25 156 73 i7 40 14 53 230 37 Madison 259 75 46 10 500 86 Marion 176 07 3Iarshall 48 61 107 05 M assac 102 25 17 50 119 75 31cl)onough 9i'26 22 79 237 46 22 79 Mcllenry JHcLean 13 60 53 26 73 69 8 26 31 64 5 94 49 36 342 26 123 76 174 83 65 98 41 90 26 48 393 75 Menard 166 15 Mercer 25 42 66 89 29 45 121 99 46 77 8t) 45 Monroe 361 45 89 54 78 82 60 19 15 51 27 44 549 52 Montgomery Morgan 89 62 20:i 83 231 44 M oiiTtrie 21 85 18 53 55 89 Ogle 135 55 ::::::::::|::::::;:;: 20 57 183 56 Table T^— Concluded. Counties. Northern Insane HospiUI. Eastern Insane Hospital. Central Insane Hospital. Southern Insane Ilofpiial. Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Feeble Minded Children. Total. Peoria |7 35 $301 71 ■isSM) %\9 64 !M 56 |14 04 6 06 $272 74 113 10 Perry Plait 50 34 553 37 .'jO 31 Pike 78 24 88 31 iS& 44 46 65 792 01 Pope 84 56 104 35 K4 55 Pulnnki 11 82 i:::: 116 17 Putnam 44 68 22 17 r*\ 85 Randolph 47 29 34 »1 HI (J3 Ricliiiind 57 29 341 30 123 74 48 41 55 20 35 421 88 Rock Island 182 11 9 99 2S6 86 Suliiie Sangiinion 194 93 62 26 5 69 .62 88 4 22 5 70 92 63 16 53 21 82 22 46 30 16 27 M 61 18 33) 07 Scliuvler 9 81 Scott 15 38 38 2») 59 31 Shelby 372 17 34 40 40' 87 11 m 499 30 Stark 5 43 5 45 29 86 170 94 32 85 51 82 St. Clair 180 28 14 4« 51 09 119 22 404 37 353 30 772 .Vi Stephenson f238 23 HIM (ii Tazewell 60 96 143 11 Union 347 85 17 70 84 70 61 75 76 84 31 25 62 68 lilH 54 Vermilion 5511 09 Wabiisili 115 95 Warren 79 45 93 73 175 18 W!i.>iliin{jton 80 36 114 18 713 59 170 95 25 30 161 70 17 41 113 55 56 60 •xa 70 Wavne JISS 84 White 171) 95 Whiteside 167 16 52 97 267 36 13 9A 81 03 212 68 Will 43 27 is 89 4,')>< 52 Williamson 634 50 625 .SO Winnebago 147 60 208 43 50 16 57 76 4 34 26 05 418 13 Woodford 66 -m 142 57 Totals ?6,937 28 $15, 638 03 13,526 32 $6, 142 87 $6,363 49 |1,297 40 $2,878 87 $42,783 46 205 Table \I— Showing balances due seven state institidions, and not yet collected, on the 30th day of June, 1888, from eacli county in the state: Counties. Northern Insane Hospital. Eastern Insane Hospital. Central Insane Hospital. Southern Insane Hospital. Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Feeble- Minded Children. Total. $73 26 40 72 33 91 12 86 17 34 58 38 35 38 8 11 38 05 33 18 1 32 51 78 26 04 28 63 14 33 2,569 58 13-24 17 03 69 91 23 69 $385 33 $46 33 734 30 16 53 7 10 32 18 $9 20 $7 73 300 76 45 $530 85 1 654 46 Alexander $578 68 24 35 Bond 65 14 $67 55 65" 76 234 40 79 55 87 51 Brown 115 18 Bureau 293 68 Calhoun 82 90 2 60 24 67 41 71 5 64 23 38 319 75 27 34 99 26 397 19 Carroll 30 20 40 91 Cass 94 88 2 83 94 32 85 160 43 75 83 Christian 134 91 164 72 Clark 191 40 134 15 109 15 38 05 7 65 373 31 Clav 32 25 402 19 Clinton 7 15 30 00 336 74 29 71 172 27 Coles 82 38 Cook 617 10 574 39 193 55 17 18 46 40 68 16 59 32 342 92 29 55 50 12 23 63 3 22 4,440 73 75 35 193 05 341 30 Cumberland "11905 6 95 284 33 DeKalb 12 20 13 99 10 47 271 18 DeWitt 163 12 269 18 Dou''las 1 05 113 64 136 30 197 04 DuPage 2.5 30 7 35 6 30 73 65 3 14 89 15 1 87 61 97 1 05 49 39 34 93 138 84 Edgar 6 35 103 05 194 45 205 32 18 12 7 68 9 81 7 61 31 51 10 13 35 3 37 39 40 Edwards 9 22 39 70 63 98 6 97 308 33 47 77 138 38 305 44 Favette 30 37 04 41 97 23 93 303 35 Ford 133 36 Franklin 192 37 "'"'i24'36 556 79 Fulioii 248 28 66'54 383 32 Gallatin 135 35 16 411 116 49 106 48 46 77 38 37 133 33 Grundv 141 41 23 35 3 85 28 20 133 68 Hancock 30 87 106 05 6 66 318 65 251 10 379 47 48 56 190 64 18 48 74 Ilenrv 65 71 141 63 34 36 3 05 39 86 16 60 320 40 198 69 389 36 35 72 111 54 28 01 193 95 Jackson 340 70 153 45 133 90 807 00 Jasper :i80 15 Jefterson 11 63 15 39 71 18 35 04 17 38 132 94 4 61 131 83 61 46 276 65 10 145 63 Jersey 100 00 17 82 41 45 46 82 33 54 179 93 153 63 291 80 Johnson . .... 130 70 155 74 199 18 113 27 40 42 28 97 13 69 373 49 173 36 20 18 4 25 29 04 201 60 42 07 41 64 359 87 43 15 04 24 92 35 93 35 40 7 19 4 80 400 43 Lake 54 11 334 21 193 14 996 13 Lawrence ii ib 61 44 Lee 94 96 61 in 160 91 ITO 64 60 50 86 61 136 86 7 31 15 12 57 53 160 90 Livingston 1 21 418 83 105 36 80 37 163 13 Logan 64 64 18 47 8^ 09 83 08 73 41 22 80 133 83 65 61 41 66 8 26 56 90 37 36 7 56 63 04 15 26 34 97 2 34 54 98 34 82 3 09 18 58 12 .58 37 90 649 72 Macon 325 99 Macoupin 35 30 14 27 287 63 Madison 61 20 102 80 352 31 Marion 330 78 3Iarbhall 89 03 14:3 10 i:J4 51 Mason 21 60 419 09 Massac 190 40 305 66 McDonongh McHenry is'cis 332 24 34 43 36 83 77 78 34 45 78 04 400 94 373 97 1,143 12 41 73 McLean 175 39 92 43 117 02 61 60 45 11 78 44 407 24 Menard 250 13 Mercer 144 56 Monroe 76 90 123 16 43 88 110 32 3 45 89 87 107 01 296 68 Montgomery 137 89 142 39 194 35 Morgan 103 67 8 01 35 27 10 439 55 44 65 56 81 Ogle Peoria 66 88 32 19 37 63 178 94 1 45 221 84 367 96 •2iM\ T'llih- VI — Concluded. Counties. Northern Insane Hospital. Eastern Insane Hospital. Central Insane Hospital. Southern Insane Hospital. Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Feeble- Minded Children. Total. Perry 16 12 14 75 88 10 8306 694 IH 6 17 410 56 6 (M 53 63 Piatt 185 73 257 79 173 83 Pike 33 30 122 12 27 09 440 30 Pope 83 06 I'lilai'ki 37 694 55 Putnmu • .. 86 65 19 75 56 40 Randolph 1 54 259 10 106 10 17 70 91 00 133 92 151 10 151 08 35 02 10 ij 74 303 08 Kit'hiiiiul 1 00 198 10 Koc'k Iijland 64 280 40 229 30 7 18 651 44 415 25 »» 35 112 47 215 65 !M 90 69 44 18 91 24 36 67 16 97 6 09 33 51 44 52 26 34 58 15 10 81 39 77 593 54 Schuvler :i\ 93 Scott 14 52 45 77 «i0 63 ShPlbv 76 45 113 12 Stark" 6 44 26 29 101 09 87 30 16 1.57 56 55 58 21 79 48 7U St. Clair «4 -M 27 12 61 99 4 V.i 236 85 9 00 59 15 \t 52 55 »;»■. 107 03 :i8 2s 39H 74 5 61 42 26 45 69 68 ai ei 69 24 05 321 37 Stephenson Tazewell 90 48 21.8 46 134 26 210 93 Union 38 S5 2 15 18 80 47 13 247 93 Vermilion 32tedness October 1,1886 Expenses, ordinary, present year E.xpensi's, special," i)resent year .. Expenses, Burr fund Expenses, shoe factory LflJirr/'/irLlJ^ Cr. Suiu'LL's AM> Deficit. Dr. Cash balance September 80, iaS7. Caeh estimates in state treasury DeAcIt September 30, 1887 Cr. Indebtedness September 3<>, 1887. Surplus September ;W,1HH7 179,735 84 |a60,274 60 •ii^),345 00 MS, 501) 00 $305,080 84 f?<08,TT4 (iO, <;481,909 06 $137,409 06 ■iU. 500 00 )86,595 64 230,477 00 106, 395 21 '198,' 685' 63 $305,080 84 $808,774 60 346, .-m 991 •2,000 00| 460, 4.« 61 174,906 01 3 05 287,000 00 $307,072 61 116,471 81 'ii)o',imsa 15,230 25 99,500 00 6,«»5 21 2,ti9H 46' 42,100 11 232,500 00 113,8*1 99 $461,909 06 $307,072 64 13,770 58 20,043 15 145,500 OOi 100.875 00 29,406 01' 15,59«'. 81 6.5S0 36! 22.068 29, 11.976 80 13,060 44 $130,895 28 $410,503 39. $200,653 34 $149,575 40 .%256 09 11,179 92 101, S17 4S 348,174 10 25,821 71 1 51,149 37 8.941 76 173,442 75 125,&')7 33 27,210 59 15,076 31 $130,895 28 $410, .503 39 3,256 09 11,179 92 I 96,4.57 TO 246,i»52 !>0 8,5ti7 5;J 113,t«>tJ 1*9 I 1,799 Ot)' $110,070 32 $371,739 41 Expenses paid as above 105,073 57: 359,354 02 Indebtedness September 30,1887 i 5,00en6es not clasBilled Total Lees receipte not from state. Cost to state Special Expenses Classified. Attendance Clothing, bedding, etc Laundry supplies Fuel Light Water MiMJiiine and medical supplies . .. Frfi;_'ht and trnnsp<)rtati()n postage imd telegrapliini' Hooks and siationery Printing and advertising Music and amusements Inst rumen ts and apparatus Iloiisehold expenses Furniture Building, rejialfB, etc Tools Ma' hinery. etc Farm, ganien, stock and grounds Heal estate Legal expenses, Shop expenses Expenses not classified ,(00 « .'■).')5 07 574 3S •J55 64 459 97 68i» 80 H) Wl 764 88 ,903 53 ,087 3« \A 37 ^x m ,:«6 84 216 00 ■'ss'oo •2, fi!>8 ti9 1,434 73 1,057 -iA tilfi 03 941 71 883 71 77 83 3,017 62 3,147 38 12,424 22 275 81 l,till 96 13.506 70 14 70 130 00 153 54 155 40 1,547 68 $52,777 71 ; 49.867 Wl 10,888 88! 1,221 2l' 8,2112 Ml 3,272 39' 1,K19 88 1,677 87 913 -Xi 556 94I 863 72, 615 70 9Cr2 42 53 32 705 10' 2,916 .M' 4,704 04 74 99 1,244 82 5.394 05; 2,lti8 90 987 ao 490 18 446 IS 252 45 207 05 22 AO 651 62 1,774 63 4,653 37 115 39 1,718 11 3,871 71 N1 00' \fA^ 00 27 26 805 25' 4 35 H9 65 liiO 00 51 65 84 00 93 5S $96,457 70 $246,952 50 $149,669 iS $121,102 44 6,580 36 22,068 29 11,976 80 13,060 44 $89,877 *t a, 064 85 i75'22 $224,884 21 1 $137,692 55 $108,042 00 6,597 52: 741 78! 45 001 5,605 07 5,065 65 210 8O: 3 74 49 2 15 366 85 38 65 300 00 23 79 41 91 ,461 54 10 48 883 66 "i'46 420 14 16 00 537 Kt ,267 41 ,847 46 39 28 ,860 24 ,883 68 639 IX) 132 49 Total (/>.) AVKRAOES. Total number of days' l)oard furnished Deduct furnished to'ofllcers and employes. . . Days" board furnished to inmates .\verak'e number of inmates Average cost (ler capita (gross). .. Average cost jier capita (aet) (c)$10,806 68 233.886 38,f<-ir. $118,600 09 tV18.096 93,909 19-J, 990 534.22 $180 66 1G8 24 664,186 1,518.32 $162 65 148 11 18.017 53 342 26 8 56 6,578 89 6 TO 1,134 14 19 95 $28,778 40 390,969 65.875 $11,888 98 378,790 335,094 286,612 918.07 645.51 $163 03 $187 61 149 98| 167 88 Continued. 211 Institutions fok TUE— Asylum for Feeble- Minded. Soldiers' Orphans' Ilome. Charita- ble Eye and Ear Infirmary. State Reform School. Soldiers' and Sailors' Home. Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Total. $54,156 56 17,190 05 4,248 03 468 25 7,289 91 1,738 66 796 78 $16,384 12 9,072 29 1,996 62 277 98 1,729 02 739 90 257 95 - $26,475 16 16,743 63 3,794 17 395 81 5, 805 06 2,958 54 $17, 310 51 17,292 27 6,020 93 3t)4 i.) Soldiers' and Sailors' Home commenced to receive inmates March 1, and is not included In the total averages. (r. ) InchuYes expenses on account of Burr fund. (U.) Includes expenses of shoe factory. Concluded. 213 Institutions for THE— Asylum for Feeble- Minded. Soldiers' Orphans' Home. Charita- ble Eye and Ear Infirmary. State Reform School. Soldiers' and Sailors' Home. Deaf and Dumb. Blind. 500. 155. 41. 141. 363. 35. 80. 360. 100. 151. 136. 672. 26. 298. 156. 2. 5,426. 2,332. 953. 64. 443. 532. 2 1,007. 520. 2. 285. 200. 337. 181. 4. 88. 64. 478. 101. 202. 168. 611. 248. 7. 207. 149. 834. 703. 5. 79. 47. 456. 150. 3, 303. 534. 128. 12. 394. 8,711. 2,704. 237. 3,547. 2,223. 1,007. 337. 478. 611. 834. 456. 534. 8,711. 214 Table YIIL — Cunsolidated Financial Siaiemeni {all funds included) for the fiscal year Hospitals for the Insane. Northern. Eastern. Central. I Soutbern Appropriations. Dr. Appropriations 1887, undrawn October 1, 1887.. Cr. Appropriations drawii during year Appropriations undrawn June 30, 1888. Receipts and Disbuksements. Dr. Cash on hand October 1, 1887 From state, ordinary From state, special From Burr fund From shoe factory From other sources Cr. Indebtedness October I, 1887, paid. Expenses present year paid Burr fund loaned Cash on hand June :», 1888 FlVANCIAI. COXDITIOX, Indebtedness October 1, 1887 E.xpenses, ordinary, present year. Expenses, si)eclal, present year:.. Expenses, Burr fund Expenses, shoe factory Expenses paid as above Indebtedness June 80, 1888. Si;itPi,fs AND Deficit. Dr. Cash balance Juno 30, 1888 Cash estiniatOH in slate treasury. Deflclt June30, 1888 Cr. Indebtedness June 30, 188S. $196, 686 63 92,506 26 107, 179 37 $198,685 63 25,821 71 75,500 00 18,00ti 26 10,112 !J6 9,653 55 $137, 094 08 ."5,006 75 78, 8;i5 24 5. 3:is 77 47. 913 32 $460,439 61 202,714 91 257,724 70 $460, 439 61 51,149 37 180,000 00 22,714 91 $287,000 00 129,2M 87 157,735 13 (190,600 88 81,506 25 109, OM 58 $287,000 00 27, 210 69 112, .500 00 16,764 87 $190,ti0i) S3 15,076 31 77,625 00 3,b81 25 30,568 74 $274,433 02 7,177 52 $163, 652 98 12,385 39 211,374 09; 130,576 19 10,682 87 $107, 265 43 7,384 09 83,440 75 $137,094 08 5.006 75 73,124 43 16,857 60 399 06 $95,388 44 83,841 99 11,546 45 $95,388 44 47, 913 82 1,726 66 $49,689 96 11,546 45 50,673 !>4 33,076 7!l 16,440 59 $107,265 43 $•274,433 02 12, 385 89 203,616 20 22, 714 91 $238,716 50 223,759 48 14,567 02 $238,716 50 60,678 64 Surplus June 30, 18.S8 38.(»93 53 $60,673 64 14,957 02 35,716 62 $49,689 981 $60,678 64 $163,652 98 114,974 46 15,601 78 $130, 5r6 19 130,576 19 7,384 09 87. 512 21 2.799 80 $97,696 10 90.821 84 6,871 26 $180,676 19 88,076 79 $38,076 79 33,(T76 79 $97,696 10 16,440 59 1,206 00 $17,646 69 6.871 26 10,774 33 $33,076 79, $17,645 59 215 of the Income and Expenses of eleven State Institutions, classified, {nine months) 1888. Institutions foii THE — Deaf and Dumb. Blind. Asylum for Feeble Minded. Soldiers' Orphans' Home. Charitable Eye and Ear In- flmiary. State Reform School. Soldiers" and Sailors' Home. Total ^185, 584 71 $68,600 00 $120,500 00 $97,781 74 $47,116 45 $93,449 28 $.335,850 83 $2,085,609 07 80,658 59 104,926 12 30,495 23 38, 104 77 49,719 71 70,780 29 42,177 69 55, 604 05 20,603 98 26,512 47 42,149 28 51,300 00 179, .332 87 156,517 95 950,129 64 1,135,479 43 $185,584 71 $68, COO 00 $120,500 00 $97,781 74 .$47,116 45 $93,449 28 $335,850 82 $2,085,609 07 20, 336 53 75,000 00 5,658 59 •2,261 79 24,000 00 6,495 23 5, 653 81 46,500 00 3,219 71 8.891 15 41,250 00 927 69 5 25 18,750 00 1, 853 98 22,747 20 37,500 00 4,649 28 5,680 60 75,000 00 104, 332 87 179, 910 73 761, 625 00 188,504 64 10, 112 56 90,808 48 27 29 90,808 48 10, 315 30 3,274 71 5, 046 59 237 47 1,041 41 68. 025 45 $111,310 42 $31,108 15 $60,420 11 $51,306 31 $20,609 23 $155, 732 25 $186, 054 88 $1,298,986 86 16,996 25 1,948 79 18, 515 36 12,640 54 165,939 20 56,361 81 1,032,065 11 5. 3:38 77 83, 779 77 30,532 74 54, 233 70 39,741 40 135,096 67 10,534 40 575 41 6,186 41 11,564 91 145 08 20,635 58 7,475 14 205,221 n fill, 310 42 $31, 108 15 $60,430 11 $51,306 31 .$30,609 23 $155,733 25 $186,054 88 $1,298,986 86 16,996 25 1,948 79 16,661 38 1,853 98 12, 640 54 73,2.58 02 103,285 :38 56,361 81 82,828 01 5,184 09 26, 445 35 4,087 39 51,292 42 2,941 28 38,813 71 927 69 4,02:3 93 4, 649 28 808,550 12 180,903 13 399 66 91, 662 34 91,663 34 .1:105,008 35 $30,532 74 $54,233 70 .1;39,741 40 $20,464 15 $136, 3:35 55 $189,183 94 $1,137,877 06 100,776 02 4, 232 33 30,532 74 54,233 70 39,741 40 20,464 15 135,096 67 l,2;i8 88 178, 579 74 10,604 20 1,038 ,426 93 49,450 14 .$105,008 35 $30,532 74 $54, 233 70 $39,741 40 $20,464 15 $136, 335 55 $189,18:3 94 $1,137,^77 06 10,534 40 2,081 41 575 41 6, 186 41 832 07 11,564 91 145 08 20,635 58 7,475 14 2, 1S6 97 942 09 205,221 17 8,0:32 n 942 09 112,615 81 $575 41 .|7,018 48 $11,564 91 $145 08 $20,635 58 $10,604 20 $214,195 .37 4,232 33 1,23^^ 88 19,396 70 10,604 20 49,450 14 8,383 48 575 41 7,018 48 11,564 91 145 08 164,745 2:3 $12,615 81 $575 41 $7,018 48 $11,564 91 $145 08 $20,635 58 $10,604 'il $214,195 37 •21 <; Tahh' VIII.— Ilotii'iTAUt rc>R 1I1E Insane. Northern. Eastern. Central. Southern OhdINAHT K.\rEN8Ef< Cl.AS8IFIEI>. Attendance Ko(. 1.645 451 73.303 17 48.128 98 13, 735 06 1.294 39 27,328 02 3,148 87 70ti (Ki 414 49 214 m 25.') 58 177 15 546 .58 •Kt 3»> 613 25 \,'ii*^ 95 7S(t 55 31 m 178 70 4,379 30 130 00 93 00 $73, 124 48 9,652 55 $6.3,470 88 1,644 76 1,841 81 K37 13 946 3.1 45:1 30 316 20 313 09 12X (18 1,079 61 2.971 H7 10, 697 77 240 22 3,211 (18 11.624 54 250 («> — "-^ 252 87 81 90 1,358 94 42,319 77 34,260 06 7.152 38 8(»7 12' 7, -221 «! 2, 440 32| 774 59 1,503 S4l 677 70] 218 98 916 16 122 75 1 91 :J6 149 65 .501 92 2.843 95 7,1.57 :18: 131 49; 1,1(!K 'Si 3.782 12 30,606 11 26,391 69 6,068 87 716 28 6,3»3 84 6,811 90 "i;777'9i 395 11 403 36 340 96 266 8& 145 34 66 00 411 76 878 M 1,JM8 71 188 41 498 79 2,926 46 $203,616 20 20,. 568 74 $183,047 46 1,968 10 ?33 20 ino 00 1.50 (X»: 12 66 1 457 36 18 32] 87 88 100 00 6 2» 25 00 M 10 $114,974 46i $87,512 21 7.177 52 10,682 87 $107,79«i»4 $76,829 34 1,936 00 1.093 11 1 50 331 86 14.919 00 293 84 1 20 127 14 130 49 10, 722 89 21 12 8, 125 00 .540 tX) 7,569 23 1.663 94 6,065 00 31 .V) Total. Total niiinl>erof days" board furnished Deduct furnished to olllcers and employes. $16,857 60 171.823 26,914 506,7.52 74,753 $15,601 73 2!11.37M 42,837 $2,799 80 Days' board furnished to inmates Average niiinber of inmates Averaire cost per capita (gross). .. Average cost per capita (net) 144,409 627. (M $13H 75 120 43 431,999 1,576.64 $129 15 116 10 248,641 907.08 $226 75 118 84 Continued. 217 l^vSlITUTIONS FOR THE— Asylum for Feeble Minded. Soldiers' Orphans' Home. Charitable Eye and Ear In- firmary. State Reform School. Soldiers' and Sailors' Home. Total. Deaf and Dumb. Blind. $41,853 33 12,953 04 3,056 17 588 57 7,035 99 1.705 89 569 75 $12, 1.50 83 5,.'S52 41 987 14 6 30 1,683 17 740 90 356 68 87 95 439 07 114 95 467 96 73 75 250 27 1 75 151 90 188 10 192 41 32 33 40 30 3,590 23 $30,088 35 13,586 35 3,195 35 463 88 3,293 01 3,017 11 688 35 288 65 277 29 174 09 205 33 36 75 333 53 133 50 470 46 1,462 62 1,113 92 36 83 81 97 2,211 86 850 00 $13,621 87 13,970 28 4, 373 46 256 30 2,318 45 547 96 $4, 513 92 0,466 31 30 25 389 69 1,827 76 379 60 234 90 369 33 683 63 92 23 303 43 96 00 17 80 73'66 103 53 714 86 4 87 $11,421 39 13,227 36 4, 344 15 436 33 3,489 33 731 56 $19,523 99 23,294 48 7,367 65 553 66 6, 096 42 1,536 08 1,121 '80 1,358 51 686 m 389 68 394 23 531 40 400 70 9 20 561 35 1, 3 7» 3 o -So c: 4; i-x-«3: i — ic OT «i r; e -r — -r — i- -r^ M l^'" c5 .— 'o' "-^ -if -^00 eft- V^c'h'k'-^ «; 5-52 r: i £ — . 2 s' ?. t; — S ?. — « ?S t- c 1-5 X I- c 2 t- ?> — ■•888888 ■ssg8.'--!? :asSSUio ei X -r c in -.c s l-g-l-s S SJSSggSS :i'«i'§ ^.^-JK^SrSt^SxS^ S 8SSS88S in P-S^CJccSi fi 6:?S X 1(5 4: TT c ri o; IN ;a irf S ^ —■ 5ieo«c?> ■ « 1-. ^c» ^eOTTr-icJtc 2'21 Sg?2 5 o 2 c 5 ii I- J- <-> cc ?( — 5 « X — '2 -f o ■rf 7* C^ ^ CO 88S 1-1 lO ; O C o )o5 <-i :S g QlOW— I C( CC ^ TO « t^ — ' CD IN >OQ — t —I ssss ) X -^ •la' cc T?- - --= UO O CO CJ CJ i-i rt TT CO re I- ooo 'SS=3S£25S •< o ' SB ss 53 8l:5g^S I- « tC O T <-i o s si — S" 85 = £- = S ^ = 5 « o O 1^ ^2 S'£g w5 OS •< 3 SP8 o 1 ».a~n--.ff>S gSSg 5gt?gggSi5!JSg S O X — IS QC ~. O — •«■ X 3= JC « 3 J- 52 2 s^?,^^2^ Cm li ca a !2 S SJ "" ~ ii =3 — '; 5 •" tr 2 i^ ii T5 gsgsggg g^2§^g| "S^Sg*" .S S^ £"^ • * ce — • -I *'*- — ^ " T* g5 J — . "- '^ * (D w >. SE- — 1 L'-O C 09 , E > 2 § ; a S ^ Sm CQ <-, »M A 223 788 00 828 65 1,488 25 3,017 47 765 85 421 00 464 DO 625 00 3, 328 98 2, 6(K) 67 5. ^7 09 1,840 88 509 45 7,200 87 10,223 42 19,297 49 1,914 00 980 10 586 81 137 37 4,614,109 66 7,268 66 1 s j£ M -^ JJ ^ C: CJ •8g 10 00 28 00 325 00 293 75 225 00 172 20 c CO 1 — X •-T-t- • 8 8 88 .SS 140 00 82 57 273 95 143 83 5 00 7,000 00 9,965 36 18,863 59 8?S CO IJ '^Tl TJ< 888 8 88 §g2 88 8 •se- ♦ 88 88 2g 8^8S 8 ejrt N-H n 350 00 19 10 70 00 200 00 88 295 00 130 00 258 31 359 37 32 08 22 29 61 27 38 90 S 55 1 to 1 rtCl ej>-i X S o o > e ^= O > a O CD a O "5 't '2 ■j: c t eg iS c o S (» o S "ci Z < o o 41 a! £ g c c o >■ s> c 1 g ■a 5 "o o © 03 a t c i < a o § > £ o 1^ >■ f-t ID c S •a o o o j: o n i '= c 5 T3 1 J g = o 2 "o o ii o 224 S§?e|2ii2ii g e< •— T ?» n — — ilig^?ih-'ii '- 1 5 = I{ 3 » S 5C »; 2 t- x — -( -r — •» t- :c ■^ s* 55 J- — c» -T — • t"; t- 1~ H X 5 « -J jc o K ^ 52=: — .st-t-io— 'XjC-r e»toxs>»-t-oi3:s M — 245'" — 3soi5 o: o t- 5» tr X 1» ^ «- e< X ■» CO 41 an ct 5«' X Q.' a £ ■a :o O -J, •?■«•■=■-£!:' ■» i - ~ *•*" c o t .v-»-A, ,. I; H « ' C c-— C s es 1. a 1^ C C " I. ~ '5 "^ '« -3 » '«> 5 f 3 X « i^ i s — ^^ C C e • C ^'J O 00 CO 00 e c CO 'I s n •=3 ii-J iill S Vi =: r: i; I SI -gzs izg5r« fiSSjiSfi-Sls* s = S5"'2-rt± — — CO — -T 3 — 3hS33'^-» N to •» II J» l-H ^ 03 — *- .^ C — c - 5 ">-=.£.£ f *;i:5-H-H=|Si: ;£t2 1,514 17,064 34 114 118 164 154 165 159 146 205 210 223 23' 275 331 360 :368 405 421 419 9 31 56 81 :i5 34 14 108 100 248 294 343 .V)3 251 419 42 408 472 3,686 7 16 57 66 103 81 1(M 182 176 274 88 96 1!>4 218 170 324 21 225 211 2.85»3 6 21 23 42 29 35 42 48 46 78 107 104 149 171 201 213 245 369 334 2,263 66 8? 182 166 2M 214 297 229 321 •231 315 302- 409 301 429 318 535 406. 662 462 666 642 735 821 9t52 1,170 1.075 1,517 it84 1,755 1,33(1 1,985 l,29ti 2,400 1.429 3,613 1,442 3 685 18, .'179 3,685. 227 Table XIII. — Dtmifion of Terms and Vacaiions. 1887. Insiiiidion for the Deaf and Dumb. — Term of 1886-87 closed on Wednesday, June 8, 1887. Vacation of fourteen weeks and six days. Term of 1887-88 opened on Wednesday, September 21, 1887. Insiitidiou for fhe Blind. — Term of 1886-87 closed on Tuesday, May 31, 1887. Vacation of fifteen weeks. Term of 1887-88 opened on Wednesday, September 14, 1887. Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children. — Term of 1886-87 closed on Thursday, June 30, 1887. Vacation of eight weeks and six days. Term of 1887-88 opened on Monday, September 1, 1887. Soldiers' Orphans' Home. — Term of 1886-87 closed on Friday, June 17, 1887. Vacation of eleven weeks and two days. Term of 1887-88 opened on Monday, September 5, 1887. 1888. Instiiidion for the Deaf and Dumb. — Term of 1887-88 closed on Wednesday, June 13, 1888. Vacation of thirteen weeks and six days. Term of 1888-89 opened on Wednesday, September 19, 1888. Institulion for the Blind. — Term of 1887-88 closed on Tuesday, June 5, 1888. Vacation of fourteen weeks. Term of 1888-89 opened on Wednesday, September 12, 1888. Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children. — Term of 1887-88 closed on Saturday, June 30, 1888. Vacation of nine weeks and four days. Term of 1888-89 opened on Thursday, September 6, 1888. Soldiers' Orphans' Home. — Term of 1887-88 closed on Friday, June 15, 1888. Vacation of eleven weeks and two days. Term of 1888-89 opened on Monday, September 3, 1888. 228 TaiU.E XIV. — Slt 5° 3 5 i E 5 2 r-»3jr*3| i at' — K □ III = -'/■' •* * ** CD 1 . 1 2 1 9 5a? 5 D 5 State Reform School. Eye and Ka'r Inflr- iniirv. £ u i 4 8 1 1 2 5 8 5 I 5 1 1 1 au 8 26 6 5 18 164 8 6 B 4 4 8 7 8 74 14 1 8 2 20 2 14 1 8 2 3 8 2 8 5 1 2 2 5 8 5 B 4 1 1 21 } 2 2 1 1 f 2 1 < 8 1 1 4( 6 5 4 8 2 1 1 1 2 1 It Clark 6 1 1 4 TO 1 2 5 4 3 1 10 44 Clay IS Clinton 1 8 4 2 i 1 4 58 2 2 49 2 1 2 4 3 2 8 5 r i 6 21 Cook ao 16 12 m I 2 11 1 2 i % i: DeKalb. 4 Id DeWiti 6 2: 8 i< 1 ' Edgar 8 1 5 4 I 6 1 1 2' !l 8 1 18 6 1 7 2 6 15 1 3 2 r 5 1 1 7 1 1! "■'io 1 1 1 1 2 8 ■■■■io 1 6 4 2 5 1 2 1 8 1 5 1 11 4 2 1 8 3 2 1 8 1 1 2 : 1 8 2 6 2 8 : 4 9 1 1 3 4 11 5 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 15 81 4 1 5 8 8 11 18 I 10 2 2B 5 5 9 2 6 5 1 14 8 i 6 8 7 2 6 2 2 1 3 llf 2 3 1 2 1 17 1 4 Kankakee 1 8 1 1 11 1 1 2 4 1 2 a 8 7 8 B 1 5 10 5 21 8 8 4 18 1 LaSalle 3 » 2 1 8 10 4 1 4 8 5 8 4 a 1 2 2 5 13 10 -i ■ ■ ■ ■ ill b 2 1 1 1 •> 4. 81 4 4 1 a MarHtiall 2 4 3 1 2 5 8 IS 4 4 6 4 IB 7 . 1 1 i IH 8 2 1 7 1 MclItMiry 4 1 B 18 6 8 9 19 2 1 . 1 B 5 1 Mi*rt «*r 1 1 I 2 1 a a 1 8 1 8 A 4 1 a 41 Moultrie I' 229 Table X/F.— Concluded. Counties. Eastern InSHne Hospital. Northern Insane Hospital. — 13 =■£ ? ■^ r » ^' 1 o s< = ^ 3 -D ■^'-3 O W 5' Soldiers' Orphans' Home. Feeble- Minded Children. State Reform School. Eve and EaV Infir- marv. III 1-3 O E Ogle 6 2 1 1 9 6 8 9 1 5 3 2 i 6 18 1 1 9 24 15 2 10 i 1 2 46 Perrv 2 12 Piatt 13 Pike 2 1 1 1 7 29 7 Pulaski 1 2 ""ii 1 4 2 6 2 28 7 4 4 10 4 Kandolpb 1 8 2 1 2 2 10 1 5 11 2 4 2 1 i 8 12 Rock Island 1 2 1 34 Saline 6 T? 25 1 1 1 o 69 Schiivler 6 2 16 Scott. 1 7 Shelby, 6 27 37 Stark 1 2 1 /v 8 St. Clair 1 3 1 8 2 1 2 4 1 5 2 35 Stephenson 6 3i 9 : 5 % 1 28 Tazewell 11 "io 1 1 23 Union 2 16 15 1 2 3 1 2 1 4 ...... 2 6 9 12 34 Wabash 3 12 6 8 i 22 6 4 4 2 1 17 Wavne 3 2 2 23 3 5 2 1 1 1 2 18 White 4 10 21 4 2 3 1 i 1 2 12 Whiteside 4 18 Will 1 1 54 2 8 16 Winnebago 6 2 1 3 24 1 20 Won residents. 12 Totals 105 319 271 145 64 41 35 107 698 158 532 2,475 2H() T.\1M,K X\.- Showiiuj f/ic iiumlxr of imiiiifes udmiiicd into eleven sidfc uistifuiions, from each coiinhj in ihc state, beiweeii the 1st (iaij of Octoljer, 1S87, and the 30th day of June, 1888. 1 1 1 Counties. III J- it 1 d" ixT i 3 2 1 3 O (t 2 CL Soldiers' Orphans' Home. Fceble- Minded Children. » 2 1 16 i 8 1 1 4 6 1 4 28 1 2 58 8 Bond' 1 1 2 8 8 C 6 7 1 2 7 1 2 6 2 1 1 7 2 2 6 1 16 4 Carroll 2 1 1 8 2 2 i 1 4 S 2 2 1 7 4 fl 2 Iff Christian 6 5 2 1 6 1 1!! Clark 1 in Clay 7 Clinton 4 6 97 & If Colee 7 5 1 5 4 1 1 10 108 4 6 6 6 M 2 8 21 Cook 16 40 i 87 1 3 4 3 m 5 2 11 6 1 ^f DeKalb. 1 IS DeWitt 4 1! 6 1 If 2 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 8 i 2 f Ed«'ar 1 1 2 3 11 i 1 5 6 1 1 1 1 4 1 6 8 8 12 4 3 1 7 9 u Favette n Ford 1 ^( 1 1 ( Fulion 4 4 3 1 3 2 5 1! Gallatin 1 i> 1! 7 1 3 4 I 6 9 2 7 12 6 1 3 i 1 4 i s 5 4 4 1 2 8 B 6 6 1 1 3 1 B 2! Hardin 2 1 2 2 8 10 1 2 1 1 2 B 2 3 4 1 '1 1 1 1 - 4 1 3 3 14 6 1 3 2 12 4 8 1 1 1 1 4 Kankakee 1 1 Kendall 1 5 1 1 2 2 8 1 19 10 1 1 Luke 1 1 1 12 LaSalle 1 i 4 Li'.> 1 12 6 8 4 2 6 8 2 14 i 1 B s 2 2 1 4 5 9 B 8 5 6 1 9 i 1 1 9 1 2 2 1 8 1 1 1 MadlHon 7 4 1 2 fi ? ? Marj-hall Manon 2 8 1 1 MrDonough 6 1 8 8 Mcllenry 8 1 2 18 (1 7 IG < Mi-nard Mercfr 1 8 1 2 S 2 1 Monroe S Montgomery S S a 8 s 1 Moiiltrle 1 1 231 Tabic XT:— Concluded. Counties. (» CD -1 .- 1- 3 = 53 w ■ _Orjr. 3 2 o_5 o Ogle 3 6 4 14 4 3 6 9 Peoria 10 5 8 1 1 3 10 29 Perry 2 4 20 Piatt 9 Pike 1 1 1 3 15 Pope 2 1 9 Pulaski 2 2 6 Putnam . . Randolph •i 3 3 3 1 . 1 25 4 3 2 1 15 1 6 2 3 7 Richland ;. 1 3 2 3 i 1 11 Rock Island 1 12 22 Saline 5 7 Sangamon 17 3 1 1 I 1 4 2 5 2 1 18 5(5 Schuyler Scott 2 9 Shelbv 3 23 Stark" 3 4 St. Clair 5 1 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 i 3 26 Stephenson 6 2 1 10 5 15 Union 5 1 10 2 i 1 24 Wabash . . i 1 7 5 4 9 Washington 3 1 2 3 3 i 2 3 1 i 1 1 3 2 1 4 2 12 Wavne.t 7 White 4 11 6 3 1 12 4 6 11 2 3 1 18 Will 35 5 4 13 Winnebago 16 Woodford 4 4 13 288 Totals 68 204 114 21 13 32 53 524 105 320 1,742 'iH'i C CD •*■• V: 5- CO 2 '^. J^" fel IS o n -< J-gll 2 c o ^ >. — > V - c •c i o^ 5" Hi at O. es B S t • a. i; e * >5 B I 5 ili=s§^gi :§ilg"?i=s= ii.: : ^^'ttm% i§is •:§ f » . • fC S « C 5» f- - ■ t- 95 ^ t- f« • tc eJ c ic -" m|Sc-s5«sfi5^§st;ii|^f,i| 3 :g : :SgSgggfc^gpi5i5?5§ gs§s :i T CI i» — cic» — c» il^ lii^ i ;5i i . :ig :g :Efsg*»S'-SSSS — •<- — 55J3 ■ — -< • ^ro « Sfli^i f^i- •e !C cj -^ — 2 S?? :S iSS •e — "-c it * — X fi ac ci i5 r> r. X 2 t- «1S i^s 5^ r^ tr^ ^ '9 Hi • •<:* ■taasoeo ■•— »cco^t*«5i5c • -CI 'i-cvt^cc -lO -lO o: icl- O « W S :§ S5 X — X'W S5 ■©» cciacRSSSojcxicxt-t-i.iacccsxcg-TSCiei- a;ccN2f5Sxat-^t--5f-'5ai>xgi.-csx:rS2 55 cc cK c T ^ -^ ^ f dec cCift c r^ Soi-xxxw-v ■c a ::5§| i§Silr- ^ . c . Ill I :|,^ c « C - * - c ~ "Tr"^ ' — 233 0505 • OS CO -^ t- 55 1^ CO -Q f-"— « « 30 incfcoocc •aocC'?*cbo» •fflQaceo^ioi-oo:o-. -^cSt- oo 55 51 1- cc m — t- — is -H -^ .-> fc -^ CO c» CO C5 oc t- oi CO o; COOOSJXaSOO^ODQC . X d $c Q • i- S N iO < !-■ t- CO 5 • ■* — c- eot-t-o — xiooico tC tS> •>* CO I- « T co'co'co'd't-^Sj'cri-T'H iCir3iair2cc*JiCcoo»-H»r5o; cDCJt-irj^^t-oscccot'Osw sSxi-Hiooioocc-aoocj cOrHoTciTofi-J'T-rcc'" •?»'>-<' C! oj ■* ^ -; 5i?5^ ^ »- 1^ o £ =j c X — •■ E2 : £^0 o -_ - o c. ® .2 S -^ * S; C a) J* :i. £. a. c :. ^ 0H c 5 ^ 3 >J S s c e S =3 c e^ 284 ■0 a o I I- o'^'— ' 2 s' =' itf 3£ •" -"S « S 3S= o 2 S^ ■3^ ? Kcc 2 ©"a; 2 :^2 -SSg = 5E O 1/ V 0, — _ tO kC Od lA '90 oc « ^ 55 -o 111 « C g P ©"a « a 2 ^— *tC3^s;»l- t- c; rt ?? c> — 73 t- « ^ — : X s a § C-. 3D Q (- tc c> « t: S iri--" >-i !>nQ ( •<»■»- IS c t- - • woe li c a 2:2 a* ■ . ■ C o ■ 01 .•3 . 2 a ». - ^ — • £* o * w ' * ' .2 - -S * ° — — .= o " CE??EJ tfcs: rr. 235 03 -.O O 2 a^'O ^ oc i- — I- 5 ^-5 <-- o X a; X '- -H — a c: o: X — 't' « go [- ^( I- £- « T» c: m 3: li S M X 5 — -> il-: 5{« . -"T 55 30 5* 50 CO i- • t- o 3 5* cp • 020: ■ --ti 23 ; -^ CO • — 05 S5 ) ITS -^ 'OS CO t- --^ > CO o . « « t- . •* x^Jo;»-'sj'^'r? — k-:oir2Xf^>xc;o >ooc:coo5io^ " ' - — « . CXOOOSCO •COTf- -# 00 o: »c EL,Sd= X ■« X "Jl ■^^?xXtj"'^:C' »-i »n r^ t- 3: in c: o ir: X a: X N ?J c T( i> lO 0(^-^i-Ti*-^^cC'^T}*co CO 5> »J .-H {- n CO ej —' 01 o o S2 £5-5. o£ o t» C Ct- CO ot '7? :5 ^ — '^'Z^'Zl'O 01 lO 5» cr. CO t- 01 1- vt; ■ : 3! in {~ CO o ic t- 'Q — t- o o: — 1'! I- -w -to < 01 oil- C Tf OJ I- 01 in t- OJ rf {- OJ x m - = X oi ;c o — •-3 incooiao^ oJ c i- 01 35 m ■^• ^ CO X •«• c CO ■<+ o -^ in I- -^ in CO O X 1— 01 CO ■* t- -» TP in — ■ ;c 01 Tj" -i ?01:st- _ < — 3: X ■!-< •OC3 353! •5as IB" ^ CO TJ" X ■s;o5^t-o^'-'6i"*rft-->#coo500 — >nin'3<{-pxt-'N»'5'i-;ci-T — «incoooooif-'Oi»n:oo»n:o«co— ^cocooo;:cxoic5i- o.^ oo m — in !■ t-CO'^I^M coo5inco» ■a'SJco — H 2M\ 2§=o o *2 CD CO '"SSL 0» — -<'««' gviiliil"iaiiililii^]g§^rTf ifsiii^f -> ~ c» — » ^ .« — Jl X SCO 5 >> g ff. c» cj o -« t- s o^ ' - *; CI — o 1- e> — CJ 5 i- 1- -T i- t": — X XI 0-. * -< Ij •«■ S£ 5feg|§|=5g§ :SSj :i§ '-^ OCX M StSx 3 •S-3«x'r>«— ■ — xxssa xi«i cif-2i2« -wo -x • — xS • OJ « — — U — -CI ■S'=''0 2IJ 5-f-^^g33SJ*"ro'S550"*s* cxwiOt-aD«sg'5 x'«n -" 11 -g 03—00 . xtc'o' • m . . 2» "C i- 3C ?? Q 7» ■* )— 1 SIO— c- ^ io CO CO ^— ^^ OS "-^ O CO CO COOOO lOOSTJ' ;o«x?l -hC: — OS t-c in--' ■^ OS o OJ o c - ^x cscoc^ , . C O I- CO ffl W -H TJ X t= X X (TJ •* C^ OS X3'^Trm(N'^e»o TT-^cOtnOSXCOX'-' X CJ X OS CC « i-H IQ •WNQXaUJOSffi inxiScocoxocD 00 -OQ ■—o -loS X o • 1- o5 ocoo -o oc o OJ Ti- oj . (>J t5 II lO CO — ■;5 in :!X:c-T«i-'»'>r'N-TO>-jroJxoco ?rfi — ^.-iin — {-roosTO — csioos-^ : — isoot-eJt-ocoiccwNio -'V cj' .-.'■ji'.-r — — ■" c5 1- § • T? S la t-OJOS ICOCD OS5JX TO CO • OS •;« t- ■>* 00 X' cr. ^2O-*i0l-TOTO-"«X0S — ^. rt-o«f:'>, in rlrrcit shil,- iuatHulions, from each connfy hi ilic state. Counties. Nortliern Innane Hospital. ^=5 -PS Deaf and Dumb. Soiitliero In.sano Hospital. 2 iil - C 5 is 1 r'S |5 ! 5f» =•2. o o -3 — 3 a. E 96 8 5 4 4 11 1 5 5 44 3 9 2 8 12 450 66 2 1 8 1 6 1 ■ 8 9 42 2 2 188 Alexander !» 18 36 Bond 8 2 28 11 16 Brown 9 86 9 1 4 1 2 2 8 3 4 14 Bureau 4 2 1 1 1 i 3 4 8 6 66 14 13 21 Cass 11 8 7 5 1 1 4 4 64 1 7 7 1 2 2 8 6 11 7 1 2 4 1 8 4 1 i 31 69 Cbrititiiin 25 ""28 14 16 21 1 13 8 41 Clark 50 Clay 20 Clinton 5 2 54 1 3 6 4 1 3 4 5 1 31 Colee "32 1 2 5 2 1 2 5 114 i 1 2 2 50 234 1 961 Crawford 28 Cunil)erl«nd 1 7 11 7 7 12 1 7 4 25 1 15 2 11 18 1 » 15 DeKiilb 18 6 1 1 5 1 1 1 5 5 1 4 89 DeWitt 18 44 Douglas i 15 14 27 DuPajie 81 11 4 25 15 40 Edwards 8 2 8 6 1 3 43 J'avette 28 Ford 86 Prauklin ""34 ■■■'19 13 5 2 4 1 8 1 7 1 1 6 i 7 3 1 2 ■■"io 6 2 8 1 19 Fulton 67 Callatin 9 18 1 1 i 2 40 iirundv 21 Hamilton ■■■'si 13 8 5 3 18 1 8 58 Hardin 8 11 Henderson 10 8b 1 2 4 6 1 5 i 17 17 48 2 2 2 5 11 3 18 58 4 30 20 77 1 4 1 2 5 2 4 2 1 1 8 2 2 1 1 6 6 64 60 JacKson '""is 13 12 15 32 Jasijer 19 Jeflereon 24 Jersey 4 3 2 6 38 .To Daviess 14 36 Johnson 11 19 32 2 1 5 3 8 2 2 10 8 8 8 6 1 6 4 1 2 9 4 1 2 2 4 1 3 6 71 Kankakee ""32 1 1 64 Kendall 10 16 Knox 1 3 1 5 4 9 12 42 89 LaSalle 7 8 I 2 10 1 3 2 8 2 1 4 144 Lawrence 9 17 Lee 17 22 46 9 8 20 86 4 5 5 6 1 6 6 7 7 2 9 10 6 30 2 1 1 2 4 6 14 4 6 5 6 18 1 1 10 56 Livincston 58 Lo(;an 29 26 88 ""is 18 62 Macon 70 Macoupin 68 Madison 43 16 122 Marion 8 8 4 46 Marbhall 28 Mason 29 MasHac 17 1 2 1 2 26 McDonough ""iti 1 8 5 26 7 7 5 8 9 2 8 28 40 McHenry 28 McLean 49 12 19 ""27 86 16 6 8 1 124 Menard 28 Mercer 2 34 Monroe 18 30 MontKomery J 6 8 2 1 4 S 1 2 i 6 89 Morj-'an 71 Moultrie 8 19 OKle 17 88 Peoria 42 78 241 Table X/J^— Concluclpd. Counties. o s*© •2 S ^ g-'s S £,31 -1 a S 3 » J s 2 Hi III ta cc ?'5 ^ 2 0. £ S 'p Eye and Ear Infirinarj Soldiers" Orphans' Homo. WW Perry 3 35 12 1 2 1 4 1 1 5 2 1 1 3 i 1 1 1 26 Piatt 21 Pike 8 61 10 8 14 Pulaslii 1 6 '■39 3 4 17 ~ 8 4 3 36 18 15 4 1 5 5 1 9 2 31 1 3 2 2(5 8 2 4 1 2 i 2 8 1 7 6 31 4 3 8 3 4 2 i 1 4 2 4 3 26 1 98 11 20 21 4 4 .54 15 12 11 2 6 2 3 3 6 3 129 8cliuyler 29 Scott 22 Shelby 13 7 1 34 Stark 5 1 9 St. Clair 32 10 12 2 63 1 16 7 2 2 13 80 2 22 12 38 8 4 4 3 1 5 4 6 i 8 i 2 2 3 5 5 3 115 Stephenson 20 45 ""V! 55 19 1 8 35 85 14 40 17 17 14 2 3 2 3 3 2 5 1 3 2 4 i 1 3 5 6 1 1 5 1 28 30 ■U'hite 26 20 2 45 Will .. 102 18 29 27 64 20 53 Totals.. 523 1,609 923 630 1 338 270 154 317 526 5,291 P. C- 16 2i'2 00 00 o o '^ 00 1,^ l1 z. 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Cnniniitted during year ?{S'=' tcsijinsi- — "T— e^i'WOTi-'rs — — wej90X«et-^'»3» i-'ir5J-^ ■« «c»o «- e» ■» »-i >-< 1-1 •'T » as mimos»oo«x<> '85 t- rr a ?j — »-ii^X'r»5lXC<5«-<9' iaic»*s«3'*i-Ti^ — s oo iO « Tf o -" « so- — cc»t»i-x — TJ -.c i-u-: ^5* -iSS c» w t! w I — ni.-: '-Ti .= — ec ^!'!e»■ ?S^SrJ2x''2J!SSSg:^Sioc^S'^*l5S^^x-!Sv;-w?S5w5« Presunt April 1, 1887 "S- ■ Hiiljl|-i5>'||^l|3||lE5|t.r^||lli| a "^ S ' •ci o __._ 205 ■CJ-^wX— 1 Tj-IliS ij — -n • iJ • • . • CJ in r- . -h o -T •?»«;■• • "ij»3«iSTr.-" — ciins! ■ C( 1J — • Xi — I ;» TO — 'H CT ■ ^1 . c: • -r Tj- 30 »! ■* 00 » CI ■ -M to CO I* -.O 01 LI • 30 SO rf a> m ■* CI o •£ in in coMC«cjg;(Mcoc(.-i50 •SOl-lCOTCRi-lTtCOeOfflr-li-iXIXXl-COM •■NCOO — ■«r':» ■ m aj ^ -" CO c» c> lO —I l-H -^C< c> :c rr« n c» c? ic o • ^ • .- c< 11 Cl -r-if-t -O *— Xt-"-^ -M»x =;cc -" " — o -o a: X • xioocioirti* coiomd .-itC'-'O CO ci-^ ci ■«5'3"ccr-xt-i~oc03'coO'»rico5;o— _ », ^ H-i f^ l-s >-s >T> rt _ - c C 2^7i # _ ■ ■ c-;; - c fl = s - a a o ttc fl = ; 5 = c s a § j: o &ii y"S S i: ;£ Sr,'^,':^ ? - = o - --r^o '-'S^ ?-^-S 5 " ii'- =•= c £ 2(;n cl ~-' ~ . ." . .i.^- . . . i. Serving sen- : : • •■♦- • 1 " 'C~ tcnce •5" ;S «p ; ; :;.£.*'. :«(«-• " g diticharK«>d. : : WltneuB.... :.: 9 > • v« fs. Died : : : : : Infune lion- ""S: ;■* :3l- — ;"» » _ — » S pital or : : almshouse] : s «- i B ! : K s c : w"= : : • ^4 3t-':»^ ;093»t->«» .«M T > b : c z g u en :«' CO _cc : : :""• -i .«.-l -^ g~ ^ S "• a H H K : »:= '"S S2"« :«»^«g§ .«« 'W Ut U > a T ~ < CO *-*^» & r^ H X a u a> ^ . "* ■«riO»J— ; ; ;< »«» -lO CO K >> * TT u O « « •«• e-5 3 : ;"" :"-" : ao « Escaped : : <-i9) eOTXSS •»» • ■ o « t- i Acquitted .. " '" ; Discharged :^ :■* .?? : :■= "S « ■ eici II without 2^ trial : .«5 -««g : :" cia r — 1^ cc c 1 * E- Con milted during " S3§?§-'«2:v3$SS i^- II ye ar 1 '" Preo enl April 1, :' ■C 71 1- iR ; X I K X T» 1^ .«•«• li !« JT..... : « ; u P y. & 1 i^ : ! i as— . • • ; a • \i ) • il^ _« ;.• ?® : r-<= o c .' :•? : = j= o zi 1 i a = X.E-- = |2S >c 1 3 - C Z C : o : ^ 2ns felA 1 K.MKN I W \ I i 1. — '^/''''''''f/ //"' tiiiioiinis jtiml for iiKtiiiltiKturc fur niifiloor rcli'rf, (iiid flic s(il(iric:i of (ilmshoiisc-hrcjK-rs and in the nttiulij Jdils: fhr (unoniit jxiid for dictiiuj prisoners : ihe the (imounl jxtid for oilivr Joil ej'jjcn.scs for one year. Pa u FEB Expenses. For vear ending. Mninton- iiiice of R)m('hoa8)>s. Rep«ire and improve- ment ti. Outdoor relief. Tot 11 1. Adams Mav 1,1888 Al»-x«nder 'Sopt. 30, IfiKT] Bond Sept. l,lK8Ti B<'one jXov. 1.1S88 Brown lApril I,lH«sl Bur.-!iu iSept. 1,1»»7 Cnlhoun |Sept. I,lb88 Carroll Sept. 1,1887 Cm-- June 1.1S8K t h niipiiign June 1,1S87 rlin-iiun Dec. 1,1S87 (lurk Sept. .S(>, 1K><7 Cliiv Dec. 31,1SS7 Clinton |i'«"Pt. 1.1'<87 < • - Sept. I,lb8: Sept. 30,1887 1 ii«K lii-.me anylnm Sept. 80,1887 Conk Conntj- IloBpital " Crawford . .' Dec. C'liniberlund Dec. li-Kall) Sept. Ii-U itt June 1' i.i" iDec. I' .J- Dec. i: Dec. I I'lU [Sept. I •' mm |])ec. I . t.- Sept. I ..nl |jnl.v I'runklin Sept. Fulton Sept Ciullaiin Creone . ... C'-nn.lv. ... II iv.iion.. II -....ik... Il.ir.liti lleii(leri:ille.... Lawrence. . I.ee ;>ln V .......II. Mar. 1,1H88 MiiBon Mprll 1,1H»8 1887 1887 18S7 18SK 188' 1S8 1887 1K'<7 ish; 1SS7 1HH8 1SS7 1S87 Sept. 1,1887 April June Nov. April Sept. Snat. Sept. A|.ril .Mar. June Mar. Si'pt. April Sepl. Jnlv Sept. July Fel). Sept. Jl/.y Sept. ,1888 1887 1K><7 18SSI 1887 1887 1S87 1SS8 18S8 IH»H 1.SS8 1S88 188N l^S7 1K87 1887 1888 ISSH 1887 ISSS 1887 $6,685 22 1,3-28 78 725 00 1,(H0 mil 5,:J74 29 1,121 00 2,036 17 IM 65 2,075 57 1,6M 15 l,tm 14 949 4ii 811 an 846 40 137,686 88 176,067 22 219,5.'« 85 840 ao 1,0.S5 00 1,072 64 1,278 95 817 41 2,942 83 60i» 27 64 37 746 36 'i26'2i 16,659 86 3il,147 19 14,646 79 99 25 105 no 1,000 U) 23S -m $21, .V» 51 2,827 12 1,768 86 3,563 95 315 67 13,784 71 l,.58«i 5M 2,077 85 3,0.-,0 87 5,91.S 12 8, 5«i9 •« 6.577 45 3,0(H 49 3,058 45 9, 157 69 178,066 95 1,606 19 1,6.36 21 7,9ti3 19 1,999 94 4.221 65 8, 295 07 8RS 07 5.50 73 1,909 45 1,915 49 5, 600 00 1,444 71 1,541 50 3,125 00 1,12S 60 2, 925 25 24S 66 * 1,779 25 8,1'.H) 79 4,020 21 i 1.585 24 1,.592 87 1,770 51 1 2,.V>9 -M 4, 260 28 801 81 10,417 i»4 10. 27.'. 0.'> 6,893 9!t 16,1124 58 1.4V2 22 4,711 57 3.415 m 1,600 00 1.275 87 2.8-.6 19 .S,2il2 19 2,.'>S6 (Ml 2.151 32 2, 18;i 40 3,554 30 I 76 72' 1,392 8»i| 462 761 1 10 81 , 28 7o: aVititV 200 00 18,465 31 180 7b| 3,893 30 1,082 76 7,234 05 559 01 2.790 at 2.2:« 97 2,219 15 374 07 12,679 a.i 471 00 4.685 90 7,5'<-i 5 r,3 ll.S.'v'; 72 l,.^•^! 7M 1.791 17 6.370 79 $28,138 73 2.827 12 3,097 59 4,288 95 1.9r>6 2t> 2-'.l01 83 2,707 94 4,723 2» 3.299 89 7,988 69 5. !»»;«; 7:i 7.240 59 4,OS0 16 3,869 65 10,004 09 3:i2,4l3 6» 21.'>.214 41 2:il. IHO 64 2..M5 74 2. 796 24 10. ftV> 83 3.517 15 5,1.39 06 14.(»CJ 42 1.447 68 3.417 75 4.114 42 2,219 15 2.294 81 1 '-1.279 03 1,915 71 7, 620 26 11.170 2« 2,H!U 27 5,6.S;i 41 .M8 .V{ 3,:V)» 45 18.980 27 7,7lrf! 16 5,7:*! 54 2,S.|4 IK 4,:U:i 74 5,9|S 51 .5. 7.\8 28 l,7lt0 80 46,(>-i 66 3,745 38 70 31 13.739 fl» 10,9r.i. 77 3.V491 62 3,251 82 10.S7(i 9t 10.077 11 5,600 0(> 16. !•.-<» 2.'. 8, 93'.' 72 19.014 21 5. IW 21> 3,942 49 8.551 It* 269 and repairs and inij)i-orct)i('nls of ((Imshouses; the amounts paid rounfij j^fij/sicians; the allouance per daij for die1in0 per an. 5;77.50 per annum .. $S0 per an . $100 per an. $125 per an. $300 per an .$2.30 per an. .'t;2.50 per an, .$150 {ser an .$160 per an .$240 per an. .$80 per an . $250 pner a, .$1(K) per an. .$600 per an, .$75 per an , $225 per an, .$250 per an. .$1.50 per an. .$500 per an. .$145 i)er an. .$330 per an. .$1.50 per an. $150 per an. 60 " 60 " 45 50 " 50 50 65 " 60 " 50 " 50 •' 50 " 50 50 60 60 " 45 " 50 50 " 50 Salary . . . 50 cents 30 " 50 60 , " .50 40 50 " 40 50 " .50 " 60 " 35 " .50 " .50 " .50 40 50 " 50 35 50 35 40 50 50 $2,170 92 1,364 SO 433 00 861 60 136 60 718 50 81 00 602 30 515 0(1 739 32 2,344 87 1,141 95 78 00 356 60 418 30 25, 260 00 190 30 476 25 707 10 4i3 66 1,3.50 60 783 24 640 90 216 00 194 00 6.52 (10 249 0(» 484 10 1,291 00 1, 000 00 259 57 762 50 385 21 303 70 389 99 544 75 274 hO 1,009 35 872 20 522 50 411 10 1,161 30 l,0t)9 .50 3,416 (K1 l,(i75 71 80 70 1,581 00 (i09 25 4,034 .50 3.57 50 1,3,52 40 594 50 (iOO 00 2,201 88 1,311 (i5 1,490 90 1, 860 52 213 (X) 455 47 $798 77 91 92 351 14 47 98 19 70 93 96 25 11 236 74 176 40 547 23 462 45 771 62 47 08 168 60 159 35 132,787 70 31 90 203 30 801 63 162 09 368 63 654 17 462 60 35 28 97 51 443 67 133 67 76 35 572 67 375 00 183 33 165 76 100 00 193 78 253 17 121 72 51 60 94 95 114 35 79 55 497,54 118 90 117 00 39 87 55 00 941 58 187 84 843 51 193 80 560 29 62 09 400 00 663 35 968 74 310 17 175 31 127 35 46 ;« .$63 60 273 05 16 45 75 00 312 11 179 55 ,181 34 25 00 106 75 '336'57 124 05 81 70 5,000 00 200 61) 14 00 583 27 130 00 ■i99'37 1,443 56 "■8i3'37 398 65 50 (iO 270 Slatrment XXVIII Counties. Pacpeii Expenses. For year ending. Mainten- ancv of alini*hon»e8. Repairs and improve- menti<. Outdoor relief. Total. MnxHiic McDonoiigh. Mcllt-nry .... Mel.<>aii Mennrd M<>rcer Monroo Moiitiroincry Mori;iiii .Moullrie Oglo Peorlii Porrv Pi;ilt Pike POIH' Ptiln^ki Piitiumi .. .. , RaiMlolph ... Ifulihiiid .... Rork It'laiid . Saline Suii;,'iunon.. . Schuyler . .. . Scoll' Shelbv Stark'. St. (lair .... SteplKMicon , Tn/e«i'll .... Union Vprniiiion.. . Wubu!
  • ^7 ,1H'^7 ,1887 ,1887 ,1887 !,1887 .1SS7 .1887 , 18KS ,1887 ,1887 ,1887 ,1S.X7 ,is-;s 30,18s7 , 18.KS ,18S7 ,1888 ,18S7 ,18K8, . 18S7, ,1887 ,1887 ,1887 ,1887 ,ia87 , 1S^<8 , 1887 ,1887 ,188« ,1888 :;i3 561 \ \ Vi 58 6,730 2*1 l.:5i:J ■i'il Vu '.n l,;j'.'' Wili . ,S!t(i 7-.I . 514 :iii . .W.I 1.-) . 515 40 . ,511 i-i\. ■-".n »»5 . 071 -^71. o;T 43 4.3li 3t! . .v,111 38 7,901 82 1,063 29 275 80 (813,767 18 1181,268 96 1,962 21 6,884 6«l + 4,276 481 8,236 741 4,477 39 I 3,4'.i6 .16 475 Sill 2,431 -J^l 5,046 30 5.7Ki ()5i 1.482 94 36,68!) 10 .->'.I5 43 S->4 '.13 945 51 3,2it7 5i 4,710 UJ 9i» or> o:8 M Mi .">ll 3. 1<)6 IK 7-I7 '.14 (►■<-.i 5-' 1.9S.S 40 1,889 6.3 2,292 71 15, .392 88 l.rjsu 61 470 3S 805 45 571 <)4 i.'ei.'o'fis 19, (Mi) 69 1.873 '.17 6)M 73 4,9S9 70 1,025 89 8.385 .50! 1,916 4SI 6,771 5^11 i)74 59 1 20,042 67' 2,392 491 6,070 2-.' 3,094 75 2,7S5 ))0 5,0:W 07 .5,7W 99 1,225 7X 1,242 .52 7,371 11 4,165 94 2 775 77 9.' 41 2 35 4,276 48 20,8H3 51 7'JO 61 114 »< 5.-11 T-,' 50.643 9H 9,*i2 6.aM 1679,139 78 »1, 624, 175 92 — Contmued. i71 Salary or con- tract of keeper. Salary of county physician. Jaii, Expenses. Per diem for dieting prisoners. Dieting prisoners. Other expenses. Repairs and improve ments. Tota;. $1 per week $1,000 per aunnm.. $1,050 per annum.. $1,00<) per annum.. $1.40 per week $S00 per annum $216 per annum .$600 |)er annum.. . |75 per an . $2.30 per visit $400 per an. .$250 per an. i^'i'ib per an. $700 per annum. . . . Lf'^iO jier an. .•fUO per an. $150 per an. .$1,501) per annum .. $144 per an. .$(15 per an . .$100 per an. .*t00 per annum $l,2t)0 per annum.. $1,000 per annum.. $250 per annum. . . $600 i)er annum.. . $800 per annum. . . $1.74 per week. . . . $1.34 per week ... $2.50 per weeek . . $350 per annum. $100 par an. $125 per an. $3.50 per annum .$2:W per an. $1,700 per annum.. .$1.73 per week .$600 per annum $7,50 per annum 98c per week $500 per annum $600 per annum $420 per annum .$S0 per an .$400 per an. •160 per an . $75 per an . $75 per an . f365 per an. $800 per annum ,$150 per an. $1,.500 per annum.. .i2SH per annum ... $650 per annum . . , |l per week . . . , .$650 per annum . . . !1.25 per week . . 600 per annum.. $1 per week. *600 per an. .|130 per an. .$80 per an . .|150 per an. .$160 per an. .$100 per an. i;750 per annum I $175 per an. $250 per an $750 per annum . . . $1 per week $1, 000 per annum . . $800 per annum $200 i)er an. ,$240 per an. .$275 per an. 50 65 50 40 50 50 60 50 .50 (k) .50 50 50 00 35f 50 40 65 45 KO .50 SO 30 50 75 65 65 50 621/J 60 " 40 40 70 50 60 7.5 65 45 40 75 50 65 737 75 750 40 408 (K) 3,066 90 191 50 481 50 277 45 770 60 2,291 10 467 45 1,168 54 2,824 00 1, 234 35 493 20 1,177 88 324 45 372 30 132 45 1,044 46 464 60 2,596 .50 910 05 5, 375 93 208 15 447 85 1,609 40 117 25 3,423 66 1,946 71 1,113 10 257 30 1,573 60 262 00 1,077 50 505 20 680 00 1,082 40 1, 170 70 1,320 86 477 37 658 50 373 60 68 15 649 04 410 00 2,603 44 132 07 218 43 141 85 78 99 1, 052 56 25 02 180 13 403 70 311 95 525 40 63 38 131 43 337 61 126 65 326 76 106 90 6,520 71 116 59 118 94 263 80 32 65 596 31 1,743 70 119 62 77 40 631 1." 3 35 894 32 50 115 96 89 00 399 64 379 10 26 20 IOC 17 294 73 $121, 560 97 $168,992 45 153 78 12, 500 00 2,738 32 52 17 400 00 350 00 273 '48 141 75 116 84 167 '86 'i75'i 31 05 'i'soo'oo 24 00 133 .56 23 80 172 75 107 74 $33,598 01 805 90 1,553 22 13,318 00 8,408 66 323 57 752 10 819 30 H49 i9 3,093 66 492 47 1,622 15 3,2-'6 70 1,546 30 1. 160 35 1,241 26 324 45 372 30 3Sil 72 1,382 07 .591 25 3,091 12 1,016 95 11,896 64 499 91 .'.06 79 1,873 20 149 90 4.019 97 3. 690 41 1,263 77 334 70 2,2' 4 75 2,665 35 1,971 82 505 70 795 96 1,195 40 1,703 90 \,',Si 76 503 57 937 43 776 07 $324,151 43 * And jail. t By town?. 272 APPENDIX II. OPINION OF THE SUPREME COURT OF ILLINOIS. IN THE CASE OF THE COUNTY OF COOK VS. THE CHICAGO INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Magruder, J. Under the provisious of the act of May 28, 1879, entitled "An Act to aid industrial schools for girls," and of the act to amend sections 3, 5 and 9 thereof passed on June 26, 1885, female infants to the number of about 189 were brought before the county court of Cook county at various times between April 1, 1886, and June 4, 1887, on charges of being dependent girls. The case of each girl was submitted to a jury, who found the facts set forth 'in the petition to be true, and the court thereupon entered an order in the case of each of sucli girls, that she "be committed to the industrial school for girls at Chicago in said count}' fo he ht such school Kept (ind mainUiincd until she arrives at the age of eighteen years, unless sooner discharged therefrom according to law." These orders were executed and the commit- ments were made in such a manner as will hereafter appear. During the same ])eriod various certificates were issued by the judge of said c< unity court, certifying that certain bills for cloth- ing alleged to have l)een furnished by the Ciiicago industrial school for girls to the dependent girls so committed, were proper, and directing and authorizing the county treasurer of said county to pay the same. 'J'liis is an acti»)n of ussiimpsit commenced in the ciruuit court of Cook county on June 4, 1887, by the (Miicago industrial school for girls against the county of Cook for the clothing so furnished to tlio said girls; and for their "tuition, maintenance and care" during the period aforesaid at the rate of J?10 per month ftir each girl. The declaration contains only the common counts. The plea 273 is the general issue with a stipulation "that the defendant may set up any defense under the plea of the geneial issue * * * and put in any evidence it might under any and all special pleas well pleaded, including that of 7iul tiel corporation." The cop3' of the account sued upon shows that for the year from April 1, 1886, to April 1, 1887, there is claimed to be due for tuition, etc., !?15,6G4.2i, and for clothing §2,345, making a total of 818,009.24, which, being reduced by a credit of 82,109.16, leaves 815,900.08 as the amount alleged to be due on April 1, 1887. Other bills were offered in evidence for "tuition, maintenance and care" for the period from April 1, 1887, to June 3, 1887, inclusive, mak- ing "the total of all bills for tuition, maintenance and clothing" S19,583. A jury was waived by agreement, and the cause was tried before one of the judges of the circuit court, who rendered judgment in favor of the plaintiff for 819,583, from which this appeal is prosecuted. The board of commissioners of Cook county declined to pay these bills when presented, on the ground that they were forbidden to do so by section 3 of article 8 of the constitution of this state, which reads as follows: "Neither the general assembly nor any county, city, town, town- ship, school district, or other public corporation shall ever make any appropriation or pay from any public fund whatever anything in aid of any church or sectarian purpose, or to help support or sustain any school, academy, seminary, college, university or other literary or scientific institution controlled by any church or sec- tarian denomination whatever; nor shall any grant or donation of land, mone}^ or other personal property ever be made by the state or any such public corporation to any church or for any sectarian purpose." It is claimed on the part of the county of Cook, the appellant herein, that the appellee, the Chicago Industrial School for Girls, never had any existence except on paper; that it never owned or leased any building or conducted any such school as was contem- plated by its charter, and by the act of May 28, 1879; that the corporation known as the "Chicago Industrial School for Girls" was a mere tender to two institutions called respectfully the House of the Good Shepherd and the St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum; that all the commitments nominally made to appellee were, as matter of fact, made to these institutions; that appellee never furnished any of the clothing, nor performed any of the services for which suit is brought, but that the girls, under the warrants for their commitment, were placed at once under the charge and care of these two institutions, and were taught, maintained and clothed by them alone; that they alone have received all the money hereto- fore paid nominally to appellee by the county of Cook, and that they alone are to receive all the money that may be recovered in this suit; that the name of tJie appellee is in other words nothing more than another name for these two institutions; that the House P. C— 18 27 i of the (looil Shophonl and the St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum are Roman Catholic schools, under the control of the Roman Catholic church; that by paying the Ijills sued for the county will be pay- ing money out of the public funds in aid of a church or sectarian purpose, and to help support and sustain schools controlled by a church or sectarian denomination. I'pon the trial in the court below, a stipulation was made be- tween counsel as to some of the facts, and testimony was also in- troduced, on the one side to sustain, and on the other to contro- vert, the claim thus made by the county. As l)earing upcm the questions suggested by the evidence, the defendant below submitted to the trial judge certain written projj- ositions of law as provided for by section 41 of the j>ractice act. His refusal to hold as law the propositions so submitted, and also his refusal to admit certain testimony offered by the defendant, are assigned as errors. The tirst (question to be passed upon is whether or not the payment of the bills by the appellant will be a violation of the provision of the constitution above quoted. The refused proposi- tions hold the affirmative of this question, and in order to deter- mine ivhether they are erroneous or not, it will be necessary to see what the evidence upon which they are based tends to prove. First. Are the House of the Good Shepherd and the St. Joseph's Ori)han Asylum schools controlled by a church or sectarian denom- ination, or do they have in view and exist for the accomplishment of sectarian purposes? Upon this subject counsel for appellee, in their brief, use the following language: "The stipulation which has been referred to shows * * * tiif^t the House of the Good Shejjherd is an incor[)orated body under the special act of March 7, 18t)7, and owns tlie laud on which its building stands; that St. Joseph's Orjjhan Asylum is also incorporated; that l/iosr insfifuiions are n-spoclirchj lonlcr Ihc ctmlrol of orders of sisfcrs of flu- Ronuni Catholic ch urch . ' ' Tlie record of tlie incorporation of the tirphau asylum appears to have been lost. The charter of the House of the Good Shepherd, approved ]March 7, 18G7, after reciting that the sisters of the Good Shepherd in Chicago "are members of an order, the object of which is to reform abandoned women," etc., enacts that Adeline Noreau (known as Sister Mary of the Nativity), superior; Mary Kavanagh (known as Sister Mary of St. Philomene), assistant; Catherine lliordan (known as Sister Mary of St. Joseph), counsellor; and Chira Nonenkani]) (known as Sister Mary of the Visitation), coun- sellor; and their successors, etc., are. constitutinl a body corporate by the name of "the House of the Good Shepherd," and by that name shall have the right to carry on an institution at Chicago for the reformation of abandoned women; "to take such laws, rules and regulations as may bo necessary for the proper order, conduct and control of saillowing persons were selected as directors for the first year: Mary Cleary, Johanna Williams, Mary Kavanagh, Margaret Cantwell, Anna Joice, Mar}' Mcnrisey, Johanna Brenuau, Addie Williams, and Mary D. Jones. These same persons are also named in the charter cis incorporators. ]iy the stipulation aft)ri'said, which is dated January 80, 1.^88, it admitted that Mary Cleary, Johanna Williams, Mary Kavanagh, Margaret Cantwell, Anna Joice, Maiy Morrisey, and Johanna Brennan "were, before and on the 25tli day of November, lh8"), and are now, members (tf said order of the sisters of the Good Shei>herd, and that, as iMend)ers of such order, they j)erform certain duties in tlif matter of the care and custody of the inmates of the said House of tlie Good Sh(»pherd in discipline, and in moral, rrlio/A The following is another portion of Brennan's evidence: '"Where is the Chicago Industrial School for Girls, and where does the presitlent reside? The children are kej)t in the House of the Good Slu'])h('rd. "Where is the Chicago Industrial School for Girls? I answered that by telling you where they are kept. Yt>u say that you ki'pt the children in the House of the Gc)od Shepherd and the St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum? Yes, sir. I am now asking you irherc ihc Clii<(igo Imhisfridl School for Girls is'/ I suppose as far that is concerned, // is flirrc in ihose tiro iiisfiliilioiis. Anywhere else that you know of? Not that I know of. Then the president of the Chicago Intlustrial School presides over its destinies at the House of the Good Shepherd? Yes, sir. * * * J^he was connected with the House of tlie Good Shepherd prior to the organization of the industrial school. * * * J^he had general management of the House of the Good Shepherd. What are her duties there now? I think about the same. You are acquainted with the recordings secretary of the Chicago Industrial School for Girls, are you nt)t? Y'^es, sir. * * * She was associated with the other sisters in the management of the House of the Good Shepherd prior to the organi- zation of the Chicago Industrial School. I think she was in charge of certain classes. What is the nature of her duties there now? I think about the same." Tlie witness Nelson says: "I deemed it necessary to find the industrial school, and went on a mi.ssion in that direction, first being told that it was at the House of the Good Shepherd and the St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum. I went to the House of the Good Shep- herd, and spent a day looking for the industrial schoe)!, and, Jiixl- iiKj no such school ihcrc, I objected to the payment of the bills. * * * I am clear in my recollection of tlie fact that I foiled to find Ihr indnslriol school. * * * I niade a great many inquiries of the otficers and the persons in charge of the House of the Good Shepherd, as regards the industrial school. I found nothing \o in- dicate which were the ehildren of the industrial school. They were rnijTcd icilh fhr children of the House of ihe Good Shepherd iw dif- ferent departments." The witiKiss Wines says: "The mother superior volunteered the remark that none of the children committed by the county court 281 were in the department of Magdalens; all tlie other inmates were- in the other two departments, and / do nof iln'iik fJicre ?ras any disfiuciion made. I saw nothing that indicated it." Between December 11, 1885, and April 1, 1886, the sum of §2,601.34 was claimed to be due to the Chicago Industrial School for Girls from the county of Cook, for tuition, etc., and clothing, which are admitted, on the face of the bills, to have been fur- nished entirely by the two Catholic institutions. The county paid the amount in the spring and summer of 1886. Johanna Williams acknowledged its receipt. §290 were paid for attorney's fees. Of the remaining S2,311.34, §1,035.36 were paid to the St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum, and 81,278.98 to the House of the Good Shepherd. In the record of the proceedings of the Chicago Industrial School for Gii'ls, the secretary sets forth itemized bills of amounts claimed to be due on account of tuition, clothing, etc., of girls committed to the schools for the quarterly periods succeeding April 1, 1886. As to amount due on July 1, 1886, the entry is as follows: "The bill which amounts to $3,449.64 is to be divided as follows: Srs. of St. Joseph 81,757 33 Srs. of Good Shepherd 1,692 31 Total 83,449 64" All the other bills are made out in the same way. The total of the amounts to be paid out of each bill to the House of the Good Shepherd and the St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum, and the attorney who looks after the commitments, equals, in everj^ case, the amount of the bill presented to the county. The industrial school, as such, gets nothing. In the stipulation of counsel as to facts, it is admitted "that said moneys so received by the House of the Good Shepherd and St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum {the $2,'dl4:.d4: ahore named ) were by such insiihifidns respectively mingled tcifJi. ami 7ised with other fnnds belonging to them, and under the directions of the managing oflicers or persons in control thereof." 'In the stipulation, it is furthermore admitted that the girls com- mitted by the county court, from April 1, 1886, to June 4, 1887, and for whose tuition and clothing this suit is brought, "were, for the times, charged respectively, in eitJter the building belonging to the House of the Good Shejiherd, or that belonging to St. Josej)Ji's Orphan Asylum, and icere supported and clothed by those instiiu- iioyis, of wlu'clt the moneys paid by the county icere a portion, and to which funds the moneys to be recovered in this suit are to be contributed." It is further admitted that about seventy-three girls, who were committed to the Chicago Industrial School for Girls by the county court, were already in the House of the Good Shepherd and the St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum at the times of such commitments. In. other words, bein^ already inmate.s of the institutions, tliey were taken to the county court and adjud-^ed to be dependent girls and at once returned to tljose institutions, and thereafter the count}' was charged witii $10 per month for the tuition of each of them, and $15 or §*20 or $25 for clothing for each of them. AVe so understand the following clause in the stipulation: "That at the times of committal of the following named girls, that is to say: Katie Boyle, — (and seventy-two others whose names appear in the stipulation ), by the county court to the Chicago in- dustrial school, they had been and were under the charge of the House of the Good Shepherd or St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum, hav- ing been received into one of those institutions prior to the times of such committal to the Chicago Industrial School for Girls." It is also shown by the evidence, that nineteen other girls who had been fined by police justices, and sent to the House of the Good Shepherd on account of such tines, were declared dependent by the county court, under the industrial school act, and returned to the House of the Good Shepherd, under the commitments pro- vided for in that act. That is to say, being already in that in- stitution by reason of the fines imposed upon them, they were recommitted to its walls, because adjudged to be dependent girls. From this review of the evidence, we are forced to the conclu- sion that the payment by the county, of the money sought to l>e recovered in this suit, will be payment in support of schools con- trolled by a church, and in aid of a sectarian purpose. Even if this conckision be too broadly stated, there is still another view which brings the facts of the case within the terms of section 3. That section forbids any payment "in aid of any church." The two institutions in question are admitted to be under the control of two orders of the Ilomau Catholic church. As we understand it, these orders are a oart of the machinery of that church. There- fore, what is paid to aid them is paid in aid of a church. The same conclusion follows from an examination of the act of May 28, ISTi), and an application of its various i)rovisions to the peculiar circumstances of this case. The Chicago Industrial School for Girls, as it appears in the record before us, is not such an institution as is entitled to avail itself of those provisions. It has never established, maintained or carried on an industrial school for girls, as contenii)lated by the first section of that act. It has never i)rovided a home and train- ing school for the girls committed to its charge, as requiied by the second section. It was not the intention of the act that the duties required of the schools therein mentioned should be per- fornu'il by other institutions not organized as industrial sclu^ols. Its design was that each industrial school should maintain a home of its own, and superintend the training of its own scholars. The eleventh section is the only one which has reference to the ■••nr*' of imy <^f the girls by outside parties. That section provides 283 for placing an inmate in the house of a good citizen, or for her adoption by a person of good character, or for binding lier to a reputable citizen as an apprentice or a servant, sub- ject to the right of the "oflBcers and trustees" of the school, to see that she is properly treated, and to take her back into their own custody in case of her ill-treatment. The specification in this way of a particular mode for placing the inmates under the control of outside parties, excludes the idea that it was the intention of the act to permit any other mode. The schools therein named have no power to relinquish the care and guardianship which they are themselves required to exercise, or to intrust to others the instruction which they are themselves required to give. The word "provide," as used in the act, does not mean that the education of the pupils can be surrendered to another corporation, but that the industrial school shall adopt all proper means for accomplishing the object of its organization under the direction of its own officers and upon premises in its own control. This sufficiently appears from the language of the act. The fourth section provides for the entry of an order by the judge, "that such infant be committed to an industrial school, etc., etc.. to be in such school kept and maintained."' These words im- ply that the school must be a place, and must be carried on in a l)uilding. It is not sufficient that it have a charter and a formal organization. A person cannot be kept and maintained in a mere corporation which has no situs— no habitation - which is nothing more than a mere corporate entity. The appellee never had a building in which infants could be kept and maintained. They were kept and maintained in the institutions already mentioned. By the sixth section the warrant shall contain the name of the person designated for that purjioses by the judge, to take the de- pendent girl, "and convey her to the industrial school for girls," etc. In the case at bar the warrants gave directions to convey to the Chicago Industrial School for Girls. There was no such school. The girls were conveyed to the house and the asylum aforesaid. The seventh section provides that "upon receiving the dependent girl, the matron of the school shall indorse uixm the warrant, a receipt for the girl named therein. The receipts upon the warrants in this case are signed "Johanna Williams, matron." The proof shows that this lady was the matron and secretary of the House of the Good Shepherd. The records of the proceedings of the Chicago Industrial School for Girls do not show that she was elected to any other position in the latter corporation than that of record- ing seci-etary. In the stipulation, however, she is spoken of in another connection as "the recording secretary and matron of the plaintiff." The eighth section prescribes "the fees for conveying a depeud- end girl to an industrial school for girls." The ninth makes it the duty of the judge to see that every girl committed 'shall, at '2«4 tlie time she is conveyeil to the .school, be furnished with certain clothing.' The fourteenth provides for the same visitation, inspec- tion anil supervision by the hoard of state commissioners of pub- lic charities "as the charitable and penal institutions of the state.'' Such commissioners are recjuired to "inquire and examine into the condition of the buildings, grounds and other property connected theresvith." ( Kurd's Revised Statutes, 1885, page 200. ) All these expressions and others that might be mentioned show the meaning of the law to be, that these industrial schools must V)e conducted in buildings or on premises in their own possession and under their own control. The tenth section of the act requires that the otficers and trustees of any industrial school for girls in this state "shall re- ceive into such school all girls committed thereto under the pro- visions of this act, and shall have the exclusive custody, care and guardiaushijj of such girls." Sucli custody, care and guardianship cannot be exclusive if they are ccmtided to another corporation. In the i)resent case, the girls committed to the Chicago Industrial School for Girls were not only taken to the house and a.sylum above mentioned, but were mingled with the other inmates of those institutions and placed in the same classes with them, except that the abandoned girls were kept separate from the rest. By the tentli section, also, the officers and trustees of the industrial school, and no other persons, are required to provide for the sui)port and comfort t>f their inmates, and "to instruct them in such branches of useful knowledge as may be suited," etc., and to prescribe the tasks necessary for "their education and training." 'J'hese are duties which cannot be delegated under the terms of the act in question. The corporations charged with their performance are supposed to be peculiarly fitted therefor. It is for this reason that only those corporations which obtain the consent of the gov- ernor, can avail themselves of the provisions of the act. Even if the Chicago Industrial School for Girls had the power to make a contract with the two institutions in question for taking care t)f the dependent girls and furishing them with a home and with instruction and training, and with necessary clothing, yet there is nothing in the record to show that there was any such contract, either expressed or imi)lied. On the contrary, the C'hicago Industrial School for Girls merely stood for these institutions, and was nothing more than another name 'or them. Its oflicers were their oiHccrs; its j)remises were their premises; its training was their training. If money was i)aid to it, sui-h nu>ney went to them; if girls were committed to it, such girls were taken to their builtl- ings. If there was a receipt for a girl admitteil to it, or for cloth- ing furnished by it, such receipt was signed by their matron. There are in the record about 122 bills Jor clothing furnished, made out against the county of Cook in the name of the Chicago Industrial School for Girls, each for the articles of clothing men- tioned in section K of the industrial sc1kh)1 act, and each signed l)y Johanna Williams, matron. Each bears a date later by a month 285 or more than the date of the commitment therein mentioned. Some of the bills are for $15 each, some for S20 each and some for $25 each. Each has attached to it a certificate of the county judge, certifying that "the above l)ill of expense for clothing furnished by the Chicago Industrial School for Girls to , a de- pendent girl under — years of age, committed to said school, is proper, and tlie county treasurer of said county is hereby directed and authorized to pay the same." And yet it is admitted in the stipulation above quoted, that the 122 girls, whose names appear in these bills, "were supported and clothed by those institutions," that is to say, by the House of the Good Shepherd and the St. Josejjli's Orphan Asylum. It otherwise appears in the record that all the clothing specified in these bills was furnished by those two institutions. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the trial judge erred in refusing to hold as law the written propositions which maintain that, under the facts of this case, the payment of the money sued for would be a violation of section 3 of article 8 of the constitu- tion. A constitutional mandate cannot be circumvented by indirect methods. Under our form of government church and state are not and never can be united. The former must pursue its mission without aid from the latter. It is recorded in the national constitution that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion " An eminent law writer says: "Those things which are not lawful under any of the American constitutions may be stated thus ; * * * 2. Com- pulsory support, by taxation or otherwise, of religious instruction. Not only is no one denomination to be favored at the expense of the rest, but all support of religious instruction must be entirely voluntary." (Cooley's Const. Lim., 5th ed., page 580.) The women, whose names are written in this record, are animated by the purest of motives. They are engaged in the best and holiest of all works, that of reforming the wicked and caring for the unfort- unate. We agree with counsel for appellee that they do their work faithfully and well. It is so shown by the proofs. But it is none the less true that, by the command of the constitution, no county shall ever * * * pay, from any pul)lic fund what- ever, anything * * * to help support or sustain any school * * * controlled by any church." It is not for us to discuss the wisdom or unwisdom of this prohibition. There it is, couched in terms so emphatic that it can not fail to challenge attention. Any scheme, even though being hallowed by the blessing of the church, that surges against the will of the people as crystallized into their organic law, must break in pieces as breaks the foam of the sea against the rock on the shore. It is objected, however, that this defense set up by the county in the case at bar cannot be made in an action of this kind. The objection is, that the appellee was a corporation de facto; that the •2sn depeiuleut girls were comuiittoil to it, that, as n result of such Coin lu it meats, they were taught, careil for ami clothed; that a cor- porate body '/'• f pay money to a school, which appears not upon the face of the statute, but from outside proof, to be controlled by a church; and if, on the other side, the constitution, in a self-executiug provision, directs the county board not to pay money to such a school, which direc- tion is to be followed? AVe answer, unhesitatingly, the latter. When the constitution says, "You must not pay," it must be obeyed in preference to a statute which says, "You must pay." And this is true not only where the statute on its face is in <;ontlict with the constitutional provision, but also in a case where an attempt to apply the statute to a given state of facts gives rise to a violation of such provision. We are therefore of the opinion that upon the facts of this case, the act of May 28, 1870, imposes no obligation upon the county of Cook which is superior to its obligations to obey section 3 of article 8 of the constitution. The second question presented for our consideration relates to the jurisdiction of this court, and arises upon a motion made by the appellee to dismiss the aj)peal for want of jurisdiction, which motion was reserved until the hearing of the cause. The S8th section of the practice act provides that "appeals from and writs of error to circuit courts, etc., * * * in all * * * cases in which a franchise or freehold or the validity of a statute or con- struction of the constitution is involved * * * shall be taken directly to the supreme court" An up})eal may lie to this court where the validity of a statute is involved; and an appeal may also lie where the construction of the constitution is involved. A statute may be invaliil from the uncertainty of its provisions, but ordinarily it is valid if it conforms to the constitu- tion, and invalid if it does not conform to the constitution. It is manifest that the construction of the constitution may be involved in the ([uestion of the validity of the statute. A provision of the constitution may be of such doubtful import, that a statute would bo in conllict with it if given one construction, and not in contlict with it if given another construction. The (Question of the construction of a constitutional provision usually arises out of the comi)arison of such provision with the terms of a statute sui)po8ed to be in conflict with it. But there nre constitutional proWsions which are self-executing, and require 289 no legislation to make tliem efPectual, (East SI. Louis v. People ex rel. GmuUach, 14 Western Reporter, 710.) Section 3 of article 8, as pbove quoted, is one of those prohibitory clauses which exe- cute themselves. {Low v. People, 87 111. 385.) It is clear that the question of the construction of such a self-executing clause will generally arise when it is applied to a given state of facts. If the meaning of the prohibition contained in such a clause is perfectly plain, there is nothing to construe. But if there is a doubt as to the meaning or any word or phrase when applied to the proven facts, then a case for construction has arisen. One of the propositions refused by the court below attempts to define what is a "sectarian purpose," as those words are used in section 3 of article 8. It collates certain facts as above narrated, and then states that if the court finds those facts to be established by the evidence, "then the court finds, as a matter of law, that the payment of the account claimed would be in aid of a 'sectarian purpose,' " etc. One state of facts might reveal a sectarian jiurpose, and another state of facts might not reveal a sectarian purpose. When a propo- sition presents the liypothesis that certain proven circumstances constitute and make up a sectarian purpose, then there is involved a construction of the word "sectarian," as used in the consti- tution. This precise point was considered in Slcde of Nevada v. Hal- lock, supra. In regard to the provision of the Nevada constitution, which has already been set forth, the court in that case say : " The amend- ment to the constitution above quoted was intended to be self- acting. It required no legislation to become operative. * * * The object of construction, as applied to a written constitution, is to givo effect to the intent of the people in adopting it. * * * In this case there is, in one sense, no ambiguity. It is plain that no public funds can be used for sectarian purposes, but it is not plain from the amendment itself what the people meant by the words 'sectarian purposes,'" The learned chief justice then pro- ceeds to examine the legislation of the state and the facts of the case in hand, to determine the meaning of the words. Another proposition refused by the trial court presents the ques- tion whether section 3 of article 8 shall be construed to mean that the county shall not pay anything directly to the school controlled by a church, or whether it shall be construed to mean also that such payment must not be made indirectly to another corporation for the benefit of the school so controlled by a church. To deter- mine whether or not the indirect method already explained, by which money is to be taken out of the county treasury in the name of the Chicago Industrial School for Girls and passed over to the House of the Good Shepherd and the St. Joseph's Orphan Asy- lum, comes within the prohil)ition of section 3, involves an inter- pretation of the meaning of that section, and by consequence a construction of the constitution. P. C— 19 290 But the refused propositions also present a defiuition of what is meant in section o l)y a paynunt "in aid." It is strenuously con- tended by counsel that section 8 was only intended to prohibit jjifts or donati(-)ns, anil that it refers to "state support, gifts by way of aid," and "appropriations to be used by managers of relig- ious institutions without restraint or liability t<» account." The theory seems to be that even if the two institutions are controlled by a church, and are to be the recipients of all the money paid to appellee, yet neither they nor their purjmses are aided by such payment, provided there is only a consideration for the money paid. It is saitl that these institutions furnish tuition and clothing in return for the money received by them, and that they earn what they get and are not the recipients of any gift or donation. Nothing is paid in their "aid," "or to help support or sustain them." The refused projjositions assert the contrary of the view thus contended for. The determination of their correctness or in- correctness requires an interpretation of section 3, and therefore necessarily involves a "construction of the constitution." The second clause of section 3 provides that no grant or dona- tion of land, or money, or other personal property shall ever be made to any church or for any sectarian purpose by the state, that is, by the general assembly, or any such public corporation; that is, any county, city, town, township or school district, etc. The first clause says that neither the state nor any such cori)ora- tion shall ever make any appropriation or pay from any public fund whatever, anything in aid of any church or sectarian purpose. Evidently, the second clause was intended to prohibit something different from the first clause. The second prohibits grants and donations, the first appropriations and payments "in aid." If the appropriations and payments in the first clause mean simply dona- tions, and nothing more, then it was surplusage to add the second clause to the section. Upon the plainest principles of construction the first clause has reference to a different kind of aid from that to be derived from donations. The language is comprehensive enough to embraci^ all aj^propriations and payments, whether based on a consideration or not. It cannot be said that a contribution is not an aid to an insti- tution, because such contribution is made in return for services rendered or work done. A school is aided by the patronage of its pupils, oven if they do pay for their tuition. Because the customers of a merchant })ay for their goods, it is none the less ti'ue that his business is aided by their custom. The act under discussion is entitled, "An act to aid industrial schools for girls." If the jjayment by the county of SIO per month on account of each dej)endent girl committed to such a school is no aid to the school, simply because tuition, maintenance and care are furnished in return for such payment, then tlie act is not properly entitled. 291 The doctrine here contended for is an exceedingly dangerous one. Id County of McLean v. Hnwphrci/.^, 104 111., 378, it is in- timated by the court that the state is under obligations to protect and educate such classes of female infants as were declared to be dependent girls by section 3 of the act of May 28, 1879, as that section stood before it was amended on June 26, 1885. Uuder this view the industrial schools which teach and care for such girls are performing, as substitutes for the state, a duty which the state itself is bound to perform. If they are entitled to be paid out of the public funds, even if thej' are under the control of sectarian denominations, simply because they relieve the state of a burden which it would otherwise itself be bound to bear, then there is nothing to prevent all public education from becoming subjected by hasty and unwise legislation to sectarian influences By section 1 of article 8 of the constitution, it is made the duty of the state to provide a thorough and efficient system of free schools. If statutes are passed under which the management of these schools shall get into the hands of sectarian institutions, then, uu- der the theory contended for, the prohibition of the constitution will be powerless to prevent the money of the tax-payers from being used to support such institutions, inasmuch as they will render a service to the state by performing for it, its duty of educating the children of the people. It is an untenable position, that public funds may be paid out to help support sectarian schools, provided only such schools shall render a quid pro quo for the payments made to them. The constitution declares against the|Use of public funds to aid sectarian schools, independently of the question whether there is or is not a consideration furnished in return for the funds so used. There is nothing in the doctrine here announced which conflicts with the case of Millard v. Board of Education, 121 111., 297. There the proceeding was by an in- dividual tax-payer against a board of education, and a majority of the court sustained the act of the board of education, which had no school-house, in temporarily leasing the basement of a Catholic church for the purpose of holding one of the public schools therein. But the board did not part with its control of the school. The scholars were taught by teachers whom the board appointed, and under a system of instruction which the board prescribed. Nor do the reasons here given for sustaining the jurisdiction of the court in this case conflict with the other case of Millard v. Board of Education, 116 111., 23. There the opinion expressly states that no question of the validity of a statute or of the con- struction of the constitution was raised. But here the question of a proper construction of a constitutional provision is directly raised upon the face of the record. For the reasons thus stated the motion to dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction is over ruled. Counsel for appellant has called our attention to the changes made in section 3 of the act of May 28. 1879, by the 292 aiiieiuliueuts to that seetiou passed in June, 1885. By the latter, every female infant shall be* considered a dependent girl, who shall have no permanent place of abode, or who shall not have proi>er parental care or s^nardianship, or who shall not have suthcient means t)f subsistence, and, if the parent or guardian of the girl is fit to have the custody of her, the petition is only r€n[uired to state that the father, mother, or guardian consents to the girl being found dependent. These are indeed extraordinary provisions. They are not found in the original act. They seem almost to lay the foundation for the establishment of paternal government. They appear to open the way for many parents to escape their obliga- tions to supi)ort their children. If tiie counties are compelled to take care of all the children, whose support may be forced upon them under these broad pro- visions, there is danger that taxation will ere long become so bur- densome as to amount almost to the confiscation of the property of the tax-payer. But uj)on the question as to whether these provisions are con- stitutional or not, the argument of counsel is not full enough to sufficiently advise us, and we have no time at present to make original investigations. We therefore pass no opinion upon their constitutionality. The judgment of the circuit court is reversed. 293 INDEX TO SUBJECTS Accidental criminals. 176. Act of Congress relating to soldiers' homes, 26. Adams, Francis, 82. Adams county almshouse, 87. — — jail, 135. — — cjuincy workhouse, 135. Additional buildings at E|crin,51. — — for Eye and Ear Infirmary, 39, 42. — cottages wanted at (Juincy, 39,32. — electric lights wanted at Kankakee, 37. — — — — Deaf and Dumb, 38. Adler, Dr. Feiix,lS4. Admissions to institutions, 53, 228, 231. Airing-courts for the insane on county farms, 87,91,92,98,102,110,112. Alexander county almshouse, 88. — — jail, 136. Almshouse keepers & physicians, list of, 252-254. Almshouses destroyed b.v fire, 103, 106, 124. Amendment, constitutional, 33. Amusement hall, Elgin, 37, 45. Anagnos, M.,75. Anti^-sectarian clause in constitution, 81, 273,285. Appropriation account, 199-200. Appropriations, ordinary, by 351 h assembly, 15. — — classified summary, 20-21. — — estimate, 19-28. — special, asked, 37^9. — — 1887, list of, 28-31. — — unexpended balance, 31. Archbishop Feehan,81,132. Armitage, Dr., 73,74. Artesian well at Pontiac, 33. — — wanted at Anna, 38-46. Aschrott, Dr. P. P., 181. Assembly hall wanted at (Juincy, 39, 48. Atkinson, Edward, on fire doors, 31, 32. Auburn prison system, 180. Aurora Orphans' Home, 90,126. Average number of inmates, 9,23,246-251. — — — — for fourteen years, 10. — — — patients in 78 insane hospitals, 11. Back pension paid to a pauper, 96. Bakery at Anna, 47. Balance due institutions from counties, 205. — cash unexpended, 15. — special appropriations, unexpended, 31. Beccaria, 178. Bed-bugs, 92, 95, 97, 111, 118, 119, 123,126,127,129. Beefsteak for disorderly prisoners, 158. Bellevue Place, 106. Bill for an act making ordinary expense appro- priations, 27-31. Blind in almshouses, 250-257. — industrial home for, act establishing, 69. — — — — disapproved, 71 75. — institution for, death of superintendent, 35. — — — special appropriations asked, 38, 41, 42,47. — workshops for, needed, 74-75. Blies, E. K.,82,83. Bond county almshouse, 88. — — jail, 136. Bonds filed, 36. Boone countv almshouse, 88. — — jail, 136. Brennan, Thomas, 276,279,280. Brinkerhoff, R., 186. Broomshop in Peoria workhouse, 15S. Brown county almshouse, 88. — — jail, 137. Bureau countv almshouse, 89. — - jail, 137. Burr fund, 16, 18, 36. Calhoun county almshouse, 89. — - jail, 137. Capital punishment, 170. Carriage-house wanted at Central Hosjiiial, 37, 46 Carriel, Dr. H. F.,46,54. Carroll countv almshouse, 90. — - jail, 137. Cash balances, 15. — disbursements, 16. Cass countv almshouse, 90. — — jail", 13S. Census of prisoners, 173. Central Hospital, criminal insane in, 54. — — special appropriations asked, 37, 41,46. Centre building at Kankakee, 44. Certificate of insanity, 62. Chains on an insane pauper, 95. Champaign county almshouse, 90. — — ja"il,138. Change of fiscal year, 10. Chicago house of correction, 141. — industrial school for girls, 76, 80, 81.83.84, 272,273,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285. — — — — — opinion of snpieme court, 272-292. Children, dependent, 76-86. — in almshouses, 256-257. — — in county jails, 261. Christian county almshouse, 91. — — jail, 139. City lots wanted by deaf and dumb, 38-40. Clark county almshouse, 91. — — jail, 139. Classified summary, 20-21. Clay countv almshouse, 91. — — jail', 139. Clinton county almshouse, 92. — — jail, 139. Coal sheds wanted at Kankakee, 37. Coles countv almshouse, 92. — — jail,"l39. Collections from counties, 201 204. Commitment and detention of the insane, re- port on. 62. Competition of convict with free labor, 186-188. Compulsory trial by juryia insane cases, 61. Concrete floors disapproved, 46. Conditional liberation of prisoners, 182.^ 294 V. ui.^i- .-- and the foldiere' homes, ^.'JS. CODBervatorB for the iiiitaiie, til. Confiltutional aiiieniliin'iit. convict labor, 33. — prohibition of iiid to ivliim, '.'3. Convict labor, :«.'1S4 189. Cornice, defective, :iS-JT. Correspondence of insane patients, 65. Cost, net, 19. — of alinehouges, iJiiS. — — chanj,'eH at Kankakee, 33. — — food. iM iVi. — — Institution:' increasing, T, 8. — — jails, vM>s -.►71. — per capita, for fourteen vears, 10. — — — IKx? in insiitutio'ns, '.il«)-2o5. — — jail. l"l3. Diamond drills, 161. Diamond (Jrove Cemetery, 38, 46. Discharges from institutions for the insane, G2, <\r>, 6.->. Distin<:tion between trial and inquest. 91. Dislricts for the insane, ."jO. 51. Double purpose of lunacy laws, 88. Docket, special for lunacy cases, 110. Douglas countv alnisliouse, 95. — — jail, IW. DuPage county ulmsliouse, 9«i. — — jail, 143. Eastern hoopiial, centre bnililing too small, 41. — -■ criminal insane in. M. — — effect of enlargini:, I.') — — lanrl piirchasi'd. 'Ai. — — Hpi'cliil a|iprcipriMliiiiis jimUimI. ;i7, 4.'). Edgar countv almshouse, 96. — — jail, 144. Education in |>rieon, l»«ft-192. Edwards countv altnshou»e, 97. — — jail. 144". Effingham county almshouse, 97. — — jail. 144. Electric lii:ht, 41. Elevator wanted bv Deat and Dumb, 38, 47. Elmira IJeformatory, 180. 181, 182. 190. Employees, 12. — (|uarlers, Kankakee, 37. Enlargement of iu9. — - jail, 146. Griiushaw, Wiiliain A , 6li. Growth of Instituiions, 9. Grundv countv almshouse, 100. — —"jail, 146. (iyinnasiiim wanted by the blind, 38, 47. Habitual criminals, 176. Hackney, William F, 35. Hamilton co-.iniy almshouse, 100. — -- jail, 147. Hancock countv almshouse, 100. — — jail, 147". Hand work in i)rlson, 189. Hardin countv almshouse, 101. — — jail, 147. Henderson county almshouse, 101. — — jail, 148. Henry countv almshouse. 101. — — jail, 148. Hill, Matthew l)av.-n|>ort, 180. Hiimicldai insane, 54 lluniicicle bv a bov, I.-.4. 295 Hospitals for insane, 78. — — — number of patients and per capita cost, 11. — — — proposed new, 50, 55. House of correction, Chicago, 141. House of the Good Shepherd, 81,83,84,1*3,^73, 274, 275, 27(), 277,278, 279, 280,281, 262,383,285. Howard, John, 178. Hurd, Dr. n.M.,41. Ice-house wanted at Deaf and Dumb, 38. Idiots in almshouses. 25ti-257. — increased accommodation needed for, 8,42. Idleness and insanity, 184. Ignorance and crime, 190. Improvement of grounds, remarks thereon. 40. Inciebtedness outstanding, 18. Intermediate sentence, 180. Industrial school acts, abstract of, 76-78, 282-284. — — for boys, Feehanville, 78,81,132. — — — — Norwood Park, 81, 133. _ _ _ girls, Chicago, 70, SO, 81, 83, 84. — — — — South Evan8ton,7t), 81, 131. Infirmaries wanted at Elgin, 37, 41. Inmates, aggregate number of, 9. — average number, 9, 19, 23,246-251. — — — for fourteen' vears, 10. — present, 238-241. Inquest and trial, distinction between, 60. Insane cases in county courts, 8, 53, 258-260. — commitment and detention of the, 62,63. — criminal, 53, 54. — in almshouses, 13, .51,256,257. — — county jails, 51, 61, 136, 139, 142, 145, 146, 152, 155, 160," 166, 261. — provision for the, 50-55. Insanity, growth of, 7, 53. Institutions, list of, 197. Iroquois county almshouse, 102. — - jail, 148. Jackson countv almshouse, 102. — — jail, 149. Jail expenses, 268-271. Jailers, list of, 252-254. Jasper countv almshouse, 102. — — jail, 149. Jefferson eountv almshouse, 103. — — jail, 149'. Jersey county almshouse, 103. — — jail, 149. Jew In an almshouse, 102. Jo Daviess county almshouse, 103. — — jail, 150. Johnson county almshouse, 106. — — jail, 150. Jury in insanity cases, 61, 62. Judicial statistics needed, 174. Kane county almshouse, 106. — — jail, 150. Kankakee county almshouse, 107. — — jail, 151. Kendall countv almshouse, 108. — — jail, 151. Kilbourne, Dr. E. A., 41, 52. Kitchen at Kankakee, 37. Knox county almshouse, 108. — — jail, 151. Labor in prison, 184-189. Lake county almshouse, 108. — — jail", 151. Land purchased at Kankakee, 32. — wanted, 37,38,39,40. LaSalle county almshouse, 109. — — jail, 152. Laundry at Anna, 38, 46. — — Kankakee, 37, 45. Lawrence county almshouse, 109. — — jail, 152. Lee county almshouse, 109. — — jail, 152. Libraries, appropriations for, recommended, 40. Limits of public and private charity, 86. Lii)pincott, Charles E., death of, 35. Live stock, 40. Livingston county almshouse, 110. — — jail, 153. Logan cminty almshouse, 110. — - jail, 153, Lunacy law, project of, 67, 68. — — revision of, demanded, 60, 62. Lynch law, 159. Machinery in prison, 189. Macon countv almshouse, 110. — — jail, 153 Maconochie, Captain, 180. Macoupin county almshouse, 111. — — jail, 154. Madison county almshouse, 112. — — jail, 154. Manual training, 184. Marion county almshouse, 112. — — jail, 1.54. Mark system, 180, 182. Marsangy, Bonneville de, 180. Marshall county almshouse, 113. — — jail, 154. Mason county almshouse, 113. — — jail, i55. Massac county almshouse, 114. — — jail, 155. McDonough county almshouse, 114. — — jail, 155. McHenry county almshouse, 114. — — jail, 1.56. McLean county almshouse, 115. — — jail, 156. Menard county almshouse, 116. — — jail, 156. Mercer county almshouse, 116. — — jail, 157. Miscellaneous income, 15, 23. Misdemeanors and felonies, 171, 174. Mittimus cases, 54. Monroe county almshouse, 117. — — jail, 157. Montgomery county almshouse, 117. — — jail," 157. Morgan county almshouse, 117. — — jail, 157. Moultrie county almshouse, 118. — — jail, 158. Movement of population in almshouses, 258. — — — — insane hospitals, 225, 226. — — — — institutions, 324. — — — — jails, 264. National Conference of Charities, 63. — Prison Association, 187. Nelson, Murray, 275, 280. Net cost of institutions, 19, 23. Nevada Orphan Asylum, 277. Northern Hospital, cost of fuel, 50, 51. — — criminal insane in, 54. — — fire-proof doors, 31. — — special appropriations asked, 32, 41, 45. Ogle county almshouse, 118. — — jail, 158. Ordinary expenses, classified summary of, 19. — — estimate of, in detail, 19, 22, 26. — — — of, in cross, 29. Outdoor relief, cost of, 368-370. Painting needed at Kankakee, 37, 46. — wanted by Eye and Ear Infirmary, S**, -iS. Pardon, 178, 180. Parole, 181. Pauper expenses, 268-371. Paui)er8, state, 73. Penalties, maximum and minimum, 178. — vindictive, 170. 177. Penn, William, 180. 290 IPennsylvania prison eystem, 1S<). Peoria county uliiii«bou«e, Ilti. — — jiiil. 158. — citv \vorklioui>e. 15S. Per capita c<>m. :0,i46-'J51. Perrv count v aliiiKliouce, 119. — — juil,15!t. Petit inconn>. 15, iJ. Phillips, K. \V..deatli of. 35. — Williiun h., elected superintendent, 36. Piano tuninu, 17. Piatt coiintv altneliouee, IIU. - — jaii; 159. Piece-pric<> plan, 185. Pilce cuuntv ninislioube, 119. — — jail', Ui<>. Pluinbin;.', defective, at Elgin, 45. Police, lli'.t, ITS. Pope countv almshouse, I'JO. — — jail," 160. Pribon labor, l«» isy. — warden, the ideal, 194. Prisons and politics, 194. Prisoner.-, census of, 173. se< crime, criminal, education, labor, penal- ties, religion. Project of lunacy law, 67. Pro])osiiions relatini; to commitment and de- tention of insane, 62-63. Provision for the insane, 50. Pulaski almshouse, 120. — — jail, 160. Pump wanted at Anna, 47. Putnam county almshouse, 121. — — jail, 16'l. Quotas, table of, 56-59. Randolph county almshouse. 121. — — jail, 101." Recoveries in hospitals for insane, 25S. Reform school, artesian well, 3-1. — — shoe-shop, '.U. — — special appropriations asked, 39. Relief, nublic, theory of, 78. Kejjair appropriations, remarks on, 40. Resolution as to idleness in prison, 187. Resolutions of respect. 3."). Responsibility, legal and moral, 172. Retribution, 177 Itb. Revision of the lunacy law demanded, 60-62. Richland countv almshouse, 122. — — jail, 16l! Rock Island county almshouse, 122. ■ — — jail, 161. Rowland, J. G., elected superintendent, 35. St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum, Chicago, 81,83.84, 273.274,275,276,278, 279,280,281,282, 286. St. Mary's Hospital, Cairo, 88. — — Training-school, Feehanville, 78, 132. Salaries and wagws, 12. — of ahnshouse keepers and pbysiciane, 269. Saline countv almshouse, 122. — — jail. 162. Sangamon county almshouse, 123. — — jail, 162. Schiivler county almshouse, 123. — — jail, 162. Scott county almshouse, 134. — — jail," 163. Shelby county almshouse, 124. — — jail, l8-219. IX. Inventory of property, 22it 223. X. Movement of population, 224-226. XI-XIl-XIIl. Terms and vacations, 2"27. XIV-XV. Admissions, 2JS-231. XVI XVII. Days" board, 23-2-237. X\in XIX. Inmates i)resent, 23H-341. XX-XXI. Consumption of food, '242,343. XXII XXIII. Cost of food, 244,245. XXIV. Average number of inmates, etc., by counties. 246-251. XXV. Almshouse keepers and physicians, and jailers, 252-254. XX\ I. Visitation of almshouses, 255-260. XXVII. — — jails, 261-266. St. Clair county almshouse, 125. — — jail, 163. Stephenson countv almshouse, 125. — — jail, 164. Street paving, 40, 41. Subordinates, 52. Sumi)tuary legislation, 171. Superiniendeuts, bonds filed, 36. — list of, 197. Supreme Court, opinion, 272 Surplus, IS, 23. Tank wanti-u at Anna, 3S, 47. Tazewell countv almshouse, 1'26. — — jail, 164". Technological trainins;, 34. Thermostats wanted at Anna, 3S, 41. Ticket-of-leave, ISO. Torture, 170. Treasurers, bonds tiled, 36. Trustees, list of, 198. Union countv almshouse, 1'27 — — jail, i65. Vacations, 227. Vermilion county almshouse, 127. — — jail, 165. \'isitation of almshouses, 365-260. — — jails, 135-168. 261-266. Wabash countv almshouse. 127. — — jail, ira. Wiirren county almshouse, l".i8. — — jail, 1(16. Washington county almshouse, 1"28. — — jail, 166. Water pupply at Anna, 46, 60. Wayne countv almshouse, 128. — — jail, 166. Whipp, John W ., 53, S7. White countv almshouse, 1'29. — - jail, "167. Whiteside county almshouse, 12'.i. — — jail, If.T." Will countv almshouse, 129. — — jaU", 167. 297 Williamson county almshouse, 130. — - jail, 168. Wilson's patent rolling ehntters, ol. Winnebago county almshouse, 130. — — jail, 168. Wines, F.H., 62,275,380. W C. T. U., 159, 162, 165, 167. Woodford county almshouBe, 131. — — jail, 168. Workshops for the blind, 69-75. Wright, Carroll D., 186, 186. T. M. C. A., 135, 156, 159, 162, 164. P. C— 20