ACTI VjftFS OF 1 1 ! h ( •■.( )M M FS COMPIF:T!--}-iNAL HE PC) III OF THE CNITED STATES GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION T.UMK V United : S GeoRCrE WASiiiNGTo>vBH:i: : N.TfcNN ial Commis: Wamiinoton, DC THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY fS73Al wa7i/iu.; V. 5 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/historyofgeorgew05geor ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMISSION AND COMPLETE — FINAL THE LIBRARY OF THE REPORT OCT 13 1934 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS OF THE United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission Complete Series of Report Volumes: Volumes I, II and III, Literature Series Volume IV, Foreign Participation Volume V, Complete and Final Report All of the above volumes have been deposited with the principal libraries and institutions of learning throughout the United States, so that students of research and history can always have them at their command. United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission washington, d. c. 1932 United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission The President of the United States Chairman The Vice President of the United States Speaker of the House of Representatives United States Senate Simeon D. Fess, Vice Chairman Ohio Artfiur Capper Kansas Carter Glass Virginia Millard E. Tydings Maryland House of Representatives Willis C. Hawley Oregon John Q. Tilson Connecticut Joseph W. Byrns Tennessee R. Walton Moore Virginia Presidential Com missioners Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook Pennsylvania Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman Colorado Henry Ford Michigan C. Bascom Slemp Virginia Wallace McCamant Oregon Albert Bushnell Hart Historian Massachusetts Joseph Scott California Director Representative Sol Bloom New York v^ ^O My* dear Mr, Bloom: THE WHITE HOUSE Washington THE LIBRARY OF THE December 29, 1933. OCT 13 WU. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS The complete report of the United States George Y/ashington Bicentennial Commission submitted, brings to a close an activity of the Federal Government unique in history and, in my opinion, of incalculable value to the American people. Not only was the Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of our First President observed both in this country and throughout the world in a manner that was dignified and appropriate, but the lessons of his life and achievements, and the real significance of the great events of his time which were furnished to our countrymen will have a lasting effect in the quality of future American citizenship. I am impressed by the fact that the Celebration was much more than a mere demonstration of memorial fervor. You have left an immortal legacy in the form of historical facts covering every phase not only of George Washington's life, but of those elements and events centering in him as the outstanding figure of his time. Future historians and scholars may rely upon this record which you have so carefully and so authoritatively preserved. The results of this part of your work have reached deep into the hearts of the people, and revived in them funda- mental reasons for pride of country and faith in its system of government. To the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission the country owes a debt of gratitude, but in the work that was accomplish- ed all must recognize the many years of service, which you, as Director, rendered in this monumental task, and that upon you and your fine organiza- tion rested the heaviest responsibility and burden of accomplishment « It is a pleasure to assure you of ray sincere appreciation of your capable administration which not only carried out with conspicuous success the mandate of the Congress in establishing the Commission, but of greater moment, left to the nation a permanent legacy which history will increasingly evaluate as the years pass. Please accept my congratulations for the Commission and for yourself at this consummation of your work* Honorable Sol Bloom, Director, United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, Washington, D. C. 875658 Very sincerely yours, Three Presidents of The United States As Chairmen of The Bicentennial Commission THE United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission has served under three Presidents of the United States — CALVIN COOLIDGE HERBERT HOOVER FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT — who, in turn, were Chairmen of the Commission. This Commission originated during the administration of President Coolidge. President Hoover was Chairman during the Bicentennial Year 1932 and took an active part in the Bicentennial Celebration. President Roosevelt also took an active interest in the Celebration as Governor of the State of New York, and as Chairman of the Commission wrote letters of intro- duction for several of the series of Report Volumes. Calvin Coolidge Served from December, 1924 to March, 1929 Herbert Hoover Served from March, 1929 to March, 193 5 Franklin D. Roosevelt Served from March, 1933 ■-■ Members Of The United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission ON THE following pages are shown pictures of Members and Officers of this Commission from its inception to the present time, with their term of office indicated in each case. Among the Members are three Vice Presidents of the United States and four Speakers of the House of Representatives, Completing the roster are the various Con- gressional Members and the Presidential Commissioners who were appointed. John Nance Garner Served from December, 1924 to February, 193 0, and from December, 1931 Charles Curtis Served from March, 1929 to March, 193 3 Charles Gates Dawes Served from March, 192 5 to March, 1929 Henry T. Rainey Served from March, 1933 Frederick H. Gillett Served from December, 1924 to March, 192 5 Carter Glass Served from December, 1924 Simeon D. Fess Served from December, 1924 Arthur Capper Served from January, 1927 Joseph W. Byrns Served from December, 1924 Millard E. Tydings Served from January, 1931 John Q. Tilson Served from December, 1924 Willis C. Hawley Served from December, 1924 R. Walton Moore Served from February, 193 / Mrs. Anthony W. Cook Served from January, 192 5 Mrs. John D. Sherman Served from January, 1925 Sol Bloom Served from February, 193 Hanford MacNider Served from January, 192 5 to June, 193 Frank A. Munsey Served from January, 1925 to February, 1926 Edgar B. Piper Served from January, 192 5 to May, 1928 Seldon P. Spencer Served from December, 1924 to May, 192 5 Thomas F. Bayard Served from December, 1924 to March, 1929 William Tyler Page Served from February, 192 5 Albert B. Cummins Served from December, 1924 to March, 192 5 Bernard M. Baruch Served from February, 1926 to June, 1930 Lee S. Overman Served from January, 1930 to December, 1930 Wallace McCammant C. Bascom Slemp Joseph L. Scott Henry Ford Served from January, 1929 Served from January, 1925 Served from March, 1932 Served from January, 1925 Albert Bushnell Hart U. S. Grant, 3rd George Eastman Served from April, 192 5 Served from February, 1930 to January, 193 1 Served from June, 1930 to March, 1932 Preface THE purpose of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Celebration as conceived by the Commission, as planned and super- vised by the Director, and as carried out under his direction by the staff, had two great accomplishments in mind. The first of these was to record, and the second to celebrate, the events, influences, and lessons of the life of the First President. Much research and writing, followed by the printing and distribution of the results, was necessary for the first; and a broad and inclusive plan for the second, with all the organi- zation required to bring to the attention of the whole world the signifi- cance of the event, and to suggest and direct the many-phased expres- sion of it. What was done, and how it was done, is set forth in the History of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration, of which this is the final volume. The first three volumes of the History, the Literature Series, preserve in final form the "Record"; the fourth volume sets forth the Foreign Participation in the tribute to George Washington, Bicentennial Celebrations taking place in 2 59 cities of 81 countries out- side of the United States and its possessions; while the purpose of the present volume is to show how the great commemoration was accom- plished, its wide scope, and its many and varied achievements throughout the land and among all the people. "All the people" was, indeed, the key note of the plans of the Commission. The United States is a huge complex; great and varied not only geographically, but in its population of many ethnic groups, variety of occupations, primary interests, social approach, and creeds. All are bound together by a common patriotism, and determination to con- tinue and increase the greatness of the Nation as it has evolved out of the plans of the Fathers, of whom George Washington was the leader. The appeal to honor this great Chief was made to all, and the wonderful response was from all. No class or group or section failed in its share of recognition and praise; labor, business, professions, societies, scholars, sport, amusements, women, children, men whose family roots have sunk deeply into the soil and those who are themselves the founders of Ameri- can families — whatever the age, sex, interest, or origin, to each and everyone the appeal was made and from all came the response. This great variety so essential to the success of the Bicentennial was due, first of all, to the careful planning for a celebration that would extend over nine months and take the commemoration to the inhabitants rather than require them to come to it. This basic principle made possible the cooperative activity of many regional commissions and committees, state and local, made up of public-spirited men and women who gave freely of their time and ability in carrying out the projects of the Fed- eral Commission and supplementary ones of their own devising, spending the funds raised for this purpose through state or municipal appropria- tions or private contributions. This present volume shows, with much detail and many illustra- tions, the elements of the Celebration and the organization behind it. It is divided into two parts: the first section is the running story of the work of the Commission and of the Celebration itself; the second part contains the reports of the various departments and divisions of the Commission. Lack of space prevented a complete recountal of all the Bicentennial events and programs. When we consider that an average of some sixteen thousand individual Bicentennial programs — by churches, schools, civic bodies, patriotic societies, and fraternal orders — were held in all parts of the United States each day of the nine months' Celebration, totalling 4,760,345 separate and distinct pro- grams, it is readily realized that only the highlights of the Bicentennial Celebration could be touched upon in this report. At this point the Director wishes to express his appreciation to each and every member of the Bicentennial Commission. The Com- mission served under three Presidents: Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Director had the pleasure of serving under the last two. These Chief Executives, in their capacity as Chair- men of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, extended every cooperation and assistance to the Director. Similarly, the Director received the heartiest support from Senator Simeon D. Fess, Vice Chairman of the Commission; Honorable William Tyler Page, Secretary of the Commission; and from every Member who served as a Commissioner. At the same time, the Director wishes to express his feeling of gratitude to the loyal and patriotic men and women who served under him on the staff of the Commission. Without such splendid cooperation from the Members of the Bicentennial Commission and from the members of the staff of the Commission, the Director, he fully realizes, could not have executed the plans or carried out the purposes of this great Celebration. Inaugurated in the midst of great prosperity, in the year 1924, but carried out in 1932 without change during the worst depression in the history of the country, the success of the Celebration was a gen- uine one. The way in which the people rose to the occasion, in spite of economic distress and the rival excitement of a presidential cam- paign, is proof, if proof is needed, of the loyalty of the Nation to the principles of its foundation and to those who founded it. It was a worthy memorial to one of the world's great men, one of the few whose reputations increase with the progress of time and shine ever brighter in the searching light of history. And it was such an accomplishment because of the enthusiastic participation of the whole land; it was made so by the people themselves in appreciation of the fact that George Washington is the indispensable character in the history of our Nation. The Director feels that no other reward for his labors and the labors of those who strove with him to carry out the Bicentennial, can compare with the realization of the magnitude and sincerity of this response, this popular tribute to the man who is now, as he was a hundred years ago, and as he will be a hundred years hence, "first in the hearts of his countrymen." Sol Bloom, Director, United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. Contents Page Personnel of the Commission ii Letter from President Roosevelt to Honorable Sol Bloom, Director, United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, dated December 29, 1933 . . iii Preface xi Page REPORT OF THE CELEBRATION Summary of Accomplishments Foreign Participation in the Celebration (Sec also page 549) Before the Plans had Crystallized Washington the Human Being Statement from President Roosevelt Resolution of Commendation from New York State His- torical Association Appeal to Young People , Parents and Teachers 6 Personnel of Original Commission 6 Personnel of the Commission in 1933 7 (See also page ii) Commission Served under Three Presidents of the United States 7 The Director of the Commission 7 First Meeting of Commission 8 Celebration Officially Inaugurated 8 Address of President Calvin Coolidge at Joint Session of Congress, February 22, 1927 9 Locations of Commission's Offices 14 Definitive Writings of George Washington 14 (See also page 676) Mount Vernon Memorial Highway 14 (See also page 108) Wakefield, Virginia 14 (See also pages 17, 41, 111) George Washington Atlas 15 Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition 15 ( See also page 119) Lafayette's Sword 15 President Hoover's Address, February 22, 1932 16 (See also page 47) Events in the National Capital 16 (See also pages 30, 40, 54, 74) Cooperation of Government Departments 16 Cooperation with District Commission 17 Broadcasting 17 (See also pages 72, 18 3, 190) Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union 17 Wakefield Memorial Association 17 (See also pages 41, 111, 113) Fredericksburg, Virginia 18 (See also page 2 57) Alexandria, Virginia 18 (See also pages 31, 51, 5 3, 70, 108) ORGANIZATION DEPARTMENTS 19 General 19 Organization Personnel 19 Advisory Committees 20 Achieving the Objectives 21 Publicity Department 21 (See also page 5 69) Women's Activities 21 (See also page 410) . ,, States, Cities and Towns 22 (See also page 441) . . . Page Education Department ....""" 22 (See also page 280) Historical Department 23 (See also page 262) Executive Secretary 23 Special Activities 23 (See also page 549) Administration Department 23 (See also page 2 59) Pageants and Music 23 (Pageants, see also page 561) (M7tsic, see also page 565) Mailing Room 24 (See also page 2 5 9) Publications Division 24 (See also page 5 89) Genealogical Division 24 (See also page 275) | Library 24 j (See also page 278) Braille Service 24 (Sec also page 5 63) Condensed Statement of Financial Account 24 Commission's Preliminary Report 2 5 Two Notable Proclamations by President Hoover 28 Quotation from Theodore Roosevelt 29 OPENING OF THE CELEBRATION 3 At Historic Christ Church 31 The Director's Historic Broadcast from Pohick Church . 31 Other Church Ceremonies 31 National Educators Meet 32 The Historic Masque, "Wakefield" 32 The Mystical Setting of the Masque 3 5 Music for the Masque 3 5 A Medley of Dances in the Masque 37 The Climax of the Masque 3 8 Distinguished Audience Attended the Masque 3 8 Quotation from John Adams 39 FEBRUARY 22, 193 2, THE BICENTENNIAL ANNI- VERSARY 40 At the Washington Monument 40 Order of the De Molay 40 Military Mass 41 Pan American Ceremonies 43 FORMAL CELEBRATION IN CONGRESS— 1932 45 Address of Welcome by Dr. Luther H. Reichelderfer, Presi- dent, Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia 49 Address of Honorable James M. Beck, Member of Congress from Pennsylvania 49 j President Hoover at Alexandria, Virginia 51 THE BICENTENNIAL BALL, WASHINGTON, D. C. 54 Bicentennial Ball Committee 54 Floor Committee of Bicentennial Ball 59 Bicentennial Ball Pageant 60 Characters: Early Settlers of the Thirteen States 60 Characters: In George Washington's Day in the Colonies . 61 CONTENTS— {Continued) Page Characters: "Spirit of 1776" 65 Receiving Line 65 Box Holders at the Bicentennial Ball 6 5 Dance Program at Bicentennial Ball 69 Ball at Gadsby's Tavern, Alexandria, Virginia 70 All States Ball, Washington, D. C 70 New England States Ball, Washington, D. C 70 RADIO BROADCASTS ON FEBRUARY 22, 193 2 72 GENERAL PERSHING AT VALLEY FORGE, PA. 73 TRIBUTE TO THE PAN AMERICAN UNION 74 OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE CELEBATION IN NEW YORK STATE 78 Distinguished Speakers 78 Address of Honorable Charles J. Tobin, Presiding 78 Address of Honorable Franklin D. Roosevelt, then Gover- nor of New York 78 Address of Honorable Benjamin N. Cardozo 79 PREVIOUS GEORGE WASHINGTON CELEBRATIONS 83 Celebration in 1832 83 Fiftieth Anniversary of Inauguration 83 New York Centennial Celebration 84 Presidential Proclamation, 1889 84 MANUFACTURERS AND MERCHANTS COOPER- ATION 86 Booklet of Suggestions Issued 88 Celebration a Stimulus to Trade 88 Manufacturers Prepare for Bicentennial 88 Wide Variety of Bicentennial Merchandise 89 Women's Wear Leads 90 Bicentennial Mode Doubly Patriotic 92 Colonial Costumes in Demand 93 Bicentennial Influences Furniture Styles 93 Retail Merchants Participate 97 Booklet of Suggestions Widely Distributed 97 Suggestions for Merchants and Department Store Cooper- ation, Booklet reprinted 98 Window and Interior Displays and Exhibitions of Washing- toniana and Store Decorations 100 Newspaper, Direct Mail, Radio and Telephone Tie-ups . 100 A Calendar for Department Store Participation 101 Participation in Children's Activities 102 Employe Cooperation 102 Bicentennial An Incentive 102 Anniversary Observed Throughout Stores 102 National Window Display Contest 103 Stores Report Bicentennial Activities 103 HISTORIC MAP OF REGION WITHIN 100 MILES OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL 107 THE MOUNT VERNON MEMORIAL HIGHWAY 108 Arlington Memorial Bridge 110 WAKEFIELD, VIRGINIA, WHERE WASHINGTON WAS BORN Ill Officers of Wakefield National Memorial Association 113 Quotation from Abraham Lincoln 118 HISTORIC EXHIBITION OF PORTRAITS 119 Portrait Committee of the George Washington Bicenten- nial Loan Exhibition 121 George Washington Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition Committee 121 The Corcoran Art Gallery of Washington, D. C, donates exhibition rooms 123 Preview Reception, March 5, 1932 124 How the Portraits were Assembled 124 Artists Represented in Historical Loan Exhibition 126 Page Catalogue of Historic Exhibits 126 Commemorative Paintings and Sculpture, Exhibition at National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C HO BICENTENNIAL COMMEMORATIVE POSTAGE STAMPS 152 Description of the Stamps 152 Bicentennial Envelopes 155 "First Day" Sale 156 Huge Crowd Breaks Record 157 One Million Dollars in Stamps Sold in Two Days 158 Bicentennial Cachets 159 Local Committees Issue Cachets 162 Other Historic Cachets 163 "Washington" Postmark in Demand 163 List of Washington Bicentennial Cachets 165 MEDALS 171 Medal Advisory Committee 171 President Receives Platinum Medal 173 Bicentennial Badge Medals 174 THE GEORGE WASHINGTON QUARTER DOLLAR Suggested by Commission 175 Act of Congress Passed 175 Quotation of Henry Lee (1799) 176 FOREIGN LANGUAGE SOCIETIES 177 Americanization School 178 Polish-Americans Celebrate Bicentennial 179 Polish Tribute to Washington 179 Pulaski Day in Washington 180 Address of Mr. Wladyslaw Sokolowski, Charge d'Affaires ad interim of the Polish Embassy, at Pulaski statue 181 Address of Honorable Sol Bloom, Director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, at Pulaski Statue 182 Address of Director Bloom on Pulaski Day Broadcast 183 Address of Mr. Wladyslaw Sokolowski on Pulaski Day Broadcast 183 Other Polish Celebrations 184 Unusual Jewish Commemoration 187 Italian-Americans Participate 188 French Diplomat Delivers Address 189 Address of Director Bloom on radio broadcast commemo- rating the Bicentennial of the Birth of Washington and the 210th Anniversary of the Birth of Comte de Grasse, September 13, 1932 190 Address of Mr. Jules Henry, Charge d'Affaires of France on above radio broadcast 191 Other Groups Participate 193 Scandinavian and Danish Groups 194 German- American Participation 195 Essay Contest for German and American Students 196 Judges in Contest 196 Prize-winning Essay of German Winner 197 Prize- winning Essay of American Winner 200 THE PLANTING OF MEMORIAL TREES 205 Message of Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman 206 Outstanding Activities 207 Tree Planting Booklet 208 Forms of Planting 209 General Instructions for Ornamental or Roadside Planting 209 Soil Selection 209 Planting Time 209 Evergreen Planting 209 Excavation and Spacing 210 Fourteen Points in Ornamental Tree Planting 211 Trees Suitable for Ornamental Planting 211 Forest Planting 213 MOUNT VERNON TREES AROUND THE WORLD 215 Vice President Curtis leads Pilgrimage to Mount Vernon . 216 CONTENTS— {Continued) Page Crown Prince of Roumania Plants Tree 216 Trees Planted in China 216 Program in Philippines 217 Plantings in the United States 217 Historical Grove Established, Anacostia Park, Washington, D. C 213 REENACTMENT OF THE LAYING OF THE COR- NERSTONE OF THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL 219 Articles Deposited 223 Address of Grand Master Reuben A. Bogley 22 5 Address of Honorable Sol Bloom 226 Film of Cornerstone Pageant 227 GEORGE WASHINGON MASONIC NATIONAL MEMORIAL 228 POST OFFICE DAY, JULY 26, 1932 232 Celebration is Widespread 232 Local Officials Cooperate 232 Major James H. Doolittle's Airplane Flight 233 Original Post Offices Celebrate 23 9 Unique Virginia Celebration 240 Other Local Celebrations 240 Representative Clyde Kelly, of Pennsylvania, Speaks at Pittsburgh 241 FIELD MASS AT CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMER- ICA, Washington, D. C 243 Principal Address by Rev. Dr. Peter Guilday 243 CEREMONIES AT FORT NECESSITY 245 MOUNT VERNON REPLICA AT PARIS 246 NOTABLE CEREMONY AT TOMB OF THE UN- KNOWN REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIER 247 COMMEMORATING FUNERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON SERVICE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE Another Bridge Named for George Washington (Seattle, Wash.) ENGLISH PAGEANT— SURRENDER WALLIS OF CORN- 249 252 254 255 BICENTENNIAL PIGEON RACE 256 BICENTENNIAL BASEBALL GAME 2 56 MASONIC CERMEONIES AT FREDERICKSBURG, VA. 25 7 REPORTS OF THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS AND DIVISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION 2 59 ADMINISTRATION 2 59 Auditing and Accounting 259 The Mailing Room 2 5 9 Organization Chart 261 HISTORY DEPARTMENT Plans and Scope George Washington Atlas Publications Historical Inquiries 262 262 263 264 264 Literature Series 26 5 DEFINITIVE WRITINGS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON 26 5 Advisory Committee Appointed 266 President Hoover Writes Introduction 266 General Orders of Revolution Included 269 Records Carefully Kept 270 Washington Dominated Correspondence 271 Many Letters Destroyed 273 Page Personnel 274 GENEALOGICAL DIVISION 275 Typical Genealogical Chart, Direct Line of Descent in the Washington Family 276-277 THE COMMISSION LIBRARY 278 REPORT OF EDUCATION DIVISION AND ITS AC- TIVITIES 280 PART I— PLANS AND PREPARATION 280 General Scope and Objective 280 Organization 280 Avenues of Contact 2 80 1. Exhibits 280 2. Personal Interviews 281 3. Organization meetings and Convention Programs 281 4. Correspondence 282 Chart — Contacts through Correspondence 283 5. Official Organs of Professional Organizations 284 6. Preparation and Distribution of Printed Material of the Commission 284 Clip Sheets — Educational Issues 284 Leaflet — Bicentennial Activities in Schools 28 5 Contest Pamphlets: Organization and Regulations of the Declamatory, Essay, and Oratorical Contests; Selections Relating to George Washington for Declamatory Contests in the Elementary Schools; Orations and Essays of the George Washington Bicentennial Nation-wide Oratorical, Essay, and Declamatory Contests in Schools and Colleges 28 5 Handbook of the George Washington Appreciation Course 285 Individual Distribution 286 PART II— NATION-WIDE EDUCATIONAL CON- TESTS: Publications of Contest Plans 287 Development of Contest Activity 287 General Regulations 289 Declamatory Contest 289 Special Pamphlet 289 Method of Selection 289 Plan of Operation 289 Participation 290 Virginia Declamatory Contest — State Program 291 Essay Contest 291 Plan of Operation 291 State Participation 292 National Jury of Awards 293 National Winner 293 Oratorical Contest 295 Plan of Operation 295 Participation 296 Regional Winners 297 National Winner 297 An Appreciation 301 Contribution 301 Summary of State Contests 301 Alabama, Arizona 3 02 Arkansas, California, Colorado 303 Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia 304 Florida, Georgia 305 Program Regional Oratorical Contest, Atlanta, Ga. 30 5 Idaho 306 Illinois, Program of Bicentennial County Declamatory Contest 307 Indiana 3 07 Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana 308 Maryland, Missouri, Montana 309 Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico 310 New York, North Carolina 311 CONTENTS— (Continued) Ohio Oklahoma Oregon, Program, Regional Oratorical Contest South Carolina, South Dakota Tennessee Page North Dakota 312 313 314 315 316 317 Texas 319 Utah, Vermont 3 20 Virginia 321 Washington, West Virginia 322 Wyoming 3 23 Hawaii 324 PART III, COOPERATION OF EDUCATIONAL AGENCIES 324 United States Office of Education 3 24 National Education Association 325 Educational Exhibits 32 5 Convention Programs 32 5 Publications 3 26 National Congress of Parent-Teacher Associations 3 27 Home Economics Education Service, Federal Board for Vocational Education 3 27 State Departments of Education 3 27 Alabama 327 Arizona, Arkansas, California 328 Colorado, Connecticut 331 Delaware 3 34 District of Columbia 3 34 Florida, Georgia, Idaho 3 36 Illinois 337 Indiana 33 8 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 366 367 369 370 370 371 372 373 373 374 375 376 3 77 Iowa Kansas Kentucky, Louisiana Maine Maryland, Massachusetts Michigan, Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio, Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas, Utah Vermont, Virginia Washington West Virginia, Wisconsin Wyoming Alaska, Canal Zone Guam, Hawaii, Philippine Islands, Porto Rico Virgin Islands Si \ ii I in < \ i ion Associations Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minne- sota, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas Washington, West Virginia Wisconsin Page 377 377 378 379 Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota 3 80 Texas Summary of Part III State Library Commissions .... Arkansas, California Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan 381 381 PART IV, ECHOES OF THE BICENTENNIAL CELE- BRATION FROM THE SCHOOLS OF THE NATION Institutions of Higher Learning University of Washington, Seattle State Normal School, Newark, New Jersey State Teachers College, F'ramingham, Massachusetts East Central State Teachers College, Ada, Oklahoma State Teachers College, Minot, North Dakota Loretto Heights College, Loretto, Colorado Texas State College for Women, Denton, Texas Use of the "Handbook of the George Washington Appreciation Course" Division One, Direct Use Division Two, Correlation Activities General Correlation Agriculture Garden Project, Washington, D. C Tree Planting Projects Art 381 381 381 382 384 3 87 387 388 389 390 391 392 392 393 393 393 394 Business 396 Health Education 396 Home Economics 397 Literature and English 398 Music 399 Social Science 400 Extra Curricula 401 Commencement Activities — Illustrations 401 Washington College, Chestertown, Maryland 401 West High School, Salt Lake City, Utah 401 Biddeford, Maine, High School 401 Grammar School, Gloucester, Massachusetts 402 Washington School, Modesto, California 402 Sprague, Connecticut Graduation Exercises 402 Eighth Grade Graduation, Ottawa County, Ohio 403 Chisholm, Minnesota 403 Nation-wide Series of Educational Contests 403 Radio 403 Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 403 University of Iowa 403 Special School Activities 404 Evening Schools 404 State Training Schools and Reformatories 40 5 Other State Schools, Blind and Deaf 407 Participation of the Indian Schools — Contacts Made by the Education Division of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission 408 Programs Illustrating the Interest in the Indian Schools ... 408 Summary of Part IV 409 WOMEN'S DEPARTMENT 410 Part I, Scope and Objective. 410 Bicentennial Pledge 411-412 Tree Planting 411 Procedure 411 Programs of Participation 413 Organization 414 Part II, Reports from National Organizations 414 American Federation of Soroptimist Clubs 414 American Home Economics Association 414 American Gold Star Mothers 414 American Junior Red Cross 415 CONTENTS— {Continued) Page American Legion Auxiliary 415 415 415 416 416 416 American War Mothers American Women's League Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities Auxiliary to Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 416 Ladies' Auxiliarv to the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the U. S. A. Camp Fire Girls Colonial Daughters of the Seventeenth Century 417 Dames of the Loyal Legion of the United States of America 417 Daughters of America 417 Daughters of the Cincinnati 418 National Society of Daughters of Colonial Wars, Inc 418 Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War 1861-1865 418 General Federation of Women's Clubs 418 The Girls' Friendly Society 418 Girl Scouts 419 International Order of the King's Daughters and Sons, Inc 419 Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic 419 Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union 419 National Association of Colored Women, Inc 419 National Auxiliary, United Spanish War Veterans 420 National Congress of Parents and Teachers 420 National Congress of Colored Parents and Teachers 420 National Circle, Daughters of Isabella 420 National Council of Catholic Women 421 National Council of Jewish Women 421 National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs 422 National League of American Pen Women 422 National League of Women Voters 422 National Society Children of the American Revolution 422 The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America . 422 National Society of Colonial Descendants of America 423 National Society Daughters of the American Colonists 42 3 National Society Daughters of the American Revolution 42 3 National Society Daughters of the Barons of Runnemede 424 National Society Daughters of Founders and Patriots of America 424 National Society Daughters of the Revolution 424 National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 424 National Society of New England Women 424 National Society United States Daughters of 1812 424 National Society Women Descendants of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company 42 5 National Woman's Party 42 5 Order of First Families of Virginia 1607-1620 426 Supreme Chapter P. E. O. Sisterhood 426 Quota Club, International 426 United Daughters of the Confederacy Woman's Christian Temperance Union (National) Women's Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Epis- copal Church Women's Overseas Service League Woman's Relief Corps (National) Young Women's Christian Associations of the U. S. A. (National Board) National Organizations of Women of the United States which cooperated in the Bicentennial Celebration and the number of units in their membership Part III, Participation of Women's Organizations as to States STATES, CITIES AND TOWNS DEPARTMENT Organization Procedure and Scope of Work Form of Postmaster Questionnaire 442-445 State Commissions 446 City and Town Groups 446 Suggestions Published 447 426 427 427 427 427 427 428 429 441 441 441 Page Congressional Cooperation 44s Outline of Suggested Programs 452 Suggested Programs for Special Occasions 455 Significant Anniversaries and Holidays 456 Statehood Days and Arbor Days 458 Summary of Suggested Programs 4^0 Cooperation of the Churches 461 Farm Group Organization 4^3 Grange Organizations 454 Boy Scouts 468 Fraternal, Patriotic and Civic Group Participation 469 Alabama 474 Arizona 475 Arkansas 476 California 473 Colorado 479 Connecticut 480 Delaware 483 Florida 484 Georgia 48 j Idaho 486 Illinois 488 Indiana 489 Iowa 491 Kansas 492 Kentucky 494 Louisiana 496 Maine 497 Maryland 498 Massachusetts 500 Michigan 503 Minnesota 504 Mississippi 505 Missouri 506 Montana 508 Nebraska 509 Nevada 5 1 1 New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico 511 512 5 15 New York 517 North Carolina 520 North Dakota 521 Ohio 5?2 Oklahoma 524 Oregon 527 Pennsylvania 528 Rhode Island 530 South Carolina 53 1 South Dakota 532 Tennessee 533 Texas 534 Utah 535 Vermont 537 Virginia 538 Washington 540 West Virginia 541 Wisconsin 54 3 Wyoming 544 District of Columbia S4S Letter from President Roosevelt concerning Foreign Par- ticipation in the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 548 FOREIGN PARTICIPATION AND SPECIAL ACTIVI- TIES DEPARTMENT 549 Organization 549 Scope of Department 549 Foreign Participation 549 CONTENTS— {Continued) Page World-Wide Participation 5 50 Eighty-one Countries Participate 551 Foreign Diplomats Assist 5 52 American Diplomats Cooperated 553 Streets and Squares Dedicated 5 54 Ceremonies Organized Locally 555 The Pan American Union 556 Colonial Gardens 557 Merchants and Manufacturers Cooperation 558 Window Display Contest 5 5 8 George Washington Bicentennial Commemorative Medals 5 59 George Washington Quarter Dollar 559 Bicentennial Postage Stamps 5 60 Cachets 5 60 Post Office Day 560 Foreign Langviage Societies 560 Translations 560 PLAY AND PAGEANT DIVISION 561 Publications 5 62 Wakefield Masque 5 62 "The Great American" Pageant 5 62 Yorktown Pageant 5 62 Cooperation and Distribution 5 62 BRAILLE DIVISION 563 Pamphlets Transcribed in Braille 5 64 MUSIC DIVISION 565 Sousa Composes March 565 Organization 565 Bicentennial Song 5 66 Choral Ode 566 Wakefield Masque Music 5 66 Music Publications 5 67 Colonial Music Published 5 67 Publishers Cooperate 5 67 Bicentennial Music Featured 5 68 PUBLICITY DEPARTMENT 569 Organization 5 69 Educational Publicity 5 69 Personnel 5 70 Cooperation from Other Departments 5 70 Careful Preparation 571 Newspaper Publicity 571 Releases on Current Events 573 Magazine Publicity 5 74 Clip Sheet Mat Service Cuts 574 576 577 Photographs 577 Radio 578 Moving Pictures 5 79 Speeches 5 79 News Release Book 5 82 Special Projects 582 Posters Distributed 5 83 Washington Busts 5 86 Letters and Clippings 5 87 Daily Record of Newspaper Clippings Received 588 PUBLICATIONS DIVISION 5 89 Main Classifications of Printing 5 89 Definitive Writings of George Washington 5 89 Publicity Clip Sheets 591 Historical Pamphlets and Booklets 5 92 Dramatic Material 593 Miscellaneous Printed Celebration Material 5 94 Pictures, Posters and Portraits in colors 595 Music Publications 5 96 Educational Publications 5 97 Braille Publications for the Blind 5 97 Report Volumes 5 98 Page Binding 598 Resolution of the Commission testifying its appreciation to the Director Between pages 598-9 MINUTES OF THE COMMISSION 599 Conception of the Commission 599 Personnel of the Commission 601 Presidential Appointees 601 First Report of the Commission 601 The Executive Committee 602 Appropriation for the Commission 602 Election of Officers 603 Appointment of Field Secretary 603 Office in the Capitol Building 603 Disbursement of Appropriations 603 Franking Privilege 605 Operations of the Field Secretary 606 Compensation of Executive Secretary 608 Suggestions submitted to the Commission 611 Meeting of Commission at White House, Jan. 13, 1927. . 612 Executive Committee, January 24, 1927 614 Meeting of Commission, February 22, 1927 615 Proceedings of Joint Session, February 22, 1927 615 Executive Committee, January 24, 1928 617 Executive Committee, May 29, 1928 619 Executive Committee, December 12, 1928 620 Meeting at White House, January 24, 1929 623 Executive Committee, May 20, 1929 627 Formulating General Plans 628 Meeting at White House, January 15, 1930 628 Mount Vernon Memorial Highway 629 Report of Executive Secretary, January 15, 1930 632 Report on Wakefield 633 Executive Committee, January 24, 1930 63 5 Executive Committee, February 13, 193 63 5 Executive Committee, March 31, 1930 636 Executive Committee, April 2, 1930 636 Executive Committee, June 18, 1930 638 Executive Committee, January 7, 193 1 644 Executive Committee, January 14, 1931 645 Executive Committee, January 29, 1931 646 Executive Committee, February 4, 1931 647 Executive Committee, February 5, 1931 648 Executive Committee, February 2 5, 1931 648 Executive Committee, May 25, 1931 648 Executive Committee, June 8, 1931 649 Program Committee, September 10, 1931 649 Program Committee, September 14, 1931 649 Program Committee, November 5, 1931 651 Program Committee, November 12, 1931 653 Program Committee, November 17, 1931 65 3 Program Committee, November 25, 1931 6 54 Program Committee, December 1, 1931 656 Program Committee, December 8, 1931 656 Executive Committee, December 12, 1931 6 56 Meeting of Commission, White House, January 16, 1932. . 658 Report of Commission, January 15, 193 2 660 Program Committee, March 4, 1932 663 Executive Committee, March 9, 1932 664 Program Committee, March 18, 193 2 664 Program Committee, April 1, 1932 666 Program Committee, April 15, 193 2 666 Program Committee, April 29, 193 2 667 Program Committee, May 13, 193 2 667 Executive Committee, December 13, 1932 667 Executive Committee, January 10, 193 3 668 Meeting of Commission at White House, February 20, 1933 668 Honor to Director Bloom 669 Preliminary Report of Commission, February 16, 193 3 669 DEFINITIVE WRITINGS OF GEORGE WASHING- TON (Final Act) 676 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 677 List of Illustrations Reproduction of letter from President Roosevelt to Honorable Sol Bloom, Director, United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, dated December 29, 193 3 Three Presidents of the United States as Chairmen of the Bicentennial Commission Members of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission The Supreme Court of the United States Page Page President Calvin Coolidge delivering an address on the sig- nificance of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration at a joint session of Gongress, February 22, 1927 10 His Excellency, the Italian Ambassador, Nobile Giacomo de Martino, transmitting Lafayette's sword to the Honorable Sol Bloom, Director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, which was shown at the George Washington Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition at The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C 15 Pohick Church, Pohick, Virginia, where General Washing- ton worshipped 31 Facsimile of invitation to the Wakefield Masque presented in Constitution Hall, Washington, D. C. 3 3 Groups participating in the Wakefield Masque 34, 3 6 Members of the Americanization School Association appear- ing in the Wakefield Masque 37 Lieut. Commander G. A. Poindexter, Naval Aide to Presi- dent Hoover, placing the presidential wreath at the base of the Washington Monument in the City of Washington, February 22, 1932 40 Military Mass, February 22, 1932, at the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Washington, D. G. 41 Undersecretary of State, Honorable William R. Castle, and His Excellency, Don Orestes Ferrara, Ambassador of the Republic of Cuba, inspecting the floral tributes at the bust of George Washington, in the Pan American Building, Washington, D. C., on February 22, 1932 42 President Hoover addresses joint session of Congress on February 22, 1932 46 The National Capital observes Washington's Birthday. Under the direction of Dr. Walter Damrosch, a throng of 20,000 people gathered in front of the Capitol on February 22, 1932, and sang patriotic songs as part of the Washington, D. C, observance 50 President Hoover at the Tomb of George Washington, Mount Vernon, Virginia, on February 22, 1932 52 The party of the Vice President of the United States, Hon- orable Charles Curtis, and his sister, Mrs. Edward Everett Gann, at the Bicentennial Ball 54 Facsimile of appointment announcement sent to members of the various State Committees for the Bicentennial Ball, Washington, D. C 5 5 Facsimile of invitation to the Bicentennial Ball, Washing- ton, D. C 56 The Box Party of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission at the Bicentennial Ball 5 8 The Box Party of the Director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission at the Bicenten- nial Ball 59 General view of a portion of the ball room at the Bicenten- nial Ball, Washington, D. C 62 The Receiving Line at the Bicentennial Ball, Washington, D. C 64 Representative Ruth Bryan Owen with His Excellency, Sir Ronald Lindsay, the British Ambassador, at the Bicen- tennial Ball, Washington, D. C 65 Page The Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Commodore Ernest Lee Jahncke, and Mrs. Jahncke, as they appeared attending the Bicentennial Ball, Washington, D. C. 66 The Assistant Secretary of War, Honorable Frederick H. Payne, and Mrs. Payne, as they appeared attending the Bicentennial Ball, Washington D. C 67 An interesting family group at the George Washington Bicentennial Ball 68 Arrival of Brig. General Wm. E. Horton, Chairman of the floor committee of the George Washington Bicenten- nial Ball, Washington, D. C 69 The Washington Family at Home 71 General John J. Pershing at Valley Forge, February 22, 193 2 73 Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York addressing a meeting in commemoration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington, at Kingston, New York 78 Notable speakers at the New York State Celebration in Albany, February 22, 1932 79 Twenty-one gun salute fired at Governor's Island, New York, February 22, 1932, which ushered in the great celebration in the metropolis 80 Reviewing stand at the celebration in New York City, Feb- ruary 22, 1932, when more than 10,000 men marched up Fifth Avenue 81 One of the notable parade features of the George Washing- ton Bicentennial Celebration in New York City, Feb- ruary 22, 1932 81 Official Medal issued at the Celebration in New York, April 3 0, 18 89, of the Centennial of the first Inauguration of President Washington 82 Reduced facsimile of one page of the invitation to the re- ception at the Lawyers' Club in the City of New York, April 29, 1889, which was an important event in the Centennial Celebration of the first Inaugura- tion of President George Washington 8 5 A typical George Washington window display 86 A Selection of Bicentennial Medals made in 1932 87 Unveiling of George Washington Mural Panorama 90 George Washington Bicentennial Exhibit 92 A group of employees of the United States George Wash- ington Bicentennial Commission and a group of chil- dren displaying colonial costumes 94 George Washington Bicentennial Seal 98 A prize-winning window display in the Bicentennial Win- dow Display Contest 106 The Mount Vernon terminus of the Memorial Highway, showing the provision for traffic circulation and park- ing 108 The Arlington Memorial Bridge 110 Map showing the general location of Wakefield, Virginia, the birthplace of George Washington 112 Official witnesses of the reinterment of the remains of ap- proximately thirty members of the Washington family, who were buried in the old burying ground at the origi- nal family estate, Wakefield, Virginia 115 The Washington family burying ground as reconstructed by landscape architects 116 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS— {Continued) Page Making bricks by hand after the original method by which bricks were made upon the Washington estate, Wake- field, Virginia, for the building of the mansion house 117 Facsimile of invitation to the Preview of the Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition, held at the Corcoran Gal- lery of Art, Washington, D. C, on March 5, 1932 119 His Excellency, Sir Ronald Lindsay, British Ambassador, and Honorable Sol Bloom, Director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, viewing the "Lansdowne" portrait of George Wash- ington by Gilbert Stuart, owned by Lord Rosebery and lent for the Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition, Washington, D. C 120 General John J. Pershing and Honorable Sol Bloom, Di- rector, viewing the famous painting of the Washington Family by Edward Savage, lent by the Estate of Thomas B. Clarke for the Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition, Washington, D. C 121 General view of Gallery No. 1 of the Bicentennial Hstorical Loan Exhibition at the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C 122 General view of Gallery No. 2 of the Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition at the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C 123 General view of Gallery No. 3 of the Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition at the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C 124 General view of Gallery No. 4 of the Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition at the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C 12 5 Martha Washington, by Charles Willson Peale; lent by the Virginia Historical Society 126 George Washington, by Edward Savage; lent by Harvard University 127 George Washington, by Gilbert Stuart; lent by the Thomas B. Clarke Estate 128 The "Virginia Colonel" portrait of George Washington, by Charles Willson Peale; lent by Washington and Lee University 129 Martha Washington, by Edward Savage; lent by The Adams Memorial Society 130 George Washington, by Robert Edge Pine; lent by Mr. Grenville Kane 130 George Washington, by Charles "Willson Peale; lent by The Peabody Institute 131 George Washington, by Joseph Wright; lent by Mr. Clar- ence Winthrop Bowen 131 George Washington, by Rembrandt Peale; lent by Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Hamlin 132 George Washington, by Gilbert Stuart; lent by Honorable Andrew W. Mellon 13 3 Miniature of George Washington, by Marquise de Brehan; lent bv Mrs. John Hill Morgan 134 George Washington, by Joseph Wright; lent by the Cleve- land Museum of Art 135 George "Washington, by Rembrandt Peale; lent by the United States Government 135 Oliver Ellsworth, by James Sharpies; lent by Mr. Roland Gray 136 Bushrod Washington, by Leopold Seyffert; lent by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 137 Governor Thomas Johnson and Family, by Charles Willson Peale; lent by the C. Burr Artz Library of Frederick, Md 138 Mrs. Timothy Pickering, by Gilbert Stuart; lent by Mrs. Richard Y. FitzGerald .' 139 Mrs. Oliver Wolcott, Jr., by John Trumbull; lent by Mrs. J. West Roosevelt 140 Page Oliver Wolcott, Jr., by John Trumbull; lent by Mrs. J. West Roosevelt 141 Baron Von Steuben, by Ralph Earle; lent by Honorable William Randolph Hearst 142 Rufus King, by Gilbert Stuart; lent by Mr. Allan McLane, Jr 143 Nellie Custis, by James Sharpies; lent by Mrs. Richard Bayly Winder 145 Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg, by Samuel B. Waugh; lent by the United States Government 146 Meeting of the Generals of the American and French Armies at Yorktown after the Surrender, by James Peale; lent by The Maryland Historical Society 147 Mrs. Samuel Washington, by John Hesselius; lent by Mrs. Samuel Walter Washington 148 Mrs. James Monroe, by Benjamin West; lent by Mrs. Rose Gouverneur Hoes 149 Martha Jefferson Randolph, by Thomas Sully; lent by Mr. A. B. Randolph and Mr. B. H. R. Randall 150 Likenesses of George Washington which appear on the Bi- centennial Commemorative Stamps 153 First Day Cover consisting of a special Bicentennial en- velope addressed to President Hoover, stamped with the complete series of twelve Bicentennial commemorative stamps, postmarked January 1, 193 2, and autographed by President Floover 154 First Day Cover consisting of a special Bicentennial en- velope addressed to The Honorable Franklin D. Roose- velt, then Governor of New York, stamped with the complete series of twelve Bicentennial commemorative stamps, ornamented with the four Mount Vernon im- prints which were used on Bicentennial Government stamped envelopes, postmarked January 1, 193 2, and autographed by Franklin D. Roosevelt 155 Senator Simeon D. Fess, Vice Chairman, and Honorable Sol Bloom, Director, respectively, of the United States Geoge Washington Bicentennial Commission, making the first two purchases of George Washington Bicen- tennial stamps from Honorable William M. Mooney, Postmaster, Washington, D. O, on January 1, 1932 156 A Selection of George Washington Bicentennial Cachets commemorating various dates, events, and historic- places, which were issued during the Bicentennial year 160 Series of seven Bicentennial Cachets sponsored by the George Washington Bicentennial Committee of the City of Boston . 164-165 Reproduction of the Wakefield Cachet, the only official cachet of the United States George Washington Bicen- tennial Commission 170 Honorable Sol Bloom, Director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission; Mrs. Laura Gardin Fraser, sculptor of the Official George Wash- ington Bicentennial Commemorative Medal; and Hon- orable Robert J. Grant, Director of the United States Mint, examining the first medal struck from the die 171 George Washington Official Commemorative Medal 172 Senator Simeon D. Fess, Vice Chairman of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, presenting President Hoover with the master official George Washington Bicentennial Commemorative Medal 173 The George Washington Bicentennial Badge Medal . . . 174 President Hoover receives Polish Delegation . 178 President Hoover greets American National Alliance of Czecho-Slovaks, in April, 193 2 192 The Director of the United States George Washington Bi- centennial Commission, Honorable Sol Bloom, as the honor guest of the Boy Scouts, planting a Mount Vernon walnut tree in the Capitol grounds, Wash- ington, D. C. 206 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS— {Continued) Page Plan illustrating the fourteen points for ornamental tree planting 210 Charles Lathrop Pack, President of the American Tree Asso- ciation, helps the Rotary Club of Lakewood, N. J., to dedicate a Tree to the memory of George Washington 214 Vice President Charles Curtis and a group of Boy Scouts gathering walnuts at Mount Vernon, which were sent for planting to all parts of the world 215 Dan Beard addressing Boy Scouts beneath the great old walnut tree at Mount Vernon 218 George Washington laying the cornerstone of the Federal Capitol at Washington, D. C, with Masonic cere- monies, September 18, 1793 (By DeLand) 220 Masonic Ceremonies, September 17, 1932, re-enacting the original ceremony in which George Washington laid the cornerstone of the United States Capitol, with Masonic honors, September 18, 1793 224 The George Washington Masonic National Memorial on Shooter's Hill, Alexandria, Va., at time of its dedica- tion by a notable Masonic gathering, May 12, 1932 228 President Hoover, accompanied by Mrs. Hoover, leaving the George Washington Masonic National Memorial after the dedication ceremonies on May 12, 1932 231 Honorable Sol Bloom, Director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, greeting Miss Anne Madison Washington, great-great-great grand- niece of George Washington, and Major James H. Doolittle on their arrival in Washington, D. C, July 25, 1932 ' 233 Design of special cachet used on mail distributed on the George Washington Bicentennial airplane flight to commemorate the 15 7th anniversary of the founding of the United States Postal Service 23 5 A typical piece of air mail distributed by Major James H. Doolittle on the George Washington Bicentennial air- plane flight, July 25,^1932 236 "Post-Rider" delivering mail addressed to Governor John Garland Pollard to airplane at Williamsburg for trans- porting to Richmond, Va., on Post Office Day, July 26, 193 2 240 Facsimile of Special cachet used on mail sent by post-rider, airplane and truck from Williamsburg, Va., to Gov- ernor John Garland Pollard, at Richmond, Va., July 26, 1932 240 Salute of the Monticello Guards, February 22, 193 2, at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of the American Revo- lution, in Alexandria, Va. 248 Memorial Exercises, December 18, 1932, on the 133rd an- niversary of the funeral of George Washington. After the ceremony in historic Christ Church, Alexandria, Va., a distinguished committee went to Mount Vernon to lay flowers upon the tomb of George Washington 250 The Right Reverend James Craik Morris delivering the funeral sermon at Christ Church, Alexandria, Va., commemorating the 133rd anniversary of the funeral of George Washington 251 Officials calling at the White House, Washington, D. C, to notify President Hoover that the Hudson River bridge would be named "George Washington Memorial Bridge" 2 52 The "George Washington Memorial Bridge" as it appeared unfinished at the time of the naming of the bridge for George Washington 253 Surrender of Cornwallis, episode 3 of the Washington pageant held at Washington, Durham County, Eng- land, September 4, 6 and 9, 193 3 25 5 Masonic ceremonies at Fredericksburg, Va., marking the 180th anniversary of the initiation of George Wash- ington in the Masonic Fraternity 2 57 Page Organization Chart of the United States George Washing- ton Bicentennial Commission 261 Facsimile of a letter written by General George Washington to His Excellency, Count de Rochambeau, from New- burgh, New York, August 14, 1782 268 Reproduction of a typical Genealogical Chart showing Direct Line of Descent in the Washington Family 276-277 A typical Library Exhibit 279 Chart showing Contacts Through Correspondence, Educa- tion Department 283 President Hoover honors the winner of the National Essay Contest 294 Regional Oratorical Winners at the White House, June 24, 1932 297 The other State Winners in the Bicentennial Oratorical Contests 300 School Children at Weiner, Arkansas, planting twenty-five trees on Washington's Birthday, February 22, 1932 . 328 Pupils of Washington School, San Leandro, California, pre- sented "Making the Constitution" 3 29 "Washington and His Cabinet," scene presented by students of Woodrow Wilson School, Santa Ana, California . 3 30 Bicentennial pageant in honor of George Washington, writ- ten and directed by the Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy Academy, Red Bluff, California 330 Delmar, Delaware, Schools enjoy a Washington party . . . 3 34 Manual Training Project, sixth grade, West School, Wash- ington, D. C. 3 3 5 Garfield School, Washington, D. C, Bicentennial program 336 Fort Wayne, Indiana, students of Saint Catherine Academy, presented "Washington, The Man Who Made Us" 3 39 Saint Meinrad Seminary, Saint Meinrad, Indiana, present Bi- centennial Operetta 340 Manhattan, Kansas, Roosevelt School in surveying scene of a Bicentennial Pageant 342 Princeton, Kentucky, prelude scene from Bicentennial pageant 343 Louisiana State Normal College, Natchitoches, presented pageant, "Yesterday and Tomorrow" 344 Glen Burnie, Maryland, Grammar School; Eighth Grade Commencement 345 Ann Harbor, Michigan, March of the States from "In the Hearts of His Countrymen," presented by the students of Saint Thomas School 346 Fenton, Missouri, School children joining in Bicentennial Parade, February 22, 1932 348 Chadron, Nebraska, pageant presented by State Normal College, February 23, 1932 349 Carroll, New Hampshire; Mount Washington as represented by Twin Mountain School in the parade of February 22, 1932 350 Mohawk, New York, school children participating in the City Bicentennial Celebration 352 Whiteville, North Carolina, school presents "May Fair" . . 3 54 Barnes County, North Dakota, school children assembled at their annual county play day in grounds of County Court House, Valley City, for dedication of the County George Washington Tree 355 Johnstown, Pa., Cochran Junior High School featured ten Bicentennial tableaux at mid-year promotion, Janu- ary, 1932 358 Central Falls, R. I., Bicentennial play, "Washington Inspires a Nation" presented February 15, 1932 3 60 Knoxville, Tennessee, Park Lowry School presented the pageant, "George Washington at Home" 362 Salt Lake City, Utah, scene from play "Betsy Ross" pro- duced by fourth grade of Oquirrh School 365 Hollins College, Virginia, students entered into the spirit of the Bicentennial Celebration 3 67 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS— (Continued) Page Cheney, Washington, students of the training school, Wash- ington State Normal School, present "Washington Lives On" 3 68 Christiansted, Virgin Islands, pupils of the Catholic School joined in grand parade, February 22, 1932 372 Oxford, Maine, Bicentennial exhibit at Freeland Holmes Library 379 Denton, Texas, the coach which conveyed President and Mrs. L. H. Hubbard and General and Mrs. Washing- ton (represented by students) to the presentation of "The Poor Soldier" by the students of the Texas State College for Women 3 89 Keuka Park, New York, Tree planting on February 22, 1932 393 Rochester, New York, penmanship exhibit of Paterson, N. J., schools at National Association of Penmanship Teachers 39 5 Buhl, Minnesota, industrial art project built by school children 396 Luzerne, Pa., "Mount Vernon" built by fourth grade pupils of the Luzerne Borough School District 396 Honolulu, Hawaii, Bicentennial design prepared by type- writing classes of Sacred Hearts Academy 397 Ephrata High School, Pennsylvania, May Day Program 398 Washington, D. C, Toner School third and fourth grade pupils present play, "Mother and Son" 3 99 Troy, N. Y., Public Schools present pageant, "Washington Returns" 400 Modesto, California, Washington School presented pageant, "Father of His Country" 402 Washington, D. C, Exhibit of Americanization School Association 404 Washington, D. C, Summer-Magruder School, Kinder- garten Department's Bicentennial Celebration on March 23, 1932 405 Mount Morrison, Colorado, Colonial dance by girls of State Industrial School 406 Sparta, Wisconsin, State Public School presented Bicenten- nial pageant, "Surrender of Cornwallis" 406 Illinois School for Deaf, Jacksonville, 111., girls gymnastic Bicentennial program, May 14, 1932 407 Iroquois, New York, Bicentennial program by Thomas In- dian School 408 Tuba City, Arizona, Western Navajo School presented "Pic- ture Book Towne" 409 Scenes from typical George Washington Bicentennial pro- grams 440 Brooklyn, New York; scene from "Presentation of the Flag" by Girl Scouts 440 Santa Ana, California; School Children's Pageant, "Wash- ington at Home" 440 Charles Town, West Virginia; Colonial pageant at St. Hilda's Hall, entitled, "An Evening at Harewood" 440 Form of Postmaster Questionnaire 442-445 Chart showing suggested organization of City Committees 449 Greenwich, Conn., the float of Empire Lodge No. 8, I. O. O. F., in the Bicentennial Celebration 481 Southbury, Conn., Continental fife and drum corps 482 Winter Haven, Florida, pageant in honor of George Wash- ington Bicentennial at the Florida Orange Festival. . . 48 5 Savannah, Georgia, "General Washington Visits Savannah," a colonial pageant presented by the Bethesda Home for Boys 486 Sioux City, Iowa, a high school colonial pageant 492 Kansas City, Kansas, colonial ball under auspices of Women's Chamber of Commerce 494 Northampton, Mass., Girl Scout rally and Bicentennial pageant 502 Page Ann Arbor, Mich., scene from "In the Hearts of His Coun- trymen" given by students of St, Thomas' School . . . 504 Kansas City, Mo., "Soldiers of the Revolution," part of a great outdoor pageant grouped about statue of Wash- ington 5 07 Floral Numerals at Washington Statue, Newark, N. J 514 Flower Show in Honor of the Bicentennial, at Carlsbad, N. Mex 516 Continental Group at Georse Washington Ball, Kingston, N. Y 518 "The Spirit of 193 2," by the Clark Family, Valley City, N. Dak 522 Celebration July Fourth at Findlay, Ohio 523 "The Minuet with Washington," at Ursuline Academy, Pittsburgh, Pa 529 Children's George Washington Pageant 534 Sempre Musical Society, Colonial Musical Festival, Ogden, Utah , . 5 36 Bicentennial Pageant, presented by students of Hollin's (Women's) College, Hollins, Virginia 539 Scene from a two-act Play entitled, "Our Country's Flag," Milwaukee, Wis. 544 Reproduction of letter from President Roosevelt, dated June 1, 1933, on Foreign Participation in the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 548 Reichstag Honors Memory of George Washington 5 5 French Medal in Honor of George Washington 551 George Washington Memorial Erected in Florence, Italy 5 55 Washington Portrait Unveiled at the George Wahsington School, Havana, Cviba, on Pan American Day, April 14, 1932 556 Typical of the numerous pageants presented during the Bi- centennial Celebration, the Children's Birthday Party Pageant on the Lawn at Mt. Vernon 561 Reading Bicentennial Literature in Braille 5 64 The late John Philip Sousa, Internationally known as the March King, playing his great composition, "The George Washington Bicentennial March," at the White House Grounds on November 20, 1930 565 George M. Cohan, noted playwright and composer, present- ing the original manuscript of "Father of the Land We Love," to President Hoover at the White House, Julv 29, 1931 566 Samples showing the type of Clip Sheets sent out by the Publicity Department of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission 576 Washington Crossing the Delaware 577 Reproduction of Special Motion Picture Issue of the Clip Sheet of the United States George Washington Bicen- tennial Commission 580 Reproductions in reduced size of the nine Posters which were distributed by the United States George Washing- ton Bicentennial Commission during the celebration period to all parts of the world 5 84 James F. Power, Lithographic artist of the Forbes Litho- graph Mfg. Co., working from the original Gilbert Stuart "Athenaeum" portrait of George Washington, which was reproduced in ten colors and sent to every schoolroom in the United States 585 Hon. Sol Bloom, Director, United States George Washing- ton Bicentennial Commission exhibiting the proof of the Uncle Sam Poster to Senator Simeon D. Fess, Vice Chairman (right), and Hon. R. Walton Moore, a member of the Commission (center) 5 86 George Washington from the bust by Joseph Nollekens, modeled in London about 180 5 5 87 Samples of typical pamphlets, published by the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission 5 90 Reproduction of Resolution of the Commission Testifying its Appreciation to the Director Between pages 598-9 Report of the Celebration \ 'JJV'OT EVEN the most earnest proponents vf^fl! of federal sponsorship of a Celebration in honor of the Two Hundredth Anni- versary of the Birth of George Wash- ington, had the vision of the mighty forces that were set in motion late in December, 1924, and that were destined to arouse the enthusiasm and cooperation of millions of American people and of hundreds of thousands of citizens of countries other than our own. They were actuated by the realization that a definite opportunity and obliga- tion rested upon Americans to pay suitable tribute to the memory of the man whose character, courage and wisdom made of us a free people among the nations of the earth. The advocates of the celebration did not foresee, of course, the years of stress and hardship for the people of our country during the social and indus- trial crisis that had its gloomiest aspect in the period between the launching of the Celebration and its termination in 1932. Thus, without definite intention, the govern- ment itself established an activity, that, in the opinion of many distinguished men and women, did more to preserve our national sanity and strengthen the ties of American devotion to its institutions, than any other influence of that dis- tressing era. While the Celebration was not au- thorized primarily to stimulate patriotism, it did very definitely conform to the mandate of Con- gress contained in House Concurrent Resolution No. 57, of February 23, 1927, that the Commis- sion was to organize the Celebration "in such man- ner as may seem to them most fitting, to the end that the Bicentennial Anniversary of the birth of him who was ' 'first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen' — the pioneer, the soldier, the statesman, the husbandman and the exemplar of American citizenship, George Wash- ington, may be commemorated in the year 1932 in such manner that future generations of American citizens may live according to the example and precepts of his exalted life and character and thus perpetuate the American Republic." Here was clearly a conception of the patriotic nature of the Celebration in contemplation, and the need of the people of the United States for leadership, encour- agement and support in their faith and love of country. Summary of Accomplishments To understand at once just what this Celebration meant in terms of human appeal, and to place be- fore the reader a terse yet dramatic summary of what was accomplished by the Commission in the way of organization, the following tabulation is furnished. Thus the reader can see the number of Bicentennial committees formed in states, cities and towns, in churches and schools, among patri- otic and civic organizations, etc. The results of this organization of Bicentennial committees is seen from the number of Bicentennial programs presented, the amount of mail handled and litera- ture distributed, etc. We wish to call particular attention to the very high percentage of Bicenten- nial committees formed among the various groups. Total for All States Cities With Population of 2 5,000 and up 376 Cities With Population of 10,000 to 25,000 ... 611 Cities With Population of 5,000 to 10,000 856 Cities With Population of 2,500 to 5,000. . 1,329 Cities With Population of 1,000 to 2,500 3,116 Cities With Population Under 1,000 116,829 Total Cities, Towns and Villages 123,153 Commissions Appointed by Governors 48 Committees Appointed for Cities and Towns . 107,803 Churches 212,159 Church Committees. 190,194 Church Programs 210,320 Fraternal, Patriotic and Civic Organizations . . 98,3 5 6 Fraternal, Patriotic and Civic Committees 8 5,344 Fraternal, Patriotic and Civic Programs 156,435 School Units 887,073 School Committees 275,869 School Programs 3,548,292 "Women's Organizations 77,680 "Women's Organization Programs. 316,221 Agricultural Organizations. 108,439 Agricultural Committees 108,439 Agricultural Programs 240,167 Boy and Girl Scout Units 44,669 Boy and Girl Scout Committees 44,669 Boy and Girl Scout Programs 15 3,478 Music Clubs 4,226 Music Club Programs 8,562 Schools in Declamatory and Essay Contests . . 73,168 Memorial Trees Planted (Estimated by American Tree Association 3 0,000,000 Public Libraries Mailed Material 5,849 Educational and Professional Libraries Mailed Ma- terial 4,417 :: " In addition to Women's Organizations there were 148,- 560 committees composed entirely of women who presented 43 5,247 programs. Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission Number of News Items Appearing in Newspa- pers of Country 4,926,083 Letters Received January 1, 1932, to January 1, 1933 296,794 Number of Posters Placed in School Rooms 901,164 Number of Posters Placed in Post Offices 96,43 8 Number of Pieces of Literature Mailed 12,920,533 Grand Totals Organizations and Municipalities Contacted . 1,555,755 Committees Appointed 894,224 Total Number of Individual Bicentennial Pro- grams Presented 4,760,345 In addition to this work among the states, towns, communities and various organizations in conti- nental America, there were interesting activities in our detached territories and insular possessions. For instance, in 22 municipalities of Alaska, Porto Rico, Virgin Islands and the Canal Zone, Hawaii, Philippine Islands and Guam, 57 organizations such as churches, schools, chambers of commerce, fra- ternal and patriotic bodies, army, navy and con- stabulary groups and 107 committees of various kinds, sponsored 452 programs. Foreign Participation Participation in this distinctly American cele- bration by countries other than our own, was one of the most important and significant phases of the Commission's work. When it is remembered that the economic stress which so seriously involved our own land, was, in fact, world-wide, and also that no direct invitation was extended to any foreign country to join in the Celebration, the spontaneous and generous reaction among foreign countries and peoples was most gratifying. Celebrations were held in 2 59 cities of 81 countries outside the boundaries of the United States during the Bicen- tennial year of 1932. As stated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a letter to Director Bloom, appearing in the volume entitled "Foreign Participation in the George Washington Bicenten- nial Celebration," of this series: "This event was without precedent as a spontaneous expression of international courtesy and good will," and, "People of other nations have learned much of the philoso- phy of our government in a way that was clear and effective." Thus is presented only the barest outline of the Commission's achievements and more detailed ac- counts will be found in succeeding pages of this volume. Every statement in relation to these ac- tivities is sustained by documents in the files of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. Before the Plans Had Crystallized With few exceptions, those who gave early thought to the Celebration had more or less nebulous conceptions of a world's fair or some centralized demonstration of material progress, by which only a limited number of Americans could be reached. In fact, this deeply established cele- bration idea was so firmly fixed in the public mind that it required months of effort to dislodge it. That a nation, by formal action of its government, should embark upon a program of spiritual and patriotic appeal, was so novel that people generally were not prepared for it. In the popular mind a Celebration meant vast outlay for buildings, in- dustrial display, entertainment, and the gathering of enormous crowds of people to witness thrilling spectacles. To announce that a new form of Celebration was to be launched; that it was to be a serious appeal to the hearts and minds of men, women and children; that it was to be entirely devoid of the carnival spirit, and was to be essentially educa- tional — these were elements never before injected in the national celebration concept. To many people such a program seemed drab and uninspir- ing and impossible of satisfactory fulfillment. For this new form of Celebration, which took the Celebration to the people rather than bring- ing the people to the Celebration, there were no precedents. No experiences of the past, in this or any other country, served to point out the true path to success, or to warn of the dangers of trial or experiment. Not only were the suggestions of a spiritual celebration new so far as the United States was concerned, but no other country had ever conceived such a project. It is true, of course, that from time immemorial nations and peoples have honored their statesmen, their warriors and their poets. But always these celebrations were of a nature far different from that which ultimately developed from the launching of the George Wash- ington Bicentennial Celebration. From the very beginning of the Commission's activities, efforts were made to secure suggestions from all sources as to the form and character of the proposed celebration. In the Minutes of the various meetings of the Executive Committee are Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration recorded a large number of these suggestions, which are of unusual interest when considered in connec- tion with the program as finally adopted by the Commission. The character of the proposed celebration was early defined by the late President Emeritus Charles W. Eliot, of Harvard University, as follows: The Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington should be celebrated not only all over this coun- try, but wherever in Europe there exists a group of persons who know the value of his writings and his deeds for the promotion of liberty and justice among mankind. This celebration, however, should be solemn, not gay, and spiritual, not materialistic. It should be directed in large measure to the rising generations, not to the passing or the past. It should appeal to thinking peoples, not to the careless or indif- ferent. Its aim should be to increase the number of Wash- ington's disciples and followers in and for the struggles of the future. This spiritual standard remained ever the direct- ing influence in organizing and carrying forward the celebration plans. But many difficulties pre- sented themselves to those charged with the various responsibilities and duties connected with the cele- bration activities. One of the earliest and most persistent objections to the Celebration itself on the part of many influential persons was the er- roneous opinion that the American people already knew all about George Washington and that there was little or nothing that could be added to present this colossal historic character as an interesting and dramatic personality. Yet one of the most impor- tant facts developed by the experience of the Commission, was the appalling ignorance of our own people of the true character, achievements and world influence of George Washington. The aver- age person, even of education and culture, carried in his mind only the most vague impressions, not only of George Washington and his compatriots, but of those stupendous events and movements in the early history of our Republic which brought into being, through years of toil and bloodshed and conflicting currents of strong and often bitter opinion, our governmental form and enduring national vitality. Washington the Human Being George Washington was popularly identified with the absurd cherry tree story; he was "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen"; and finally, among the more en- lightened, he was remembered as the Commander- in-Chief of the Colonial forces during the Revo- lutionary War and as the first President of the Republic. So far as his real personality was con- cerned, he was almost as mythical as Alexander or King Arthur. He was pictured as a mounted figure upon a pedestal, with saber poised in heroic attitude, but glacial in his detached isolation and utterly lacking in human appeal. The mighty task confronting the Commission was that of divesting George Washington of these utterly fantastic attributes and of presenting him as a man, with the common, everyday experiences of sorrow, temptation and sacrifice — the neighbor, the citizen, the reliable counselor and the inspiration of his countrymen. The apocryphal Washington of swashbuckling chauvinism, of infallible self-confidence, and dis- dainful austerity — such a Washington never existed save in the perfervid imaginations of ambitious biographers, ready and willing to distort the facts of history in order to add selling quality to their writings. This form of literary trickery is common to the writings of all peoples and all times. In fiction or informal narrative it is per- missible, even necessary perhaps, but deliberately to pervert established truth is inexcusable. As Dryden says: "We find but few historians who have been diligent enough in their search for truth. It is their common method to take on trust what they dis- tribute to the public; by which means, a falsehood, once received from a famed writer, becomes tradi- tional to posterity." From the day of George Washington's death until the present time, innumerable writers have assumed to recount his life history. The first so- called Washington historian, Parson Weems, wrote a sketchy biography of George Washington. He found that it did not sell rapidly, so he set about getting something into the book to make it sell. He had a keen commercial sense. After several years of effort to sell his life of Washington, Par- son Weems published an edition containing the silly little "I cannot tell a lie" story, and he found that this had a strong popular appeal. That book sold much better and is still the best seller of Wash- ington biographies. And during all of the years since that time, certain writers have built up a bewildering series of piquant traditions and engag- ing stories about George Washington that are not justified by facts. These writers have borrowed from each other and have invented stories them- selves, and in all seriousness it may be said that if this practise had been allowed to continue, the true Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission story of George Washington would have been en- tirely lost in the wilderness of commercial literary exploitation. If the United States George Washington Bicen- tennial Commission had done nothing more than to establish the facts in relation to George Wash- ington's life by long and painstaking research through existing literature and into all available original records, it would have justified the time and effort. From President Roosevelt So impressed was President Roosevelt with the value of this history that he sent the following statement to the Director in relation to the free distribution of the Literature Series of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commis- sion to the libraries of the country: The White House washington As a gift from the Government of the United States to the American people the three volumes of the Literature Series of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission constitute a permanent legacy that is invaluable. Never before has the true life history of George Washington and his time been published upon the authority of the government itself. This history represents the most painstaking research of scholars who have exhausted all known sources of investigation, and, as Chairman of the United States George Wash- ington Bicentennial Commission, I believe that if the Commission had accomplished only this one thing it would have been well worth while. It is because of these facts that the volumes of the Literature Series and the Report Volume are presented to the Libraries and Institutions of Higher Education of the country by the govern- ment of the United States in order that the public, and especially the school children of the present and all future generations, may have free access to a mine of authentic information upon the life and services of the First President. Thus the spiritual value of the great work accomplished by the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission may be perpetuated and made avail- able to all our people in the Libraries of the nation. (Signed) Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Commission has issued a complete and au- thentic history of George Washington that will prove a serious embarrassment to the fanciful writers of the future, who seek to create markets for their histories of George Washington by mere imaginative invention. No final publication of an historical character has been issued by this Commission, no letter of an historical nature has been written, no historical reference made, without receiving the approval of the Commission's authorized historians — scholars of the highest attainment and authority. The mere fact that many favorite stories and prejudicial opinions have not been incorporated in the report, is proof that the Commission has dealt in facts. This history does not deny that George Washington threw a dollar across the Rappahan- nock River. It merely has no historical data to bolster such a story. Therefore it is omitted, as are scores of other stories of similar kind. Today the American people for the first time have a record of George Washington's life beyond which no human authority can go. New facts may de- velop, old manuscripts may be discovered, and some changes may be made upon the authority of these discoveries. But as of this date, the story of George Washington is written and given to the public in a way that is believed to be as unassailable as human effort can make it. Writers on George Washing- ton in the future may ascertain the facts as pre- sented in the literature issued by the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, and they should adhere to these facts, even at some sacrifice of selling appeal. The value of this history is also attested by no less an authority than Dr. Dixon Ryan Fox, Pro- fessor of History, Columbia University, New York, and President, New York State Historical Asso- ciation, who, upon receiving the first of the three volumes of the historical series, wrote: It is not only a sumptuous volume in format, but of the highest practical value to scholars and to teachers of Ameri- can history. Its 716 pages, if set up in standard pages, might easily amount to eight ordinary volumes. But not only in size but in comprehensive variety is it a whole library on Washington in itself, with narrative, analysis, bibliography, portraiture and cartography. Really, it is hard to speak in measured terms of this fine achievement. If the Commission had done nothing but produce this volume it would have been richly worth while. The following resolution indicates the value of the Commission's work to one of the most authori- tative historical organizations in America: Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration Resolution of Commendation Presented by the New York State Historical Association to the National and State Commissions and the Honorable Sol Bloom, Director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Celebration: Whereas the New York State Historical Association is deeply impressed with the benefits gained by the American people through the recent George Washington Bicentennial Celebration, in a richer sense of our national heritage, a clearer definition of true patriotism and a finer understanding of high human character; and Whereas the abundant material assembled in the reports of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Com- mission is of the highest practical value to scholars and to teachers of American history and constitutes a legacy for our people that will grow in popular appreciation during future generations; and Whereas, in its opinion, these happy results were de- veloped not only by loyal and sympathetic cooperation throughout the country but particularly by wise and timely planning and by devoted, energetic, intelligent and highly competent administration: Therefore be it Resolved, That the thanks and congratulations of this Association be tendered the national and state commissions charged by the Congress of the United States with the con- duct of the Celebration, the Honorable Sol Bloom, its Director, and, through him, to his many executive colleagues. Dixon Ryan Fox, President. October 10, 1933. Of far greater importance than is generally realized was the secondary result of the aroused public interest in George Washington and his con- temporaries. This was the stimulating of new in- quiry into Colonial and Revolutionary history among scholars and students, and the investigating of local sources of information. Never, perhaps, was there such an epidemic of opening of old trunks, delving into attics, and re-examination of old letters and documents in private hands. A heavy correspondence resulted from those who had, or thought they had, made discoveries of historical importance, or from those who wished to establish the authenticity of family tradition and historical references in old family correspondence. While little new information from these sources was developed concerning George Washington, a great deal of valuable historical material pertaining to other characters of the Washington period was made available to historical societies and libraries. The Commission served as a clearing house for miscellaneous information of all kinds relating to early American history. The Appeal to Young People Since Congressional authority to organize the Commission referred to the character of the Cele- bration to insure that "future generations of American citizens may live according to the ex- ample and precepts of his exalted life and character and thus perpetuate the American Republic," it was obvious, of course, that special consideration should be given to the young people of America, those future citizens upon whose shoulders will fall the responsibility of carrying forward our institutions of government. This conception coincided perfectly with the opinion of the members of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, and especially did it appeal to the Director of the Cele- bration. Aristotle, one of the wisest men the world has produced, long ago taught that no state is secure whose children are not reared in perfect sympathy with her institutions. The Commission recognized the fact that while it was desirable to impress upon the adult population of America the great truths of our countries' history, the real objective and the most fertile field for education of permanent value lay in the fostering of these great truths among the boys and girls of the land. Therefore the Commission expended much time and effort in preparing and distributing material to school children and in organizing school con- tests in oratory, essay and declamation, and in pre- paring programs for and giving assistance to young people's organizations in every state. It is gratify- ing to record that the response from this effort was inspiring as is indicated by the fact that more than 800,000 school units participated, represent- ing approximately 30,000,000 school children, and that there were over 3,500,000 school programs given during the Celebration period. This does not include the Boy Scouts and the Girl Scouts, the 4-H Clubs, and numerous other activities involv- ing, directly or indirectly, the boys and girls of the nation. Referring to this phase of the Celebration, a report of the Executive Committee of January 10, 1932, includes the following: In our own country particular attention was bestowed upon "the rising generation" to which the youth of America responded with zeal and enthusiasm; and it cannot be gain- said that there has been a tremendous increase in the number of Washington's disciples and followers in and for the strug- gle of the future. In our judgment, this commemoration has accomplished more to mould the thought, opinions and character of our youth, America's potential rulers, in the fundamentals and ideals of George Washington, both per- sonal and political, and to dissipate and offset un-American propaganda, than any one other thing could possibly have done. This too, in the face of two great obstacles; namely, Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission widespread economic depression and a Presidential campaign. These disturbing influences served to distract the people and to divert their minds; nevertheless, this handicap, great as it was, was met and overcome in a marked degree, and to such an extent as to exert a steadying influence upon the minds of the American people in the midst of conflicting emotions. Parents and Teachers In the work among the public, private and parochial schools and institutions of higher learn- ing, too much credit cannot be extended to school authorities, teachers everywhere, and the parents of school children. Without their enthusiastic support and helpful cooperation such results as were recorded among the school children could not have been achieved. Likewise, credit goes to the thousands of outstanding citizens all over the coun- try who assisted in organizing the Celebration activities in their states and communities. Closely related to the organization of Celebra- tion activities among school children, and, in fact, preceding it in the chronological record of the Commission, was the truly formidable undertak- ing of initiating the cooperation of women's or- ganizations. This was one of the earliest depart- ments provided for by the Director and he was fortunate in gaining the consent of Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman, appointed on the Commission by President Coolidge, to take charge of this work. Mrs. Sherman had been associated for many years with the type of organization required by the cir- cumstances. She was formerly President of the Gen- eral Federation of Women's Clubs of the United States and prominently identified with all recent important group movements of special interest to women. Mrs. Sherman entered into her work with enthusiasm and conducted it throughout with great success. Contacts were made with 77,680 women's organizations, presenting 316,211 celebration pro- grams. In addition to the distinctively women's organizations, there were 148,560 celebration com- mittees composed entirely of women who presented 43 5,247 programs. Mrs. Sherman also made con- tacts whereby cooperation was secured by which approximately 30,000,000 George Washington Memorial trees were planted under the auspices of the American Tree Association. At this point the Commission wishes to express its gratitude to Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook, first commissioner appointed by President Coolidge. Mrs. Cook kept in very close touch with the activi- ties of the Bicentennial Commission and cooper- ated fully at all times. Her influence was felt in women's and civic organizations. Mrs. Cook's assistance and suggestions proved of great aid to the Commission. Personnel of Original Commission In the Senate Joint Resolution, establishing the United States Commission for the Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington, it is provided that the per- sonnel of the Commission upon that date should be as follows: The President of the United States, Honorable Calvin Coolidge. The Presiding Officer of the Senate, the Vice President, Honorable Charles G. Dawes. The Speaker of the House of Representatives, Honorable Nicholas Longworth of Ohio. In the Senate of the United States December 8, 1924, the President pro tempore appointed the following members on the part of the Senate: The Senator from Ohio, Honorable Simeon D. Fess; the Senator from Missouri, Honorable Selden P. Spencer; the Senator from Virginia, Honorable Carter Glass; and the Senator from Delaware, Honorable Thomas F. Bayard. In the Senate of the United States, January 4, 1927, the Vice President appointed as a member of the Commission the Senator from Kansas, Hon- orable Arthur Capper, to succeed the Senator from Missouri, Honorable Selden P. Spencer, deceased. In the House of Representatives, December 8, 1924, the Speaker appointed the following mem- bers on the part of the House of Representatives: Honorable Willis C. Hawley, of Oregon; Honor- able John Q. Tilson, of Connecticut; Honorable John N. Garner, of Texas, and Honorable Joseph W. Byrns, of Tennessee. (Congressional Record, 2d sess., 68th Cong., pp. 249-278.) In conformity with the joint resolution of Con- gress, the President of the United States, Calvin Coolidge, on January 31, 1925, appointed the fol- lowing persons as members of the Commission: Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook, of Pennsylvania ; Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman, of Colorado; Honorable Henry Ford, of Michigan; Honorable Hanford MacNider, of Iowa; Honorable C. Bascom Slemp, of Virginia; Honorable Edgar B. Piper, of Oregon; Honorable Frank A. Munsey, of New York; and Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart, of Massachusetts, Pro- Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration fessor Emeritus, of Harvard University. Dr. Hart later became Historian of the Commission. On February 9, 1926, the President of the United States appointed as a member of the Commission Honorable Bernard M. Baruch, of New York, to succeed Honorable Frank A. Munsey, deceased. Note: On the date of the approval of the law creating the Commission, Honorable Albert B. Cummins, of Iowa, was President pro tempore of the Senate, and Honorable Prederick H. Gillett, of Massachusttts, was Speaker of the House of Representatives, and were therefore members of the Commission. On March 4, 1925, the Vice President succeeded Mr. Cummins, and Mr. Gillett ceased to be Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Mr. Longworth suc- ceeded him. Personnel of the Commission in 193 3 At the conclusion of the Celebration period, November 24, 1932, the personnel of the Commis- sion was as follows: The President of the United States, Honorable Herbert Hoover. The Vice President of the United States, Honor- able Charles Curtis. The Speaker of the House of Representatives, Honorable John N. Garner. Senators Simeon D. Fess, of Ohio, Vice Chair- man; Arthur Capper, of Kansas; Carter Glass, of Virginia, and Millard E. Tydings, of Maryland. Representatives Willis C. Hawley, of Oregon; John Q. Tilson, of Connecticut; Joseph W. Byrns, of Tennessee, and Honorable R. Walton Moore, of Virginia. The Presidential Commissioners were: Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook, of Pennsylvania; Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman, of Colorado; Honorable Henry Ford, of Michigan; Honorable C. Bascom Slemp, of Virginia; Honorable Wallace McCamant, of Oregon; Professor Albert Bushnell Hart, of Massachusetts, and Honorable Joseph Scott, of California. Honorable Sol Bloom, Representative from New York, Director. Under Three Presidents This Commission had the honor and distinction of serving under three Presidents of the United States. It was inaugurated during the adminis- tration of Calvin Coolidge. It continued during the administration of Herbert Hoover, and con- cluded its work under the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. All of these Presidents were Chairmen of the Commission during their various terms. Several other changes occurred in the personnel of the Commission and these are detailed in the section of this report dealing with the Minutes. Referring again to the earlier history of the Commission: Having established the general ma- chinery of administration, it became necessary to have a directing head to organize the work, set up departmental activities and plan the multitude of details that would insure harmonious and effective operation. Here the Commission faced a most serious and difficult problem. Success or failure lay in the choice of the man or men charged with administration. The need of directorial service be- came insistent and the Executive Committee can- vassed the whole field of possibilities, with the result that it selected Honorable Sol Bloom, Rep- resentative in Congress from New York, and Lt. Colonel U. S. Grant, 3d, United States Army, to serve as Associate Directors. On account of his other and many official duties, Colonel Grant found it necessary to relinquish his work as Associ- ate Director within a few months after his ap- pointment, and thereafter the entire work of direction was conducted by Representative Bloom as Director of the Commission. The Directing Executive "To this task," says the final report of the Execu- tive Committee published as a Congressional Docu- ment, "with its manifold duties and responsibilities, Mr. Bloom applied himself with ardent zeal and enthusiasm and with rare executive ability born of ripe experience and organizing genius. He de- voted three years to the work with unfailing fidelity and sacrificial devotion; and under his in- telligent direction administered the duties of his office in all of its varied ramifications by modern business methods and with strict regard for econ- omy. With the result that the Celebration was a distinct success from the viewpoint of its original concept and its influence will be perpetual. To Mr. Bloom we extend our gratitude for his unselfish and effective labors, and our hearty congratula- tions." This formal expression of the Executive Com- mittee was followed by a similar testimonial of the entire United States George Washington Bi- centennial Commission, in a meeting at the White House, February 20, 1933. In a resolution signed by Herbert Hoover, as Chairman, the Commission testified to its appreciation and gratitude to Mr. Bloom. This resolution is here reproduced. 8 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission President Herbert Hoover, on the same occasion, said he was glad of the opportunity to express to the Commission his own appreciation of the work performed by the Director. Mr. Bloom, he said, had executed plans for the celebration with intel- ligence, great energy and with fidelity, and that he felt that it was an achievement worthy of his deep gratitude and a place in the records of the Commission. First Meeting of Commission The first meeting of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission was called by President Coolidge at the White House, Febru- ary 16, 1925. At that time Representative John Q. Tilson, of Connecticut, was appointed Secre- tary pro tempore and a committee on permanent organization was designated, composed of Senators Simeon D. Fess and Carter Glass and Representa- tive Willis C. Hawley. The Chairman of the Commission was authorized, in consultation with the Executive Committee to be appointed later, to select an Executive Secretary. Other Com- mittees on various phases of the organization plan were appointed. The Executive Committee con- sisted of: Senators Simeon D. Fess, of Ohio; Selden P. Spencer, of Missouri; Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware, and Carter Glass, of Virginia. Repre- sentatives Willis C. Hawley, of Oregon; John Q. Tilson, of Connecticut; John N. Garner, of Texas, and Joseph W. Byrns, of Tennessee; and Mr. C. Bascom Slemp, Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook and Mr. Frank A. Munsey. The Committee elected the President of the United States as Chairman of the Commission and Senator Simeon D. Fess, Vice Chairman. Repre- sentative Tilson, of Connecticut, was elected Sec- retary and Treasurer. The Executive Committee recommended William Tyler Page to the President for the position of Executive Secretary. Later the President appointed Mr. Page. The President was also asked to appoint a field secretary and did so ap- point Senator Thomas Sterling, former United States Senator from South Dakota. The first office of the Commission was in the United States Capitol, being in the room of the Chairman and Clerk of the Committee on Appro- priations of the House of Representatives. This room was appropriate, as one of the most promi- nent art treasures of the Capitol is contained therein, in the form of a fine medallion portrait of George Washington. Under the provisions of the Joint Resolution establishing the Commission it was required that an address should be made to the American people outlining the purposes of the Celebration. At a meeting of the Commission in the White House, January 13, 1927, a request was made of President Coolidge that he deliver this address to both Houses of Congress and distinguished guests on February 22, 1927, and the President accepted the invita- tion. At this meeting it was also ordered that Professor Albert Bushnell Hart, a member of the Commission, be designated as Historian of the Commission, with authority to travel in discharge of his duties. By Joint Concurrent Resolution No. 57, of January, 1927, it was resolved "That the Congress of the United States earnestly and respectfully in- vites the full cooperation of the legislatures and the chief executives of the respective states and territories of the United States in the execution of the joint resolution of Congress creating the United States Commission for the Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington, in such manner as may seem to them most fitting. . . ." Celebration Officially Inaugurated The Celebration may be said to have been offi- cially inaugurated with the address of President Coolidge in the Hall of Representatives of the National Capitol before both Houses of Congress on February 22, 1927. This was a most impressive ceremony. At noon on that day the doorkeeper of the House of Representatives announced the Vice President of the United States and members of the United States Senate. The members of the House arose and the Senate, preceded by the Vice Presi- dent and by the Secretary and Sergeant at Arms, entered the Chamber. The Vice President took the chair at the right of the Speaker and the mem- bers of the Senate took seats reserved for them. The doorkeeper then announced the Chief Justice and the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Ambassadors and Minis- ters of foreign governments, the Chief Naval Offi- cer, the Chief of Staff and the Commandant of Marines. They were followed by the descendants of the Washington family and the President and members of his Cabinet. Through the courtesy of the Speaker of the House, the Vice President was designated to conduct the further proceedings. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration The Vice President presented the Vice Chairman of the Commission, Honorable Simeon D. Fess, of Ohio, who in turn presented the President of the United States, Calvin Coolidge. The address of President Coolidge on that occasion follows: ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT CALVIN COOLIDGE Delivered at a Joint Session of Congress February 22, 1927 My Fellow Americans: On the 22d day of February, 1932, America will celebrate the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of George Washington. Wherever there are those who love ordered liberty, they may well join in the observance of that event. Although he belongs to us, yet by being a great Ameri- can he became a great world figure. It is but natural that here under the shadow of the stately monument rising to his memory, in the Capital City bearing his name, the country made inde- pendent by his military genius, and the Republic established by his statesmanship, should already begin preparations to proclaim the immortal honor in which we hold the Father of our Country. In recognition of the importance of this coming anniversary, more than two years ago the Congress passed a joint resolution establishing a commission, which was directed to have this ad- dress made to the American people reminding them of the rea- son and purpose for holding the coming celebration. It was also considered that now would be an appropriate time to inform the public that this commission desires to receive suggestions con- cerning plans for the proposed celebration and to express the hope that the States and their political subdivisions under the direction of their governors and local authorities would soon arrange for appointing commissions and committees to formu- late programs for cooperation with the Federal Government. When the plans begin to be matured they should embrace the ac- tive support of educational and religious institutions, of the many civic, social, and fraternal organizations, agricultural and trade associations, and of other numerous activities which character- ize our national life. It is greatly to be hoped that out of the studies pursued and the investigations made a more broad and comprehensive under- standing and a more complete conception of Washington, the man, and his relation to all that is characteristic of American life may be secured. It was to be expected that he would be idealized by his countrymen. His living at a time when there were scanty reports in the public press, coupled with the inclina- tion of early biographers, resulted in a rather imaginary charac- ter being created in response to the universal desire to worship his memory. The facts of his life were of record, but were not easily accessible. While many excellent books, often scholarly and eloquent, have been written about him, the temptation has been so strong to represent him as an heroic figure composed of superlatives that the real man among men, the human being subjected to the trials and temptations common to all mortals, has been too much obscured and forgotten. When we regard him in this character and have revealed to us the judgment with which he met his problems, we shall all the more understand and revere his true greatness. No great mystery surrounds him; he never relied on miracles. But he was a man endowed with what has been called uncommon common sense, with tireless industry, with a talent for taking infinite pains, and with a mind able to understand the universal and eternal problems of man- kind. Washington has come to be known to the public almost ex- clusively as the Virginia colonel who accompanied the unfor- tunate expedition of General Braddock, as the commander in chief of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, as the first President of the United States, and as the master of the beautiful estate at Mount Vernon. This general esti- mate is based to a large extent on the command he held in time of war and the public office he held in time of peace. A recital of his courage and patriotism, his loyalty and devotion, his self- sacrifice, his refusal to be king, will always arouse the imagina- tion and inspire the soul of everyone who loves his country. Nothing can detract from the exalted place which this record entitles him to hold. But he has an appeal even broader than this, which today is equally valuable to the people of the United States. Not many of our citizens are to be called on to take high commands or to hold high public office. We are all nec- essarily engaged in the ordinary affairs of life. As a valuable example to youth and to maturity, the experience of Washing- ton in these directions is worthy of much more attention than it has received. We all share in the benefits which accrued from the inde- pendence he won and the free Republic he did so much to es- tablish. We need a diligent comprehension and understanding of the great principles of government which he wrought out, but we shall also secure a wide practical advantage if we go beyond this record, already so eloquently expounded, and consider him also as a man of affairs. It was in this field that he developed that executive ability which he later displayed in the camp and in the council chamber. It ought always to be an inspiration to the young people of the country to know that from earliest youth Washington showed a disposition to make the most of his opportunities. He was diligently industrious — a most admirable and desirable, if seemingly uninteresting, trait. His father, who had been edu- cated in England, died when his son was 1 1 years old. His mother had but moderate educational advantages. There were no great incentives to learning in Virginia in 1732, and the facilities for acquiring knowledge were still meager. The boy might well have grown up with very little education, but his eager mind and indomitable will led him to acquire learning and information despite the handicaps surrounding him. His formal schooling, which was of a rather primitive charac- ter, ended at the age of 13. His copy and exercise books, still in existence, contain forms of bills, receipts, and like documents, showing he had devoted considerable time to that branch of his studies. He was preparing himself to be a practical business man. When his regular instruction ended, his education was just beginning. It continued up to his death, December 14, 1799. If ever there was a self-made man, it was George Wash- ington. Through all his later years he was constantly absorb- ing knowledge from contact with men, from reading whenever time and facilities permitted, and from a wide correspondence. When 16 he became a surveyor and for four years earned a living and much experience in that calling. Although consider- 10 Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration able has been written about it, not many people think of our first President as an agriculturist. Those who have studied this phase of his life tell us he was probably the most successful owner and director of an agricultural estate in his day. A visitor in 178 5 declared "Washington's greatest pride was to be thought the first farmer in America." Toward the end of his life he wrote: I am led to reflect how much more delightful to an un- debauched mind is the task of making improvements on the earth than all the vain glory that can be acquired from ravaging it by the most uninterrupted career of conquests. He always had a great affection for Mount Vernon. He increased his land holdings from 2,700 to over 8,000 acres, 3,200 of which he had under cultivation at one time. His estate was managed in a thoroughly business-like fashion. He kept a very careful set of account books for it, as he did for his other enterprises. Overseers made weekly statements showing just how much each laborer had been employed, what crops had been planted or gathered. While he was absent re- ports were sent to him, and he replied in long letters of instruc- tion, displaying wonderful familiarity with details. He was one of the first converts to the benefits of scientific fertilization and to the rotation of crops, for that purpose making elaborate tables covering five-year periods. He overlooked no detail in carrying on his farm according to the practice of those days, producing on the premises most of the things needed there, even to shoes and textiles. He began the daily round of his fields at sunrise, and often removed his coat and helped his men in the work of the day. He also showed his business ability by the skillful way in which he managed the considerable estates left to his two step- children by their father. So successfully was this done that John Parke Custis became, at the age of 21, the richest young man in the Old Dominion. Prussing tells us that Martha Custis was advised to get the ablest man in the colony to manage her estate and to pay him any salary within reason. And he adds: "That she chose wisely in marrying the young colonel, and got the best of a good bargain, is the opinion of many." He was engaged in many business enterprises. That of the Dismal Swamp, comprising drainage and lumber operations south of Norfolk, was handled efficiently by Washington for five years subsequent to 1763. In addition to his landholdings, wisely chosen, the rise in value of which accounted in no small degree for his fortune, Washington participated in a number of real estate and transportation companies. As a private citizen he was constantly on the outlook for sound investments and for ways to increase his capital. In the purchase of frontier lands and in the promotion of plans for the building up and develop- ment of new parts of the country he was performing important public service. Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart, distinguished historian and a mem- ber of our commission, says: Washington has been criticized for buying up land war- rants and holding on to his title in the face of squatters. Actually no American has ever done so much to open up vast tracts of land, first under the British, and then under the American flag, fitted to become the home of millions of American farmers. After 13 years of effort Washington forced the British gov- ernment to give to the Virginia veterans of the French and Indian wars the 200,000 acres of western lands promised by the governor of that colony. His management and distribution of these bounties were carried out in an eminently efficient and satisfactory manner. He acquired two large farms in Maryland. During a trip in New York State in 1783 he saw the possibilities of a waterway from the sea to the Great Lakes by way of the Hudson River and the Mohawk Valley — the present route of a great barge canal. Because of his business vision he joined with General Clinton in the purchase of 6,000 acres near Utica. To Washington, the man of affairs, we owe our national banks, for had he followed the advice of other leaders, great but less enlightened on matters of finance, the plans of Alexander Hamilton would not have been realized. As a result of the war the country was deeply in debt and had no credit, but the solution of our financial difficulties suggested by the first Secre- tary of the Treasury was opposed by those from rural com- munities. They argued that the large commercial cities would dominate to the detriment of other parts of the country. Both Jefferson, Secretary of State, and Randolph, Attorney General, in writing opposed the incorporation by Congress of a national bank. They were joined by Madison and Monroe. All argued against the constitutionality of this proposition. Hamilton an- swered their arguments fully in his famous opinion. But had the President not been a man of affairs, had he not been for many years a holder of stock in the Bank of England, com- ing from the estate of Daniel Parke Custis, he might have yielded to the opposition. Because he knew something about bank accounts and bank credits the bill was signed and the foundation of our financial system laid. Washington was also a stockholder in the Bank of Alexandria and in the Bank of Columbia at Georgetown. In his last will and testament he directed that such moneys as should be de- rived from the sale of his estate during the lifetime of Mrs. Washington should be invested for her in good bank stocks. After his retirement from the Presidency in March, 1797, Washington spent more than two and a half happy years at Mount Vernon. In his last summer he made a will, one of the most remarkable documents of its kind of which we have record. Again he showed his versatility in disposing of his many prop- erties under a variety of bequests and conditions without legal advice. It has been called an autobiographic will — it shows in its manifold provisions his charitable thoughtfulness for his de- pendents and his solicitude for the future welfare of his country. As President he was always an exponent of sound and honest public finance. He advocated the payment of our debts in full to holders of record, and the assumption by the Nation of the debts incurred by the various States to carry on the Revolution. His support of financial integrity, because it was morally right, strengthened the Union. This practical business ability and interest in broad and gen- eral affairs made him one of the first to realize that the future of the American empire lay in the regions beyond the Alle- ghenies, in the territory of the Ohio and the Mississippi. Be- cause of this belief, he is said to have been the moving spirit in the first plans for the organization of our public lands. His association with the West may have started in the period 1749- 1751, when he assisted his brother, Lawrence, in his various busi- 12 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission ness enterprises, among them the Ohio Co., which had a grant of 500,000 acres of land on the east side of the Ohio River. The French having begun to build forts in the upper Ohio Valley and to exclude the English traders, Washington, at the age of 21, was sent by the Governor of Virginia to bear a remonstrance. The comprehensive report of this young man was considered of enough importance to be printed in London and circulated widely in Europe, by way of justifying Great Britain in making war upon France. In 1763 he organized the Mississippi Co. to take the place of the Ohio Co., which was one of the casualties of the war. He applied for a grant of 1,000,000 acres of land, though he did not receive it. But he made his own investments, so that in the schedule of his property attached to his will we find western lands appraised at over $400,000 — along the Ohio, the Great Kanawha, in western Pennsylvania, in Kentucky, and in the Northwest Territory. Having a vision of what the West meant in the future pros- perity of the new Republic, Washington in 1784 journeyed out into the wilds. His diary of the trip is filled with interest and enthusiasm over the possibilities of that region. Hulbert, who has made a study of it, calls him our first expansionist, the origi- nator of the idea of possessing the West through commercial relations. It was a pioneer idea, instinct with genius, this author writes, and Washington's advocacy of it marks him as the first commercial American, the first man typical of the America that was to be. Due to his investments, he became the president of the James River Co. and of the Potomac River Co., organized in 178 5 to look into the possibility of opening navigation through to the West. To the Potomac Co., which involved the first interstate commerce negotiations in this country, he devoted four years of service. It has been thought that these negotiations entered into by Washington led up almost directly to the calling of the Constitutional Convention. They revealed clearly the difficulty under the Articles of Confederation of accomplishing anything involving the welfare of all the States, and showed the need of a more strongly centralized national government. His ability as a business man was the strong support of his statesmanship. It made his political ideas intensely practical. Washington's Atlantic-Mississippi waterway plan was never carried out. But his advocacy of it without doubt had much to do with preventing a break in the Union which threatened serious consequences. The people who lived in the upper Ohio Valley, shut off from the east by mountains, had no outlet to the sea other than the Mississippi, and Spain, controlling the mouth of this river, levied heavy tribute on all commerce pass- ing through it. The settlers, in what is now eastern Tennessee, established a separate State and started negotiations for an asso- ciation with Spain; but this action was rescinded with the devel- opment of economic unionism after Washington put forth his waterway plan. That he should have been responsible in large measure for the opening of the West and for calling attention to the commercial advantages the country might derive therefrom is by no means the least of his benefactions to the Nation. He demonstrated that those who develop our resources, whether along agricultural, commercial, and industrial lines or in any other field of en- deavor, are entitled to the approval, rather than the censure, of their countrymen. Washington was a builder — a creator. He had a national mind. He was constantly warning his countrymen of the dan- ger of settling problems in accordance with sectional interests. His ideas in regard to the opening of our western territory were thought out primarily for the benefit of the Nation. It has been said that he would have been "the greatest man in America had there been no Revolutionary War." He was largely instrumental in selecting the site for our Na- tional Capital, influenced in no small degree by his vision of the commercial possibilities of this locality. It included his plan of the waterway to the West, through the Potomac, the Monon- gahela, and the Ohio Rivers, which he used to speak of as "the channel of commerce to the extensive and valuable trade of a rising empire." He, of course, could not foresee the develop- ment of railway transportation and the great ocean-going vessels, because of which the seat of our Government became separated from active contact with commerce and was left to develop as the cultural and intellectual center of the Nation. Due to the genius of L'Enfant, the great engineer, this city from the first has had a magnificent plan of development. Its adoption was due in no small degree to the engineering foresight and executive ability of Washington. By 1932 we shall have made much progress toward perfecting the ideal city planned by him in the closing days of the eighteenth century. Washington had the ability to translate ideals into the prac- tical affairs of life. He was interested in what he believed con- tributed to the betterment of everyday existence. Perhaps be- cause he realized the deficiency of his own early education, he was solicitous to provide liberal facilities for the youth of the future. Because as a man of affairs he knew the everyday uses of learning, in an early message to the Congress and in his will he sought methods for the establishment of a national university. Even in his Farewell Address we find this exhortation: Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, in- stitutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In pro- portion as the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened. He desired his system of education to be thoroughly American and thoroughly national. It was to support the people in a knowledge of their rights, in the creation of a republican spirit, and in the maintenance of the Union. It was with the same clear vision that he looked upon religion. For him there was little in it of emotionalism. He placed it on a firmer, more secure foundation, and stated the benefits which would accrue to his country as the results of faith in spiritual things. He recognized that religion was the main support of free institutions. In his Farewell Address he said: Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happi- ness — these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all their connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, Where is the security for property, for Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 13 reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice? And let us with caution indulge the sup- position that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and ex- perience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle. It is substan- tially true that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government. The rule indeed extends with more or less force to every species of free government. Who that is a sincere friend to it can look with indifference upon at- tempts to shake the foundation of the fabric? Without bigotry, without intolerance, he appeals to the high- est spiritual nature of mankind. His genius has filled the earth. He has been recognized abroad as "the greatest man of our own or any age." He loved his fellow men. He loved his country. That he intrusted their keeping to a Divine Providence is re- vealed in the following prayer which he made in 1794: Let us unite in imploring the Supreme Ruler of Nations to spread His holy protection over these United States; to turn the machinations of the wicked to the confirming of our Constitution; to enable us at all times to root our internal sedition and put invasion to flight; to perpetuate to our country that prosperity which His goodness has already conferred; and to verify the anticipations of this Government being a safeguard to human rights. He was an idealist in the sense that he had a very high stand- ard of private and public honor. He was a prophet to the extent of being able to forecast with remarkable vision the growth of the Nation he founded and the changing conditions which it would meet. But essentially he was a very practical man. He analyzed the problems before him with a clear intellect. Hav- ing a thorough understanding, he attacked them with courage and energy, with patience and persistence. He brought things to pass. When Patrick Henry was asked in 1774 whom he thought was the greatest man in the Continental Congress he replied: If you speak of eloquence, Mr. Rutledge, of South Caro- lina, is by far the greatest orator; but if you speak of solid information and sound judgment Colonel Washington is unquestionably the greatest man on that floor. His accomplishments were great because of an efficiency which marked his every act and a sublime, compelling faith in the ulti- mate triumph of the right. As we study his daily life, as we read his letters, his diaries, his state papers, we come to realize more and more his wisdom, his energy, and his efficiency. He had the moral efficiency of an abiding religious faith, emphasiz- ing the importance of the spiritual side of man; the social ef- ficiency shown by his interest in his fellow men, and in his realization of the inherent strength of a people united by a sense of equality and freedom; the business efficiency of a man of affairs, of the owner and manager of large properties; the gov- ernmental efficiency of the head of a new Nation, who, taking an untried political system, made it operate successfully, of a leader able to adapt the relations of the Government to the peo- ple. He understood how to translate political theory into a workable scheme of government. He knew that we can ac- complish no permanent good by going to extremes. The law of reason must always be applied. He followed Milton, who declared — . . . law in a free nation hath ever been public reason, and he agreed with Burke that — men have no right to what is not reasonable. It is a mark of a great man that he surrounds himself by great men. Washington placed in the most important positions in his Cabinet Jefferson with his advocacy of the utmost degree of local self-government and of State rights, and Hamilton whose theories of a strong national government led him to advocate the appointment of State governors by the President. Either theory carried to the extreme soon would have brought disaster to what has proved the most successful experiment in liberty under proper governmental restraint in the history of the world. It is due to his memory that we guard the sovereign rights of the individual States under our Constitution with the same solici- tude that we maintain the authority of the Federal Government in all matters vital to our continued national existence. Such is the background of a man performing the ordinary duties of life. As it was George Washington, of course he per- formed them extraordinarily well. The principles which he adopted in his early youth and maintained throughout his years are the source of all true greatness. Unless we understand this side of him we shall fail in our comprehension of this true char- acter. It was because of this training that he was able to assume the leadership of an almost impossible cause, carry it on through a long period of discouragement and defeat, and bring it to a successful conclusion. In advance of all others, he saw that war was coming. With an Army that was never large and constantly shifting, poorly supported by a confederation in- experienced, inefficient, and lacking in almost all the essential ele- ments of a government, he was victorious over the armies of seasoned troops commanded by Howe, Burgoyne, Clinton, and Cornwallis, supported by one of the most stable and solid of governments, possessed of enormous revenues and ample credit, representing the first military power of the world. As an example of generalship, extending over a series of years from the siege of Boston to the fall of Yorktown, the Commander in Chief of the Continental Armies holds a position that is un- rivaled in the history of warfare. He never wavered, he never faltered from the day he modestly undertook the tremendous task of leading a revolution to the day when with equal modesty he surrendered his commissions to the representatives of the in- dependent Colonies. He triumphed over a people in the height of their glory who had acknowledged no victor for 700 years. Washington has come to personify the American Republic. He presided over the convention that framed our Constitution. The weight of his great name was the deciding factor in securing its adoption by the States. These results could never have been secured had it not been recognized that he would be the first President. When we realize what it meant to take 13 distracted Colonies, impoverished, envious, and hostile, and weld them into an orderly federation under the authority of a central govern- ment, we can form some estimate of the influence of this great man. But when we go further and remember that the Govern- ment which he did so much to bring into being not only did not falter when he retired from its administration, but, with- standing every assault, has constantly grown stronger with the passage of time and been found adequate to meet the needs of 14 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission nearly 120,000,000 people occupying half a continent and con- stituting the greatest power the world has ever known, we can judge something of the breadth and soundness of his statesman- ship. We have seen many soldiers who have left behind them little but the memory of their conflicts; but among all the victors the power to establish among a great people a form of self-govern- ment, which the test of experience has shown will endure, was bestowed upon Washington and Washington alone. Many others have been able to destroy. He was able to construct. That he had around him many great minds does not detract from his glory. His was the directing spirit without which there would have been no independence, no Union, no Constitution, and no Republic. His ways were the ways of truth. He built for eternity. His influence grows. His stature increases with the increasing years. In wisdom of action, in purity of character, he stands alone. We can not yet estimate him. We can only indi- cate our reverence for him and thank the Divine Providence which sent his to serve and inspire his fellow men. The offices of the Commission remained in the National Capitol until April 2, 1930, when they were moved to the Washington Building, where they remained until January 1, 193 3, when they were moved to the Walker- Johnson Building, 1734 New York Avenue. Since November, 1933, the offices have been located at the House Office Building. The Definitive Writings Several important memorial projects enlisted the early attention of the Commission, and it is inter- esting to note that each of these projects was car- ried through to a successful conclusion. In contemplating the form in which the Com- mission might function it was decided as one of the very first projects, to compile and publish the so- called "Definitive Writings of George Washing- ton." This important undertaking was inaugurated under a special act of Congress, providing that the Definitive Writings should be published in approxi- mately 25 volume sets, and sold by the Superin- tendent of Documents of the United States Gov- ernment Printing Office. In the selection of an editor for this monu- mental work the choice fell naturally upon Dr. John C. Fitzpatrick, formerly of the Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress, and editor of the Mount Vernon edition of George Washington's Diaries. Dr. Fitzpatrick is a scholar of the highest attainments and is generally recognized as the best authority on the life of George Washington and his times. Dr. Fitzpatrick entered into his work with great diligence and by July 1, 1933, had completed the first twelve volumes and made substantial progress on several others. This series of Definitive Writings contains all the available important and interesting documents written by George Washington with the exception of his Diaries already published. Dr. Fitzpatrick has found many hitherto unpublished manuscripts and has delved more carefully into the original sources than any historian of modern times. There have been several important compilations of Wash- ington's Writings, but until Dr. Fitzpatrick began his work, there was no edition that assumed to be complete. Mount Vernon Memorial Highway The suggestion that a Memorial Highway, to connect Mount Vernon in the State of Virginia, with the Arlington Memorial Bridge across the Potomac River at Washington, be constructed, originated with and received strong support among the members of the Commission, and a preliminary map showing the topography of the land lying between the City of Washington and Mount Ver- non, and the lines of several proposed routes for the Mount Vernon Highway were given attention. Out of this study there was introduced an act to authorize the construction and maintenance of a Memorial Highway at its present location to con- nect Mount Vernon in the State of Virginia with the Arlington Memorial Bridge at Washington. It was approved May 31, 1931. This Memorial Highway was distinctly a project of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commis- sion. Construction at Wakefield, Virginia Another project of major interest was federal cooperation with the Wakefield National Memorial Association to construct at Wakefield, Virginia, the ancestral estate of the Washington family, a replica of the house in which George Washington was born. The Commission authorized the appoint- ment of a Committee of three persons consisting of Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook, Honorable Joseph W. Byrns, and Honorable C. Bascom Slemp, to carry forward this project. The Commission finally secured an appropriation of $65,000 for the Wakefield enterprise of which $15,000 was used to move the monument erected by the United States at Wakefield to another site, and $50,000 was to go to the Wakefield National Memorial Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration L5 Association to assist in completing the replica of the Washington home. In this connection, the late Mrs. Josephine W. Rust, then President of the Wakefield National Memorial Association, appeared before the Com- mittee on several occasions and helped materially in formulating the general program. The replica was built, and dedicated on May 14, 1932. George Washington Atlas One of the important publications of the Com- mission was The George Washington Atlas edited by Col. Lawrence Martin, Chief, Division of Maps, Library of Congress. This Atlas contains a collec- tion of 86 maps on 50 plates, including twenty- eight maps made by George Washington, seven used and annotated by him, eight made at his direc- tion or for his use, or otherwise associated with him, and forty-three new maps concerning his activities in peace and war and his place in history. This Atlas is included in the material published in Vol- ume I of the Literature Series of the Commission's report, but was issued originally as a separate vol- ume and was widely distributed to scholars, stu- dents and libraries. It was the first time that an attempt had been made to assemble this material and distribute it in convenient form. Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition The suggestion of the George Washington Bi- centennial Historical Loan Exhibition in the City of Washington was given early and sympathetic attention. This project came as a logical develop- ment of the study of George Washington and the Revolutionary period and was one of the activities of the Commission that, from the very nature of things, could not be taken to the people in their own homes and communities. The Art Exhibit which was held in The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C, from March 5 to November 24, 1932, was given commodious and attractive housing through the courtesy of the Board of Trus- tees of the above mentioned institution. A dis- tinguished George Washington Bicentennial His- torical Loan Exhibition Committee was appointed, with Mrs. McCook Knox as Chairman. Under the direction of this Committee a larger Committee was appointed which contained many names of officials of our government, representatives of the Diplomatic Corps and prominent artists and art critics. The exhibition enjoyed the privilege of showing some of the greatest pictures of George Washington and his contemporaries that exist. These pictures were freely loaned by their owners and in addition to the pictures themselves, there was an exhibit of Washingtonia that added greatly to the interest of the public. The active management of the Exhibition was assumed by the late Mrs. Rose Gouverneur Hoes, herself a distinguished art critic and for many years closely identified with the cultural life of the National Capital. His Excellency, the Italian Ambassador, Nobile Giacomo de Martino, transmitting Lafayette's Sword to the Honorable Sol Bloom, Director oi the United States George Washington Bicentennial Com- mission, which was shown at the George Washington Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition at The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. Lafayette's Sword Perhaps the most important article of the Wash- ingtonia display was the sword presented to Gen- eral Lafayette by the Continental Congress in the year 1779. In a letter from Benjamin Franklin, whose grandson made the presentation to Lafay- 16 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission ette, dated August 24, 1779, he wrote: "The Congress sensible of your merit towards the United States, but unable adequately to reward it, deter- mined to present you with a sword, as a small mark of their grateful acknowledgments." The sword now belongs to the Count Perrone di San Martino, a descendant of General Lafayette through his ancestress, the Marquise Anastasie de la Tour Maubourg, the eldest daughter of the Gen- eral. The sword came from Turin, Italy. It was delivered to Director Bloom for the Exhibition by His Excellency, the Ambassador of Italy, Nobile Giacomo de Martino. During the period of the ex- hibition, hundreds of thousands of people, of whom a great number were visitors to the City of Wash- ington, attended the Exhibition and were privi- leged to view this remarkable collection. President Hoover's Address, Feb. 22, 1932 It is customary annually upon February 22 for the Government of the United States to give official recognition to the significance of the day and to hold ceremonies in memory of the First President. On February 22, 1932, this observance was espe- cially important. The members of both branches of the Congress assembled in joint session in the Hall of the House of Representatives and were there addressed by the President, Herbert Hoover. The text of this address is given on pages 47, 48 and 49 of this volume. At the conclusion of his address a great patriotic demonstration took place at the East front of the Capitol. During the entire period of the Celebration, event after event took place in the National Capi- tal in honor of George Washington. Space does not permit a cataloging of these ceremonies at this time, but each one is more fully described in other parts of the present report. Events in the National Capital The Bicentennial period was inaugurated in the National Capital with a great Bicentennial Ball which took place the night of February 22, 1932. This brilliant occasion was the outstanding social event of the season and was attended by high gov- ernment officials, representatives of the Diplomatic Corps and the social leaders of Washington and many other cities. The guests were in colonial cos- tume, and this gave a most picturesque and dazzling aspect to the Ball. Another event which created wide interest in the City of Washington was the presentation of "Wakefield," a pageant masque, by Percy Mac- Kaye, which was produced under the auspices of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission in Constitution Hall, Washington, D. C, February 21, 25 and 26. This presentation also was a distinct social as well as artistic success. The Commission participated on September 17, 1932, with the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia, A. F. & A. M., in a great procession and pageant commemorating the laying of the cornerstone of the National Capitol in 1793 by George Washington. Masons of adjacent cities also took part in the auspicious ceremony. This spec- tacle was witnessed by hundreds of thousands of people, and carried through in Colonial costumes, a reproduction of the original ceremony. Cooperation of Departments The Federal Government, through various de- partmental agencies, contributed interesting and important activities in connection with the Cele- bration. A more extended account is given else- where of the issue of twelve Bicentennial Memorial postage stamps, the striking of special George Washington Bicentennial Commemorative medals, and the issuing of a Memorial quarter-dollar. All of these projects were of the greatest significance in impressing the public with the Government's interest in the Celebration, and they were of the highest artistic quality. In many other ways were governmental departments most helpful. Special mention should be made of the cooperation of the State Department in the work of organizing and promoting foreign participation in the Celebration, by enlisting the interest of other countries and in stimulating activity among our own diplomatic missions abroad. More extended acknowledgment of this distinguished service is given in the preface of the volume entitled, "Foreign Participation in the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration," which is part of the Commission's report. Without the whole-hearted cooperation of the Library of Congress this Commission would have been unable to have furnished to the public the complete and authentic material which it pub- lished. Every member of the Congressional Li- brary staff who could be of any assistance gave his help most generously and the Commission wishes to record its acknowledgment of that splendid service. The Post Office Department also, as well Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 17 as the Department of Agriculture, the Army and the Navy, and, in fact, every department of the Government gave splendid cooperation. The Army and the Navy were especially helpful in furnishing the generous use of the service bands, which included the Army Band, under the direc- tion of Captain William J. Stannard, the Navy Band, under the direction of Lieut. Charles Benter, and the Marine Band. The latter organization, under the leadership of Captain Taylor Branson, was unusually generous at all times. Cooperation With District Commission The United States George Washington Bicen- tennial Commission cooperated intensively in state and local projects everywhere, but because of its more intimate relations with the National Capital, the United States Commission worked in close association with the District of Columbia George Washington Bicentennial Commission. A list of the projects sponsored by the two Commissions appears elsewhere, but it must be recorded that the utmost harmony prevailed between these Com- missions and they were mutually helpful in bring- ing to the National Capital a series of events which did credit to the city and its people. In many of the meetings of the United States George Wash- ington Bicentennial Commission, as well as meet- ings of sub-committees, there appeared, by invitation, Dr. Cloyd Heck Marvin, President of George Washington University, Chairman; Dr. George C. Havenner, Executive Secretary, and other officials of the District of Columbia Bicen- tennial Commission. In this way, there was perfect coordination of effort with most satisfac- tory results. Broadcasting No cooperation of any agency before or during the Bicentennial period was more helpful than that which was rendered by the broadcasting chains. The Commission is under great obligation to both the National Broadcasting Company and the Columbia Broadcasting System for their almost continuous service in bringing the various phases of the Bicentennial Celebration to the attention of the public. Both of these systems, time and again, went to considerable trouble and expense to broad- cast from various shrines, and also both were gen- erous in the use of their broadcasting stations in the City of Washington. The managers of these two stations, Mr. K. H. Berkeley, of the National Broadcasting Company, and Mr. H. C. Butcher, manager of the Columbia Broadcasting System, were at all times most helpful and assisted in many ways in building programs and securing time which was placed at the disposal of the Director of the United States George Washington Bicen- tennial Commission. The Commission is also in- debted to Mr. LeRoy Mark, President of the Amer- ican Broadcasting Company, for the cooperation of Station WOL in Washington. To all of the scores of stations cooperating with these agencies the Com- mission extends its thanks. There were many other stations outside of the great chains that also ex- hibited the finest cooperative spirit in arranging local broadcasts. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union It is a distinct pleasure to acknowledge the courtesy at all times shown the Commission by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union. This Association is the owner and cus- todian of the historic home of George Washington, situated on the Potomac River, approximately fifteen miles south of the City of Washington. Its Superintendent, Colonel Harrison H. Dodge, was at all times closely identified with the activities of the Commission, serving on important committees and manifesting the deepest interest in the develop- ment of the Commission's plans. Colonel Dodge was the host, on a number of occasions, to rep- resentatives of the United States Commission, and arranged to permit the taking of motion and other pictures upon the Mount Vernon estate. He gave valuable assistance in all of these events. The Commission is under special obligation to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union for permitting the photographing of the Houdon Bust of George Washington, which was made from life by the noted French sculptor of the eighteenth century, Jean Antoine Houdon, and which has remained in the Mount Vernon mansion from George Washington's time until the present. This bust furnished the official portrait of George Washington which had wide distribution in the publications of the Commission, and also in poster form throughout our own country and the world. Wakefield Memorial Association Similar acknowledgment is made to the authori- ties of the Wakefield National Memorial Associa- tion which, under the inspiring direction of the Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission beloved and lamented Josephine W. Rust, its founder and president, accomplished such remark- able work in purchasing and preserving the original George Washington estate at Wakefield, Westmore- land County, Virginia, and in building a replica of the house in which George Washington was born. This project was one of the most important of all those connected with the Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington and is now, through the gen- erosity of the Wakefield National Memorial Asso- ciation, owned and cared for by the Federal Government. Fredericksburg, Virginia The United States George Washington Bicen- tennial Commission wishes to express its deep sense of appreciation to the City of Fredericksburg, Virginia, for the many courtesies extended to its Commissioners, the Director, and various members of the staff during the Bicentennial period. To the people and various patriotic organizations of this historic city, the Commission extends its sin- cere thanks for the many forms of cooperation which were extended. Few cities in America are so distinguished historically as this beautiful city of Fredericksburg, near which George Washington spent years of his youth and where his mother lived until her death. Here also is Kenmore, maintained by the Kenmore Association. It was the home of Betty Washington Fielding Lewis, the sister of George Washington, and it has been preserved by the unremitting efforts of this Association, organ- ized and actively directed by Mrs. Vivian Minor Fleming, and her daughter, Mrs. H. H. Smith. At Fredericksburg also are a number of other historic memorials, including the grave of Mary Ball Wash- ington, the Rising Sun Tavern, Hugh Mercer's Apothecary Shop, the law offices of James Monroe and other mementoes of that great period in colonial Virginia which so importantly affected the destinies of our country. Alexandria, Virginia Elsewhere in these pages are found descriptions of the highlights of the Bicentennial Celebration in the historic city of Alexandria, Virginia, on the Potomac River. The Bicentennial Commission is greatly indebted to the officials, patriotic and civic organizations and the citizens of Alexandria for their whole-hearted support in the Bicentennial Celebration. Washington's "Home Town," as Alexandria is called, is rich in its association with the First Presi- dent. The citizens of Alexandria of today showed the same love for George Washington as did their ancestors, his neighbors and friends. To Wm. Buckner McGroarty, President of the Washington Society of Alexandria, and to Charles H. Callahan, First Vice President of the Society, the Bicentennial Commission is especially indebted for their loyal cooperation. Organizing Departments General The organization and direction of this greatest celebration ever held in honor of a patriot, required the services of the best talent available. The Di- rector was fortunate in being able to draw about him not only men and women of devoted loyalty, but those who were specialists in the various phases of the common enterprise. It was fortunate, also, that the Director was able to exclude partisan poli- tics from the organization, or any consideration of creed, color or special personal interests. Until plans were crystallized it was difficult to determine the localization of the personnel, but in almost an incredibly short time the organization was working smoothly. When it is remembered that a truly tremendous work was accomplished, the staff was comparatively small. It was built up as the demands for service increased and the staff was reduced as rapidly as the pressure relaxed. At the peak of the organization's activities the incom- ing mail amounted to nearly ten thousand letters a day, necessitating for several months a 24-hour- day service in mail distribution to the various de- partments and the filling of requests for the Commission's printed material. Organization Personnel At the height of the Commission's activities in the early part of 1932, the Commission employed a total of 175 people, but as the end of the Cele- bration approached this staff was reduced more than one-half, and continued to be reduced until only those necessary to the preparation and com- pilation of the final reports were employed. It is considered fitting here to make permanent record of the employees of the Commission. They are listed by departments, as follows: The Director, Honorable Sol Bloom Assistant to the Director, Edgar P. Allen Office of the Director Ethel C. Schulman, Secretary Margaret Froyd John H. Tanner Caroline Tompkins Lloyd Washington H. M. Ammerman History Department, Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart, Historian David M. Matteson, Assistant Mary B. Stack, Secretary Editor, Definitive Writings, Dr. John C. Fitzpatrick Elizabeth Fitzpatrick, Assistant Katherine H. Clagett, Secretary Genealogical Division, Anne Madison Washington States, Cities and Towns Department, John M. Gibbs, Chief Major Homer E. Carrico, Assistant Richard H. Bailey Laura May Daugherty Kyle P. Edwards Willis B. Taylor J. T. Brown Harry Caulson Martin R. Powell Charles L. Skinner Sue Armentrout Alice Agnew Lucy E. Buchan Vera L. Connell Alice Frank Teresa Hasson Ruth Hollingsworth Erma C. Horsley Ida Underwood Naomi A. Jackson Reubie S. Marshall Florence A. Moloney L. C. Murphy Luther C. Morton Lois Power Lee Spruce Louise Sharitz Susie Vaughan Annie Shelor Wright Mary Youngblood Lillian C. Scott Olive Tongier Women's Department, Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman, Chief Mary K. Banks, Secretary Edna M. Coleman Edith O'Connor Bertha Taylor Voorhorst Cecil E. McQuigg Cecil Rose Chittenden Justina de Francisco Education Department, Hazel B. Nielson, Chief Lottie Nichols, Assistant Frances Cramer Kathleen Copp Margaret Ely Katherine Ely Eleanor Anderson Catherine Bray Ethel R. Bastedo Frank M. Cole Edward Croft, Jr. Lydia David Helen Fox Martha S. Watson Eva Reynolds Publicity Department, Edgar P. Allen, Chief M. E. Gilfond, Assistant James Hay, Jr. H. O. Bishop Col. Frank P. Morgan Burton Kline Harry Gusack Col. H. S. Kimberly Emma P. Lincoln L. L. Johnson William M. Stuart Margaret A. Fair Tefft Johnson William T. Saffell Mary Turner Matilda Frantz Lillian Clements Ruth Thompson Peggy Griffith Lois Wilson John W. Williams Clyde Smith Alice J. Farnsworth Florence Kay Ruth Harrison Virginia Gay Lila L. Metcalf Bessie Waugh Florence K. Buschmann Elmira D. Williams Special Activities and Foreign Participation Department, Donald A. Craig, Chief Arietta P. Ahrens, Assistant Walter D. Davidge Elizabeth Frazer Frank P. Wilson Rae Gosin Alonzo B. Cornell Gladys Shepard Loan Exhibit, Rose Gouverneur Hoes, Manager Esther O'Rourke Eloise C. Nicholls Josephine Friedman Plays and Pageants Department, Percy J. Burrell, Chief James K. Knudson, Assistant Percy MacKaye Edna Hoisington Maj. R. B. Lawrence Virginia Lawrence Dr. Ethel C. Randall Kathryn A. Collins Caroline E. Campbell Frances A. Hall 19 20 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission Music Department, John Tasker Howard, Chief Eleanor S. Bowen, Assistant R. A. H. Clark Jessie Gibbs Perkins Publications, Edwin L. Fuegel, Chief Patrick J. Taft Administrative Assistant, Floyd Williams Raymond Gerber Paula M. Jenkins George R. Darche Roy C. Hoffman Jennibel Dean Rufus M. Roll Rhodes Eakle Ruth V. Lynn Edward Florer Auditor, Jennie K. Hunt Elizabeth McBirney Janet M. Painter Children's Department, Edna M. Dubois, Chief Belva Cuzzort, Assistant Hervey E. Dameron Toussant Dubois Use Smith Braille Department, Dorothea E. Jennings Mary Burke Library, Florence B. Phillips John I. Reynolds Special Research Verda W. Woods Henrietta Wirt Mailing Room, Alexander Harold J. Meyers Paul Wall Floyd Rains Perry G. Smith Ed. Almon Williams John McPeake E. J. Baker Doris Hudson Anna Wheatley Louise Johnson Elizabeth Kaufman Lois Criswell Ben Stembridge Mark Tolley Vincent Toomey Daniel J. Anderson Mattie Bolac Lawrence K. Bailey Edward B. Brewer John Burke Elizabeth Salisbury James O. Sutton Charles Labofish E. W. Brushmiller George G. Brehens Don C. Candland Henry C. Carter James Cecil Charles J. Dienelt John F. Edmundson Mack Emerson Charles H. Faust Joseph Feys Leo B. Fee Eliza Hill Grimes J. Marcus George Carl Gilman Robert LI. Hyde John R. I larvey Gideon C. Payne, Chief R. Smith, Assistant Gene Holcomb Calvin H. Iffert Vance A. Jovick Warren C. King James C. King Margaret K. Lord Olin I. Lewis O. D. Lewis Mildred Lippe John W. Lytle Christine Leader Fenella Lambert Virgie Martin Elizabeth McGehee W. Bryon Morrow Lucy McCormick D. B. Mannheim Grace MacDougal E. A. McDevitt Jefferson McDonald Frank Nela Louis J. Parkinson J. S. Poston Markham Payne Charles Ritter Emma Reeder Charles G. Stam Harry Shaffer Floyd Skladzien Anne E. Smith Louise Sebastian Irene Stoner Scott Alfred A. Schneider John L. Seals Ellison D. Smith, Jr. William C. Taylor Mary Helen Taylor Edward S. Wranek Elizabeth Young Helen Stondall Mabel Henderson Hattie Marinelli Lillie F. Boynton John Cobb Charles E. Dalrymple Alice Stondall Anna J. Dougherty Bernice H. Leonard Messengers Leo H. Shackelford Lacy C. Zaph, Jr. Howard Miller Advisory Committees Of much assistance to the Commission were the members of the various Advisory Committees who gave their time and attention to several important phases of the Celebration. Following were the principal committees under this classification: Advisory Committee on the George Washington Atlas and Maps Col. Lawrence Martin, Chief, Division of Maps, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C, Chairman. Col. R. R. Ralston, Engineer Corps, Washington, D. C. Gilbert Grosvenor, President, National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C. Clarence Brigham, Librarian, American Antiquarian Society, Massachusetts. Charles O. Paullin, Carnegie Institution, Washington, D. C. Edward Matthews, Head of Department of Geology, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, Secretary. Dr. John Fitzpatrick, Manuscript Division, Library of Con- gress, Washington, D. C. Advisory Committee on Selection of the Official Portrait Dr. Leicester P. Holland, Chief of Division of Fine Arts, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C, Chairman. Dr. Charles Moore, Chairman of Commission of Fine Arts, Interior Department, Washington, D. C. Dr. John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor, The Definitive Writings of George Washington, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. Mr. Ezra Winter, 1 5 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York City. The late Mr. Gari Melchers, Falmouth, Virginia. Col. Harrison H. Dodge, Superintendent of Mount Vernon, Mount Vernon, Va. Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart, Historian, United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, Washington, D. C. Advisory Committee on the Writings of George Washington Dr. J. Franklin Jameson, Chief, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C, Chairman. General John McAuley Palmer, U. S. A. Dr. J. A. C. Chandler, President, William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia. Dr. Tyler Dennett, Chief of Publications, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Dr. Charles Moore, Chairman, Fine Arts Commission of the District of Columbia. Victor H. Paltsits, Chief of Manuscript Division, New York Public Library. Dr. Randolph G. Adams, Librarian, William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan. The late George W. Ochs Oakes, Editor, Current History. Miss Alice H. Richards, Regent, Mount Vernon Ladies' Asso- ciation of the Union, Mount Vernon, Va. Prof. Samuel E. Morison, Editor, Harvard Tercentenary His- tory, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 21 Advisory Committee on Medals Mr. Robert J. Grant, Director of the Mint, Treasury Depart- ment, Washington, D. C, Chairman. Dr. Charles Moore, Chairman, Fine Arts Commission of the District of Columbia, Interior Department, Washington, D. C. Mr. James E. Frasier, 328 East Forty-second Street, New York City. Mr. A. A. Weinman, 2 34 Greenway South, Forest Hills, Long Island, New York. Mr. Lorado Taft, 6016 Ellis Avenue, Chicago, 111. Mr. Herbert Adams, Plainfield, New Hampshire. Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart, Historian, United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, Washington, D. C. Achieving the Objectives Beginning with certain rather idealistic objec- tives, it was a difficult matter to decide upon the kind of machinery to set up that would most quickly and effectively achieve these objectives. Upon this particular problem, the Director con- centrated his early attention, with the result that the various departmental activities were inaugu- rated and made effective in rapid succession. It may be recorded here that the Director invited suggestions, not only from members of the staff, but from any responsible source, as to methods of operation. He was happy at all times to consult the Commission's employees and to welcome the suggestions that they could give him. Publicity Department The first department actually organized and put in operation was the Publicity Department, the necessity for which was obvious from the begin- ning. It was necessary to reach every possible point of contact with all the people, not as a matter of exploitation or propaganda, but in order that the general public might be early informed of the origin, purposes and character of the pro- posed celebration. Not until it was thoroughly instilled in the public mind that this was a United States Government enterprise, and that as such it was entirely free from commercial or private inter- ests, could the confidence and cooperation of the people be secured. The functioning of the Publicity Department began with the appointment of a man to organize and promote this work. The Director appointed to this position, Edgar P. Allen, a man of wide exper- ience in the field of journalism, who organized the Department, and later added to his duties those of Assistant to the Director. His services to the Com- mission from the beginning were invaluable. The publicity of the Celebration was most carefully planned. A great deal of the planning and execu- tion fell upon the assistant in the Department, M. E. Gilfond, whose services were conspicuously suc- cessful. Many other members of the Publicity staff especially James Hay, Jr., H. O. Bishop, Emma P. Lincoln, Harry Gusack, L. Lowell Johnson and Burton Kline, merit high praise and the Director gladly accords it in full measure. It is worthy of note that, although newspapers and magazines were provided with great quantities of publicity material, they did not resent it. In- deed, many of these newspapers wrote requesting a complete file of the historical publicity releases for their libraries. To supply this demand the Commission published one separate volume of these releases and incorporated a second volume in its final report. While many flattering references were made to the Commission's publicity, one ex- tract only will be given. The Washington corre- spondent of the New York Sun, in writing of the work of the Commission, said: "A review of the work of the Commission re- solves itself into the most amazing publicity or- ganization that the Capital has ever seen. The principal task of the Commission was straight pub- licity. The historical facts concerning every Revolutionary battlefield on record were rewritten, mimeographed and sent to every newspaper bu- reau in the Capital, under warning notice 'Con- fidential — future release. Not for publication before July 4 (or some other date).' Twenty very tired men and women got out the publicity for the Commission and set an all time record so far as can be learned. This department also had charge of magazine publicity, photographic serv- ice, radio, motion pictures, and, in fact, all forms of publicity contacts." Women's Activities Reference has been made to the organization of the Women's Department of the Commission under the direction of Mrs. John Dickinson Sher- man. Nothing further need be added at this time except to say that Mrs. Sherman, with a small staff of assistants, accomplished a really remark- able work, details of which are given in the section of this volume under the title "Women's Activi- ties." Particular reference should be made to Edna M. Coleman and Bertha T. Voorhorst, two assist- ants in the Department, who gave unstintingly of 22 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission their time and energy to carry out successfully the projects of the Department. States, Cities and Towns The organization of Bicentennial Committees in States, Cities and Towns was, of course, the basic element in securing universal public cooperation. The Department was placed in charge of John M. Gibbs, a man of ripe experience, who handled this great branch of the work in a most creditable man- ner. In order to accomplish this in full measure, a novel plan was employed and carried out which was never thought of before and which fitted per- fectly into the organization set up. The Director saw in the great post office organization an oppor- tunity to reach every city, town and hamlet in the United States and secure a representative at every place where a letter is delivered. As the Commis- sion was a Federal body, he placed his idea before the Postmaster General, who approved it and offered full cooperation. He sent out an official bulletin instructing Postmasters to fill out a questionnaire which was subsequently mailed to them. The result was that a comprehensive questionnaire was sent to every Postmaster in the United States — 48,219 of them. Of this number, 45,362 filled out the ques- tionnaire, and thus, within a period of less than three weeks, there was brought to the Commission more actual information in regard to leadership in American communities than was ever compiled be- fore. By this method organization started at the grass roots and made every Postmaster actually an agent of the Commission. The questionnaire, reproduced in the report covering States, Cities and Towns, gave the Com- mission an immense amount of information about every town and community, such as the names of the municipal officers, leading citizens, civic, re- ligious, fraternal and patriotic organizations, churches and their pastors, schools, with principals and teachers, libraries, etc. And this information was fresh and alive. As these questionnaires came to the Commission they were carefully analyzed and the information distributed to the various heads of departments. Thus names of women's clubs, officers and membership, went to the Women's Department; information about schools went to the Education Department; information about fraternal, religious and patriotic groups went to clerks in the Department of States, Cities and Towns, etc., so that in the various depart- ments this information was classified, and an im- mediate correspondence was set up with all these contacts. Pamphlets and suggestions relating to women's organizations and activities, for instance, were sent by the Women's Department to the ap- propriate names and addresses given in the ques- tionnaires. The same plan was carried out all through the Commission. Each group was ad- dressed and given information about the Celebra- tions and suggestions as to how that particular group could unite with other groups in forming local Bicentennial Committees. Thus was brought together, in the communities themselves, represen- tatives of all influential groups, and these repre- sentatives formed themselves into a Bicentennial Committee for that locality. The Director and the Commission are greatly indebted to the employees of this Department for their splendid cooperation. Besides Mr. Gibbs the following performed meritorious services for the Commission: Major Homer E. Carrico, Laura May Dougherty, K. P. Edwards, R. H. Bailey, J. T. Brown, W. B. Taylor and Harry Caulson. Education Department One of the most active departments of the Commission for many months before the Celebra- tion period and continuing during the Celebration itself, was that of Education. To head this de- partment the Director procured the services of one of the most competent women executives in the United States, Miss Hazel B. Nielson, who had spent many years in educational work and in active contacts with important educational movements of a national character. She carried forward the work of directing school and educational activities in a thoroughly capable way. The summary given in the earlier part of this report indicates the measure of success which she achieved. Literally, there were probably no pupils in the public, paro- chial, private schools, or institutions of higher learning in the United States, who had not some part in the Celebration. From the best authority available, that from the office of the United States Commissioner of Education, it is estimated that about 30,000,000 school children were directly or indirectly interested in school programs and exer- cises of various kinds and in the nation-wide essay, oratorical and declamatory contests which culmi- nated in the final oratorical contest in the City of Washington at which a gold medal was awarded Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 23 to the winner by President Hoover. Likewise, the winner of the essay contest was presented with a gold medal by the President. Many thousands of patriotic school programs were given in schools situated in every part of the United States, and a large portrait of George Washington, in color, was presented to every school room. Miss Nielson was ably assisted by Miss Lottie Nichols, Mrs. Frances Cramer and other members of the Educational Department. Historical Department The Historical Department, in charge of Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart, one of the most prominent of American historians, was primarily devoted to the service of all departments of the Commission at all times. In this department were prepared many of the most important pamphlets and bro- chures of the Commission. Dr. Hart was ably assisted for many months by David M. Matteson, himself an historian of great ability and fine achievements, who, upon Dr. Hart's retirement, became Historian in charge. A second assistant in this department, who was invaluable in her service to the Commission, was Mrs. Mary B. Stack, who acted as Secretary of the Historical Department, assisting also in research and compilation. To this department was referred every question of an his- torical nature; not a final written or printed word went from the Commission in relation to historical data, but was first submitted to this department. The result of this care is shown in the fact that throughout the entire period of preparation and observance of the Bicentennial Celebration, the material which went out from the Commission was amazingly accurate and complete. In addition to his other duties, Dr. Hart delivered many lectures and addresses, both in this country and abroad, and made extensive researches in England relating to the European genealogy of the Washington family. Executive Secretary The Executive Secretary, Honorable William Tyler Page, former Clerk of the House of Repre- sentatives, preserved almost the entire statistical history of the Commission in his official records. The section of this report giving the details of the Minutes of the Commission, and its various com- mittees, is Mr. Page's work, and indicates the vast amount of detail which concerned his office during the life of the Commission. Mr. Page was also Dis- bursing Officer of the Commission and rendered invaluable service at all times. Special Activities An important and interesting series of projects listed under the general heading Special Activities was conducted by Donald A. Craig, detached from the Publicity Department because of his special qualifications for organizing this work. He per- formed highly commendable service for which the Director expresses his gratitude. He was capably assisted by Mrs. Arietta P. Ahrens, Mr. Walter D. Davidge, Frank P. Wilson and other assistants in the Department also rendered valuable service. Un- der the head of Special Activities were placed a number of subjects not otherwise allocated. In this department the most important work that was car- ried on was organizing foreign participation. This resulted in an amazing development of interest in other countries in the George Washington Bicenten- nial Celebration in the United States, and the results of the work appeared in a special volume of the report entitled "Foreign Participation." There is also an extensive reference in the present volume to celebrations carried on in 81 countries other than our own. Under Special Activities also were such important projects as Colonial Gardens which resulted in a special booklet prepared by a number of the most prominent landscape architects in the United States. Another project was Department Store and Commercial cooperation; the designing and issuing of commemorative postage stamps; the striking of the Bicentennial Commemorative medals; Post Office Day observance; the issuance of the Memorial quarter-dollar; contact with for- eign language groups; and many other events not handled by other departments. Administration Department The Administrative Office of the Commission was in charge of Floyd Williams, and the Auditor's office was in charge of Mrs. Jennie K. Hunt, both of whom served the Commission almost from the beginning and gave highly satisfactory service. Pageants and Music The Division of Plays and Pageants was headed by Percy J. Burrell, for years recognized as one of the leading pageant directors in the United States. He was ably assisted by James K. Knudson, who be- 24 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission came Acting Chief of the Division upon Mr. Bur- rell's resignation which was caused by ill health. Percy MacKaye the well-known dramatist and poet wrote Wakefield, a Folk-Masque, especially for the Bicentennial Commission. Major R. B. Lawrence wrote most of the plays published by the Commis- sion and Dr. Ethel C. Randall, as critic of the Divi- sion, assisted greatly in its work. To head its Music Division, the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission pro- cured the services of John Tasker Howard, a leading authority on American music and author of note. By indefatigable research, Mr. Howard gathered, from all parts of the country, the music which the Commission published. Eleanor S. Bowen, as assis- tant to Mr. Howard, rendered valuable services to the Commission. To Dr. Carl Engel, Chief, Music Division, Library of Congress, the Commission is greatly indebted for his research and assistance. Mailing Room The Mailing Room was the heart of the organi- zation's activities. Not only did it employ the greatest number of men and women, but it carried the responsibility of sending out to all parts of the world, more than 12,000,000 pieces of litera- ture. This important department was in charge of Gideon C. Payne, assisted by Alexander R. Smith, whose general services, in addition to operating the Mailing Room, were invaluable to the Commission. Publications Division The printing and publishing of the Commission was conducted by Edwin L. Fuegel. It was a really remarkable work which he performed in keeping track of the infinite detail of manuscripts, proofs, pictures, and arranging the format of the publications. He is a highly capable expert in this field. Genealogical Division Miss Anne Madison Washington, in compiling the genealogy of the Washington family, gave to the world a work that had never been performed in any comprehensive degree, and is a notable legacy of the Commission's activities. Miss Wash- ington was particularly qualified for this task, be- ing a great-great-great-grand niece of General Washington, and perhaps more familiar with the various branches of the Washington family than any other member of this distinguished line. Library The report of the Library, in charge of Mrs. Florence Phillips, indicates the extent of the re- search work that was done at headquarters. But a larger part of the research represented work at the Congressional Library and other places. Mrs. Phillips' work as Librarian was most satisfactory and helpful. Braille Service The Braille Service for the blind was under the direction of Miss Dorothea Jennings, and is the subject of a special report. Miss Jennings had much experience in this field of work and brought to it qualifications of a high order. Reports in Full More detailed reports of the activities of the various Departments and Divisions of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commis- sion are found elsewhere in this volume. Condensed Statement of Financial Account Following is a condensed statement of the financial account of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. Details of all appropriations and expenditures are given in the report of the Executive Secretary and Disburs- ing Officer: Appropriations Act Approved March 4, 1925 ... $10,000.00 Act Approved April 22, 1926 10,000.00 Act Approved February 11, 1927 . 14,000.00 Act Approved May 29, 1928 13,946.00 Act Approved March 26, 1930 . . . 20,500.00 Act Approved July 3, 1930 362,075.00 Act Approved February 23, 1931 338,195.00 Act Approved March 4, 1931 77,000.00 Act Approved February 2, 1932 . . 225,000.00 Act Approved June 30, 1932 200,000.00 Total Appropriations $1,270,716.00 Profit to the Gov- ernment on Sale o f Bicentennial Com memorative Postage Stamps to date, no postal service being re- quired (Minimum Estimate of profit given by the Post Office Dept.) .... $1,000,000.00 Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 25 Amount paid on the Definitive Writ- ings to be return- ed to the Govern- ment when books are sold by Super- intendent of Doc- uments 71,170.24 1,071,170.24 Cost of the Commission less items above specified (Maximum Esti- mate) $199,545.78 Items of Expenditure The various major items in the consolidated statement of account are as follows: Salaries for Employees $570,578.74 Salaries for Temporary Employees 21,876.49 Stationery and Office Supplies 30,448.25 Educational supplies 5 3,870.34 Sundry supplies 2,099.77 Telephone and telegraph 6,687.66 Travel expense 29,696.62 Transportation of things 6,092.21 Definitive Writings — Printing and Binding 71,170.74 Printing and binding 317,980.42 Rents, Office 34,386.73 Other rents 2,594.21 Special and Miscellaneous 19,076.89 Equipment, Office 18,751.52 Equipment, special 2,144.52 Transferred to Geological Survey — Maps and Charts for Atlas 2,900.00 Total expenditures $1,190,364.11 Encumbered u n 1 i qui- dated $17,914.31 Unencumbered balance. 62,437.60 $80,351.91 Total appropriations . $1,270,716.02 Total expenditures 1,190,364.11 Balance (Sept. 1, 1933) ... $80,351.91 Commission's Preliminary Report The following condensed preliminary report of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission was presented in the United States Senate February 21, 1933, by Senator Simeon D. Fess, Vice Chairman of the Commission. The report was printed as Senate Document No. 188: At the last meeting of the executive committee on Janu- ary 10, 193 3, the committee authorized the director to proceed with the preparation and completion of material embracing all phases of the commission's activities prelimi- nary to and including the bicentennial year. It is estimated that this material will be embraced within about 12 large volumes. There will be a Literary Series in 3 volumes, one of which already is complete; 2 volumes covering Foreign Participation, 3 volumes on Activities, 2 volumes on Music, 1 on the Wakefield Masque, in Braille, and such number of other volumes as will accommodate State Programs. In view, therefore, of this proposed comprehensive com- pendium of literature covering every phase of the bicenten- nial celebration, which in itself will constitute memorabilia of George Washington and a veritable library of Washing- tonia to which students may refer in the future, it is deemed unnecessary by your committee in this report to do more than epitomize certain prominent features divested of the details which will be set forth fully in the report of the director and the literature referred to. This literature will be preserved in the Library of Congress and in the Hall of Archives. The joint resolution of Congress establishing the George Washington Bicentennial Commission provided that the com- mission shall expire within two years after the expiration of the celebration, December 31, 1934. That much time will not be necessary in which to close the work of the com- mission; but the essential work yet to be done, including final rendition of accounts, will be completed it is thought, with the aid of a small force, by the end of the present year. It is desirable to terminate the commission's activities as soon as possible, and they will be terminated expeditiously, but not at the sacrifice of orderly procedure. Much is yet to be done for the sake of the enduring and constructive record of a celebration which was unique in its scope and purpose and unparalleled in its extent and duration. Its influence for good upon the younger and upon the future generations is incalculable, imponderable. It may be said in truth and in fact that hereafter the student of the life and character of George Washington will find it unnecessary to go back of the year 1932 for accurate and authentic information. In the publications, in the reproductions, and in the data assembled through painstaking research and sub- jected to minute scrutiny, care has been exercised by those charged by the commission with this important duty to exclude all things of an apochryphal nature. The executive committee, to which was committed by the commission at the outset the duty of formulating a plan or plans of celebration, kept constantly in mind that the proposed celebration was to be one in which every American citizen and every organization should participate and have some part, leaving details largely to be arranged and per- fected by State commissions acting in conjunction and with the approval of the United States commission. Through these agencies and throughout the bicentennial year on every day in that year all over the world some form of commemo- ration was observed. The committee has also borne in mind that the celebration was not intended to be a material expression to be evidenced by an exposition of physical resources and the development of the arts and sciences and industries, but was intended to be spiritual and educational. The concept of the character of such a celebration was early expressed by President Emeritus Charles W. Eliot, of Harvard University. "The two hundredth anniversary of Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission the birth of George Washington," wrote Doctor Eliot, "should be celebrated not only all over this country but wherever in Europe there exists a group of persons who know the value of his writings and his deeds for the promo- tion of liberty and justice among mankind. This celebration, however, should be solemn, not gay, and spiritual, not ma- terialistic. It should be directed in large measure to the rising generation, not to the passing or the past. It should appeal to thinking people, not the careless or indifferent. Its aim should be to increase the number of Washington's dis- ciples and followers in and for the struggles of the future." This noble concept, in keeping with Washington's own life and character, can be said to have been scrupulously adhered to. In the activities, both here and abroad, the many thousands of commemorative exercises held daily and in divers forms, according to time and place, were on a high plane of dignity and reverence, educational in their aim and purpose, from which the spectacular and material were ex- cluded, and in which spiritual values were stressed. While foreign countries as such did not officially participate, it is a remarkable fact that in nearly every country in the world groups and individuals paid homage to General Washington in various ways. Of these foreign activities record has been kept and will be preserved in the literature on Foreign Participation. In our own country particular attention was bestowed upon "the rising generation," to which the youth of America responded with zeal and enthusiasm; and it can not be gain- said that there has been a tremendous increase in the number "t \\ ashington's disciples and followers in and for the strug- gle of the future. In our judgment, this commemoration has accomplished more to mold the thought and opinions and character of our youth, America's potential rulers, in the fundamentals and ideals of George Washington, both personal and political, and to dissipate and offset un-American propa- ganda than any one other thing could possibly have done. This, too, in the face of two great obstacles; namely, wide- spread economic depression and a presidential campaign. These disturbing influences served to distract the people and to divert their minds; nevertheless, this handicap, great as it was, was met and overcome in marked degree and to such an extent as to exert a steadying influence upon the minds of the American people in the midst of conflicting emotions. Prior to the establishment of headquarters early in 193 in the Washington Building, in the city of Washington, the •executive committee held its meetings in the Capitol Build- ing. Its preliminary work consisted chiefly in considering the plans and suggestions invited by the organic act. These plans varied widely in their purpose and scope; some were within the original concept, but the majority of them, if not impracticable, would have been too costly in their execution. In 1927, on the anniversary of Washington's Birthday, President Coolidge, as chairman of the George Washington Bicentennial Commission, delivered an address to the Ameri- can people in the presence of the two Houses of Congress, m which he invited their cooperation. This was followed by a concurrent resolution of Congress inviting the legislatures and the governors of the States, Territories, and insular posses- sions to cooperate with the commission in such manner as would seem to them most fitting "to the end that the bicen- tennial anniversary of the birth of George Washington be commemorated in the year 193 2 in such manner that future generations of American citizens may live according to the example and precepts of his exalted life and character .\nd thus perpetuate the American Republic." To this invitation there was general, widespread, hearty response not only by the States and other geographical units but by municipalities, towns, civic, fraternal, patriotic, and religious, and other organizations, resulting in the astounding grand total of 1,555,755 contacts with the commission's headquarters, the appointment of 894,224 committees, and the presentation oi 4,760,345 programs. As interest developed and increased with the approach of the bicentennial year the need of the services of one or more directors become apparent to the executive committee ac- tively to organize and execute the plans for the celebration. For these responsible and exacting duties the committee, with the approval of the commission, selected Col. U. S. Grant, 3d, United States Army, and Hon. Sol Bloom, Representative in Congress from the State of New York, as associate di- rectors, both of whom generously consented to serve. On account of his other and many official duties Colonel Grant found it necessary to relinquish his work as associate director, greatly to the regret of the commission, and thereafter the entire work of direction was conducted by Representative Bloom. To this task, with its manifold details and responsi- bilities, Mr. Bloom applied himself with ardent zeal and enthusiasm and with rare executive ability born of ripe experience and organizing genius. He devoted three years to the work with unfailing fidelity and sacrificial devotion; and under his intelligent direction administered the duties of: his office in all of its varied ramifications by modern business methods and with strict regard for economy. With the result that the celebration was a distinct success from the viewpoint of its original concept and its influence will be perpetual. To Mr. Bloom we extend our gratitude for his unselfish and effective labors, and our hearty congratulations. In his report to the commission doubtless Mr. Bloom will give due need of recognition to those who labored with him, and to them also, especially to Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart, historian; his assistant, Mr. D. M. Matteson; and to Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman, a member of the commission, the executive committee extends its thanks. Under authority of Congress and of the commission, the preparation and editing of a complete and definitive edition of the Writings of George Washington, including his General Orders, never before published, as a congressional memorial, is proceeding as rapidly as the delicate nature of the work will permit. This duty was committed to Dr. John C. Fitzpatrick, editor of the Washington Diaries. This insures accuracy and the production of a literary work in about 2 5 volumes, the value of which to the present and future gen- erations can not be estimated. Included will be thousands of Washington letters never before published. This will be a permanent contribution to the literature of our country and a notable memorial to General Washington. Seven volumes are complete. The first volume off the press was presented to President Hoover, who wrote the foreword. One hundred and ninety-six sets have been sold to libraries at S50 a set, but no price to the public has yet been fixed and will not be until the cost of production is more definitely ascertained. It is thought, however, that the price per set will approximate $12 J. Volumes S and 9 are in page proof, volume 10 in galley proof, and the type for volume 11 is being set. The index will be in one volume. Of the 1,000 sets of the definitive writings authorized by law to be distributed to Members of Congress and other officials, 9 50 copies have been allocated to Members of the Seventy-first Congress, to new Members of the Seventy-second and Seventy-third Congresses, and to officials designated in the law, leaving but 50 sets remaining for distribution by the commission, in its discretion, and for foreign exchange On November 15, 1932. with appropriate ceremonies, in which the vice chairman participated, the Mount Vernon Highway connecting the city of Washington with the Wash- ington Estate at Mount Vernon was dedicated. This mag- nificent boulevard, authorized by Congress, was constructed by the Bureau of Public Roads, Deparment of Agriculture, under the supervision and direction of Mr. Thomas" H. Mac- Donald, and is a model in road building and a product of Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 27 engineering skill. In its construction many physical obstacles were overcome. This commission was charged with the duty of selecting the route and did select what is known as the scenic or river route, 1 5 ' 2 miles in length, which lends itself to superior park facilities. The completion of this highway is the realization of a dream of those who long wished for a connecting link between the home of Wash- ington as he built it and the Capital City which bears his name. To the commission at its meeting last year was submitted a report on the status of the Arlington Memorial Bridge, showing that the essential parts of the project were prac- tically completed, and at that time an inspection of the bridge was made by the President, accompanied by members of the commission and other officials. From the foot of this massive memorial bridge, at Columbia Island, begins the Memorial Highway, and thus spanning the historic Potomac, so prominently identified with the life of George Washing- ton and his concept of better inland transportation facilities for the colonists, and standing as a permanent memorial to him and as a concrete evidence of the union of North and South, this bridge testifies to the reality of an imperishable reunion of sections once sundered by the strife of Civil War. On May 14, 1932, the Mansion House, so called, was dedicated at Wakefield, Westmoreland County, Va., the birthplace of George Washington. Another fitting shrine was thus rescued from oblivion and a belated national memo- rial of major importance made a signal part of the bicen- tennial program. The Wakefield National Memorial Association, organized in 1923, engaged in the work of restoring Washington's birthplace, and it is primarily due to the unselfish spirit of patriotism and the unremitting and consecrated devotion to this task of the late Mrs. Josephine W. Rust, its president, that Congress was induced to aid the association to recog- nize Wakefield as a national shrine, and to make provision therefor by supplementing the voluntary contributions raised By Mrs. Rust and the members of the association. In his report to the commission on the rehabilitation of the birth- place of George Washington, Mr. Horace M. Albright, Di- rector of the National Park Service, gave in interesting review of its history as revealed by old records, from which the following is quoted: "The National Park Service of the Department of the Interior was authorized by Congress on January 23, 1930, to take over, by transfer from the War Department, the administration of all Government-owned lands at Wakefield, the birthplace of George Washington, the area to be known thereafter as the George Washington Birthplace National Monument. The service was further authorized to cooperate with the Wakefield National Memorial Association in re- habilitation work which the latter had been authorized by Congress in 1926 to undertake. "Before the erection of the mansion house could be under- taken it was, of course, necessary to remove the Government monument, a shaft of Vermont granite 5 1 feet high, to a location at a road intersection about a quarter of a mile distant. The present location of this monument adds greatly to the road approach to the mansion. The base and pedestal of the monument were recut to achieve a classic appearance. In addition to this work and the erection of the mansion house a building has been constructed on the site of the ancient independent kitchen, a deep-well water supply has been provided, a sewage-disposal plant installed, and telephone and electric power connections made. The development of the grounds has been an especially interesting feature of the work because of the naturally beautiful location of the old Washington homestead. The point of land on which it was situated affords a beautiful view of Popes Creek with the broader waters of the Potomac in the distance, and innumer- able cedars stud the grounds. It was necessary to transplant some of these trees, but wherever this was done the work was accomplished with great care. Many of them were planted on either side of the road leading from the granite shaft to the grounds of the mansion house. "In the spring of 1930 the association excavated and re- built the old family vault at the burial ground and collected the remains of all the bodies that were buried outside the vault and placed them in the reconstructed vault and sealed it. The top of this vault is about 1 foot below the ground surface. Five table stones have been erected, and the burial ground, an area of 70 feet square, inclosed by a wall of handmade brick with iron gates. "The association is furnishing the mansion with copies of furniture of the period. At present the living room and dining rooms are furnished. The furniture for the other rooms is under contract and delivery is expected at an early date. "The Wakefield association is now completing plans for a log lodge building to cost $20,000, which will be located in the recreational area and dedicated as a memorial to Mrs. Josephine W. Rust, founder and late president of the asso- ciation. "The story of George Washington's birthplace national monument is largely the story of the \V r akefield National Memorial Association, under the able presidency of the late Mrs. Josephine W. Rust, who was untiring in her efforts for the preservation of Washington's birthplace. Her death was a great loss to the officials of the park service who have been actively engaged in the rehabilitation work. "In 1929, at the initiation of the association, Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., purchased 273.56 acres of the original Washington tract lying along the Government road between the birth-site area and the Potomac River and Bridges Creek at a cost of Si 15,000. This land was transferred to the Government December 12, 1930, and by proclamation of the President became a part of George Washington's birthplace national monument, March 30, 1931. "In 1929 the association purchased 30 additional acres of land at a cost of $8,000 to consolidate the lands purchased by Mr. Rockefeller. "On June 22, 1931, the association deeded its lands at Wakefield, about 100 acres, to the Government. The present area of George Washington birthplace national monument is 3 84.37 acres." The full text of Mr. Albright's report is embodied in the minutes of the commission's proceedings of January 16, 1932. Upon the invitation of the commission the District of Columbia, through its Board of Commissioners, created the "District of Columbia Commission George Washington Bi- centennial (Inc.)," and Congress appropriated $100,000 from the District revenues in aid of the local celebration. With the president of the District commission. Dr. Cloyd Heck Marvin, and with Dr. George C. Havenner, executive vice president, the executive committee, through a subcom- mittee styled "committee on program," held frequent meet- ings, at which plans were formulated for events throughout the bicentennial year, and in agreeable arrangement was made with respect to such events as were of national and local character, respectively. The commemorative ceremony in honor of the two hun- dredth anniversary of the birth of George Washington was officially inaugurated at a joint session of Congress in the House of Representatives on February 22, 1932, at 12 o'clock, noon, on which occasion the President of the United States, Herbert Hoover, delivered the opening address. The con- gressional joint committee on arrangements consisted of the congressional members of your executive committee, supple- mented by the Hon. Clifton A. Woodrum, of Virginia. The official ceremony was held under the auspices of the United States Commission, and the exercises which followed Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission at the east front of the Capitol Building were arranged and conducted by the District of Columbia Commission. At night the official Washington's Birthday celebration climaxed with a costume ball at the Mayflower Hotel. From the birthday anniversary, February 22, until Thanks- giving Day, November 24, a succession of events took place in the city of Washington, in the forms of military and civic parades, pageants, plays, and religious exercises, which were locally a reflex of the thousands of similar activities engaged in all over the country and in many parts of the world. Great credit is due the District of Columbia commission for its fine spirit of cooperation and for the successful exe- cution of its plans. Every facility and possible assistance was rendered to it by Director Bloom and his force, and under the direction of your subcommittee. The entire net charge upon the Federal Treasury, covering the entire life of the commission, is estimated at $208,170.91, and this amount may yet be reduced considerably through the sale of commemorative postage stamps and the sale of sets of the Definitive Writings. Congress appropriated for the work of the commission, including the cost ($56,000) for preparing the manuscript of the Definitive Writings, a total of $1,270,716.02, of which $13,946.02 were reappropriations of unexpended balances of the Bunker Hill and Lexington and Concord appropriations. To February 1, 193 3, the amount impounded from the ap- propriations pursuant to the economy act was $7,203.52, leaving a balance of $66,98 5.39 available for requisition. This amount, together with the disbursing officer's check book balance as of February 20, 1933, of $120,499.71, makes the total available funds $187,485.10, from which will be deducted amounts hereafter impounded. The minimum estimate made by the Post Office Depart- ment of profit derived from the sale of bicentennial stamps is $1,000,000, which sum, together with the amount paid the Public Printer of $62,545.11 for the production of the definitive writings which will be returned to the Treasury from proceeds of sale of that work, aggregate $1,062,545.11, leaving net $208,170.91 as the total cost for each and every item of expense incurred by the commission covering a period of seven years. The estimates of the amounts to be derived from the sales mentioned are conservative; it is quite likely that the reimbursement from such sales will nearly, if not fully, cover the total amount of appropriations, and possibly with some increment. In concluding this preliminary report in which details of the operation of administration have been left to be covered by the preliminary report of the Director, the executive com- mittee wishes to express the confident belief that the bicen- tennial of the birth of George Washington was commemor- ated in the manner in which such event was contemplated without resorting to spectacular and ephemeral devices; and to those persons who expected or anticipated a celebration in the form of displays of material progress and development of resources, invention, and scientific achievements, which at best are evanescent, we desire to say that it was the spirit of George Washington, the simplicity of his life, and the virtue of his character, the renown of his deeds, and the principles of his Americanism that we aimed to teach and to inculcate in the minds and hearts of the American people as the most fitting and lasting tribute that could be paid him by a grateful people through the use of agencies for the dissemi- nation of knowledge and accurate information deemed by him to be essential in a Government founded on the prin- ciple that all just powers are derived from the consent of the governed. Acknowledgment is here made and recorded of the fact that the late Col. John A. Stewart, of New York, was one of the first to think of the idea of commemorating the bicen- tennial of the birth of George Washington. Two Notable Proclamations During the year of Celebration in honor of George Washington two proclamations were issued by Herbert Hoover, President of the United States, that were notable because of their reference to the Celebration itself. The first of these proclama- tions was issued February 2, 1932, and was as follows: The happy opportunity has come to our generation to demonstrate our gratitude and our obligation to George Washington by fitting celebration of the 200th anniversary of his birth. To contemplate his unselfish devotion to duty, his cour- age, his patience, his genius, his statesmanship and his accom- plishments for his country and the world refreshes the spirit, the wisdom and the patriotism of our people. Therefore, I, Herbert Hoover, President of the United States of America, acting in accord with the purposes of the Congress, do invite all our people to organize themselves through every community and every association to do honor to the memory of Washington, during the period from Febru- ary 22 to Thanksgiving Day. And I hereby direct that on the anniversary of his birth the flag of the United States be appropriately displayed on all Government buildings in the United States, and all embassies, legations, and offices of the United States abroad. (Signed) Herbert Hoover. Later in the year President Hoover issued a Proclamation of Thanksgiving Observance in which he embodied George Washington's first Thanksgiving Proclamation. President Hoover's proclamation follows: Whereas at this season of the year our people for genera- tions past have always turned their thought to thankfulness for the blessings of Almighty God. Now, therefore, I, Herbert Hoover, President of the United States, do set aside and declare Thursday, November 24, 1932, as a day of national thanksgiving, and I do urge that they repair to their places of public worship, there to give thanks to the Beneficent Providence from whom comes all our good: and I do further recommend, inasmuch as this year marks the 200th anniversary of the birth of George Washington, the Father of Our Country, whose immeasurable services to our liberties and our security are blessings perennially renewed upon us, that our people refresh their memory of his first Thanksgiving proclamation, which I append and incorporate in this present proclamation. "By the President of the United States of America. "Whereas it is the duty of all Nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey his will, to be grateful for his benefits, and humbly to implore his protection and favor — and Whereas both Houses of Congress have by their joint committee requested me 'to recommend to the People of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer, to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signal favors of Almighty God, especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of govern- ment for their safety and happiness.' "Now, therefore, I do recommend and assign Thursday, the 26th day of November next, to be devoted by the People of these States to the service of that great and glorious Being, who is the beneficent Author of all the good that was, that is, or that will be — That we may then all unite in rendering unto him our sincere and humble thanks — for Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 29 his kind care and protection of the People of this country previous to their becoming a Nation — for the signal and manifold mercies and the "favorable interpositions of his providence, which we experienced in the course and con- clusion of the late war — for the great degree of tranquility, union, and plenty, which we have since enjoyed — for the peaceable and rational manner in which we have been en- abled to establish constitutions of government for our safety and happiness, and particularly the national One now lately instituted — for the civil and religious liberty with which we are blessed and the means we have of acquiring and diffusing useful knowledge; and in general for all the great and various favors which he hath been pleased to confer upon us. "And also that we may then unite in most humbly offering our prayers and supplications to the great Lord and Ruler of Nations, and beseech him to pardon our national and other transgressions — to enable us all, whether in public or private stations, to perform our several and relative duties properly and punctually — to render our national government a blessing to all the People by constantly being a govern- ment of wise, just, and constitutional laws, discreetly and faithfully executed and obeyed — to protect and guide all Sovereigns and Nations (especially such as have shown kind- ness unto us) and to bless them with good government, peace, and concord. — To promote the knowledge and practice of true religion and virtue, and the increase of science among them and us — and generally to grant unto all mankind such a degree of temporal prosperity as he alone knows to be best. "Given under my hand at the City of New York the third day of October in the year of our Lord 1789. "Geo. Washington." In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington, this third day of Novem- ber, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and thirty-two and of the independence of the United States of America the one hundred and fifty-seventh. Herbert Hoover. By the President: Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of State. n the Revolution and in the period of constructive statesmanship immediately following it, for our good fortune it befell us that the highest military and the highest civic attributes were em- BODIED in Washington, and so in him we have one of THE UNDYING MEN OF HISTORY A GREAT SOLDIER, IF POS- SIBLE AN EVEN GREATER STATESMAN, AND ABOVE ALL A PUBLIC SERVANT WHOSE LOFTY AND DISINTERESTED PATRIOT- ISM RENDERED HIS POWER AND ABILITY ALIKE ON FOUGHT FIELDS AND IN COUNCIL CHAMBERS OF THE MOST FAR- REACHING SERVICE TO THE REPUBLIC. Theodore Roosevelt. Opening of the Celebration jLTHOUGH many functions commemo- rative of George Washington were held in various parts of the country prior to February 22, 1932, the official open- ing of the Celebration period of the Two Hun- dredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington, marked the beginning of the formal functions. Interest at that time naturally centered in the National Capital where many ceremonies were scheduled in which thousands took part and other thousands witnessed. The official ceremonies began February 21, and that day being Sunday, they were generally of a religious character. In- deed, throughout the nation, the churches of all faiths commemorated the birth of Washington with special ceremonies relating to his life and unfaltering dependence upon the God of nations and of men. Never in the history of this country was there such a unanimity of religious thought and tribute in which the virtues of a human being were held up as a whole to the nation as worthy of emulation. The religious exercises in the National Capital began at 8:00 A. M. with a Requiem Mass cele- brated in the Church of the Holy Comforter as a tribute to the departed dead of the Holy Name Union, and in honor of the Bicentennial Anni- versary of the birth of George Washington. The ceremonies were conducted by Rev. J. A. Nestor, Pastor of the Church. Extolling the religious motives which dominated the life of George Washington and praising his strict adherence to a policy of religious freedom, Rev. Peter Guilday, Professor of History at Catho- lic University, honored Washington in a eulogy delivered at the Bicentennial Mass in St. Mary's Church, Alexandria, Virginia, at 10.00 o'clock. Reverend Dr. Guilday emphasized Washington's sincere dependence upon Almighty God and his love for his fellow men. Continuing he said: There is a stateliness about his diction when he speaks of Almighty God which is seldom heard in our day, and no man can mistake the profound reverence of the heart which voiced its faith in such phrases as the Great Arbiter of the Universe, the Omnipotent and Supreme Being, Sovereign Ruler of the Nation: God, Our Benign Parent, Divine Munificence, and the words which occur the most, Divine Providence. Nowhere is this fact seen to better advantage than in his reply to the different religious congregations and communi- ties which addressed him in felicitation during the first year of his Presidency. In all this there was no deceit, no pretense. Washington was never ostentatious in his profession of belief in God or in his devotional life. But that deep abiding sense of de- pendence upon the Creator is visible in all his public utter- ances. His early education, his pioneer days in the wilderness of the frontier, his life in the mountains, along the streams and under the stars, begot in him an honest, forthright, re- ligious sincerity and humanity which places him apart from the other founders of our republic. Washington's first official act as President, after taking the oath of office on April 31, 1789, was to bow down reverently and to kiss the Bible upon which his hand rested while Chancellor Livingston read the oath. That same day in his first inaugural address to Congress, without any mis- givings or faltering, he avowed publicly that the rise of the American republic was due to the divine stream of provi- dential design for the betterment of the human race, and he stressed the necessity of our realizing that the preserva- tion of the republic depended upon the indissoluble union between virtue and happiness, between duty and advantage, between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy, and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity. He warned his listeners that "the propitious smiles of heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal duties of order and right which heaven itself has ordained." Honorable in all his actions, Washington never failed to refer to Almighty God, the Divine Providence, to heaven's assistance, to the source of all public and private blessings, to the great governor of the universe, — the phrases are all his own — whatever success came to him in the performance of those duties which patriotic love of country had placed upon his shoulders. Time moves swiftly, and our children will be holding in solemn manner less than a score of years from now the 150th anniversary of Washington's death, as we today are joyfully celebrating the bicentennial of his birth. To them, as to all succeeding generations, the dominant thought will then be, as it is today with ourselves, whence came this man's greatness? The ideal patriot, the supremely model citizen of our republic, the founder of a government which "changed man- kind's ideas of political greatness," wherein lies the secret of his heroism, of the noble symmetry of his life? It is a secret not hard to discover. If, honestly and sym- pathetically, we search the records of Washington's life we shall find that it is fundamentally his sincere dependence upon Almighty God and his love for his fellow men. We are not inclined in these days to dwell much upon the re- ligious motives which dominated the careers of our great leaders, and yet, without understanding Washington's Christian faith, his whole life becomes an enigma. Higher than all, nobler than all, stands Virginia's greatest son, the victorious leader and founder of our republic, the first and noblest of all our presidents, George Washington. As we honor him today in this most sacred of all religious ceremonies, we dedicate anew our lives to that idealism which has placed us above the peoples of the earth and to that sincere patriotism which the life and the achievements of Washington have taught to every generation of Ameri- cans down the century and a half of our national existence. St. Mary's Church, had as its principal founder the closest link between the Roman Catholic Church and George Washington, in Col. John 30 Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 31 Fitzgerald, Secretary and Aide-de-Camp of George Washington during the Revolutionary War. The traditions of the parish have it that Washington was present at a dinner at which the project of founding the parish was begun. Attending this church Celebration as guest of honor were His Excellency, the Ambassador of France, Mr. Paul Claudel, Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur, Major-General Paul B. Malone, and other dignitaries of the government. The Celebrant was Reverend Father Richard B. Wash- ington, Hot Springs, Virginia, a collateral de- scendant of George Washington. A company of Marines from Quantico, Virginia, led the proces- sion from the rectory to the church and were in attendance during the ceremonies. At Historic Christ Church Immediately following the Mass at St. Mary's Church many of the guests repaired to beautiful Christ Church in Alexandria, which was the home church of the first President. Here, a special service had been arranged. President and Mrs. Hoover arrived from the White House and were escorted through the church yard, studded with ancient stones marking the graves of Washington's compatriots. They were then led to the pew which Washington occupied as a member of the church. The Chief Executive and Mrs. Hoover listened with rapt attention to a sermon by Dr. Berryman Green, former Dean of the Virginia Theological I Seminary. Dr. Green emphasized George Wash- ington the man as one with a warm heart, "a man iof temper but of integrity and of unflinching determination. Praise has concealed rather than revealed Washington's greatness," he said. "We have bowed so low that we have not seen the real man." The Director's Historic Broadcast One of the outstanding events of a notable day of religious observance was an address delivered at historic Pohick Church by the Honorable Sol Bloom, Director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. This ancient religious shrine, located not far from Mount Vernon and to which George Washington and his family repaired almost every Sunday morning, when opportunity permitted, is a center of special historic and romantic interest. The address delivered by the Director was broadcast throughout the nation and was the high Pohick Church, Pohick, Virginia Where General Washington worshipped spot of the day's observances. Its reception throughout the nation was so remarkable in the interest and enthusiasm which it aroused in its religious and patriotic fervor that thousands of letters were received in commendation of the sen- timents expressed. Particularly, however, it serves to preserve certain historical data that students would find difficult to locate. The address can be found in Volume II, page 126, of this series. Other Church Ceremonies The religious significance of the life of George Washington was the theme of sermons and cere- monies in thousands of churches throughout the United States on Sunday, February 21, 1932. Music and pageantry told the symbolism and spiritual implications of the Bicentennial Celebra- tion. In Bethlehem Chapel of the Washington Cathedral, Rt. Rev. James E. Freeman, Bishop of the Diocese of Washington, delivered an eloquent eulogy in the afternoon. The address was broad- cast, as were all of the notable events of the day and the day following. Bishop Freeman said: "We shall only bring further confusion to our disturbed country if we, at this time, acclaim with high praise the deeds of Washington, and forget his ringing call to unselfish service. If we would con- tinue as a nation we must do more than chronicle the names of our patriots in bronze and marble. We must make their principles vital forces." Two interesting services were held on Sunday in historic Falls Church Episcopal Church, in Falls. 32 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission Church, Virginia, a suburb of the National Capi- tal. George Washington was intimately associated with this church, the edifice which preceded the present structure being the one with which Augus- tine Washington, father of George Washington, was affiliated as a Vestryman. George Washington was associated with the present church as a Vestry- man. A pew in the church has been dedicated to Washington and another to General Robert E. Lee. The services, morning and afternoon, were con- ducted by the Rev. Charles Stewart McClellan, Jr. Space does not permit a description of the principal church services held in honor of George Washington on February 21, 1932. Suffice it to point out here that practically every church in the United States, of every denomination, joined in these religious exercises which ushered in the Cele- bration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington. National Educators Meet The Department of Superintendence of the National Education Association met in annual con- vention in Washington, Sunday, February 21, 1932, the first day of the convention being given over to preliminary exercises of a religious and patriotic nature. The Superintendents made patriotic pilgrimages to the Washington Monu- ment and the Lincoln Memorial and attended serv- ice at old Christ Church in Alexandria, Virginia. Making the principal address at the service in Christ Church, Herbert S. Weet, Superintendent of schools at Rochester, New York, told the super- intendents that: ... to us is coming with increasing clearness the conviction that the sole purpose and defense of our free public school system is to realize the fulfillment of the dreams and ambi- tions of George Washington. The educators of the country can best pay tribute to Washington by a quickening of our faith in the great essentials for which Washington stood and a strengthening of our hearts to go forward and realize these essentials in the youth of America. A wreath was laid at the Washington Monu- ment by President Edwin C. Broom and one at the Lincoln Memorial by George C. Bush, super- intendent of schools at South Pasadena, California, vice president of the Department of Superinten- dence. Norman R. Crozier, superintendent of schools at Dallas, Texas, and first vice president of the Department, laid a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. A male quartet sang at all three places. A vesper service representing the first general session of the Department of Superintendence was held Sunday afternoon at Constitution Hall. Dr. Rufus B. von Kleinsmid, president of the Univer- sity of Southern California, the principal speaker, addressed the superintendents on "Spiritual Values in Education." In the evening a radio program was broadcast by the National Broadcasting Com- pany. The two speakers were Dr. Edwin C. Broom of Philadelphia, President of the Depart- ment of Superintendence, and Dr. William John Cooper, United States Commissioner of Education. On Monday, February 22, the educators took important part in the day's observance. At the hour of George Washington's birth, 10:15 o'clock, the Superintendents in session at Constitution Hall rose and gave the Pledge to the Flag and sang "America." By special arrangement amplifiers had been placed in the hall so that the delegates heard the exercises that were conducted at the Capitol. Many of the delegates went to Mount Vernon in the afternoon where President Broom placed a wreath on the tomb of George Washington, and Miss Florence Hale, President of the National Education Association, placed a wreath upon the tomb of Martha Washington. The delegates as- sembled upon the lawn at Mount Vernon and were later addressed by President Hoover after he had visited the tomb. First Performance "The Song of Faith" The first public performance of the ode, "The Song of Faith," by the famous American com- poser, John Alden Carpenter, was broadcast from New York, Sunday afternoon, February 21, 1932, by the great Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Dr. Walter Damrosch. Previous to the performance of the "Ode," Di- rector Bloom, in Washington, introduced to the radio audience John Alden Carpenter, who was in Chicago. Through a triangular hook-up Mr. Car- penter responded in a few words, after which Dr. Damrosch raised his baton and the great "Ode" was broadcast from coast to coast, from New York City. The Historic Masque, "Wakefield" As an appropriate dramatic overture to the world-wide Celebration, the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, with the cooperation of the District of Columbia George Washington Bicentennial Commission, gave a presentation of "Wakefield," a folk-masque of Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 33 America written by the distinguished American poet and dramatist, Percy MacKaye. The first presentation of this truly monumental poetic work took place at Constitution Hall, the City of Wash- ington, February 21, 1932. The performance was repeated February 25 and 26 following. In the preface to the book of the Masque, Percy MacKaye, the author, states: WAKEFIELD is a poem: a symbolic folk-poem, designed to be spoken, acted, danced and sung. Interpreting aspects ! )f the American Folk Movement through the art of the ;heatre, it approaches history not from the concept of ealism but of symbolism. It aims to express its vast theme n a new form of festival drama, wherein the motives of luman psychology are based in symbols of folk-legendry and ore peculiarly the world-heritage of America. The Masque s a tribute of folk-spirits to our greatest of folk-heroes, Washington, In choosing for its central character the designation WAKEFIELD (after the birthplace of Washington), the mthor has sought to give to THE FOLK-SPIRIT OF \MERICA (that "airy nothing" which is our very essence) 'a local habitation and a name." i Never before in the history of dramatic art in America has any attempt been made to produce a pageant-masque upon such a scale of sumptuous- less and glittering magnificence, even in the Nation's Capital where the spectacular is almost commonplace, and before a cosmopolitan audience representing the leading nations of the world. The masque, "Wakefield," was a poetic revela- tion which enthralled perhaps the most distin- guished audience ever gathered to witness a stage play upon American soil. But when one says a stage play this refers merely to part of the action, for in very truth it was a dramatic event in which the audience in reality took part and was swept forward with the actors themselves in an amazing series of episodes that depicted the folk-spirits of the Republic. Throughout the performance many groups of costumed players filled the aisles and trumpeters in various parts of the great hall made the audience feel the exaltation of the enactment itself and that they were indeed part of the drama. For more than two hours the festival drama held the stage, evok- ing from the audience in the overflow seating capacity of the great auditorium, gasps of admi- ration of the elaborate costuming of the cast of 1,000 actors, and novel musical and lighting effects. The text of the Masque is in thirty-three sections and five tableaux, with a prologue and epilogue. Throughout the entire performance the music t:he United States 6eorge Washington JSiccntennial Commission and the Bistrict of Colombia (5eorcjc Washington bicentennial Commission request the honor of pur presence at the performance of the Masque "Wakefield," bu_ gcrcg ftaEage either on £undau the ttoentg-first dan of jtbruarg or on i ridaji the ttoentg-sixth dag of jfebruaq) Bineteen hundred and thirty ttoo, precisely at eight-fifteen o'clock, p. m. at Constitution ft all TICKETS WILL BE SENT TO YOU UPON NOTICE OF ACCEPTANCE AND CHOICE OF NIGHT OF PERFORMANCE R. S. V. P. BEFORE FEBRUARY FIFTEENTH TO THE UNITED STATES GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION WASHINGTON BUILDING. WASHINGTON. D. C. Facsimile of Invitation to the Wakefield Masque Presented in Constitution Hall, Washington, D. C. Groups Participating in the Wakefield Masque Ml MBERS OF THE AMERICANIZATION SCHOOL ASSOCIATION AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS Who PARTICIPATED IN THE PRO- CESSIONAL of Foreign Groups in the Wakefield Masque, as Follows: 1. Russian Group; 2. Swedish Group; 3. German Group; 4. Danish Group; 5. Italian Group; 6. Welsh Group. The Foreign Groups were under the direction of K. C. Kiernan-Vasa, Washington, D. C. 34 Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 35 features were outstanding, the adapter and com- poser of the music being John Tasker Howard, eminent musical authority. The great production was expertly directed by Percy Jewett Burrell and Marie Moore Forrest with a large staff of assistants. The instrumental music was furnished by the United States Marine Band Orchestra under the direction of Capt. Taylor Branson, and the choral numbers were under the direction of Dr. Albert Harned. The assisting groups in the production were: Americanization School Association, American Legion, Henry D. Spengler Post and Unit Ameri- can Legion Auxiliary, Arts Club, Avondale Coun- try School, Community Center Department D. C. Public Schools, Caroline McKinley Studio, Com- mittee on Religious Drama and Pageantry, Wash- ington Federation of Churches, D. C. Boy Scouts, Drama Guild, Friendship House, Helen Griffith Studio, Howard University, Indian Bureau, De- partment of Interior, Jewish Community Center, Knights of Columbus, National Capital Choir, Neighborhood House, Shakespeare Society, South- ern Society, Virginia State Society, Washington Club, Marie Zalipsky Vocal Studio, Scottish Clan McClellan, Alliance Francaise, St. Sophia's Greek School, Polish National Alliance, Danish Society, Swedish Lutheran Church, Russian Orthodox St. Nicholas Church, Ladies' Auxiliary to the Hiberni- ans, St. David's Society. The part of "Wakefield" was taken by Margaret Anglin, one of the most celebrated of American actresses, and the ten other leading characters were assumed by men and women of distinguished talent. The stage acting took place with one set of scenery. This set was built upon massive lines, and by skillful use of lighting effects and trans- parencies it assumed many aspects. The move- ment of the performance was upon a vast and intricate scale, involving great processionals and group movement representing folk characters not only of America, but those which had their origin in other lands. As interpreted by H. I. Brock, the action is all that of characters purely symboli- cal. This includes, on the lower plane, Wakefield, the mother, who is a witch of white magic; Folk- Say, who is the canny old goodman gossip of the crossroads store and speaks in hodge-podge dialect; Brave and Free, refugees from tyrant-ridden old Europe, seeking on this more grateful (or less dis- illusioned) Continent asylum for the exercise of their virtues; and Drift, a many-legged composite monster. Drift is the villian of the piece. His object is to fling his net of Fog and so ensnare Brave and Free, as these two lie beside Wakefield's fire within the fairy ring of her excellent enchant- ment while she tells them the story of the birth of the Savior of the State. The Mystical Setting Overhanging the spot where the fire glows, a mighty cedar stands, backed by a great towering rock, through a cleft of which, away high up, the North Star shines. Mighty deep-rooted cedar, towering, steadfast rock, and unwavering North Star; these form a symbolic trinity of Washing- ton's qualities. They furnish the mystical setting of the piece, the background of the whole perform- ance, which overflows into the auditorium in the Max Reinhardt "Miracle" manner. Curtains simulate the rock, and serve to focus the permanent scene of action. But at times the North Star is not merely a point of light. He is embodied in a figure in human semblance and speaks from his high place in the character partly of chorus and partly of master of ceremonies. For example, in the very beginning, after community singing by the Ages we are heir to, after rolling drums, pealing chimes and soaring trumpet calls blown by the Angels of the Four Winds from the four corners of the hall, the star becomes the impressive personage Polaris, and proclaims: "now the lonely wild Bears one who never shall be child To immortal memory." Then he summons the constellations Orion and Cassiopeia to leave the sky and attend upon the destiny of the newly-born hero. Obedient they appear as heavenly lights. But Orion becomes anthropomorphically embodied and his seven-star children trip on as members of the corps de ballet. Cassiopeia takes human form in turn, and on trip her six star-children. Thus are assembled poeti- cally the thirteen stars of the original States and thus inevitable logic introduces a rhythmic dance into the patriotic spectacle. Music for the Drama This is preliminary to the two parts or acts of the drama proper, the first showing the ensnaring of Free (while lulled by Wakefield's talk) in the Groups Participating in the Wakefield Masque 3. Scotch Group; 4. Grecian Group; 5. Irish Group; 6. Norwegian Group. ' Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 37 Fog net of Drift, and the second presenting the rescue of Free by Brave, who goes out upon a Quest to get him with a charm supplied by Folk- Say — Self-Heal, it is called. There is, of course, a great deal of music, as- sembled and joined together by John Tasker How- ard, as composer of the masque. And the music, like the pageantry of the entertainment, is a medley collected with a wide-flung net. Choral numbers are the author's "Chorus of the Ages," to the music of Dvorak's "New World Symphony"; Shape - speare's "Who Is Sylvia," sung to Schubert's music; the "Coronation Hymn," to music by Oliver Hol- den; an interlude entitled "Rebirth," words by the author, music by Johann Sebastian Bach; "The Old Folks at Home" (with Stephen C. Foster duly credited with words and music) ; "The Star- Spangled Banner" — a new stanza by Percy Mac- Kaye, and "Summer in Y-cumen In," elected in its quality as the earliest English folksong, and there- fore certainly a part of the rightful heritage of an English-speaking country. In such fashion our general background of musi- cal tradition is recognized without discrimination against foreigners. The range is widened by the inclusion of a Negro Spiritual and an American Indian song in the language of the Red Man. But we are the melting pot of all Europe. Hence a composite processional in the second part or act brings in the songs of thirteen non-English con- tributing nations and races, each song sung in the language or dialect of its origin and the whole related for contrapuntal effects. These songs are Scotch, Welsh, Irish, German, Norwegian, French, Dutch, Italian, Greek, Hebrew, Bohemian, Polish and Russian. A Medley of Dances But a masque is mystic. Fantasy, not logic, rules when entertainment of this sort is being con- cocted. There is also a medley of dances. After the dance of the thirteen stars comes "The Turkey in the Straw," done by Uncle Remus's animal set. Drift executes a movement with his many legs in slow rhythm; there is an old English folk dance, and then a grand minuet of Shakespeare's charac- ters — Florizel with Perdita, Romeo with Juliet, Orlando with Rosalind, Hamlet with Ophelia, Falstaff with Anne Page, Oberon with Titania, though the facile monarch deserts his queen to tread a measure with Sylvia, who has arrived poetically attended by the maidens Holy, Fair and Wise. The music for this duet is Boccherini's. All this is set down so that it may not be missed that in the nation's tribute to the Father of his Country there has been no scruple in gathering flowers for the nosegay wherever they could be found. But to return to the spectacle. In the cleft of the rock above which hangs the North Star are Members of the Americanization School Association appearing in the Wakefield Masque. 38 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission revealed tableaux. One is "Washington crossing the Delaware, with George W. Chadwick's music. Another is Valley Forge, with Edward MacDow- ell's music. Another shows Washington putting away a proffered kingly crown, yet another, Washington presiding over the convention that made the Constitution, and finally Washington with his friends and family safe home again at Mount Vernon. The Climax of the Masque The climax of the piece shows in the cleft of the rock the cloaked figure of Washington, ma- jestic in mien and bearing, silhouetted against the sky as the rosy flush of dawn begins to irradiate the heavens. Thereupon Orion and Cassiopeia unroll themselves down the face of the rock as the drums roll again, the chimes peal, the trumpets blare from the four points of the compass. With the circle of all the multitude of folk creatures gathered below, the cloaked Presence speaks. Speaking, he used the very words of the living Washington — words recovered from a letter writ- ten in 1786 to Arthur Young, an Englishman whose paramount interest, like that of Washington himself, was in agriculture. "Reflect (says the master of Mount Vernon) How much more delightful to an undebauched mind is the task of making improvements on the earth than all the vain glory which can be acquired from ravaging it by conquest." Distinguished Audience The audience which greeted the opening per- formance of February 21, 1932, was made up in large part of officers of the government and their wives, diplomats, other dignitaries and distinguished citizens. The box-holders were: The President of the United States and Mrs. Hoover The Vice-President of the United States, accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. Edward Everett Gann His Excellency The Ambassador of Italy and Nobil Donna Antonietta de Martino His Excellency The Ambassador of Cuba and Senora de Ferrara His Excellency The Ambassador of France and Madame Claudel His Excellency, The Ambassador of Turkey, Mr. Ahmet Muhtar His Excellency The Ambassador of Japan and Madame Debuchi His Excellency The Ambassador of Poland and Madame Fili- powicz (Absent) His Excellency The Ambassador of Belgium and Madame May His Excellency The Ambassador of Argentina, Senor Dr. Felipe A. Espil His Excellency The Ambassador of Mexico and Senora de Puig Casauranc. Mrs. Woodrow Wilson The Chief Justice and Mrs. Charles Evans Hughes The Minister of Portugal and Viscountess d'Alte The Minister of Uruguay and Madame Varela (Absent) The Minister of Switzerland and Madame Peter The Minister of Hungary and Countess Szechenyi The Minister of Finland Mr. L. Astrom The Minister of Greece and Madame Simopoulos The Minister of Austria and Madame Prochnik The Minister of Bulgaria and Madame Radeff The Minister of Sweden and Madame Bostrom The Minister of Albania Mr. Faik Konitza The Minister of Netherlands and Madame van Royen The Minister of Norway and Madame Bachke The Minister of Guatemala and Senora de Recinos The Minister of Lithuania and Madame Balutis (Absent) The Minister of Czechoslovakia and Madame Veverka The Minister of Irish Free State and Mrs. MacWhite The Minister of Nicaragua and Senora de Sacasa The Minister of Yugoslavia Dr. Leonide Pitamic The Minister of Rumania Mr. Charles A. Davila The Minister of Union of South Africa and Mrs. Louw The Minister of Venezuela and Senora de Arcaya The Minister of Denmark and Madame Wadsted The Minister of Haiti and Madame Bellegarde (Absent) The Minister of Colombia and Senora de Lozano The Minister of Canada and Mrs. Herridge The Minister of Dominican Republic Senor Roberto De- spradel The Minister of Honduras and Senora de Davila The Minister of Egypt Sesostris Sidarouss Pasha The Minister of Bolivia and Senora de Abelli The Minister of El Salvador and Senora de Leiva The Minister of Ecuador and Senora de Zaldumbide The Minister of Siam and Madame Subarn Sompati The Minister of Panama and Senora de Alfaro The Minister of China and Madame Yen (absent) Mr. Justice and Mrs. Owen J. Roberts The Attorney General and Mrs. William D. Mitchell The Secretary of Agriculture and Mrs. Arthur M. Hyde The Secretary of Commerce and Mrs. Robert P. Lamont The Secretary of Labor and Mrs. William N. Doak The President Pro Tempore of the Senate and Mrs. George H. Moses Senator and Mrs. James E. Watson Senator Arthur Capper Senator and Mrs. Arthur R. Robinson Representative and Mrs. Bertrand H. Snell The Chief of Operations of the Navy and Mrs. W. V. Pratt The Undersecretary of the Treasury and Mrs. Arthur A. Ballantine The Assistant Secretary of War and Mrs. Frederick H. Payne The Charge d'Affaires of Luxembourg and Baroness de Waha (absent) The Charge d'Affaires of Persia and Madame Azodi The Charge d'Affaires of Paraguay and Senora de Ynsfran The Charge d'Affaires of Costa Rica and Senora de Gonzalez The Consul General of Latvia and Mrs. Lule The Consul General of Esthonia and Madame Mutt The Financial Attache of Russia and Madame Ughet Mrs. Nicholas Longworth The United States George Washington Bicentennial Commis- sion Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 39 The District of Columbia George Washington Bicentennial Commission The Daughters of the American Revolution Descendants of the Washington Family Sons of the American Revolution The Order of the Cincinnati Huguenot Society The Society of Colonial Dames Mrs. Walter R. Tuckerman, Chairman, Committee for George Washington Bicentennial Ball Mrs. McCook Knox, Chairman, Portrait Committee, George Washington Bicentennial Historical Loan Collection Mrs. James Carroll Frazer Mrs. J. Borden Harriman Mrs. Rose Gouverneur Hoes Mrs. Leander Loose Mrs. Marie Moore Forest Mr. and Mrs. Percy MacKaye Mr. and Mrs. John Tasker Howard The Director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission and Mrs. Sol Bloom with their daugh- ter, Miss Vera Bloom, were hosts to members of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, who were: Senator Simeon D. Fess, Senator Arthur Capper, Sena- tor Millard E. Tydings, Representative and Mrs. Willis C. Hawley, Representative and Mrs. John Q. Tilson, Represen- tative and Mrs. Joseph W. Byrns, Honorable R. Walton Moore, Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman, Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook, Honorable C. Bascom Slemp, and Dr. Albert Bushnell Flart. The members of the District of Columbia George Wash- ington Bicentennial Commission who attended were: John Poole, Mrs. Philip Sidney Smith, Clarence A. Aspinwall, George F. Bowerman, William W. Bride, A. K. Shipe, Ernest N. Smith, Edgar C. Snyder, Merle Thorpe, Dr. Charles Stan- ley White, Lloyd D. Wilson, Brig. Gen. George Richards, Charles Moore, J. Leo Kolb, Dr. Gilbert Grosvenor, Isaac Gans, Robert V. Fleming, Col. Harrison H. Dodge and Thomas E. Campbell. An interesting and interested group of guests who occu- pied boxes at the Masque were members of the Washington family. This group was composed of descendants of Au- gustine Washington: Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Freeman and Mr. Washington Perine and Miss Perine. Descendants of Gen. Washington's sister, Betty Washing- ton Lewis, were: Mr. and Mrs. Owen B. Lewis, Mr. and Mrs. Carter Grymes. Mr. and Mrs. John Augustine Washington and Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Hite Willis, with their daughter, Miss Jane Washington Willis, from Chicago, who are descendants of John Augustine Washington, were in the party. Descendants of Samuel Washington were: Mrs. Samuel Walter Washington and Mr. and Mrs. George K. Bradfield and Mr. and Mrs. Augustine Todd. Representing the descendants of Charles Washington was Mr. George Sullivan of New York. ALICE COULD NEVER BLAST HIS HONOUR, AND ENVY MADE HIM A SINGULAR EXCEPTION TO HER UNIVERSAL RULE. FOR HIMSELF HE HAD LIVED ENOUGH, TO LIFE AND TO GLORY. FOR HIS FELLOW-CITIZENS, IF THEIR PRAYERS COULD HAVE BEEN ANSWERED, HE WOULD HAVE BEEN IMMOR- TAL. . . . His example is now complete, and IT WILL TEACH WISDOM AND VIRTUE TO MAGIS- TRATES, CITIZENS, AND MEN, NOT ONLY IN THE PRESENT AGE, BUT IN FUTURE GENERATIONS, AS LONG AS OUR HISTORY SHALL BE READ. John Adams (1799). February 22, 1932 HE GREAT DAY marking the actual anniversary of George Washington's birth, February 22, 1932, dawned in ^S_KIM the National Capital with clear skies and comfortable temperature. It was a day crowded with events commemorative of the Cele- bration. From early morning until long after midnight, the different features of the day were continued in all parts of the city and nearby his- toric shrines. Various patriotic groups had their programs during the morning hours and at noon practically all of the visitors and thousands of resi- dents of the city went to the National Capitol to observe the out-door features of the Celebration there. It was reported that 3 5,000 visitors filled every hotel room in the City and that at least 65,000 more were staying with friends or in rooming houses. At the Washington Monument During the morning hours many pilgrimages to the Washington Monument were made by indi- viduals and groups wishing to lay wreaths at the base of the mighty shaft. The Massing of the Colors was a beautiful and impressive ceremony. Forty-eight flags, representing all the States, were raised around the monument by the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks, and a wreath from Col. U. S. Grant, 3d, Director of the Office, was laid. This ceremony took place at 8 A. M. and representatives of the Daughters of 1812 took part. Later, wreaths were laid from President and Mrs. Hoover, Association of Oldest Inhabi- tants, Military Order of the Loyal Legion, Knights of Columbus, District Federation of Patriotic Observants, District Department, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Sons of Union Veterans, and the local department of the Grand Army of the Re- public. Masonic clubs of Washington held brief exercises and other pilgrimages were made by rep- resentatives of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Sons of the American Revolution, and the District Department of the American Legion. The Association of Oldest Inhabitants observed the day by meeting in the Old Fire Engine House on H Street and beating the famous Northern Liberty Bell two hundred times. Allen C. Clark, President of the Columbia Historical Society, ad- dressed a group and the exercises were broadcast over a nation-wide network. Acme Lieut. Commander G. A. Poindexter, Naval Aide to President Hoover, shown placing the Presidential wreath at the base of the Washington Monument in the City of Washington, February 22, 1932. Order of the De Molay Headed by Grand Master Counselor Ernest A. Reed, of Newark, New Jersey, approximately 2,500 members of the Order of De Molay arrived in Washington on Sunday, February 21, 1932, for the Fifth Annual Pilgrimage of that organization to the National Capital. About 30 states were represented by delegations. The members of the Order visited Mount Vernon February 22, where a wreath was laid upon the tomb of George Wash- ington. There an address was made by Grand Master Counselor Reed, in which he said: There is too much disposition on the part of our youth to form a mental picture of Washington as a stern, elderly man, riding a white horse and carrying the burden of affairs of state on his shoulders. We forget that Washington was also a young man, fond of sports, dancing and the good times of his day. Later in the day the delegates placed a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and also paid a visit to the National Masonic Memorial at Alexandria. 10 Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 41 Military Mass One of the early events of a memorable day was the Military Mass sung at the Church of the Immaculate Conception, with the collateral de- scendant of the First President, the Reverend Richard Blackburn Washington, as celebrant. The Reverend Joseph Koch, U. S. A., chaplain at Walter Reed Hospital, served as deacon, and the Rev. Vincent Girski, U. S. N., chaplain of the Quantico Marine base, was subdeacon. The late Reverend Francis J. Hurney, pastor of the church, presided. Just before the mass began a mounting of the colors of every local post of the American Legion took place in the sanctuary. Thirty-five marines from Quantico served as guard of honor. A ser- mon on George Washington was preached by the Rev. Ignatius Smith, O.P. Among the guests were Senators Thomas J. Walsh, of Montana; Henry F. Ashurst, of Arizona, and Edwin S. Broussard, of Louisiana; Represen- tatives William P. Connery, Jr., of Massachusetts; John J. Boylan and James M. Fitzpatrick, of New York; Melvin J. Maas, of Minnesota; Joachim O. Fernandez, of New Mexico; Mrs. James Couzens, Joseph Tumulty, Admiral William H. Benson, Departmental Commander Frank Fraser, of the American Legion; Frank J. Hogan, Isaac Gans, William Leahy, D. J. Callahan, Mrs. Peter Drury and John Saul. Ceremony at Wakefield At Wakefield, Virginia, where George Wash- ington was born, the State of Virginia officially paid homage to her illustrious son in a most digni- fied and impressive ceremony, upon the Two Hun- dredth Anniversary of his birth. Delegations from the General Assembly of Virginia, the oldest law- making body in the United States, were chief par- ticipants in the ceremonies that began at 10 in the morning on February 22, 1932. These cere- monies were held at the mansion house, being a replica of the original. The delegation from the Virginia House of Delegates was headed by Speaker J. Sinclair Brown and the one from the Senate by Senator Robert O. Norris. The principal address was made by Speaker Brown, who reviewed the life Military Mass, February 22, 1932, at the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Washington, D. C. Undersecretary of State, Honorable WilliaiM R. Castle, and His Excellency, the Ambassador of the Republic of Cuba, Don Orestes Ferrara, inspecting the floral tributes at the bust of George Washington, in the Pan American Building, Washington, D. C, on February 22, 1932. 42 Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 43 of the Washington family at Wakefield Manor from the time the title was taken by John Wash- ington the immigrant, great grandfather of George Washington, early in 1657, until it passed into other hands more than a century later. The speaker recalled the fact that both George Wash- ington's father and grandfather were born at Wakefield. John Washington, he said, was associ- ated with Nathaniel Bacon in the rebellion against the royal governor Berkeley, thus identifying this family for a century with the forces arrayed against the mis-rule of the English kings. Speaker Brown called attention to the fact that within the past month the Wakefield Manor prop- erty had been deeded to the National Park Service, thereby giving assurance for all times the affection of the American people for this birthplace of Washington will find expression through this im- portant department of our government. Recall- ing the presence of the Potomac River in the near distance, Speaker Brown declared that "it seems the ebb and flow of the tides of this river carry the pulse of affection between Wakefield Manor, the place of Washington's Birth and Mount Ver- non, his final resting place." In his address Senator Norris asserted: This privilege of speaking to you has been given to me because in the district represented by me in the Virginia Senate are located Epping Forest, the birthplace of Mary Ball, the mother of Washington, and Wakefield, the birth- place of Augustine Washington, father of George Washing- ton, and of George Washington. He declared that at no other place in the United States could the opening exercises of the United States Celebration more appropriately be held. George Washington, he recalled, became a member of the House of Burgesses on his 27th birthday anniversary, February 22, 1759: Two hundred years ago on this day, at this place and at this hour, George Washington was born. The General Assembly of Virginia now in regular session at Richmond has set aside this entire day in which to pay tribute to the memory of her great son. The Governor of Virginia and the entire General Assembly are pilgrims today to Wakefield, Fredericksburg, Alexandria and Mount Vernon. The ceremony at Wakefield was broadcast over a nation-wide radio hook-up. Throughout the entire State of Virginia Cele- brations were held on February 21 and 22 by Sunday schools, and patriotic and civic organiza- tions. Notable memorial services were held in St. George's Episcopal Church in Fredericksburg. The sermon was delivered by the Reverend St. George Tucker, D.D., Bishop of the Diocese of Virginia. Immediately after the church service the entire assembly made its way to the grave of Mary, the mother of Washington. Gathered at the monu- ment, the Bishop of Virginia offered a short prayer and wreaths were then laid by representatives of many states, patriotic societies, members of local civic and fraternal societies and prominent indi- viduals. In Richmond, the state capital, the entire legis- lative day was given over to the honoring of the memory of George Washington. The legislators witnessed the unveiling of the Washington Bicen- tennial Memorial at the John Marshall Hotel, which was followed by a formal Washington Bicentennial Service in the State Capitol. There was also a ceremony at the Equestrian Statue of George Washington in Capitol Square, and a beautiful colonial ball. An interesting ceremony was held at St. John's Episcopal Church of Elizabeth City Parish, the oldest parish in continuous existence in America. Congress Honors Mary Ball Washington Under the Authority of House Concurrent Resolution No. 19, a Committee representing both Houses of Congress went to Fredericksburg on the morning of February 22 and laid two wreaths upon the grave of Mary Ball Washington, the mother of the first President. The Senate was represented by Honorable Carter Glass and the House of Representatives by Representative S. O. Bland. Wreaths were also laid on behalf of the President and Mrs. Hoover. Pan American Ceremonies On February 22, 1932, at 11 A. M., the Governing Board of the Pan American Union, composed of the representatives of the 20 Republics of Latin America and the Secretary of State of the United States, met in special session to com- memorate the day. The assemblage in the impos- ing Hall of the Americas of the Pan American Union was but a small part of those who shared in the ceremonies, broadcast over nation-wide chains throughout the United States and also sent by short wave to all the other countries of the American Continent. The Marine Band orchestra played a program of music as part of the exercises. 44 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission The Vice Chairman of the Board, His Excellency Dr. Orestes Ferrara, Ambassador of Cuba, made an eloquent address on behalf of his colleagues, paying homage to Washington in the following words: The great principles which sum up the experiences of mankind do not suffice to show us the path of duty and the road to salvation in times of difficulty. On the other hand, the life of a man, converted into a symbol, may domi- nate our minds, guide our hearts, and elevate our spirits. A great man is the noblest work of God, for he is the incarna- tion of beauty and goodness, of honor and service, of that eternal virtue which illumines the straight and narrow way of thought and deed. George Washington is one of the beacons placed at inter- vals along the highroad of history. For his country he serves as a guide in time of stress and a refuge in tranquil moments; a never-failing example of true goodness; a warn- ing to turbulent youth; and a mute accusation of selfish interests. Thus it is always he who vivifies the moral principles of his fellow countrymen. The difficult and ab- sorbing scene in which he played the leading role did not mar his personality. He was a redoubtable agitator because the times required it, yet he always preserved his serenity of spirit; he was an energetic revolutionary, imbued, how- ever, with the ideal of order; he was a politician, but not an opportunist; a citizen of a new democracy, but not a martyr. His character was admired by his contemporaries and is venerated by posterity. Washington is an example of perfect balance, of perfect harmony. He was equally great in peace and in war, in the little acts of daily life and in the principles which he followed with constancy and devotion. The people of the United States, with legitimate pride, hold him their greatest glory. But although Washington gave himself only to the service of the thirteen Colonies of North America, his life is a heritage belonging to the whole world. Virtue claims him for her own and, regardless of frontiers, makes him a citizen of every corner of the globe. The example of Washington, the chief leader in securing the independence of his country, was an inspiration to the free governments organized on the vast continent discovered by Spain. The American Revolution was a notable step forward along the path of progressive ideas and because of this, as well as for geographical reasons, it had a far-reaching effect on the peoples to the South of the United States. All the institutions erected on the ruins of Colonial rule were modeled on the constitution which their brethren of the North had previously written for themselves. In the heroic struggle for independence throughout the wide lands of Latin America, many were the illustrious and glorious leaders who, with magnificent generosity, offered their strength and their intellect to the cause of Liberty. To them the name of Washington was a shining symbol, and each son of a new Republic who rendered the greatest service to the nascent democracy was figuratively called the "Washington" of his country. The precedent that no President should succeed himself for a third term, although not included in the Constitution of the United States by the signers of that document, was nevertheless established by Washington in his country by his own volition. Latin America, however, adopted this principle in its written constitutions, maintaining it not- withstanding crises and lapses. The precedent set by George Washington in refusing to bow to the will of the majority of his compatriots, who would have elected him to the Presidency for the third time, has for more than a century been the Latin American constitutional principle that is most cherished and respected by the masses. The parting advice given to his fellow citizens in his Farewell Address, not to take part in European struggles and not to intervene in the controversies which geography and history might occasion in that noble and ancient continent, was a solemn warning heeded also by Latin America. The statesmen of the twenty Republics which were successively established managed to keep themselves aloof from the con- fused fluctuations of European politics, thus preventing the balance of power in Europe, when disturbed, from being redressed as a result of conflict in America, according to the phrase and the desire of an eminent statesman of the last century. Universal applause, without dissent and without reserve, is a worthy tribute to the admirable picture presented by the life of George Washington. The voice of his soul told him that only noble purposes and good deeds inspire and nourish unselfishness. His mental powers gave him, from his earliest years, a clear comprehension of the fact that in our mortal life the part reserved for each one of us is but small and fleeting, for from birth we live with others and for others. His penetrating intelligence, trained in the school of integrity, taught him that all men, even confirmed egoists, look outside themselves to study the great truths handed down from age to age and to strive eagerly in fathoming the secrets of that future which they themselves will not see. Washington in his maturity learned how to impose upon himself and his soldiers the supreme sacrifice in homage to an ideal. His life was a hymn in praise of honor, uprightness, and patriotism. Therefore, on this day, the two hundredth anniversary of his birth, let us hail a man whose personality, at once martial and benevolent, is our inspiration in hours of sorrow as well as in hours of rejoicing. The Chairman of the Board, Honorable Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of State, responded on behalf of the Government of the United States: Permit me to express to you the deep appreciation of the Government of the United States for the fine tribute which you have today paid to the memory of Washington. The eloquent address of the Vice Chairman of the Board, His Excellency the Ambassador of Cuba, which has been heard far beyond the confines of this building, will, I am certain, make a deep impression on the people of this country. Washington belongs to that great company of patriots — founders of the Republics of this continent — animated by a common purpose and inspired by a common ideal. In honor- ing his memory we are in a very real sense doing honor to those principles upon which rests the fabric of government throughout the American Continent. Formal Celebration in Congress-1932 h¥ THE many thousands of celebrations * in all parts of the world honoring the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington, the most impressive was that which was held in the House of Representatives in the United States Capitol at noon February 22, 1932. This was the official recognition of the government of the United States of an event which it had sponsored and which it desired to endorse officially on the one day of each year which the Congress devotes to eulogies of the First President. It has been the custom for many years for both Houses of the Congress to assemble in the hall of the House of Representatives of the National Capitol for this purpose. Special preparations had been made for the observance of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington on February 22, 1932. Both Houses of the Congress met as usual and then recessed. At noon, the doorkeeper of the House announced the Vice President of the United States and members of the United States Senate. The members of the House arose. The Senate, preceded by the Vice President and by the Secretary and Sergeant-at-Arms, entered the Chamber. The Vice President took the chair at the right of the Speaker, and the Members of the Senate took the seats reserved for them. The doorkeeper announced the following guests, who took the places assigned to them: The Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. The ambassadors and ministers and charges d'affaires of foreign governments. The Chief of Staff of the United States Army, the Chief of Naval Operations of the United States Navy, the Major General Commandant of United States Marine Corps and the Commandant of the United States Coast Guard. The Governor of Virginia and the Governor of North Dakota. The United States George Washington Bicen- tennial Commission and members of the District of Columbia Bicentennial Commission. The representatives of the family of George Washington. The members of the President's Cabinet. The President of the United States. The President was escorted to the Speaker's rostrum. At the entrance of the President the service bands of the Army, Navy and Marines, under the leadership of the late John Philip Sousa, played "Hail to the Chief." The Interstate Male Chorus and the audience, under the direction of Commissioner Clyde B. Aitchison, sang two verses of America. The Vice President took the chair and recognized Representative Woodrum of Virginia, a member of the Joint Committee on Arrangements. Mr. Woodrum announced that the following concur- rent resolution had been passed by Congress January 20, 1932: RESOLVED BY THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (THE SENATE CONCURRING), That in commemoration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington the two Houses of Congress shall assemble in the Hall of the House of Representatives at 11:30 o'clock A. M. on Monday, February 22, 1932. That the President of the United States, as the chairman of the United States Commission for the Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Wash- ington, is hereby invited to address the American people in the presence of the Congress in commemoration of the Bicen- tennial anniversary of the birth of the first President of the United States. That invitations to attend the ceremony be extended to the members of the Cabinet, the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Diplomatic Corps (through the Secretary of State), the General of the Armies, the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Major General Commandant of the Marine Corps, and such other persons as the joint committee on arrangements shall deem proper. Following the reading of the resolution the In- terstate Male Chorus sang "The Recessional," by Reginald DeKoven. The Vice President recognized the Vice Chair- man of the United States George Washington Bi- centennial Commission, Senator Fess of Ohio, who presented the President of the United States in the following words: President Hoover, ladies and gentlemen, for the first time in the history of mankind a nation is celebrating in an all- year program the memory of its founder. Not only all America and all Americans, wherever found, but most coun- tries throughout the world are paying tribute today to the memory of George Washington. It is proper that this pro- gram begin in the Capital of his country, in the city that bears his name. It is eminently fitting and appropriate that it should be opened by the present head of the Government of which Washington is known as the father and was the 45 46 Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 47 first President. To those in this official assembly and to those listening in on two hemispheres, I present the President of the United States. President Hoover then addressed the brilliant and distinguished assembly in an address of pro- found eloquence. This address follows: ADDRESS OF HERBERT HOOVER PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES Delivered at a Joint Session of Congress February 22, 1932 Just one hundred years ago in this city Daniel Webster, in com- memoration of the birth of George Washington, said: "A hundred years hence, other disciples of Washington will celebrate his birth with no less of sincere admiration than we now commemorate it. When they shall meet, as we now meet, to do themselves and him that honor, so surely as they shall see the blue summits of his native moun- tains rise in the horizon, so surely as they shall behold the river on whose banks he lived, and on whose banks he rests, still flowing on toward the sea, so surely may they see, as we now see, the flag of the Union floating on top of the Capitol; and then, as now, may the sun in his course visit no land more free, more happy, more lovely, than this, our own country." The time that Webster looked forward to is here. We "other disciples of Washington" whom he foresaw are gathered today. His prophecy is borne out, his hope fulfilled. That flag "still floats from the top of the Capitol." It has come unscathed through foreign war and the threat of internal division. Its only change is the symbol of growth. The thirteen stars that Wash- ington saw, and the twenty-four that Webster looked upon, now are forty-eight. The number of those who pay loyalty to that flag has multiplied tenfold. The respect for it beyond our borders, already great when Webster spoke a hundred years ago. has increased — not only in proportion to the power it symbolizes, but even more by the measure in which other peoples have em- braced the ideals for which it stands. To Webster's expression of hope we may reasonably answer, Yes — "The sun in his course visits no land more free, more happy, more lovely, than this, our own country." Proudly we report to our forefathers that the Republic is more secure, more constant, more powerful, more truly great than at any other time in its history. Today the American people begin a period of tribute and grati- tude to this man whom we revere above all other Americans. Continuing until Thanksgiving Day they will commemorate his birth in every home, every school, every church, and every com- munity under our flag. In all this multitude of shrines and forums they will recount the life history and accomplishments of Washington. It is a time in which we will pause to recall for our own guidance, and to summarize and emphasize for the benefit of our children, the experiences, the achievements, the dangers escaped, the errors re- dressed — all the lessons that constitute the record of our past. The ceremonial of commemorating the founder of our country is one of the most solemn that either an individual or a nation ever performs; carried out in high spirit it can be made one of the most fruitful and enriching. It is a thing to be done in the mood of prayer, of communing with the spiritual springs of patri- otism and of devotion to country. It is an occasion for looking back to our past, for taking stock of our present, and, in the light of both, setting the compass for our future. We look back that we may recall those qualities of Washington's character which made him great, those principles of national conduct which he laid down, and by which we have come thus far. We meet to reestablish our contact with them, renew our fidelity to them. From this national revival of interest in the history of the American Revolution and of the independence of the United States will come a renewal of those inspirations which streng- thened the patriots who brought to the world a new concept of human liberty and a new form of government. So rich and vivid is the record of history, that Washington in our day lives again in the epic of the foundation of the Re- public. He appears in the imagination of every succeeding gen- eration as the embodiment of the wisdom, the courage, the patience, the endurance, the statesmanship, and the absence of all mean ambition, which transformed scattered communities of the forest and the frontiers into a unity of free and independent people. It is not necessary for me to attempt a eulogy of George Wash- ington. That has been done by masters of art and poetry during more than a hundred years. To what they have said I attempt to make no addition. The true eulogy of Washington is this mighty Nation. He contributed more to its origins than any other man. The influ- ence of his character and of his accomplishments has contributed to the building of human freedom and ordered liberty, not alone upon this continent but upon all continents. The part which he played in the creation of our institutions has brought daily harvest of happiness to hundreds of millions of humanity. The inspirations from his genius have lifted the vision of succeeding generations. The definitions of those policies in government whch he fathered have stood the test of 150 years of strain and stress. From the inspiration and the ideals which gave birth to this Nation, there has come the largest measure of liberty that man has yet devised. So securely were the foundations of this free Government laid that the structure has been able to adapt itself to the changing world relations, the revolutions of invention and the revelations of scientific discovery, the fabulous increase of population and of wealth, and yet to stand the kaleidoscopic complexities of life which these changes have brought upon it. What other great, purely human institution, devised in the era of the stage coach and the candle, has so marvelously grown and survived into this epoch of the steam engine, the airplane, the incandescent lamp, the wireless telephone, and the battleship? If we are to get refreshment to our ideals from looking back- ward to Washington, we should strive to identify the qualities in him that made our revolution a success and our Nation great. Those were the qualities that marked Washington out for im- mortality. We find they were not spectacular qualities. He never charged with a victorious army up the capital streets of a con- quered enemy. Excepting only Yorktown and Trenton, he won no striking victories. His great military strength was in the 48 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission strategy of attrition, the patient endurance of adversity, stead- fast purpose unbent by defeat. The American shrine most associated with Washington is Valley Forge, and Valley Forge was not a place of victory — except the victory of Washington's fortitude triumphant above the weakness and discouragement of lesser men. Washington had courage without excitement, determination without passion. The descriptions of George Washington by his contemporaries give us no clear picture of the inner man, the Washington whose spiritual force so palpably dominated his whole epoch. As a mirror, his own writings do him indifferent justice, whilst the writings of others are clouded by their awe or are obscured by their venom. We must deduce mainly from other records why he stood out head and shoulders above all the crowd around him. It was an extraordinary crowd, living at white heat, comprising men as varied, as brilliant, as versatile as the extraordinary de- mands which the times made upon them. They were men flexible in intellect, and versed in the ways of the world. Yet in every crisis, and for very role, they turned to Washington. They forced upon him the command of Indian fighters; they made him a general against trained British troops; they demanded that he be a constitutionalist and a national statesman; they insisted he must guide his country through the skillful ambushes of Euro- pean kings; they summoned him to establish the nonexistent credit of an insolvent infant nation. Why did his brilliant fellow-patriots always thus turn to him? The answer of history is unmistakable: They brought their problems to Washington because he had more character, a finer character, a purer character, than any other man of his time. In all the shifting pressures of his generation, all men acknowledged that the one irresistible force was the overwhelming impact of his moral power. Motives and men were measured by their stature when standing in his shadow. Slander fell harmless before him, sham hung its head in shame, folly did not risk to look him in the face, corruption slunk from his presence, cowardice dared not show its quaking knees. In his integrity, all our men of genius in his day found their one sure center of agreement. In his wisdom and authority they found the one sure way to practical fulfillment of their dreams. We need no attempt to canonization of George Washington. We know he was human, subject to the discouragements and perplexities that come to us all. We know that he had moments of deepest anxiety. We know of his sufferings, and the sacrifices and anguish that came to him. We know of his resentment of injustice and misrepresentation. And yet we know that he never lost faith in our people. Nor have I much patience with those who undertake the irra- tional humanizing of Washington. He had, indeed, the fine qualities of friendliness, of sociableness, of humanness, of simple hospitality; but we have no need to lower our vision from his unique qualities of greatness, or to seek to depreciate the unparal- leled accomplishments of the man who dominated and gave birth to the being of a great nation. What we have need of today in this celebration is to renew in our people the inspiration that comes from George Washington as a founder of human liberty, as the father of a system of government, as the builder of a system of national life. It is of primary importance that we of today shall renew that spark of immortal purpose which burned within him, shall know of the resolution and the steadfastness which carried him for- ward to the establishment of a Nation. That establishment was not a momentary flash of impulse in a people rebellious and pas- sionate under oppression, destined to fade into a dictatorship or the chaos so often born of revolutions. On the contrary, it was builded upon foundations of principles and ideals which have given the power and strength that made this Nation and inspired the establishment of ordered liberty in a score of other nations. We have need to refresh to the remembrance of the American people the great tests and trials of character of the men who founded our Republic. We have need to remember the fiber of those men who brought to successful conclusion the eight years of revolution. We have need again to bring forth the picture of the glories and the valor of Lexington and Concord, of Bunker Hill, the sufferings and fortitude of Valley Forge, the victory of Yorktown. We have need to revive the meaning and the sheer moral courage of the Declaration of Independence, the struggle of the Continental Congress, the forming of the Constitution. We have need at all times to review the early crises of the Republic, the consolidation of the Union, the establishment of national solidarity, the building of an administration of govern- ment, and the development of guarantees of freedom. No inci- dent and no part of these great events, which have echoed and reechoed throughout the world for a century and a half, can be separated from the name and the dominant leadership of George Washington. Upon these foundations of divine inspiration laid by our fore- fathers, and led by Washington, our Nation has builded up during this century and a half a new system of life, a system unique to the American people. It is hallowed by the sacrifice and glorious valor of men. It is assured by a glorious charter of human rights. It comprises a political system of self-government by the ma- jority, resting upon the duties of individual men to the com- munity, and of the local communities to the Nation. It is a government designed in spirit to sustain a dual purpose; to pro- tect our people among nations by great national power, and to preserve individual freedom by local self-government. It comprises a social system free of inherited position, based upon the ideal of equality of all men before the law, the equal privilege of men to strive and to achieve, and the responsibilities of men to their neighbors. It embraces an economic system based upon the largest degree of freedom and stimulation to initiative and enterprise which can be permitted and still maintain the ideal of equality of oppor- tunity among men. Finally, it embraces a system of relationships to other nations based upon no thought of imperialism, no desire to dominate; a determined national self-reliance in defense and independence in action; freedom from all commitment to the unknown future, and an aspiration to promote peace and good will among all men. Perhaps no single part of this system is different from some instance in history or in some part of the world. But in its composite form it is distinctly unique and distinctly American, a system under which we have reached an assured position among the most powerful of the nations of the world. This destiny of national greatness was clearly foreseen by George Washington. More fully than any man of his time was he gifted with vision of the future. He spoke habitually of the Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 49 "American Empire," and predicted its expansion from ocean to ocean. He planned and wrought for the binding forces of trans- portation and peaceful commerce. He thought in terms of almost imperial grandeur, and he wrought in terms of republican solidity. His far-flung dreams have come true, and he lives today in his works, in the names of our towns or cities and our States, and in the affectionate reverence of us who so immeasurably benefit by his wisdom. Our American system of national life is dependent upon a trust in the principles of government as established by George Washington; a trust in his example to our people; a trust in and a devotion to religious faith, which he himself so devoutly prac- tised; a trust in that divine inspiration which he so sedulously invoked and which is expressed in the common mind of our people; and above all a trust in the Divine Providence which has always given guidance to our country. From Washington's spirit there has grown an infusion of social ideals with the quality of magnanimity: upholding prosperity with generosity, dignity with forbearance, security without privilege, which has raised our institutions to a level of humanity and nobility nowhere else attained. We have the faith that Webster expressed, that a hundred years hence our countrymen will again celebrate his birth, will review the memory of his services with no less sincere admiration and gratitude than we now commemorate it, and that they too will see, as we now see, "the flag of the Union floating on the top of the Capitol." From the room where I conduct my high office I hourly see the monument which Washington's proud and grateful country- men have raised to his memory. It stands foursquare to the world, its base rooted steadfast in the solid substance of American soil. Its peak rises towards the heavens with matchless serenity and calm. Massive in its proportions, as was the character of Washington himself, overwhelming in its symmetry, simplicity, and sincerity, it most fittingly, beautifully, and nobly proclaims the founder of our commonwealth and our acceptance of his faith. Around that monument have grown steadily and surely the benevolent and beneficent agencies of orderly government dedicated to the spirit of Washington. Beyond any other monument built by the hand of man out of clay and stone, this shaft is a thing of the spirit. Whether seen in darkness or in light, in brightness or in gloom, there is about it a mantle of pure radiance which gives it the aspect of eternal truth. It is a pledge in the sight of all mankind, given by Washington's countrymen, to carry forward the continuing fulfillment of his vision of America. Following this address the assembly rose and sang "The Star-Spangled Banner." The Vice President then dissolved the Joint Session and the President of the United States and the entire audience pro- ceeded to the east front of the Capitol where a vast crowd has assembled awaiting the appearance of the President. Dr. George C. Havenner, Executive Vice Chair- man of the District of Columbia George Washing- ton Bicentennial Commission called the assembly to order and presented Dr. Cloyd Heck Marvin, Chairman of the District of Columbia George Washington Bicentennial Commission, who pre- sided. On the arrival of the President "Hail to the Chief" was played by the massed bands of the United States Army, United States Navy and United States Marine Corps, conducted by Lieut. Commander John Philip Sousa. At a signal given by the President, the entire assembly joined in the singing of "America." A national and international radio hook-up made possible the simultaneous singing of this hymn all over the United States and abroad. Chief among the singing units were 10,000 Washington school children and an adult chorus of 2,000. The sing- ing upon the plaza was conducted by Dr. Walter Damrosch, accompanied by the service bands. An address of welcome was given by Dr. Luther H. Reichelderfer, President of the Board of Com- missioners of the District of Columbia who spoke as follows: Mr. President and fellow citizens, my task today, although brief, is none the less a privileged one, as we stand here at the heart of the Government to commemorate the Two Hun- dredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington. Here in enduring stone and standing four square to every storm, is the temple of our political liberties, the expression in objective and visible form of those principles of liberty and self-government which Washington gave to our Nation and through our Nation to all the world. No more fitting place could be found for this solemn commemoration. My duty today is the more pleasant because of the inti- mate partnership between the Federal and District of Colum- bia Governments. As a representative of what Washington himself liked to call the Federal City, I welcome to these ceremonies all those who have come here today to honor the founder of our Capital City, not only our fellow Americans from far and near, but the sojourners within our gates from foreign shores. The lesson which Washington taught us is larger than mere local boundaries, and we desire nothing narrow or restricted in the scope and spirit of the celebration here in this city which honors Washington's memory by its very name. Everything about him was big, broad, national, indeed, international and universal in its appeal. So we are glad to have such a diversified and cosmopolitan assemblage for these opening exercises. We ask all the world to join in this Bicentennial festival and to rejoice with us today. In that spirit the National Capital greets you and bids you welcome. Following this address, Honorable James M. Beck, Representative in Congress from Pennsylvania, spoke as follows: Mr. President and my fellow citizens, it is a gracious im- pulse, inspired by sentiments of pious gratitude, which has today brought these thousands to the Capitol of the Nation to honor the birthday of Washington. Such a ceremonial is a sacred debt to the dead, a like duty to the unborn, and the living generation can gain fresh inspiration and courage in these trying times by recalling his character and achievements. Today, as always, his character is "as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land." It is our noblest heritage. 50 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission I am greatly honored in being asked to interpret, in a few words, the spirit of the occasion. I shall attempt no formal eulogy. The eloquent tribute to the memory of Washington which has just been made in the Halls of Congress by his lineal successor in the great office of President of the United States makes any other eulogy of Washington on this occasion an idle superfluity. Indeed, any eulogy must be inadequate, for the immortal substance of his reputation defies definition, and posterity contents itself by saying, with Abraham Lin- coln: "In solemn awe we pronounce the name, and in its naked deathless splendor leave it shining on." The fame of Washington is as a fixed star, whose benignant rays will illuminate the ages for uncounted centuries to come. He belongs to the few among mortal men whose fame is time- less. Ordinarily, it is presumptuous for a living generation to anticipate, as to any character in history, the judgment of posterity. Reputations come and go. Those that may seem great and lasting for a century or more too soon become as those airy streaks of cloud which, with the first breath of a new morning, "fade into the infinite azure of the past." Walking once in Westminster Abbey, where kings and queens are mingled in the promiscuity of death, a verger told me that Dean Stanley had had a long search for the grave of a king who had been buried in some former century with pomp and circumstance. It recalls the sad comment of Ed- mund Burke: "What shadows we are and what shadows we pursue." The Greeks of the classic age realized the presumption of such anticipations of posterity when they condemned Phidias to prison for sacrilege because he had sought to perpetuate his name by furtively chiseling his own image upon the shield of Minerva. And if this were true in simpler days, it is even more true in this age of crowded and fast-speeding wonders, when, as the collective power of civilization waxes, the indi- vidual wanes. "The best of this kind are but shadows." It thus becomes increasingly hazardous to assign to any man a place among the immortals. And yet there is born each century a man of whom it can be safely said that his fame defies that never-ending stream of time which washes away the dissoluble substance of temporary reputations. Such a man is Washington. The ages have enthroned him in the great arena of history as a Homeric king of men, and before him the unending generations pass with the salutation, "Morituri, te salutamus." His preemi- nence can be tested by the fact that if the wise and good of all the cultural nations of our present civilization were asked to select the three noblest characters of history, the name of Washington would be on almost every list. Name another of whom this could be said. It can be said of few men, moreover, that they were the founders of a state, for these mighty organisms rarely evolve from the predominant work of one man. There have, how- ever, been a few such founders — Alexander, Caesar, Charle- magne, and Napoleon. Their empires have all vanished, but the great Republic, which Washington founded, and which is his noblest monument, remains, and will remain as long as his people are faithful to his ideals of government. Never before was its power so great or its prestige so resplendent. Its star is still ascendant in the constellation of the nations, for who can ignore the momentous shifting of the world's center of gravity in the last half century. To those ancient seats of power on the Nile, the Tiber, the Danube, the Rhine, the Seine, and the Thames can now be added the Hudson and the The National Capital Ooserves Washington's Birthday. Under the direction of Dr. Walter Damkosch, a throng of 20,000 people gathered in front of the Capitol on February 22, 1932, and sang patriotic songs as part of the washington, d. c. observance. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 5 1 Potomac. As the Republic grows in power and majesty, the fame of Washington becomes more resplendent. To exert a beneficent influence in the councils of civiliza- tion the Republic need only follow his wise advice, as elo- quently set forth in that noblest testament that the founder of a state ever gave to his people, the immortal Farewell Address. Speaking as "an old and affectionate friend," not only to his generation but to all that were to follow in the tide of time, Washington advised his people not to implicate themselves "in the ordinary vicissitudes of her [European] politics, or the ordinary combinations and collusions of her friendships, or enmities." His reiteration of the word "ordi- nary" is most significant. It implies that in extraordinary crises of civilization America should not pursue a policy of isolation but should assume its due share of the collective responsibility of nations for the maintenance of peace through justice. He would still recognize that elemental forces in- finitely greater than political institutions have united the once scattered nations in a world community of purpose and action. He believed that America should be a helpful member in the family of nations, but without sacrificing its independence in decision and action by any entangling alliance. Such would be his policy to-day, for, to quote his own words, he would have us "independent of all and under the influence of none." He gave us the shining ideal and ultimate objective of our foreign policy in urging us always "to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence." As all great and noble soldiers, he deprecated war, except as a last resort, and yet regarded it as preferable to a craven acquiescence in injustice, for in accepting the command of our Army he announced his belief that even peace could be too dearly purchased. When he delivered his fifth annual address in December, 1793, the world was, to quote his own words, "in an uproar," and the difficult task of the United States was, as he then said, to "steer safely between Scylla and Charybdis." Recognizing that perpetual peace could never come while the spirit of injustice remained, he solemnly warned his Nation "not to indulge a persuasion that, contrary to the order of human events, they will forever keep at a distance those painful appeals to arms with which the his- tory of every other nation abounds." And he solemnly added: "There is a rank due to the United States among nations which will be withheld, if not absolutely lost, by the reputa- tion of weakness. If we desire to avoid insult, we must be able to repel it; if we desire to secure peace, one of the most powerful instruments of our rising prosperity, it must be known that we are at all times ready for war." He never believed, however, that preparations for war would alone insure peace. With nations, as with individuals, peaceful relations must in the last analysis depend upon a mutual spirit of "good faith and justice." Therefore, he urged that we should at all times observe such "good faith and justice towards all nations [and] cultivate peace and harmony with all." To observe that policy in its letter and spirit is to be true to Washington, to ourselves; and if we are thus true, we can not then be false to any nation. He would have welcomed the present noble effort of the nations to insure peace by an equitable limitation of arms, with its resulting growth in the spirit of amity, for one of the last letters he ever wrote contained the declaration that it was "time to sheath" the sword of war and "give peace to man- kind"; but he had no illusions as to its possibility until all nations had a sincere desire for justice as the only basis of peace. Let us today reverently thank the God of our fathers not only for the words and deeds of Washington, but for the lasting inspiration of his noble character. It illuminates, as none other, the very soul of America. From his simple grave in Mount Vernon he still guides the destinies of the American people. When the seas are smooth we may little feel his presence and sometimes are unmindful of his wise admoni- tions; but when the ship of state plunges into a storm and is threatened by angry seas his mighty shade is again in our consciousness as the true and eternal helmsman of the Republic. There is a painting by the great English artist, Burne- Jones, which depicts the closing incident of that Arthurian saga which embodies the chivalry of our English-speaking race. The picture reveals King Arthur upon his deathbed at Avalon. Over a couch hangs his sword with which he had defended his people, and beside the bed stands a trumpeter who, if ever England were in desperate need, would sound his trumpet, at whose call King Arthur would rise again from his couch of death in defense of his nation. Our Arthur — bravest of the brave and knightliest of the knightly, — sleeps at Mount Vernon, but whenever disaster menaces our institutions the American people again become conscious of his potent influence, for "the path of the just is as a shining light, which shineth more and more unto the perfect day." The school children then sang "Washington, Fair Capital," conducted by Dr. E. N. C. Barnes, accompanied by the United States Army Band, Captain William J. Stannard, leader. This was followed by a solo, "Carry Me Back to Old Vir- ginia," by Honorable Clifton A. Woodrum, Mem- ber of Congress from Virginia, accompanied by the United States Army Band. The school children then sang "To Thee, O Country," conducted by Professor A. H. Johnson, accompanied by the United States Navy Band, Lieut. Charles Benter, leader. The great "George Washington Bicentennial March" by Sousa was played by the massed bands of the United States Army, the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps, con- ducted by the late Lieut. Commander John Philip Sousa. With the playing of "The Star-Spangled Banner," sung by the assemblage led by Dr. E. N. C. Barnes, accompanied by the United States Marine Band, Captain Taylor Branson, leader, the exercises were ended. President at Alexandria, Virginia Soon after the great demonstration at the east front of the Capitol, President and Mrs. Hoover, accompanied by members of the Cabinet, other high officials and members of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, visited Alexandria, Virginia, to review a patriotic parade. For two hours thousands of marchers in colorful array of revolutionary and modern days traveled over the streets in a long line of march through dense lines of spectators who crowded every pos- sible point of vantage. It was estimated that the n Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission pageant was viewed by 100,000 persons. The arrival of the President was signalized by a salute of 21 guns from naval vessels anchored in the nearby Potomac. Just before the arrival of the President, the Monticello Guards, attired in their historic Continental Army uniforms, paid a visit of honor to the grave of the Unknown Soldier of the Revolutionary War in the churchyard of the Old Presbyterian Meeting House. After this ceremony the Guards formed an honorary escort to the President and his party to the reviewing stand where the President and Mrs. Hoover were greeted by Governor John Garland Pollard of Vir- ginia and other guests were similarly greeted by Virginia dignitaries. Artillery, infantry and cavalry of the regular army, detachments of the Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guards of Virginia and the District of Columbia National Guard units marched by the reviewing stand and saluted the Chief Magistrate. Then came the Monticello Guards, the Richmond Blues, the Richmond Grays, Petersburg Grays and other historic organizations which met with roars of applause from the masses along the festooned President Hoover at the Tomb of George Washington, Mount Vernon, Virginia, on February 22, 1932. The President laid the wreath on the tomb of the first President while hundreds of persons on the rolling grounds of the old Washington estate joined in silent tribute as the President stood bareheaded before the tomb. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 53 boulevard. Veterans of the Spanish War and the World War, and many other interesting units of marchers filed past the reviewing stand. Numer- ous historic floats depicting scenes and incidents in the life of Washington formed a high spot of the gorgeous spectacle. President and Mrs. Hoover left the reviewing stand at 4:00 o'clock and proceeded to Mount Vernon where the President laid a wreath upon the tomb of George Washington. Returning to the Mount Vernon mansion, the President extended greetings to several thousand members of the National Education Association, gathered upon the lawn. Their visit to Mount Vernon was incidental to the meeting of their Convention in Washing- ton. To the teachers, President Hoover addressed these brief remarks: It is a signal event that the representatives of teachers of our whole country should meet at Mount Vernon this day because our teachers, more than any other group, have both the privilege and the duty to guide the steps in each new generation on the road of democracy, to instruct them with understanding and reverence for the spiritual benefits which flow from the history of this great man, and to instill our children with the accomplishments of the men who have made and guided our Nation. We meet here today in one of the places which physically in itself is enchanting and beautiful in its grounds, build- ings and associations, but it is not these which attract hither the steps or thoughts of millions of Americans. It is the memory and the spirit of the greatest man of our race which pervades these grounds; it is a national shrine, the very name of which swells our hearts with pride and gratitude. It has been preserved and cared for all these many years by the women of America, in whose trusteeship the Nation can find no greater assurance of its meaning, its sanctity and reverence. You have come from every part of our country — from homes, towns, cities and States unknown to Washington's life — yet each and every one of which received untold bless- ings from his life and his public service. To you more than any one else we entrust the translation of Washington to our children. At the conclusion of his address, President Hoover and his party re-entered their cars and returned to Washington. Washington's Lodge Celebrated Among all the thousands of celebrations held on February 22 in honor of the greatest American, none was more deeply significant than the tribute paid to Washington the Mason at a Masonic ban- quet held the evening of February 22 in the lodge room of the Alexandria-Washington Lodge, of which George Washington was the first Worshipful Master. It has been a custom of this lodge since the death of its most illustrious member to hold a meeting in commemoration of his life and services on the annual recurrence of his birthday. In the fellowship of the banquet, the Alexandria Masons were joined by representatives of the Con- stitutional Lodge of Beverly, England, and the Liberty Lodge of Beverly, Massachusetts. Ad- dresses were made by His Excellency, the Ambas- sador of Poland, Mr. Tytus Filipowicz; Most Wor- shipful Harry K. Green, Grand Master of Masons in Virginia; Right Reverend James E. Freeman, Bishop of Washington; and Honorable Allan T. Tread- way, Representative from Massachusetts. Dr. S. Nelson Gray, Worshipful Master of the Alex- andria-Washington Lodge, presided. The Bicentennial Ball ||HE GREAT George Washington Bicen- tennial Ball, organized and sponsored by the United States George Washing- ton Bicentennial Commission, was held in the City of Washington the night of February 22, 1932. The event was the climax of a crowded day of brilliancy and color and momentous official recognition of the importance of the occasion. This great Colonial Ball and pageant rivaled in beauty and splendor any spectacle of its kind ever held in the National Capital, which is noted for its long list of glittering social events. The entire first floor of the Mayflower Hotel had been re- served for the ball and two thousand guests in colonial attire gave the scene an unrivaled charm and historical significance. The Vice President of the United States and the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court were the ranking Governmental officials present. The pages of history were turned back to George Washington's time when the pageant of Colonial days opened the Ball in the great ballroom of the hotel. The pageant was a scene of bewildering beauty and was enacted by men and women in resplendent costumes. Many of the gowns and uniforms were heirlooms of old American families preserved from the period which they represented. The great Ball and Pageant was arranged by a special committee appointed by the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, under the supervision of the Director. The Com- mission is greatly indebted to Mrs. Walter R. Tuck- erman who was Chairman, Mrs. James Carroll The party of the Vice President of the United States, Honorable Charles Curtis, and his Sis- ter, Mrs. Edward Everett Gann. At the right is the party of the Chief Justice of the United States and Mrs. Charles Evans Hughes. 54 Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 55 Frazer, Vice Chairman, and the committee which consisted of the following: Mrs. Mrs. Edward Everett Gann Mrs. John N. Garner Mrs. George Sutherland Mrs. Harlan Fiske Stone Mrs. Henry L. Stimson Mrs. Patrick J. Hurley Mrs. Walter F. Brown Mrs. Ray Lyman Wilbur Mrs. Robert P. Lamont Mrs. Charles Alden Mrs. Lars Anderson Mrs. A. A. Ballantine Mrs. James M. Beck Miss Mabel Boardman Mrs. Wilbur J. Carr Mrs. Robt. Hollister Chapman Mrs. William D. Connor Mrs. A. P. Gordon Cumming Mrs. Henry S. Dimock Mrs. Gibson Fahnestock Mrs. Frederick Gillett Mrs. McCormick Goodhart Annie M. Hegeman Robert Hinckley Rose Gouverneur Hoes s. Ernest Lee Jahncke Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mi Mrs. Marshall Langhorne Mrs. Demarest Lloyd Mrs. Cloyd Heck Marvin Mrs. Edward B. McLean Hoover Mrs. Charles Evans Hughes Mrs. William Van Devanter Mrs. Pierce Butler Mrs. Owen J. Roberts Mrs. Ogden L. Mills Mrs. William deWitt Mitchell Mrs. Charles Francis Adams Mrs. Arthur M. Hyde Mrs. William N. Doak Mrs. Chandler P. Anderson Mrs. Frederic Atherton Mrs. Sol Bloom Mrs. Mark Bristol Mrs. William R. Castle, Jr. Mrs. Sidney A. Cloman Mrs. Henry C. Corbin Mrs. John W. Davidge Mme. Ekengren Mrs. James Carroll Frazer Mrs. Charles Glover, Jr. Mrs. Gilbert Grosvenor Mrs. Guy V. Henry Mrs. Reynolds Hitt Mrs. Davis S. Ingalls Mrs. Frederick Keep Mrs. Henry Leonard Mrs. Breckenridge Long Mrs. Nicholas Longworth Mrs. George T. Marye Mrs. Eugene Meyer Mrs. Frank B. Noyes Mrs. Eleanor Patterson Mrs. Walter G. Peter Mrs. William V. Pratt Mrs. Henry A. Strong Mrs. Corcoran Thorn Mrs. Walter R. Tuckerman Mrs. Francis White The members of the Genera Thirteen States were: Mrs. Arthur O'Brien Mrs. Frederick Huff Payne Mrs. Mahlon Pitney Mrs. Mary Roberts Rinehart Mrs. Charles Shepard Mrs. William Howard Taft Mrs. Lawrence Townsend Mrs. J. Mayhew Wainwright 1 Committee for the orginial VIRGINIA— 1607 Mrs. John G. Pollard Mrs. Claude A. Swanson Mrs. Richard Evelyn Byrd Mrs. Spencer Carter Mrs. Richard Crane Mrs. Robert Daniel Mrs. Fairfax Harrison Mrs. J. Allison Hodges Miss Frances Scott Mrs. Alexander W. Weddell MASSACHUSETTS— 1 620 Mrs. Joseph B. Ely Mrs. Marcus A. Coolidge Mrs. Copley Amory Mrs. William C. Endicott Mrs. Godfrey Cabot Mrs. John Lowell Hon. Edith Nourse Rogers Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer Mrs. Augustus Thorndike Mrs. Roger Wolcott NEW YORK— 1623 Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt Mrs. Royal S. Copeland Mrs. F. Ashton DePeyster Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt Mrs. H. Casimir DeRham Miss Florence VanRensselaer Mrs. Arthur Curtiss James Mrs. Wm. B. VanRensselaer Honorable Ruth Baker Pratt • /ro/yr //f/>//////y/o// . Vj/rr/t/rj/js/f// ■ /Jrf// /// rr r/frr// f/t //ff)/tf ///////// _/. f'j, OH . /rs'/ts/r/y, ■ ///sf /'//'*/ //tr /t0n /cy A /*f?i fits// C/f'r*tf*u^&«*s*l' £r*44r j/rtuj uvar/i/aff we// /w ff//«c/ inJ /%*>**» iA//a&* '*?/ /„» t* PiL'«i Mlt . Twenty-one gun salute firi Governor's Island, New York, February 22, 193 2, which ushered in the great Celebration in the Metropolis. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration si Reviewing stand at the Celebration in New York City, February 22, 1932, when more than 10,000 men marched up flfth avenue. The parade was the high spot in a Jay given over to cere monies of a patriotic and religious significance. Left to right in the reviewing stand are: Colonel Win. Costigan, Honorable Groier Whalen, Chairman of the New York City Bicentennial Committee, Mayor James }. Walker, and Brigadier General Lucius P. Holbrooke. One of the notable parade features of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration in New York City, February 22, 1932. These flags were unveiled at Washington Scjuare, and it was from this point that the colorful procession of 10,000 men marched up Fifth Avenue 82 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission New York City Opens the Celebration The City of New York gave official recognition to the opening of the Bicentennial Celebration in ceremonies preceded by a military parade of 10,000 men up Fifth Avenue. The exercises were inaugu- rated by a salute of 21 guns from Fort Jay, and during the day there were scores of meetings, pageants, dinners and religious exercises in honor of the nation's first President. Banks, schools and business houses generally were closed. The parade was headed by Brigadier General Lucius R. Hol- brooke, grand marshal, and started promptly at 2:30 o'clock from Washington Square. At the Worth Monument, Fifth Avenue and Twenty- fifth Street, it was reviewed by Mayor James J. Walker, Honorable Grover Whalen, Chairman of the City Bicentennial Commission, ranking army and navy officials, and distinguished citizens. Regular army regiments, marine and naval detach- ments, accompanied by their bands, National Guard Regiments, reserves and representatives of a dozen veteran and patriotic associations were in line. In Brooklyn a similar parade was held by the King's County Volunteer Firemen's Association. It was reviewed at Borough Hall by Brooklyn officials. Reverse of the Official Medal issued at the Celebra- tion in New York, April 30, 1889, of the Centennial of the first Inauguration of President Washington. Obverse of the Official Medal issued at the Celebra- tion in New York, April 30, 1889, of the Centennial of the first Inauguration of President Washington. Previous George Washington Celebrations CELEBRATIONS of various kinds, and commemorating various events in the life of George Washington, have been held in all parts of the Union since the first Inauguration of the First President. To the city and people of Alexandria, Virginia, belong the honor of paying tribute to George Washington within a few hours after his notification of election as the First President. When Charles Thomson, who had been Secretary of the Continental Con- gress throughout its existence of fourteen years, reached Mount Vernon with the notification of the election of George Washington to the Presidency on April 14, 1789, the future President lost no time in preparing to assume his great duties. On April 16, Washington started for New York. He had scarcely left his home before he was met by his neighbors and friends of Alexandria, who escorted him into town and gave him an early dinner. It was upon this occasion that George Washington received his first greetings as the Presi- dent of the United States. As George Washington left the City of Alexandria, he found it difficult to conceal his emotions. "Unutterable sensations," said he, "must then be left for more expressive silence, while from an aching heart I bid you all, my affectionate friends and kind neighbors, farewell." Celebration in 1832 It was natural that many cities and communi- ties should be especially interested in the com- memoration of historical events of more or less local importance. On February 22, 1832, there were a number of celebrations held in some of the principal cities in honor of the One Hundredth Anniversary of George Washington's birth. In the National Capital a subscription banquet was held at Barnard's Mansion House, at Northwest corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and 14th Street, at which Daniel Webster presided and delivered a notable oration ending in these stirring words: But let us hope for better things. Let us trust in that gracious Being who has hitherto held our country as in the hollow of His hand. Let us trust to the virtue and intelli- gence of the people, and to the efficacy of religious obliga- tion. Let us trust to the influence of Washington's example. Let us hope that that fear of Heaven which expels all other fear, and that regard to duty which transcends all other regard, may influence public men and private citizens, and lead our country still onward in her happy career. Full of these gratifying anticipations and hopes, let us look forward to the end of that century which is now commenced. A hundred years hence, other disciples of Washington will cele- brate his birth, with no less of sincere admiration that we now commemorate it. When they shall meet, as we now meet, to do themselves and him that honor, so surely as they shall see the blue summits of his native mountains rise in the horizon, so surely as they shall behold the river on whose banks he lived, and on whose banks he rests, still flowing on toward the sea, so surely may they see, as we now see, the flag of the Union floating on the top of the Capitol; and then, as now, may the sun in his course visit no land more free, more happy, more lovely, than this our own country! Fiftieth Anniversary of Inauguration The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Inauguration of George Washington as President of the United States was celebrated in New York on April 30, 1839. The arrangements for the Celebration were made under the direction of the New York His- torical Society. The Committee on Arrangements invited John Quincy Adams to deliver the oration and the exercises were held in the Little Dutch Church in Cedar Street, New York. Many per- sons of distinction were in attendance. Mr. Adams occupied about two hours in the delivery of the oration, in the course of which he said: And on that day of which you now commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary, on the 30th day of April, 1789, was this mighty revolution, not only in the affairs of our country, but in the principles of government over civilized man, accomplished. The Revolution itself was the work of thir- teen years — and had never been completed until that day. The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States are parts of one consistent whole, founded upon one and the same theory of government. The evening program, according to a news- paper account of the time, ended as follows: In the course of the evening, a fine transparency, repre- senting old Federal Hall, formerly standing on the corner of Wall and Nassau Streets, the scene of Washington's Inaugu- ration, was disclosed by the withdrawal of a curtain at the upper end of the hall, and produced a brilliant effect. The figures of Washington and Chancellor Livingston were seen in the balcony, the one laying his hand upon the book, while the other administered the oath of office in the presence of a vast concourse of people. The painting was extremely well executed, and, taking the company by surprise, drew forth long and loud applause. The hall was also decorated with copies of Stuart's portraits of the first five Presidents of the United States — copies painted by Stuart himself. The festivi- ties were continued to a late hour, and brought to a brilliant close the commemoration of a day long to be remembered in the annals of our country's happiness and prosperity. 84 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission In April of 1875 occurred the Centennial of the Battle of Lexington. Afterward came the Bunker Hill Celebration of June 17, 1875, and the great Centennial Celebration, and recently the York- town Sesqui-Centennial Celebration, the Evacua- tion Day Celebration, the Celebration of the formation of the Constitution of the United States, and other similar centennial celebrations. The New York Centennial Celebration The greatest celebration in honor of George Washington ever held prior to the Celebration commemorating the Two Hundredth Anniversary of his Birth, was held in New York in honor of the One Hundredth Anniversary of his first Inaugura- tion. The New York Historical Society was the prime mover in this celebration. Formal invitations to the general Celebration were extended to the President of the United States, the members of his Cabinet, the Chief Jus- tice of the Supreme Court of the United States and the two Houses of Congress. A meeting was held in Philadelphia in the Hall of the Carpenters Com- pany, April 28, 1888 to arouse more interest in the New York Celebration. Presidential Proclamation As the day for the opening of the great Celebra- tion approached Benjamin Harrison, who had suc- ceeded Grover Cleveland as President of the United States, issued the following proclamation: By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation A hundred years have passed since the Government which our forefathers founded was formally organized. At noon on the thirtieth day of April, seventeen hundred and eighty- nine, in the city of New York, and in the presence of an assemblage of the heroic men whose patriotic devotion had led the Colonies to victory and independence, George Wash- ington took the oath of office as Chief Magistrate of the new-born Republic. This impressive act was preceded, at nine o'clock in the morning, in all the churches of the city, by prayer for God's blessing on the Government and its first President. The centennial of this illustrious event in our history has been declared a general holiday by Act of Congress, to the end that the people of the whole country may join in com- memorative exercises appropriate to the day. In order that the joy of the occasion may be associated with a deep thankfulness in the minds of the people for all our blessings in the past, and a devout supplication to God for their gracious continuance in the future, the representa- tives of the religious creeds, both Christian and Hebrew, have memorialized the Government to designate an hour for prayer and thanksgiving on that day. Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of America, in response to this pious and reasonable request, do recommend that on Tuesday, April 30th, at the hour of nine o'clock in the morning, the people of the entire country repair to their respective places of Divine worship, to implore the favor of God that the bless- ings of Liberty, prosperity and peace, may abide with us as a people, and that His hand may lead us in the paths of righteousness and good deeds. In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States of America to be affixed. Done in the City of Washington this fourth day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand (Seal) eight hundred and eighty-nine, and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and thirteenth. Benj. Harrison. By the President: James G. Blaine, Secretary of State. Official Program The official program which completed the Cele- bration of the One Hundredth Anniversary of the First Inauguration of George Washington as Presi- dent of the United States was as follows: Wednesday, April 17, 1889 Formal opening of the Loan Exhibition of His- torical portraits and relics in the Assembly Rooms of the Metropolitan Opera House, New York City. Monday, April 29, 1889 The Naval Parade in New York Harbor. Ar- rangements having been made for the reception of the President of the United States who arrived in New York City over practically the same route as that taken by George Washington in 1789, the Re- ception Committee arranged to meet his steamer off Elizabethport, New Jersey. This part of the program was quite spectacular and was witnessed by hundreds of thousands of people congregated on both sides of the harbor. The President's steamer, with Reception Committee, landed at the foot of Wall Street and the President and his guests were escorted to the Equitable Building where a Recep- tion was tended by the Committee on States. In the evening the Centennial Ball was given at the Metropolitan Opera House. The Mayor of the City of New York received the President of the United States and other distinguished guests. The President was escorted to the ball by the Chairman of the Committee on Entertainment, accompanied by the Governor of New York, and Mrs. Harrison, the Vice President and Mrs. Morton and the Lieut. - Governor and Mrs. Jones. Tuesday, April 30 Divine Services Everywhere Pursuant to the Proclamation of the President, services of thanksgiving were held in the churches Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 85 of New York and throughout the country. A special service of thanksgiving was held in St. Paul's Chapel at 9:00 o'clock which the President and other distinguished guests attended. At the close of the religious service at 9:40 A. M., the President and party proceeded to the Sub-Treasury Building at the corner of Wall and Nassau Streets, the scene of the Inauguration ceremony on April 30, 1789, where the Literary Exercises took place. These exer- cises began at 10:00 A. M. and consisted of an invo- cation by the Rev. Richard S. Storrs, D.D.,LL.D.;a Poem by John Greenleaf Whittier; an Oration by Chauncey Mitchell Depew, LL.D.; an Address by the President of the United States and the Benedic- tion by the Most Rev. Michael Augustine Corrigan, Archbishop of New York. At the conclusion of the Literary Exercises the President and members of the Cabinet, the Chief Justice and Associate Jus- tices, were driven to the Reviewing Stand at Madi- son Square. The parade, under Major-General John M. Schofield, U. S. A., as Chief Marshall was one of the largest and most colorful processions that ever moved through the streets of the metropolis. i / 4&A /■ /'tr /£>: Facsimile of the ticket to the Centennial Ball in New York City, April 29, 1889, which was a prominent feature of the celebration in honor of the one hundredth anniversary of the flrst inauguration of President Washington. Manufacturers and Merchants Cooperation jN BUSINESS as well as in every other field, the year 1932 was a "George Washington Year." As early as the Spring of 1931 manu- facturers and merchants began to display interest in the plans for the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration. The Commission at that time received requests from several manufacturers for assistance in designing articles to meet the expected nation- wide demand for Bicentennial merchandise in 1932. Many retail stores — especially large department stores — looked forward not only to meeting this demand but also to participating in local celebra- tions throughout the country. As the time for the opening of the Celebration approached, this interest increased and the Com- mission was flooded with requests for information and advice from merchants and manufacturers. By December, 1931, hundreds of letters were being received daily from retail merchants and more than five hundred manufacturers had sought the aid of the Commission by letter and by personal calls at the headquarters in Washington. The experts of the Commission gave all the aid possible in response to these requests. The policy of the Commission in this respect was embodied in the following official statement: The United States George Washington Bicentennial Com- mission is not commercial and has nothing to sell. It is an agency of the United States Government. The Commission treats all manufacturers and retail agencies alike, giving advice and cooperation free of charge to all persons and business concerns manufacturing, producing, and selling articles pertaining to the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington. Negotiations should be carried on directly with the Commission. The Commission has no financial interest, direct or indi- rect, in the sale of articles of merchandise. No concessions or exclusive rights are granted for the manufacture or sale of any articles, and no such representations are authorized. Trade and business organizations and journals, A typical George Washington Window Display. Colonial costumes, and other Bicentennial decorations exhibited by a department store. 86 Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 87 A Selection From the Many Bicentennial Medals Made in 1932 Reverse of Wakefield Medal Made by Bailey, Banks and Biddle Bicentennial Medal for the Eighty-Second Anniversary of the Ohio State Fair Made by F. H. Nobel Co. Obverse of the Gustavus Adolphus-George Washington Bicentennial Medal Distinguished Service Medal Awarded by the Chicago George Washington Bicentennial Committee Made by Green Duck Co. m !a|Nl*K*|ii:feUliUi SHNHHHI. w ,TA It IUDE ISLAND^ Reverse of Above Medal Made by Whitehead & Hoag Reverse of George Washington Bicen- tennial Medal of the State of Rhode Island Made by rhe Robbins Co. Washington Bicentennial Medal Made by the Bastian Bros. Co. Bicentennial Medal for the 67th Annual Session of Penn- sylvania State Camp, P.O. S. of A. Made by Whitehead & Hoag Obverse, George Washington Masonic Memorial Dedication Medal, Alexandria, Va. Made by Bailey, Banks & Biddle Reverse, George Washington Masonic Memorial Dedication Medal, Alexandria, Va. Made by the Robbins Co. 88 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission advertising firms, newspapers and magazines were seeking ways to stimulate buying during the world- wide business depression. Taking note of the in- creasing public interest in the approaching series of Bicentennial celebrations throughout the United States and in foreign lands, many editors and trade experts expressed the hope and belief that the Bi- centennial Celebration would help to put new life into business. Gilbert T. Hodges, president of the Advertising Federation of America, reflected this attitude when he said in a public statement on March 23, 1932: "There is a very definite feeling on the part of advertising men that this celebration in honor of George Washington has real and substantial possi- bilities from the standpoint of improving business conditions." The National Retail Dry Goods Association, through Frank W. Spaeth, manager of its Sales Promotion Division, early became interested in this phase of the celebration and cooperated with the Commission in assisting retail merchants, particu- larly department stores, with information about the Bicentennial plans, and suggestions for meeting the expected demand for Bicentennial merchandise and organizing their employees to take part in the pub- lic celebrations during the Bicentennial Year. Booklet of Suggestions Issued In response to the growing demands for assist- ance from the business world, the Commission pub- lished in the early autumn of 1931 a pamphlet en- titled "Suggestions for Merchants and Department Store Cooperation." The pamphlet contained a practical plan for participation by department stores and merchants generally in the Bicentennial Celebration. Manufacturers, by referring to the partial list of Bicentennial merchandise expected to be in demand during 1932, found suggestions of value in supplying the retail trade. A quotation from a letter written by George Washington was printed on the inside cover: "7/ is not a custom with me to keep money to look at" This was seized upon at once as a slogan by merchants everywhere. The Department of Commerce, through its Bu- reau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, became interested in the business possibilities of the celebra- tion. Dr. Julius Klein, Assistant Secretary of Commerce, commenting on this "George Washing- ton slogan" in a nation-wide radio address, said: Washington's attitude in that respect has a tremendous lesson for all of us at this moment. Entirely too many of us today seem to have fallen into the ill-advised and short- sighted habit of "keeping money to look at" — the practice which the Great Founder so vigorously rejected. . . . When money is willing to go to work it can put men and women to work — men and women who may now be suffering and in despair. Thirty-five thousand copies of the pamphlet, "Suggestions for Merchants and Department Store Cooperation," were distributed to manufacturers and retail merchants during the latter part of the year 1931 and the first part of 1932. These were sent by the Commission direct to stores and manu- facturers in varying quantities, according to their needs. Many were also distributed through the District Managers of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce. Other agencies which cooperated with the Com- mission in the distribution of the pamphlet were the National Retail Dry Goods Association, State and regional newspaper associations, city and State chambers of commerce and trade associations, ad- vertising agencies and syndicates and similar organ- izations. It was also re-printed, either in full or in part, by many trade and business journals and by daily and weekly newspapers. Celebration a Stimulus to Trade The Bicentennial Celebration was utilized by manufacturers and retail merchants everywhere in an effort to stimulate sales and it is certain that the general effect upon business and employment was beneficial. That this effect would have been much greater, if there had been no general business de- pression at the time, is equally certain. Referring to the psychological effect of the Bicentennial Cele- bration in the business world, Norman S. Hinman, of the Commonwealth Edison Company, of Chi- cago, said in an article published in the "Chicago National Market" in March, 1932: This Washington Bicentennial Celebration, if done right, can prove the greatest influence in this Nation against the spread of communism. This Washington Bicentennial, if taken hold of vigorously, can materially aid in the restoration of public confidence and in the breaking of the mental despondence of our people. This Washington Bicentennial is a providential opportunity offered American business for lifting itself out of its present depressed condition. Ameri- can business can serve itself best and honor Washington most by seizing the providential timeliness of this celebration to rouse itself and follow him again. Manufacturers Prepare for Bicentennial The variety of articles manufactured especially for the Bicentennial Celebration was practically Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration without limit. They ranged from pen knives and pencils to dress goods and chinaware, from furni- ture and statuary to new roadways and bridges, from souvenirs and toys to "The George Washing- ton," the modern air-conditioned train of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company. The George Washington and the Colonial motifs were utilized in an amazing number of ways, covering practically the entire field of retail merchandise. There is no record of any other celebration of this kind having had so pronounced and wide-spread an effect in the mercantile world. The Commission assisted hundreds of manufac- turers in the preparation of designs for Bicentennial merchandise but numerous other manufacturers also produced articles in this category. The Com- mission was pleased to help manufacturers when re- quested to do so, but neither the approval nor the assistance of the Commission was necessary in the preparation of Bicentennial merchandise. The assistance rendered by the Commission's ex- perts at the request of manufacturers was varied in nature, but it consisted mainly of furnishing in- formation concerning the historical accuracy of Colonial designs for dress goods, furniture, silver- ware, jewelry, costumes and uniforms for plays and pageants and numerous other articles, and advice as to the general appropriateness of new designs for Bicentennial merchandise of every description. While the Commission consistently refused to sug- gest specific designs, leaving all such matters to the individual initiative of manufacturers, approval was readily given, impartially and without discrimi- nation, to all designs or samples submitted which were unquestionably authentic historically or deemed appropriate for the occasion. In every re- spect the Commission adhered to the policy of serv- ing all alike and acting only within the proper scope of an agency of the United States Government. Wide Variety of Bicentennial Merchandise The following partial list will give some idea of the variety of articles manufactured especially for the Bicentennial Celebration and placed on sale in stores throughout the country: Art Goods: Engravings Etchings Paintings Lithographs Books: Histories Biographies Children's Books Commemorative Volumes Historical Charts Cloth: Women's Dress Goods —of Silk — of Cotton —of Wool Linens and Other Ma- terial Drapery Material — of Chintzes — of Cretonnes — of Tapestries Ribbons Clothing: Women's and Children's Dresses Men's Shirts Boys' Blouses Scarfs Handkerchiefs Neckties Sweaters Belts Hats Children's Suits Cosmetics: Compacts Toilet Sets Costumes: Colonial Costumes Costume Patterns Decorations: Banners Bunting Flags Pennants Pictures Silhouettes Paper Streamers, etc. Displays: Posters Fireworks Floats Dioramas Marionettes Display Material Emblems: Badges Medallions Souvenir Buttons Souvenir Pins Entertainment: Motion Pictures Lantern Slides Games Toys Puzzles Bridge Sets Pageants and Plays Furniture and House Fur- nishings: Colonial Reproductions Bedroom Suites Living Room Suites Dining Room Suites Odd Pieces Sewing Cabinets Stoves Rugs Carpets Table Linens Cloths Covers Napkins Scarfs Paper Plates and Cups Chests Lamps and Shades Pillows Pillow Covers Pictures and Frames Wall Paper Calendars Brushes Fans Hangers Soap Shopping Bags Book Ends Book Covers Quilts Boudoir Accessories Smoking Stands Ash Trays Jewelry: Pins Brooches Clocks Medals Rings Pendants Metal Products: Memorial Tablets Highway Signs Historical Markers Tree Markers Automobile Accessories Novelties and Souvenirs: Souvenir Coins Fobs Key Rings Pen Knives Match Boxes Book Marks Card Cases Billfolds Bridge Prizes Advertising Specialties Stationery: Letter Heads and Note Paper Envelopes Greeting Cards Seals Pencils Pens Tablets Note Books Albums Blotters Desk Pads Statuary: Statues and Statuettes Busts Placques Tableware: Chinaware Silverware Glassware Trays As early as November 1931 the "Merchants' Record and Show Window" referred to the "new 90 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission designs in fabrics, Colonial styles in women's and misses wear, house furnishings and almost every other kind of merchandise." . . . It is not the thought in this great celebration, continues the article, to commercialize the fond memories we hold for the beloved Washington, Father of His Country, but rather it offers an opportunity for all people to pay homage to him in their own way — to show their love and respect for him and to manifest a desire to emulate his useful life. Women's Wear Leads Even — or perhaps it should be said, especially — did "women's wear" feel the influence of the Bicen- tennial. There was a revival of Colonial patterns and designs in dress goods and an accentuation of the patriotic motif in new colors and patterns. "The tri-color — red, white and blue — leads the van of high hues this month," announced the "Chicago National Market" in its March number of 1932. Virtually every large manufacturer of silk, wool and cotton dress goods in the United States put spe- cial Bicentennial designs on the market early in the year. These had been inspired by the dresses worn in the early days of our country and now carefully preserved in museums. The result was both au- thentic copies of early American prints, and — in- spired by goods of such designs — fashions adapted from those early dresses. Months before the celebration opened, silk, cot- ton and textile manufacturers sent representatives to the United States George Washington Bicen- tennial Commission to confer on designs for the 1932 lines. As a result women again wore fabrics with the same designs as those worn by Martha Washington, Abigil Adams, Elizabeth Monroe and other celebrated women of the Colonial period. For instance, the Elizabeth Monroe pattern made up by one silk company was in a variety of color com- binations and is the exact reproduction of an origi- nal dress worn by Elizabeth Monroe now in the his- torical costume exhibit at the United States National Museum. Other designs sent out by this silk firm also bore the names of Colonial women as well as such subtly suggestive names as "candle- light." Even the brocades worn by Colonial ladies of Unveiling of George Washington Mural Panorama. A department store Bicentennial program in which Boy Scouts, Sons of the American Revolution, Daughters of the American Revolution, American Legion, Spanish War Veterans, and Grand Army of the Republic participated. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 91 wealth were reincarnated in prints that simulated them. There were other designs that took their inspiration from Colonial gardens and still others that cleverly adapted the cherry tree and hatchet, the stage-coach, the stars and stripes, the Liberty Bell. One clever print showed the tiny figure of a Colonial dame in silhouette; another even had an outline profile of Washington. Colors, too, took their cue from the anniversary. The three-color combination of red, white and blue was striking and popular in the plain colors, and the prints showed the charm of delicate rosebuds, sprays and bowknots of olden days. In the woolens, a shawl in the Metropolitan Museum served as a popular pattern for a Spring wool cloth. The Colonial wool-poplins found a modern counterpart in super repweaves. Cashmere yarns, but smoother and lighter than the Colonial era knew, added a new-old note to the fashion parade. Cottons, muslins, batistes and lawns such as our forefathers wore had a revival of interest. One silk manufacturer put out 17 different de- signs in the colonial feeling, and was so interested in the anniversary that he secured the cooperation of manufacturers of hats, bags, jewelry, blouses, belts, bedspreads, and novelties, even to waste paper baskets, lamp shades and pillows, to feature Colonial styles. The Spring Style Show in New York, held shortly after the opening of the Bicentennial, offered, as a prelude to the exhibits of one designer, a pageant of authentic reproductions of eighteenth century gowns. These were named after Martha Washington, Elizabeth Monroe, and Dolly Madi- son, and were followed by a presentation of modern evening gowns designed to reflect the Colonial influence. Coat fashions copied in modified form the mili- tary capes and coats worn by Colonial ladies. Eve- ning jackets of taffeta were advanced in almost exact reproduction of the little fitted jackets of old. One fashion writer wrote on February 18, 1932: "Maybe it's the Washington Bicentennial this year that does it. . . . Anyway, they're flying the red, white and blue everywhere for spring . . . and 'spirited' is certainly the word to describe those tri-color fashions. ... So thank Washington . . . and fall in step with one of the most exciting fashions in an exciting season — the outfit of red, white and blue." Another writer in one of the trade magazines said of the Bicentennial style trends: Flag colors are marching again to the front of the mode, both in costumes and accessories. Wherever spring fashions parade, there is a stirring array of blue coats with scarfs of red and white stripes or polka dots; of blue frocks dotted in white, having belts or sashes of red; or white sport frocks with red capes and a touch of blue for further contrast. The Bicentennial Anniversary of Washington's birthday has re-awakened a deep devotion to that most dynamic of all color combinations, — red, white, and blue. Needless to say, the smart woman will not drape herself like an American flag; there are infinitely clever ways of bringing the gaiety of the tri-color into the wardrobe without being spectacular. The best way is to use two of the colors lavishly, adding just a bit of the third tone. For instance, the tailored blue suit occupying the dominant place it does this spring, its chic is augmented by a white pique waistcoat, and a red flower on the jacket, and a red handbag. The military and naval themes naturally fall into step where patriotic colors lead. With square-shouldered, high- necked, and narrow-waisted lines; epaulettes, waistcoats, and metal button and braided trims, — all of the popular military operations have been confined to the spring styles. In place of white, buff or beige is gaining considerable prestige in conjunction with red and blue, — an alliance much fancied in Colonial days. The revival of its softened tone proves very acceptable to many who find flag shades too striking. Among the accessories, scarfs and jewelry have been first to claim the tri-color, the latter brave with novelty clip emblems and bright bead necklaces. Tailored white collar and cuff sets take trimming bands of red and French blue, — an even more springlike union than with flag blue. Mil- linery also enters the field with blue and white combinations, with red cherry trims, and ribbon cockades of blue and red. The Textile Color Card Association of New York contributed to the Bicentennial trend in colors by issuing a special booklet of "Colonial Colors for the Bicentennial Year." This was in- tended as a guide to manufacturers and merchants that they might pay tribute, through the presenta- tion of significant colors, to the Father of Our Country. The colors selected by the Association for em- phasis during 1932 were reproduced from original costumes of the First President and his wife and other famous personages in early American history, taken from the costume collection of the United States National Museum. The names of the colors shown in the booklet bore such expressive and descriptive names as "George Washington Buff," "Martha Washington Coral," "Lafayette Green," "Thomas Jefferson Brown." Each color sample carried a brief historical note, and especially fine was the legend about the colors, "Star Spangled Banner Red," and "Star Spangled Banner Blue." These colors, neither very bright, were taken from the original flag which inspired Francis Scott Key to write our national song. 92 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission "Those stripes and bright stars," in the words of the Association, "are today faded and tattered, the red no longer scarlet-toned, the blue no longer deep as night. But the finger of time in touching them has so changed and tempered their gleaming hues, that now, after one hundred and eighteen years, the red and the blue of the Star Spangled Banner glow anew in mellow beauty." Bicentennial Mode Doubly Patriotic The mode for American patriotic colors and early-American designs reacted patriotically and economically to the buying of American cloth, as shown in a statement issued by the National Wool Committee, from which is taken the following: After all, the Patriotism demonstrated by our forefathers was practical in character. Of course, at that period, most of the wool textiles were made by the women folks and the hum of the old spinning wheel was frequently heard in many- hearths and homes. The American people have today an additional oppor- tunity to emulate the patriotism of the forefathers by wearing American materials made from American produced wool. It is interesting to observe that many makers of women's wear are now featuring in the New York and other style centers of the country, dresses and coats which include our National tri-colors. In addition scarfs, neckties and other articles for personal wear embodying the Red, White and Blue are promi- nently appearing. Color combinations of this sort when combined with the fancy light-weight woolens, so desirable for early Spring and Summer wear, contribute immensely to the spirit of the George Washington Bicentennial and are entirely in keeping with the patriotic trend of today. Hats, accessories, hair coiffures and even shoes felt the Bicentennial influence. Many hairdressers studied Colonial hair dress, and adapted it to modern ideas. The ringlets of old were suggested in their modern version by bangs and side curls. Hats took on a tricorne suggestion. Accessories adroitly paid homage to the Wash- George Washington Bicentennial Exhibit Department store window display with background of Colonial wood, wall paper, flint lock musket, spinning wheel, Revolutionary sword, and Colonial period chair. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 93 ington Bicentennial by reflecting a Colonial inspi- ration. Steel buckles were revived as one of the smartest trimmings for pumps and leather belts. A simple Colonial steel buckle graced bags and matching belts, while a tongue pump with a dis- tinct Colonial flavor, added to its period design by- using a square cut steel buckle for decoration. Printed handkerchiefs carried in patriotic colors a cherry, a hatchet, the Liberty Bell, etc. Boys' ties were imprinted with the head of Washington. Boutonnieres of manufactured red cherries were in high favor. That the fashion trend was not only the result of an opportunity offered by a patriotic celebra- tion, but was also and primarily a conscious tribute of the garment manufacturers and retailers of the country as their commemoration of the Bicenten- nial, is shown in the following excerpt from the program of the 1932 Spring Style Show, under the title, "George Washington and Our Industry": The Garment Retailers Association of America is happy to note the interest and effort manifested by the industry in the modern version movement of Martha Washington period styles. Many of the exhibitions that you will see tonight will show style trends back to the days of George Washington in an attempt to help commemorate the Two Hundredth Anni- versary of the birth of that great American. Early in 1931 this association suggested that our industry cooperate with the United States Commission of the George Washington Bicentennial in aiding the public to celebrate the occasion by reviving in modern form women's styles of the days of Martha Washington. This celebration will be carried on throughout the country and it is inspiring to reflect that the garment trades are truly playing their part. This "graceful contribution to the nation's cele- bration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of George Washington's Birth," was acknowledged in the program of the Spring Style Show by the Director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission in the following state- I wish to congratulate the members of your progressive and influential business organization, the Garment Retailers of America, on the emphasis you are placing in your annual Fashion Show on the styles of the period of Martha Wash- ington. You could not make a more appropriate and graceful contribution to the nation's celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of George Washington's birth. In giving your attention to the clothes of Washington's times, you are performing a high social service. George Washington and the men and women about him set us examples in every direction. As we turn back to them in this Bicentennial year, we would do well to learn, even in this matter of dress, from those first Americans who loved color and elegance, and yet used them in the purest taste. You who stand guardians over our present standards of style most wisely call us back to those olden days, that we may even clothe ourselves more nearly like the patriots who stood guardians over our national destiny. For more than two years I have watched and helped the growth of the urge of a great people to honor their greatest citizen on the Two Hundredth Anniversary of his birth. Now we stand on the eve of this more than nine months long tribute we are to pay to the man to whom we owe most of what we have and what we are. Every American seems to be acutely aware of this fact. The country rings with gratitude and reverence to George Washington. All classes of our people are filled with this feeling to which we are to give expression, beginning on February 22 and ending on Thanksgiving Day. We should be forever grateful for the gift of Divine Providence in sending us such a man as George Washington. 1 predict that during this year of tribute to him the people of the United States will be astonished at the power of this new patriotism within themselves. Your organization has given me convincing and inspiring proof that my prediction will come true. Business itself has turned reverential and patriotic, and I look to see your example followed all over the land. Once more, my heartiest congratulations and thanks for your cooperation in our effort to bring back this year the spirit of George Washington. Let us harken back to the days of the Father of His Country in the matter of dress. Colonial Costumes in Demand With the thousands of plays and pageants, balls and costume dances planned during the nine month celebration of the Bicentennial, there was a great demand for costumes of the Colonial period. Costume manufacturers prepared for this de- mand, even doing extensive research work to secure authentic versions of the early mode. The collec- tion of authentic costumes in the National Museum in Washington was the source for much of this study. As a further aid to the many persons, men, women and children throughout the country who would need Colonial costumes for their partici- pation in Bicentennial celebrations, the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commis- sion issued a Costume Book of suggested designs. No patterns were issued by the Commission, but some of the larger pattern manufacturers put out special colonial patterns. That this need for Colonial costumes was a dis- tinct aid to the costume makers trade, is shown in the Associated Press dispatch quoted below: The satin breeches business is booming, thanks to George Washington. The nation's zeal in commemorating the Gen- eral's bicentennial has brought a rush of orders to factories which make uniforms and costumes. Watteau frocks, bro- caded cutaway coats and satin knee breeches are in demand. One firm received more than 5,000 orders from groups and individuals. Bicentennial Influences Furniture Styles Furniture of colonial design was emphasized during the Bicentennial year. Quoting from one article on "Home Decoration": "This patriotic 94 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission celebration . . . has renewed the vogue for Fed- eral American decorations." The beautifully styled chairs of Washington's time, "Queen Anne," "Chippendale," "Sheraton," "Windsor," "Duncan Phyfe," "Adam," all associ- ated with the best that was known in American colonial days, had a revival of interest during the Bicentennial. The New York Times of April 6, 1932, reported "manufacturers of occasional and novelty furniture are enjoying an active call for merchandise. . . . Colonial designs in mahogany, oak and walnut finishes are preferred by buyers. Other furniture utilized coverings of prints that depicted Mount Vernon, the cherry tree, Valley Forge, scenes from the life of Washington, old colonial patterns, etc. Furniture companies identified with the Grand Rapids Furniture Exposition took a leading role in encouraging a revival of the furniture of Wash- ington's time. Emphasis on eighteenth century furniture was never more widespread than during 1932. One Grand Rapids firm which specializes in eighteenth century American designs, put out a special bed for 1932. This was adapted from General Washington's bed at Mount Vernon and followed the tradition of the times exactly. Only 200 of the beds were made — in keeping with the two hundredth anniversary. The trade magazines of the furniture industry expressed the Colonial style trend, THE FURNI- TURE BLUE BOOK featuring articles on Colonial furniture and authentic reproductions of early American furniture. THE UPHOLSTERER AND INTERIOR DECORATOR, in a Bicenten- nial article in its March 15, 1932, issue, reproduced museum pieces of Washington furniture, as well as modern arrangements of early American furniture. Wallpaper shared in the Bicentennial revival of the times of George Washington. Almost every manufacturer of wallpaper and fabrics for wall coverings brought out early American patterns. Many of them were in the original colorings, "deep wine-red and cream, mustard-yellow and ivory, flag-blue and gray." The Interior Decoration Editor of McCalPs Magazine wrote: The national celebration has encouraged our antique dis- coverers to be even more persevering. They have discovered, for instance, old hand-blocked wall-paper panels showing Washington on his white horse, looking over old Boston. Other panels reveal West Point, Virginia's Natural Bridge and like scenes of interest. For 1932 patriots, the new wall-paper has been made from the actual old blocks. Under six layers of paint and paper / oI United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission and a group of children displaying colonial costumes. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 9^ in old houses have been found old papers which have been revived in stirring new designs. An old Wedgewood tea set displaying a classic interpretation of the Washington profile has been the inspiration for another new wall-paper. "There is no decorative product more closely associated with the Colonial and Federal periods in American homefurnishing than wall paper," said THE UPHOLSTERER AND INTERIOR DEC- ORATOR in an early issue of the Bicentennial year. Continuing, the article read: During the one hundred years previous to the Revolution and during the early years of the Republic, wallpaper was used profusely in the decoration of fine homes. Evidence of this is found everywhere — in old documents, old illustrations, and in many genuine Colonial and Federal interiors preserved for us by museums, patriotic societies and the like. There is a legend that Washington assisted by none other than the celebrated Lafayette at one time turned paper hanger to the extent of covering the walls in one of the rooms at Mount Vernon with paper selected by his wife. It is not unreasonable, therefore, to prophesy that during the present year, in which we are celebrating the George Washington Bicentennial, wallpaper in its various Colonial and Federal patterns will enjoy great popularity due to the public interest in all things pertaining to the country's earliest days. In department stores and decorative establishments all over the country there will be innumerable displays of Washing- tonian and near Washingtonian patterns and designs in fabrics, furniture, floor-coverings, etc. But none of these will be complete or truly representative of the period unless included in them is a generous assortment of the many exquisite and historically correct wallpapers which the market affords. Scenic papers, with both large and small patterns will predominate, because this type of paper is closely associated with the period. However, in all of the displays to which we have referred those responsible for them should not over- look the fact that there are other types of wallpaper which were widely used in Colonial times. These are represented by small leaf and floral patterns; by miniature shields and stars, engraved against single tone backgrounds; and also by a number of medallion papers and papers with a diagonal lattice pattern against a plain or mottled background. All of these patterns, and similar patterns which we have not mentioned, are to be found in the lines of the various American manufacturers and jobbers, and their display, in association with other decorative units of Washingtonian items, is particularly desirable and appropriate now, 200 years after the birth of our most celebrated Revolutionary General, and the first President of the Republic. Linens, draperies and other household furnish- ings took on a Bicentennial trend "in the spirit of Colonial living." One table linen design featured in 1932 showed the American Eagle and stars. Small novelties, such as finger towels, guest towels, bridge sets, cocktail napkins embroidered in Colonial motifs were widely shown. Cretonne and chintz for drapes and chair cover- ings pictured Colonial scenes, one chintz showing scenes in old New York, another, various historic scenes cleverly woven into a floral background. One print even showed the Liberty Bell, Inde- pendence Hall and the ride of Paul Revere. There was much interest in reproducing Colonial styles in the arrangement of draperies, but there is little data concerning Colonial types of window cur- tains. Mount Vernon has elaborate woodwork, and there is no evidence that overdrapes were used, the woodwork probably being deemed sufficient decoration. The Colonial mirror had a distinct and very popular revival, the plain, wide wooden frame that is its distinguishing mark proving of wide appeal. The old-fashioned lamps of glass, with hanging crystals, also found favor, and suggestive of the era were novelty lamps whose bases were minia- ture spinning wheels. With shades decorated with Colonial silhouettes, these lamps found a place in thousands of homes. Other Bicentennial novelty lamps had a carved base depicting an incident in the life of Washington, and "shadow lamps" show- ing a silhouette of the First President. Bedspreads, too, became Colonial. There was a revival of quilts and tufted spreads with such names as "Colonial Basket," "Mount Vernon," etc. Hand-hooked rugs and wall hangings were especially popular during the Bicentennial. One rug depicted the birthplace of Washington, "Wakefield," set amid old-fashioned flowers. Other rugs had silhouettes of ladies and gentlemen of Colonial days. One hand-hooked wall hanging had Mount Vernon worked out, sampler fashion. Early American hob-nail glassware had a revival, among other glass novelties, this proving so popular that it is likely to become permanently in demand. Dishes designed for original fragments of a dinner service used at the birthplace of Washington were put on the market and were called "Wakefield Dishes." Special memorial plates appeared, of deep-etched glass, depicting the head of Washing- ton surrounded by thirteen stars and the dates, 1732-1932. "Colonial candles" were Bicentennial novelties in house furnishings. These were elongated statuettes in candle form, in pairs to represent George and Martha Washington. Miniature busts of Washington formed chil- dren's savings banks. Youngsters were able to secure a "George Washington knife" — the tradi- tional pocket knife that Washington's mother gave him in return for his pledge of obedience. All sorts of paper weights, ash receivers and cigarette lighters 96 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission were ingeniously designed to commemorate the Bicentennial. Paper novelties included paper napkins and doilies cut and printed in old-fashioned designs, as well as paper plates decorated to simulate Colonial china. Playing cards, and card-table covers de- picted George and Martha Washington, in silhou- ette, as well as historical scenes and reproductions of famous portraits of the First President. Party favors, especially for February 22 and July 4, showed great originality and new inspira- tion from the Bicentennial. Paper hats were tri- cornered in the mode of Washington's time. Practically every calendar manufacturer fea- tured the anniversary, as did stationery manufac- turers. Business stationery often incorporated a Bicentennial design; desk blotters, letter openers, book ends, book marks, signature blotters, desk sets, quill pens — all were reminiscent of the historic celebration. One stationery manufacturer gave a complimen- tary Bicentennial calendar with each box of a cer- tain quality of stationery. Some of the calendars issued, besides having pictures of Washington and related subjects, bore historical data of much in- terest and usefulness. One calendar depicting Wakefield in beautiful colors was much in demand. The Bicentennial found expression in the cul- tural as well as the artistic and practical sides of human needs. Book publishers took the opportunity to repub- lish and feature books about Washington, editions of his diaries, children's books on Washington, and so forth. Many picture series relating to Wash- ington and the early days of our country were issued. Among children's school supplies, every oppor- tunity was taken to stress the year's anniversary. School tablet manufacturers decorated the covers of their tablets with pictures of the First President and Lady Washington and scenes from their lives. There were loose-leaf notebooks bearing the like- ness of Washington, the fly-leaf often containing a condensed outline of his life. One pencil manufacturer, besides putting out "Bicentennial pencils" in buff and blue and in red, white and blue, issued a complimentary "Pictorial Biography of the Father of our Country," a booklet containing historic pictures and portraits. Placques for school awards during 1932 usually commemorated also the two hundredth anniver- sary of the birth of the First President, with plaque makers putting out artistic and faithful reproduc- tions of likenesses of George Washington. One producer of bronze statues of Washington issued an instructive and beautiful commemorative book telling the story of the making of Houdon's life- size statue of Washington, the original of which is in the Capitol at Richmond, Virginia. Impetus was given to other commemorative markers. One marker showed a miniature figure of George Washington on horseback, with a legend beneath to indicate that he had once traveled that road. The thousands of commemorative tree plantings brought a demand for tree-markers, to which the manufacturers responded with numerous significant designs. All sorts of souvenir coins, buttons and badges were issued to commemorate the Bicentennial. One pocket piece carried the head of Washington on one side and a reproduction of Wakefield on the other. Celluloid and metal buttons of all descriptions were put out, usually bearing the head of Washington and the dates 1732-1932 or some wording to suggest the anniversary. Convention badges throughout the year were made doubly commemorative with red, white and blue ribbons and a Bicentennial pendant or button. Display material of almost every kind and pur- pose played an important part in bringing the Bicentennial to people in all walks of life. Makers of display material early began prepara- tion of beautiful and stirring objects for display purposes. Flexible, heavy, gold-finished banners bearing a likeness of Washington, finished in dig- nified manner with spear-head hangers and ap- propriate lettering, similar banners depicting Mount Vernon, banners of felt painted with por- traits of Washington, life-size models of the First President and equestrian statues of him made of papier-mache but life-like and artistically done, were available. Decorations, banners, bunting, and drapes for buildings, store windows and speakers stands were put out in red, white and blue, and in the Colonial buff and blue. Similar decorations were available in paper with special Bicentennial designs. Reproductions of famous and contemporary busts and statues of Washington were widely available in a range of price to suit every need. One electric display included a large portrait of Washington with electric candles on either side. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 97 Display manufacturers put out every conceivable requirement along this line, from miniature to life- size settings and figures for use in store windows, as well as in interior decoration. One interesting mechanical display portrayed the origin of the American flag as it is popularly thought to have occurred, with a mechanical Betsy Ross sewing, while Washington, Robert Morris and Col. Ross look on. Even the fireworks manufacturers joined the plans for the Bicentennial and featured many Washington subjects. Some companies put out a "complete Bicentennial fireworks program," with Presidential salutes and red, white and blue effects. Retail Merchants Participate The pamphlet, Suggestions for Merchants and Department Store Cooperation, was of great as- sistance in linking the desire of the manufacturer to participate in the George Washington Bicen- tennial Celebration with that of the merchant and department store owner. The ideas which it sup- plied to stores for tying up their activities with the Celebration were at the same time suggestions to the manufacturer for producing merchandise of Bicentennial appeal. In turn, the Bicentennial articles offered by the manufacturers furnished ideas to the department stores. The slogan of the booklet, "It is not a custom tuith me to keep money to look at," uttered by George Washington more than a century and a half ago, proved a welcome one to the merchant and gave a practical angle to a patriotic celebration. The pamphlet was prepared with the assistance of several experienced managers of large depart- ment stores. It included suggestions for organizing the managerial staffs and employees of stores for participation in local Bicentennial celebrations, and for the setting up of special departments for the display of Bicentennial merchandise; a list of articles of special Bicentennial appeal; suggestions for window and interior displays and exhibitions of Washingtoniana; proposals for newspaper, direct mail, radio and telephone tie-ups; a calendar giving dates during the Bicentennial year appropriate for department store participation; and suggestions for children's activities in connection with community Bicentennial celebrations. The pamphlet met with instant approval from the retail trade and from manufacturers. On September 11, 1931, Frank W. Spaeth, manager of the Sales Promotion Division of the National Retail Dry Goods Association, New York City, wrote to the Commission: "I want to congratu- late you upon obtaining such an unusually splen- did promotional outline for retail stores for the George Washington Bicentennial. I believe that this plan can be adopted or adapted by every retail store throughout the country." Booklet of Suggestions Widely Distributed More than 5,300 retail stores in the United States received one or more copies of this pamphlet di- rectly from the offices of the Commission. In addition, distribution of thousands of copies was effected through branch offices of the Department of Commerce, local chambers of commerce, and other semi-official business organizations. Distribution of the pamphlet to stores by states, direct from the Commission, was as follows: Alabama 62 Arizona 27 Arkansas 60 California 295 Colorado . 57 Connecticut . 61 Delaware 20 District of Columbia 47 Florida 64 Georgia 90 Idaho 34 Illinois 33 5 Indiana 180 Iowa 91 Kansas 90 Kentucky . 74 Louisiana 71 Maine 44 Maryland 65 Massachusetts 189 Michigan 188 81 Mississippi 72 Missouri 110 46 Total, department stoi 59 14 New Hampshire New Jersey . . . . 37 141 24 New York. North Carolina. North Dakota. Ohio . 510 105 25 . . . . 318 . 99 Oregon 55 . . . . 520 Rhode Island. South Carolina South Dakota 44 ... 48 ... 31 ... 85 . . . . 284 Utah . . . . 34 Vermont 97 82 West Virginia. 89 . 135 Wyoming 26 . . 5.349 The pamphlet, Suggestions for Merchants and Department Store Cooperation, is herewith re- printed in full as follows: 98 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission Suggestions For Merchants and Department Store Cooperation In the Nation -Wide Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington Prepared Under the Direction of Donald A. Craig, in Charge of the Division of Special Activities "It is not a custom with me to keep money to look at" — George Washington. Foreword Through their close and daily contact with the people, the department stores and merchants of the country are in a position to take a very impor- tant part in the nation-wide celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington. Millions of men, women and children in every city and town in the country will have an active part in the celebration beginning February 22 and continuing until Thanksgiving Day, 1932. Every store will find in its own city a committee planning the local series of celebrations in coopera- tion with the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. Plays, pageants, parades, marionette shows, costume balls, bridge parties, teas, historical movies, art exhibits, Colonial ex- hibits and special contests are among the activities planned by various committees. Every store, as a part of the community, will find innumerable ways to assist in these local patri- otic celebrations. There will be considerable de- mand for the special merchandise and novelties necessary in a celebration of this type, and every store should be in a position to satisfy these demands. In order that the retail stores may fully appreci- ate the possibilities in this celebration for patriotic and good-will-building cooperation, the Commis- sion is offering in this pamphlet suggestions which have been compiled after consulting the managers and advisors of some of the largest stores of the United States, whose organizations are already well advanced in plans for taking part in this gigantic celebration. Each store may adapt this plan to its own needs and those of its particular community. Many of the items of merchandise which will be in demand are listed, although there has been no attempt at a complete list. Suggestions are offered for stimu- lating the interest of customers and store em- ployees, as well as for planning both interior and exterior decorations to harmonize with the spirit of the occasion. The Commission has no interest in advancing the commercial needs of any one group. Its only desire is to see that manufacturers and retail stores are in a position to serve their customers by sup- plying the merchandise they will require for their participation in the celebration. The Commission cannot give names of firms or groups selling mer- chandise and novelties. We suggest that the man- agers of each store consult their own buying office for this information. The United States George Washington Bicenten- nial Commission will be glad to supply literature and give every possible assistance to the stores and manufacturers of the country in planning their participation in the celebration. The Commission will be glad also to receive additional suggestions for merchants' and manufacturers' cooperation, and to learn of any plans that may be formulated. Sol Bloom, Director, United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. special notice The United States George Washington Bicenten- nial Commission is not commercial and has nothing to sell. It is an agency of the United States Government. The Commission treats all manufacturers and retail agencies alike, giving advice and cooperation free of charge to all persons and business concerns manufacturing, producing and selling articles per- taining to the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington. Negotiations Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 99 should be carried on direct with the Commission. The Commission has no financial interest, direct or indirect, in the sale of articles of merchandise. No concessions or exclusive rights are granted for the manufacture or sale of any article, and no such representations are authorized. For information or advice please address or call at the offices of the United States George Wash- ington Bicentennial Commission, Washington Building, Washington, D. C. A PLAN FOR DEPARTMENT STORE COOPERATION While the plan, as outlined in this pamphlet, is intended primarily to assist department stores in arranging for their participation in the celebration of the Two Hundredth Anni- versary of the Birth of George Washington in 1932, it con- tains suggestions which will be helpful to all merchants dur- ing the Bicentennial Year. It can readily be adapted to the needs of every community and every store. Manufacturers, by studying the partial list of articles which will be in demand for the celebrations all over the United States and in foreign countries, will also find suggestions of value to them. Organization A committee to be known as the George Washington Bi- centennial Committee should be appointed in every depart- ment store. It is suggested that the membership of this com- mittee consist of: General Merchandise Manager, Chairman. Advertising Manager. Sales Promotion Manager. Display Manager. Apparel Merchandise Manager. Furniture Merchandise Manager. Novelty Merchandise Manager. Children's Department Manager. Store Superintendent. Personnel Director. This committee should be an active group from now until the end of the celebration on Thanksgiving Day, 193 2. George Washington Bicentennial Department Some stores are planning to set up a special George Wash- ington Bicentennial Department where all articles relating to the celebration will be placed on display. This department should be in charge of a competent person who is thoroughly familiar with: (1) The plans of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission; (2) the plans for par- ticipation by the store; and (3) the plans for participation by the local community in general. It is suggested that contacts be made by a representative of the store with patriotic, civic, religious, educational, social, fraternal and all other local organizations, and advice offered on costumes for pageants, plays, and parades and other articles which may be useful in local celebrations. George Washington Days may be planned, when the public will be especially invited to view the articles in the George Washington Bicentennial Department. Employees may be encouraged to invite their families. In many stores this George Washington Bicentennial De- partment is being set up principally to call attention to the various articles which will be found in the regular merchan- dise departments. Merchandise Departments The following is a partial list of the many articles which will be in demand for the celebrations all over the country: Art Department: Colonial Pillow Tops to be embroidered. Colonial Bed Spreads. Tablecloths with Colonial Designs. Scarfs and Centerpieces. Beauty Parlor: Colonial hairdressing for balls or parties. Wigs. Book Department: Washington Biographies. Colonial and Revolutionary War Fiction. Illustrated Pamphlets. Children's Stories. Crayon Coloring Books. Magazines. Colonial and Bicentennial Music. Book-plates. Book-ends. Charts on Life of George Washington. Boys' Department: Washington Emblems on Sweaters. Historically Designed Ties. Washington Penknives. Washington Medals. Washington Notebooks, Pencils and Caps. Costumes. Candy Department: Candy Novelties for Washington parties. Novelty Boxes. Chinaware Department: Dishes of Colonial and Historical Pattern. Colonial Tea Sets. Paper Plates and Cups. Electrical Department: Shades. Lamps, Special Lights for party decorations. Fabrics & Draperies: There will be a decided Colonial influence on curtains, drapes, wall paper and covers. Furniture Department: There will be a demand for Colonial Suites and Colonial Pieces. Many homes will be furnished in Colonial style. Colonial Fireplaces and Andiron Sets. Girls' Department: Sweater Emblems. Notebooks. Scarfs. Costumes. Grocery Department: Special Cakes, Sweets and old fashioned Preserves for Colonial parties. Handkerchief Department: Handkerchiefs with historical prints. Jewelry Department: Colonial Rings. Colonial Necklaces. Colonial Bracelets. Colonial Brooches. Medallions. 100 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission Kiddies' Department: Sweater Emblems on Dresses or Suits. Colonial Shoes. Costumes. Linen Department: Colonial Bridge Sets. Colonial Tablecloths. Colonial Towels and Bath Mats. Men's Department: Costumes. Historical Motifs for Ties and Handkerchiefs. Washington Belt Buckles. Washington Cigarette Holders and Lighters. Special Wallets. Music Shop: Patriotic Songs. Colonial and Bicentennial Songs and instrumental composi- tions. Marches. Records — for pageants, schools and plays. Novelty Shop: Cigarette Holders. Bridge Prizes. Ash Trays. Match Boxes. Playing Cards. Washington Penknives. Washington Buttons. Washington Medals. Washington Pennants. American Flags. Colonial Coach Doorstops. Crepe Paper Decorations. Paper Napkins, Cups, Plates, etc. Book-ends. Pencils. Picture Department: Pictures of George Washington, and of the Revolutionary War period will be popular. Washington Busts and Pedestals will be in demand. Piece Goods Department: Colonial and Historical Prints. Costume Advisor in this Department. Rvig Department: Colonial Designed Rugs. Hooked Rugs. Scarf Department: Colonial Prints on Scarfs for Men and Women. Stamp Department: United States Government issue of a series of 12 stamps to commemorate Washington's 200th Birthday will be sought by collectors. United States Government issue of 5 stamped envelopes. Special Washington Albums. Picture Post Cards. Stationery Department: Special Letterheads. Colonial Ball Invitations. Washington Birthday Invitations. Novelty Pencils. Washington Calendars. Washington Notebooks. Colonial and Bicentennial Music. Charts on Life of Washington. Letter Openers. Paper novelties, such as caps, napkins, tablecloths and favors for parties; silhouettes, seals and costumes. Toy Department: Colonial Dolls. Washington Dolls. Cherry Trees and Hatchets. Washington Marionettes. Revolutionary War Soldiers. Paint Sets. Colonial Coaches. Bicycles and Tricycles, decorated in buff and blue. Tree Department: George Washington Trees (to be planted on Arbor Day and other appropriate occasions during 1932). Women's Department: It is quite possible that the nation-wide and world-wide celebration of the 200th anniversary of the birth of George Washington will influence fashions just as the French Colonial and Overseas Exposition in Paris (1931) definitely affected fashions, both in Europe and in this country. In any event many costumes will be in demand for pageants, balls, parties, parades and plays. There are costumes on the market which are historically correct, the designs having been adopted after consultation Avith experts of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. Window and Interior Displays and Exhibitions of Washingtoniana and Store Decorations In almost every community there is some relic of historical importance in the life of George Washington or of America's early days. Store windows are a most desirable place for showing these relics to the public. In many cities the local and state committees are getting the cooperation of stores and the use of their windows for these exhibitions. It is sug- gested that stores get in touch with the local chapters of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the Sons of the American Revolution for ideas and advice regarding Wash- ington relics. Historical and educational societies will be helpful also. The following are suggested along this line: Special displays and backgrounds depicting the life of George Washington. Window exhibitions of famous paintings of Washington and Revolutonary War incidents. Art exhibits from local art schools on Washington and related subjects. Exhibitions of historical papers. Displays of new books on Washington's life. Window exhibitions of genuine (if possible) Colonial cos- tumes in contrast to modern costumes. Special Colonial merchandise displays of items on sale in the store. Special toy and stamp displays. Exhibits by fraternal, church, historical or civic groups, in window space loaned by the store for that purpose. The playing of flood lights outside, on either a tableau or figure of Washington or a special message. Flags and pennant decorations. Special decorations for departments selling Bicentennial merchandise. Decoration of the wall spaces over elevator entrances. Newspaper, Direct Mail, Radio and Telephone Tie-ups Participation of the advertising division is very important. It will depend on the extent to which a store's merchandise and service divisions will be used in this celebration. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 101 For attention value, the use of pictures of George Wash- ington, or preferably an emblem consisting of a picture of the Houdon bust of Washington (the official picture) in a circle or oval with the dates, 1732-1932, and the words, GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL, is suggested on the fol- lowing: Store's outgoing mad, envelopes, packages, package inserts, store signs, store literature. In the regular newspaper advertisements there should be constant reminders of the Bicentennial Celebration, such as publishing an historical fact a day relating to George Wash- ington, and advertising a George Washington Bicentennial Novelty a day. Manv stores will distribute advertising art calendars with reproductions in color of approved paintings of George Wash- ington, Wakefield, Mount Vernon, and of notable events in the life of the Father of our country. Prize Essay Contests of school children will be conducted in connection with calendar distribution. Mailing cards, folders, blotters, posters and fans presenting chapters from the life of Washington will have an important part in the 1932 advertising programs of mercantile houses. Some stores are sending a special letter to all residents of streets bearing Washington's name and to Washington Clubs or Societies. Many stores are preparing to have novelty give-aways as souvenirs for customers who visit the store during certain periods. One store is planning a street pageant of its own. Special radio programs arc being arranged with material from plays prepared by the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. One store plans to have its telephone operators greet cus- tomers with a reminder of the celebration during its first week, February 22-29; or with a reminder to customers to attend some civic celebration of Washington's Birthday. A Calendar for Department Store Participation Every store should make a special effort to open the period of the celebration February 22, 193 2, with impressive interior and exterior decorations and displays of special merchandise. It is urged also that advance publicity be given to the plans for the celebration in the store and the community, beginning as early as possible in the Fall of 1931. Advance advertising and interior and exterior displays are suggested. Every effort should be made to acquaint the people of each community as early as possible with the plans for the celebration. The dates proposed below for special store activity, during the celebration period in 193 2, are of national significance and will be useful to stores in all parts of the country. In addition each community will have dates of local significance, especially those communities which have local anniversaries associated with George Washington or the Colonial and Revo- lutionary periods. Some of the dates of national significance are as follows: February 1 5 : First window displays of Washingtonia. Display and advertise novelties and merchandise for Washington Birthday parties. February 20: Impressive displays in windows and store both interior and exterior. February 22-27: Special George Washington Birthday Sale, including an inside attraction for adults and children, such as marionette shows on life of Washington or special moving pictures. February 23: Mass meeting of employes with speakers and patriotic songs or plays. March 27: Easter week. Other attractions for adults and children. Souvenir give-aways. April 19: Patriots' Day. (Anniversary of the Battle of Lexington and Concord). New exhibits from local patriotic societies. April 2 5 -May 2: Boys' Week. Originally sponsored by the Rotary Club of New York, now a national event. April 30: Washington's First Inauguration Day. A window pre- sentation. A display of all the Presidents in pictures. May 1: National Music Week. Feature Colonial and Bicentennial Music. May 5: Arbor Day. Tree planting in memory of George Wash- ington. May 8: Mothers' Day. Advertise novelty gifts of Colonial in- fluence. Window displays of gift merchandise. Displays of pictures of Washington's mother, Mary Ball Washington. Advertisement on Washington's devotion to his mother. May 30: Memorial Day. A memorial window. Employes' services day before. June 14: Flag Day. A window display of Colonial flags and the flags of the Thirteen Original States. Encourage parades bv local organizations in Colonial costumes. July 4: Independence Day. A window for facsimile of Declaration of Independence. A picture of Liberty Bell. Tableau, "Sign- ing of the Declaration of Independence." Encourage local celebrations. August (entire month): Show Colonial furniture and house furnishings. September 5 : Labor Day. A window of special tribute to Washington and his relationship to labor. An advertisement on the same idea. September: Public School Day. (Select the day on which local public schools open.) Window depicting Washington's interest in promoting popular education. Advertisement depicting this interest. Celebration in juvenile departments and school advertisements. Give-away novelties relating to Washington. September 17: Constitution Day. Pictures of Constitutional Convention. A tribute from local lawvers' groups. September 17: Washington's Farewell Address to the people of the United States. Window displays. October 19: Yorktown Day. Tableau showing surrender of Cornwallis. A Colonial party or bridge in the Tearoom. October 27: Navy Day. Window displays. October 31: Halloween. Display Colonial costumes for Halloween parties and Colonial Balls. A party for children in the 102 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission Juvenile Shop. Story-telling, games and souvenirs for chil- dren. A party for employes (Colonial costumes). November 1 1 : Armistice Day. A tribute in windows and advertisements to war veterans and to the military genius of George Wash- ington. November 24: Thanksgiving Day. Expression of thanks for life and services of George Washington. Advertisement and window displays. Special store participation is also suggested, depending on local conditions, along the following lines: Fraternal Day. All fraternal organizations in the country expect to organize their tribute to George Washington, prob- ably about May 1 5. Boy Scout and Girl Scout Days. Windows illustrating Washington's inspiration to the Youth of the country. Stamp Day. Window displays of new stamp issues and stamped envelopes of the United States Government com- memorating the George Washington Bicentennial. Foreign Aid Appreciation Days. Windows depicting aid given by Lafayette, Pulaski, von Steuben, Koskiuszko, de Kalb, and other foreign patriots, on appropriate dates. Child Health Day (in May). Baby Week Promotions. Children's Day (in June). Window and interior displays. Local Anniversaries. Special attention should be paid to all anniversaries of events in the local history of each com- munity, especially if they also have Colonial, Revolutionary or National significance. Participation in Children's Activities Most stores consider their juvenile following important to the future of the store; consequently, many of them are finding that the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration will afford them an excellent opportunity to make their young customers better acquainted with the store by featuring novel activities such as the following: A history of George Washington played by marionettes. (One store is booking a company for return engagements several times during the course of the celebration.) A Washington Club sponsored by the store. (Special moving-picture shows and marionette shows may be held for this group, and novelty give-aways vised.) A slogan contest or epigram contest, summarizing in a few words the inspiration George Washington has been to his country. A prize for the best essay on George Washington sub- mitted by a school child. The prize may be a trip to either Mount Vernon, Philadelphia or Washington, with a visit to historical places in the life of George Washington. Birthday parties for all children whose birthdays fall on Washington's Birthday, February 22. A "Children's Hour" during which stories of George Wash- ington's life may be told, and plays enacted. Most stores will find it advisable to keep in touch with school and playground activities during this celebration. Employe Cooperation Many stores consider it good practice to obtain co-worker cooperation in giving the store the proper spirit and appear- ance necessary in celebrations of this kind. Here are some suggestions gathered from many stores' plans: Group meetings on various floors and in departments to acquaint employes with the extent of the store's cooperation from a merchandise standpoint, so that customers may be correctly advised; Special speakers assigned to discuss the spirit and meaning of the celebration; A Colonial bridge party with appropriate favors or a Colonial dance for co-workers as a means of furthering the friendship and good will of employes; Distribution of special pamphlets furnished by the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission or local historical groups; Store "Sings" of appropriate patriotic and Colonial songs; Talks that will inspire employes with a real interest in helping their store participate in local celebrations of this great anniversary. Bicentennial An Incentive That the merchants and department stores of the nation found inspiration in the Bicentennial Celebration for a renewed attack on the nation's business depression, is shown in the following ex- tracts from the January 1932 issue of Linens and Domestics: Department of Commerce's Dr. Julius Klein says George Washington never told a lie because he was never asked to state when a depression would end . . . George Washington's birthday this year will be the signal for probably the biggest campaign in retail dry goods history to end a depression such as George never dreamed of . . . It's probably needless to emphasize the importance and value of correct and interesting displays . . . special booths, tables and window displays will follow in the natural course of events, but special sections will be absolutely invaluable for dramatic interest. In planning special settings, there is plenty of inspiration to be had at Mount Vernon. The major rooms of Washington's home were mid-Georgian, French and Early American. And as a last word to the weary but wise buyers . . . make sure that every sales person on your force knows what it is all about. Anniversary Observed Throughout Stores In many stores, the Washington Bicentennial was employed as a "tie-up" throughout the store. In the furniture departments, eighteenth century furniture was featured, with Colonial bedroom suites, "butterfly" tables, Queen Anne secretaries, etc. Accessories such as blouses exploiting the tri- color, novel scarfs, handkerchiefs, neckties, jewelry, sweaters, handbags and lamps, pictures and all sorts of gifts and novelties stressed the patriotic theme. Costume departments, with ready-made and made- to-order costumes, were truly Bicentennial centers throughout the celebration period. Educational programs and social functions for employes and customers were features of the Bi- centennial in many department stores. Others provided marionette shows, motion pictures, and souvenirs for children, while some conducted essay contests, independently or in cooperation with local schools, societies and Bicentennial committees. Stores in all parts of the country vied with each other in their Bicentennial window displays. Not Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 103 only did they display Bicentennial merchandise, but they reproduced scenes from the life of Washing- ton and his contemporaries and from the Revolu- tionary and Colonial periods of American history. Many stores gave window and interior space to his- torical and patriotic societies, Boy Scout Troops, and similar organizations for special Bicentennial exhibits. Others arranged for loan exhibits of Washingtoniana and heir-looms of the Colonial period. Practically every store linked its advertising with the Bicentennial, some in the form of dignified tributes to the Father of our Country, some in stressing Bicentennial merchandise. One large store distributed leaflets especially prepared, to guide the customer to Bicentennial articles throughout the store, another stocked its public writing desks with postcards and stationery bearing a likeness of Wash- ington or a Bicentennial slogan. National Window Display Contest The interest of the retail stores of the nation in paying honor to George Washington through per- haps their most important contact with the people, their display windows, and the interest of those who make these window displays, took definite form as early as June, 1931, when the International Asso- ciation of Display Men, in formal meeting, re- solved to have a "Bicentennial Window Display Contest." The contest was conducted under the auspices of the Association with the approval and cooperation of the United States George Washington Bicenten- nial Commission which, in addition to prizes offered by the Association, awarded certificates to the winners to commemorate officially their participa- tion in the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration. There are members of the International Associa- tion of Display Men in more than 900 cities in the United States and it was estimated that between 1,800 and 2,000 windows were decorated in the Bi- centennial theme for the purposes of this contest alone. The rules of the contest as promulgated by the Association provided that "all displays must be strictly patriotic or institutional and the displays eligible to the contest must be void of merchandise hookup." The contest was divided into divisions according to the size of the cities from which contestants par- ticipated, beginning with cities of over 500,000, and graduating to towns of less than 10,000 popu- lation. There was a first and second prize in each class. The contest opened on Washington's birth- day and continued through the month. Awards were made from photographs submitted to the con- test committee of the Association and were as fol- lows: Class A. First Prize: R. M. Martin, Consoli- dated Gas Co., New York City. Second Prize: Clement Kieffer, Jr., Kleinhans, Buffalo, N. Y. Class B. First Prize: J. H. Dubuisson, Cain- Slaon Co., Nashville, Tenn. Second Prize: Hugh Carter, Gerber's, Memphis, Tenn. Class C. First Prize: L. L. Wilkins, Kerr Dry Goods Co., Oklahoma City, Okla. Second Prize: C. W. Morton, Weinstock Lubin Co., Sacramento, Cal. Class D. First Prize: W. K. McGee, L. H. Field Co., Jackson, Mich. Second Prize: M. H. Luber, Killian Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Stores Report Bicentennial Activities For the purpose of this report, questionnaires were sent to the retail stores of the nation, request- ing a summary of their participation in the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration for the per- manent records of the United States George Wash- ington Bicentennial Commission. As submission of this information was entirely voluntary, the records of the Commission in this respect are inevitably incomplete. However, from the data available, a number of reports of store ac- tivities during the Bicentennial are given herein as typical of the splendid interest and cooperation of the merchants of the nation in the observance of this historic anniversary. Montgomery Ward & Co. took part in the Washington Celebration by means of appropriate window and interior displays in every one of its stores throughout the country. One Ward window showed a painting of a well known Mount Vernon scene. The picture was painted by a noted artist in Chicago, in oils on black velour, eight by twelve feet in size. This huge painting was a traveling exhibit; at some time during the Celebration, each of Ward's large stores had this picture displayed. In many cases these portraits were also lent by store managers for patriotic programs in connec- tion with the Celebration. Later many store managers donated these pictures to patriotic organizations and to schools. Another Ward window showed Washington's portrait, ac- companied by a scale reproduction of the Washington Monument. On Washington's birthday every one of Ward's hundreds of stores had a window display. No merchandise was allowed to be placed in these windows. One important New York store, Arnold Constable & Co., opened a Bicentennial exhibit in February, 1932, the 104 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission extent of which may be indicated by the fact that the insur- ance premiums covering the exhibition ran into thousands of dollars. The exhibitions included a collection of relics probably second only to those in the National Museum in Washington. They were all loan exhibitions, made through the courtesy of famous collectors as well as direct family heirs. As a back- ground, on one wall for a distance of 6 5 feet, was a set of scenic wallpapers portraying the inauguration of Wash- ington in New York City. In the South, the D. H. Holmes Co., Ltd., of New Orleans, ran full page advertisements the week of February 22 with streamer headlines, "1732 — George Washington Bicentennial — 193 2," featuring Bicentennial merchandise and an advertise- ment of a "George Washington Birthday Dinner" in the store restaurant, and a brief editorial beneath a picture of the First President. Throughout the store there were patriotic displays and portraits of Washington, while the main street window displayed a Stuart painting. This store advertises by- radio, and their broadcast on February 22 was made a Bicen- tennial program of patriotic airs. In Buffalo, N. Y., The Wm. Hengerer Co., assembled a very complete collection of medals, coins and currency con- nected with the life of Washington and displayed them the week of Washington's birthday. On February 22, the store also presented a pageant and parade commemorating the day. This was given twice during the day, with more than 200 persons participating. The parade traversed all nine floors of the store, concluding on the mezzanine with a tableau and patriotic music. This store took the opportvinity to tie up all their adver- tising with the Bicentennial, and also had a "Bicentennial Booth," window displays, and special exhibits and displays throughout the store. Ben Simon & Sons, of Lincoln, Nebraska, "elected as a matter of preference to honor George Washington other than in a mercenary way," according to a letter received from them at the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. Accordingly, they decorated their store with a 2 50-foot scenic panorama depicting the life of Washington. This panorama was not made up of fine art portraits, but was, rather, a humorous characterization of the life of the "first American." It extended around the entire first floor and was unveiled at special services which were participated in by local Boy Scouts, the D. A. R. and S. A. R., American Legion and various other patriotic societies. The event was made a civic Bicentennial celebration and the speeches made by the representatives of the societies, as well as by the Mayor, were broadcast. The showing of the panorama continued throughout the Bicentennial year. A description of the panels, as taken from the Merchants Record, reads: Pop-eyed customers bend heads skyward to view twenty- eight mural paintings depicting the life of George Washing- ton that hang about the mezzanine balcony of Ben Simon & Sons' clothing store in Lincoln, Neb. The humorous carica- tures take smiling readers in continuity about and around the store. Leaning on the women's frilled collars counter, they blink at George II as he upbraids Mr. Stork for blessing the belligerent colonists with babies. Stumbling over boxes of shoes, they watch George grow to manhood. Surrounded by china statues, wares of the gift department, they chuckle at Washington's first missions for his country. They smile at crazy creatures, dressed in Indian costumes, dumping tea overboard, as they knock men's shirts from dis- play tables. Elbows crush neckties but customers snicker at Washington a-courtin'. A papier mache manikin peacocking a spring hat peers at them as they watch Molly Pitcher bore a smoking cannon, and they hesitate at the front door to admire six-foot portraits of Washington and his wife, Martha. Action and humor accelerate interest as the life events are dramatized on murals. Washington, the boy general; Mary Washington, his mother and teacher; Washington, the horse- man, the would-be-sailor, the boy surveyor, the "social lion." Mr. Pickering bettered Emanuel Letutze's "Washington Cross- ing the Delaware" one step by showing the general and his army touching shore after the perilous crossing, instead of in midstream. George III is pictured thinking up embarrassing taxes for the colonists. Murals show Paul Revere, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, Independence Scene, Cap- ture of Trenton, Betsy Ross, Vallev Forge, "Molly Pitcher," victory with Cornwallis' surrender and the inaugural of Washington as President of his country. Appropriately enough, a tea-party ushered in the Bicenten- nial celebration at one store in Boston, Filene's. With "cut- out" souvenir programs the shape of a boy bugler in Colonial costume, there was a truly Washington luncheon served, with eggs poached by an authentic Washington recipe, ice-cream in the form of a log and cherries, and "hatchet cookies." A George Washington play, tableaux and patriotic music com- pleted the program. The huge Marshall Field and Company in Chi- cago, reported their participation in the Bicenten- nial Celebration as follows: At the beginning of the Bicentennial Celebration we dis- played a window, which created wide-spread comment and praise. The original wax model of the Wedgwood portrait of George Washington, created about 1873, was included in an exhibit in our China Section, Second Floor. The famous author, Rupert Hughes, spoke on "The True George Wash- ington" on February 22nd in our Walnut Grill, in recognition of the official opening of the Washington Bicentennial. A tremendous crowd heard his lecture. Copies of Daniel Webster's "Eulogy on Washington" were distributed at the Rupert Hughes lecture. The first few hundred were numbered copies and should be of value as mementos to the people who received them. The Jack and Jill players gave a play about George Wash- ington's childhood in our Young People's Theatre. Girls dressed in Colonial costumes gave away candy favors in our Candy Section, Third Floor. An entire room in our Picture Galleries was devoted to pictures of Washington and to pic- tures representing various incidents in his life. Colonial cos- tumes, favors, cards, flags, and other things suitable for the Washington Bicentennial Celebration were presented in a special section on the fourth floor. In recognition of the Bicentennial, a special George Wash- ington luncheon featuring foods favored in Colonial days, was served in our Tea Rooms. An historical exhibit was the major contribution of the Boston Store, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to the Bicentennial. Included in the exhibit were a wide range of articles, from maps to furniture. Accord- ing to the report of the Boston Store: The exhibit was an outstanding success. There were ap- proximately 475 items; the owners' evaluation was about $80,000; there were about 75 contributors. The display consisted of 16 locked cases in the form of a square, four cases to a side. Inside the square were placed the larger items like furniture, spinning wheels, hooked rugs, blankets and quilts. Among the interesting items on display were an orig- inal letter written by George Washington, a map drawn by George Washington when he worked as a surveyor, china- ware from which George Washington ate on a number of occasions, flint locks, pistols, swords, bullet molds, shoulder straps, and bullet and cannon balls from the Revolutionary Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 105 war, Colonial clothing, Colonial earthenware and chinaware, old medical cases, tooth extractors, old clocks, chairs, beds, chests, spinning wheels ... a regular museum! The attendance was most gratifying; we gave the school children any information they requested about the various items in the cases. "The Golden Rule's most important contribu- tion to the George Washington Bicentennial," reads the report from that store in St. Paul, Minnesota, "was a George Washington Essay Contest con- ducted in St. Paul grade and high schools." The contest, and news of it, was made an in- tegral part of the advertising program of the store. The report concluded: Hundreds of school children participated in the contest. For the two best essays submitted (one for grade schools and one for high schools) The Golden Rule awarded the winners with the velvet hangings described below: (1) To the winning essay from Saint Paul Grade Schools ... a black velvet hanging, size 7x4 Yz feet, picturing the famous scene of "Washington Crossing the Delaware." The award to be hung in the class room of the winner until the end of the school year and then to become his permanent individual property. (2) To the winning essay from Saint Paul High and Junior High Schools ... a black velvet hanging, size 7x4 ' 2 feet, depicting in rich colors the "Mount Vernon" House of George Washington. The hanging is to be placed in the class room of the winner until the end of the school year and is then to be his permanent personal property. In Houston, Texas, Levy Bros. Dry Goods Com- pany featured the Bicentennial Celebration by- means of an historical window display. The win- dow was unveiled the afternoon of February 20 and the curtain was not drawn until the evening of Tuesday, February 23. Panels of buff and blue made up the background and across the top of them were 13 stars of silver with the dates "1732" and "1932." One of the interesting exhibits in the window was a group of 13 canes representing the original 1 3 states, each one of which had an authentic his- tory connected with George Washington's time. A gun, pistol and sword in the display were also relics of Revolutionary days. In Baltimore, Maryland, Hochchild, Kohn Com- pany featured a series of window displays every one of which contained genuine relics from the days of Washington. One of the most interesting of these showed a kitchen of that period. Another window represented a drawing room in which every article was contributed by some descendant of the Washington family. One chair is reputed to have been used by Mary Ball Washington when she rocked the young George in her arms. The figure of a woman standing in the room wore an original dress that had belonged to Martha Wash- ington. One of the most beautiful of the windows showed another drawing room with the figures of two ladies, one wearing a black velvet dress that had been worn by Mrs. Monroe. All of the furni- ture used in this window was at one time used in the White House during the Monroe administra- tion. A case in the window contained a number of handsome pieces of jewelry worn by Mrs. Mon- roe during her life in the White House. John Wanamaker, Philadelphia, Inc., made their beautiful store a veritable dedication to the mem- ory of George Washington. American flags and pictures and statues of the First President adorned the whole first floor and in the center aisle was a miniature reproduction of Mount Vernon com- plete in every detail, even to trees and shrubbery. In Minneapolis, the L. S. Donaldson Co. began their Bicentennial participation as early as Decem- ber, 1931, with a well-defined program for the en- tire period of the celebration. An outline of their activities through the week of Washington's Birth- day, as taken from their report to the Commission, reads in part as follows: The first of December, 1931, Donaldsons opened on their ready-to-wear floor a George and Martha Washington Cos- tume Shop. The stock consisted of costumes for men, women, and children. This shop, the first of its kind in Minneapolis, was opened with a tea to which heads of all women's organiza- tions in the city were invited and at which presidents of patriotic organizations alternated at the tea tables. Over three hundred persons attended. . . . The largest of Donaldson's twenty-six windows was de- voted, the first week in December, 1931, to Colonial costumes. It was the first display of its kind in Minneapolis, and the major showing of 1931. . . . The official Minneapolis city ceremony, in observance of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington was held in front of the Donaldson building at noon, Monday, February 22nd. The famous Donaldson flag was displayed in honor of the occasion: (This flag was made in Minneapolis and measures 90x172 feet. The stripes are 7 feet high. The stars are 5 feet high. The flag weighs 2,000 pounds (1 ton). It required 40 miles of thread; 3,000 feet of rope are used to hand the flag. Over 100 men were required to get the flag in place.) The ceremony was broadcast from the canopy over the central entrance. Members of the local George Washington Bicentennial Committee were present together with Mayor William A. Anderson, and Governor Floyd Olson. . . . Donaldson's set aside the week of February 22nd as "George Washington Bicentennial Week." The first of a series of events was the Bicentennial Sorority Tea at which representa- tives from twenty-one University of Minnesota sororities entertained in the George and Martha Washington Costume Shop. The affair was open to the public, and over five hun- dred attended. . . . 106 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission A survey of the entire store was made for merchandise related to the Washington era; special displays were arranged in these departments: Furniture, (Eariy American). Rugs, (Hooked-rag). Draperies, (Chintzes, linens). Curtains. Quilts and cover- lets. Pewter and copper decorative items. Glassware. China. Pictures (of the period). Lamps. Fireplace fixtures. Sta- tionery sets (quills and ink pots). Favors. Table decorations. Costumes. Books. Novelties. Toys. Shoes, (Colonial pumps). Jewelry. Ready-to-wear. . . . Every sales person on the main floor of the store wore a small American flag every day during the week of February 22. Flags were crossed on the street floor posts, and all interior case displays were carried out in red, white and blue. . . . Donaldson's had a program for children every Saturday morning, in a specially constructed "Little Treatre" on the Children's Floor. On Saturday, February 27th, the "Teeny Weeny Band" from the Minneapolis College of Music pre- sented a George Washington program. This band is made up of 90 children from four to twelve years of age. Ushers for the occasion were dressed as George and Martha Washing- ton. On the same afternoon a Donaldson staff artist was stationed on the children's floor to make sketches of young- sters accompanied by their mothers. The sketches were mounted on red, white and blue card board mats, in keeping with the George Washington theme. . . . The Donaldson Tea Room was completely redecorated in February, 193 2, following an early American color scheme. Flags were draped on the orchestra platform, small flags were used at every table, red glasses were used on white table cloths, the room was festooned in red, white and blue, wait- resses were dressed in Martha Washington costumes and menus adopted a colonial color and design theme. Starting the first of February a colonial dish was served every day. The story of this dish and its connection with the Bicentennial celebra- tion was told on a small slip of paper attached to every menu. The week of February 22nd a group of young students from the Minneapolis College of Music and Dancing, danced the Minuet at noon, daily. . . . With the opening of its costume shop, Donaldson's an- nounced two contests for school children: 1. A Colonial doll dressing contest for girls from eight to fifteen. 2. Colonial essay contest for boys from eight to fifteen. The subject of the essay to be "Fashions for Men in the Time of Washington." The contest opened December 10th and essays were judged by members of the Minneapolis George Washington Bicen- tennial Committee on February 15 th. . . . Beginning the middle of February a Donaldson repre- sentative met with groups of Girl Reserves from every Junior Fligh School and Senior High School in Minneapolis to tell them about Colonial fashions and their influence on the Spring fashions of 193 2. This Donaldson representative journeyed weekly throughout the Spring season with a trunk full of merchandise to school buildings to talk to groups of girls ranging from twelve to twenty. Camp Fire Girls of Minneapolis were invited to refurnish the Colonial house on Donaldson's furniture floor, an authentic adaptation of a home of the Washington Era. From Seattle, Washington, the department store A Typical Bicentennial Prize Window Display Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 107 of Frederick & Nelson reported their participation in the Bicentennial as follows: Frederick & Nelson has been particularly active in spon- soring a definite tie-up with the Bicentennial Celebration throughout the year. The major activity was during the week of February 22nd. Seattle is especially Washington con- scious because it is the largest city in the State named after the first President and is also the location of the University of Washington. Frederick & Nelson enlisted the aid of the History Department of the University of Washington and the Washington State Museum in obtaining data, pictures and objects of historical interest. A full battery of six windows was used to display this material. Interesting old pictures of important incidents in Washington's life were obtained from private sources. Photo- stat copies of authentic documents of Washington's time were obtained. A steel engraving of Washington's cabinet was borrowed. These and much more illustrative material was obtained. All this material was gathered into an exhibition of unusual interest and educational value, making use of six adjacent windows for the week of February 22nd. Information and illustrative material relating to the early history of the State of Washington and historical material relating to this district when it was a territory was grouped in one window. This was of particular interest to "Seattleites" because important dates in this State's history in many cases correspond to im- portant dates in George Washington history. Additional stress was placed on the celebration of the Bicen- tennial at Frederick & Nelson by recognizing it on the other patriotic holidays during the year. There was special activity in promoting the sale of books relative to Washington and Washington biographies, historical maps, Washington State and Northwest history and the sale of banners, flags, etc. Herbst Department Store of Fargo, North Dakota, had a Washington Bicentennial Quilt Fair as a part of the Herbst Bicentennial Program. "It seemed to be propitious, both, because of interest in the Colonial period and the popularity of quilt making," reads this store's report. A week before entries opened, letters were sent to the Presidents and Secre- taries of the Federated Women's Clubs in the surrounding towns. At the same time, mimeographed sheets explaining the Fair, were distributed to all the departments in the store, to be given to customers. Curiosity regarding it was aroused by large posters, placed on ledges on both sides of the main floor, stating that there was to be a Washington Bicentennial Quilt Fair, the date on which entries would be accepted, and the words, "Ask About It." "In an enthusiastic moment," the report concludes, "we hoped the entries might reach the 100 mark. We had 223 quilts displayed on framework from the ceiling of the main floor." From California, Bullock's, a department store in Los Angeles, wrote: On February 22, Washington's birthday, we used an entire window for display of material in connection with the cele- bration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of his Birth. The background was a large oil painting of Washington Crossing the Delaware. This painting is a copy of the famous paint- ing which hangs in the Metropolitan Museum, New York City. On this same day at each entrance of our store we had large floral pieces with appropriate cards explaining the occasion. The oil painting "Washington Crossing the Delaware" when removed from the window was used on the Street Floor along with a display of Colonial relics. Later the painting was removed to the public lounge on the Fourth Floor, where it is still on exhibition. We had a series of lectures in our auditorium from Febru- ary 22 to March 3. There was also a film shown, "George Washington — His Life and Times." Historic Map In commemoration of the Bicentennial the Bishop, Dean and Chaplain of Washington Ca- thedral published a descriptive map of the region within one hundred miles of the National Capital, portraying events and places of major interest in the nation's political, cultural and religious history. In the design are represented the important battle- fields of the Revolutionary and Civil Wars within the area of the map from Yorktown in the South to Gettysburg in the North; small views and dates of the founding of about forty interesting early colonial churches, and historic places where events of importance took place. Especial emphasis is laid upon the principal events in the life of Washington and upon the careers of the characters associated with him in the founding of the nation. The Mount Vernon Memorial Highway Y^HE original conception of a highway f& between the City of Washington and ' Mount Vernon, Virginia, the home of M^^M Q eor g e Washington, came from some of the citizens of Alexandria, Virginia, in 1886. In 1888 the Mount Vernon Avenue Association was incorporated by the Virginia Legislature to further this idea. Out of the provisions of an Act of Con- gress, passed in 1889, Brigadier General Peter C. Haines, of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army, surveyed and reported on three principal routes between the City of Washington and Mount Vernon. Although the idea fostered by this Association had been from time to time recognized and en- dorsed by Presidents of the United States, by Sec- retaries of War, by Members of Congress, and by most of the great national and patriotic organiza- tions, no tangible progress was made toward its ful- fillment until vitality was given the idea by the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. Early in the year 1928, upon the suggestion of this Commission, Congress passed an Act authorizing and directing the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission to take such steps as might be necessary to construct a suitable memorial Highway to connect Mount Vernon with the south end of the Arlington Me- morial Bridge across the Potomac River, and pro- viding funds for this purpose. The need for improved highway facilities to Mount Vernon had greatly increased from year to year. Entirely aside from the memorial aspect, there had been pressing need for a suitable and ade- quate thoroughfare to the home of the founder of the Republic. In 188 5 there were only 3 5,000 visitors to Mount Vernon. In 1928 there were over 400,000, coming from every state in the Union. In August, 1925, an actual count of the traffic on the existing road leading to Mount Vernon, made by the Bureau of Public Roads, showed that the road was used during one week by 9,157 automobiles and 208 busses, or an average daily traffic of 1,306 automobiles and 30 busses. Two general routes were considered for the lo- cation of the Highway: one, following closely along the shore of the Potomac River and passing through the City of Alexandria; the other follow- ing a direct inland route and skirting the City of Alexandria. After weighing the merits of the two The Mount Vernon Terminus oi the Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, showing the provision for traffic circulation and parking 108 Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebratioi 109 routes, the United States George Washington Bi- centennial Commission unanimously adopted the River route as having greater scenic and historic advantages than the inland route and offering su- perior possibilities for the development of park areas between the Highway and the River. The route adopted for the Highway traverses a territory full of historical associations and reminis- cent of the days of Washington. About half way between Washington and Alexandria, the Highway passes close to the site of Abingdon, the home of John Parke Custis, Mrs. Washington's son. Here Nellie Custis, who was reared by George Washing- ton, was born. A beautiful view of the river and a panorama of Washington and the north shore may be seen from this point. Passing on to Alexandria the route enters the city by Washington Street and passes directly by Christ Church, where the Washington pew may be seen. This church is visited annually by hundreds of thousands of people, in addition to those attending services. Alexandria was Washington's home town. It was his market place, his post office and his voting place. It was the meeting place of the Lodge of Masons to which he belonged, and the lodge hall is now the depository of a great many articles and paintings associated with him which will be re- moved soon to the George Washington National Masonic Memorial. The trowel, the square and the plumb used in laying the cornerstone of the Capi- tol may be seen here and also the Bible that was used in the days of Washington. Here, also is an original painting of Washington by William Will- iams and many other paintings and interesting relics. There is scarcely a foot of ground in Alexandria that Washington did not tread. The old quarters of the volunteer Fire Company of which Wash- ington was a member still stands. In Gadsby's Inn, now the City Hotel, he recruited his first com- pany of Provincial Troops authorized by Governor Dinwiddie, with which he fought the Battle of Great Meadows. In the ballroom of Gadsby's Tavern in 1798 was held a celebration of Washing- ton's birthday. From the steps of the same building he gave military commands to Fairfax County In- dependent Company, one of various such county companies organized in anticipation of the out- break of the Revolution, and whose uniform of blue and buff became that of Washington as Com- mander-in-Chief. Here also he voted as late as 1799. This route also is a convenient approach to the George Washington National Masonic Memorial, on the outskirts of Alexandria. Continuing through the City of Alexandria and proceeding southward the traveler soon reaches the southern limits of the town and passes within a stone's throw of the first cornerstone of the District of Colum- bia still standing on Jones Point, with the inscrip- tion yet legible. Leaving Alexandria, the route crosses Hunting Creek and rises on high ground from which the broad panorama of the river and distant Washington are spread before the eye and then, overlooking the river, it follows the ridge to Old Fort Hunt, and thence to the entrance gates of Mount Vernon. This highway is not only replete with historic interest, but for scenic beauty it is perhaps unex- celled by any highway of similar length in America. It is approximately 15 miles in length and though varying somewhat in width, it is at all places wide enough for several automobiles to pass abreast in each direction. One of the interesting features of the Highway is the provision made for temporary parking at many points along the route by which tourists may stop and enjoy numerous lovely vistas of the river and of the distant Maryland Hills. The route of this great Highway is elaborately planned to facilitate the handling of traffic to the South bank of the Potomac, from which point the various connections are made with the principal bridges, although the main Highway connects with the Arlington Memorial Bridge. The engi- neering plan at the gates of Mount Vernon is upon a generous scale, providing for a large park circle, surrounded by arms of the boulevard, and ade- quate parking space. The boulevard is marked by suitable tablets and every appointment is carefully provided for safety, utility and beauty. The Mount Vernon Memorial Highway was au- thorized by Congress May 23, 1928, as an activity of the United States George Washington Bicen- tennial Commission for the Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington. The Highway was designed and con- structed under the direction of the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Public Roads. Its construction was begun September 17, 1929, and the Highway opened for traffic January 16, 1932. Formal dedication of the great Highway 110 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission for public service took place November 15, 1932, at which time the President of the United States and Mrs. Hoover and other high officials of the government, members of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, officers and engineers of the Bureau of Public Roads traversed the Highway to Mount Vernon, where an informal reception was held at the gates of the estate. A suitable tablet of bronze upon the Highway com- memorates these events. Arlington Memorial Bridge Although the building of the great bridge across the Potomac River, connecting the Mall of the National Capital with beautiful Arlington Ceme- tery, was not distinctly a George Washington me- morial project, its completion in 1932 and its inti- mate relation to the Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, make reference to it at this time appro- priate. This bridge is a realization of the dream of Andrew Jackson, President of the United States, who insisted there be such a bridge of enduring granite spanning the broad bosom of the Potomac as a symbol of the Union of the North and South. The Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission was created by Act of Congress and directed to take the necessary steps to select a suitable design. The project was to fit into the elaborate plans for the development of the National Capital as out- lined by the McMillan Commission of 1901, pro- viding for a return to the spirit of the original L'Enfant plan. The cost of the bridge was not to exceed $14,75 0,000. This sum proved sufficient for the construction of the bridge, together with an elaborate system of approaches both from the Washington and the Virginia ends. From the latter side one boulevard continues to the entrance of the Arlington National Cemetery and another joins the Mount Vernon Memorial Highway on the island, while the eastern approach articulates with the landscaping about the Lincoln Memorial. The bridge is monumental in character and size, being of granite handsomely carved in historical designs. It was formally opened by President and Mrs. Hoover, high government officials and mem- bers of the United States George Washington Bi- centennial Commission at the same time as the dedi- cation of the Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, Nov. 15, 1932. 1^ w§ fl m Mi ■A H> ■ Wi JRH \ jB'v. K % * m&W'- .■'. . .-. ........ '*' .."""" *^^*^ .«**.* r "-lM The Arlington Memorial Bridge. Looking across the Potomac River towards the hills of Virginia. Wakefield, Virginia, Where Washington Was Born ^N THE Celebration of the Two Hun- dredth Anniversary of the Birth of 1 PliJ George Washington it is of the greatest '^^ "-^ historical importance to refer not only to the event itself, but also to his birthplace which is one of the most revered patriotic shrines in America. George Washington was born at Pope's Creek on the Potomac River, Westmoreland County, Virginia, in a brick house on land acquired by his father, Augustine Washington, Sr., in 1717. It is not known whether the father built the house. The original homestead in which George Wash- ington was born was burned Christmas Day, 1780, and for a century and a half this historic spot was almost forgotten. It passed through successive ownership and even most of the foundations of the original mansion were taken away and used to re- build other houses in the neighborhood. As the years passed, practically all of the historic relics of the time of the early Washington family were obliterated. The family burying ground in which were a number of flat grave stones, became a pas- ture, and old landmarks were destroyed by suc- ceeding generations of owners and tenants. For nearly 150 years the ancestral acres of the Washington family in America remained neglected and forlorn, and practically forgotten. The site was difficult of access and few Americans had the interest or the curiosity, to stand upon that soil made immortal by its historic associations. However, one man did visit this spot with rever- ence and with a deep sense of patriotic obligation. George Washington Parke Custis, step grandson of President Washington, in 1815 marked the site of the original mansion. He placed there a stone marker at the actual site of the edge of the birth- room. His own public statement emphasized that spot. The marker bore this inscription: Here, the 11th of February 173 2 (Old Style) George Washington was born. :: " Thus, with simple dignity, this man familiar with the story of Wakefield settled the question as to the exact spot where stood the house and this For Article on Date of George Washington's Birth see Vol. Ill p. 689. was later confirmed by excavations made prepara- tory to erecting the replica. In 1858 a deed was executed by George Corbin Washington, son of Louis William Washington, then sole owner of that site, conveying to the State of Virginia the sixty foot square as being the exact ground on which had stood the house in which George Washington was born, for the purpose of erecting a monument thereon. In 1882 the State of Virginia conveyed to the United States Government the same site as the exact ground on which the birth house stood speci- fied as sixty feet square; also, the same dimension is cited in the deed issued to the United States Gov- ernment by the heirs of Louis William Washington in 1882 as being the ground beneath the house in which George Washington was born. Upon this site the Government of the United States erected a monument in 1896. This monument was simple in design and consisted of a shaft of Vermont granite 5 1 feet high, mounted upon a suitable base and pedestal. When it was decided to build a replica of the Washington homestead upon the site of the original mansion, it was necessary, of course, to remove the monument, and therefore it was re- located about a quarter of a mile away at the in- tersection of the main highway with the short road leading to the mansion itself. The present monu- ment indicates the road to be taken by tourists in reaching Wakefield. With the exception of constructing the road be- tween the birthsite and the wharf, the fencing of government lands and general maintenance work, nothing further of note was done at Washington's birthplace until after the organization of the Wakefield National Memorial Association which was incorporated under the laws of Virginia, Jan- uary 18, 1924, for the purpose of recovering the long neglected birthplace of George Washington, restoring it and making it a place of pilgrimage for all the people. The story of the George Washington Birthplace Memorial Monument, as it now exists, according to Horace M. Albright, late director of the National Park Service, is largely the story of the Wakefield National Memorial Association, under the able 112 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 113 presidency of Mrs. Josephine W. Rust. It was Mrs. Rust who conceived the idea of creating an association to perform in behalf of Wakefield a service similar to that done by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union. Mrs. Rust was born in the neighborhood of Wakefield. From her own knowledge and the knowledge of her family and friends, she was as familiar with the locality as any other person. She realized, and regretted, the neglect that had permitted this sacred place to be given into the hands of strangers and the traces of its chief historic interest obliterated. Mrs. Rust made this project her life work and lived only to see its certainty of fulfillment. Be- sides Mrs. Rust, the other officers of the Wakefield National Memorial Association included: Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook, First Vice President. Mrs. John D. Sherman, Vice President. Mrs. Charles Moore, Vice President. Mr. Charles Arthur Hoppin, Examiner of Ancient Records of Persons and Property. Dr. Thomas Walker Page, Secretary. Miss Ella Loraine Dorsey, Recording Secretary. Mr. Benjamin S. Minor, Counsel. Mr. A. M. Nevius, Treasurer (Riggs Nat. Bank). Mr. Edward W. Donn, Jr., F. A. I. A., Architect. Board or Trustees The officers as above, and Hon. Harry Flood Byrd. Rt. Rev. James E. Freeman, D.D. Mrs. James P. Andrews. Mrs. Lowell Fletcher Hobart. Mrs. S. Z. Shope. Hon. John Barton Payne. Lyon G. Tyler, LL.D. Hon. Schuyler Otis Bland. Flon. R. Walton Moore. Mrs. Charles C. Worthington. Marcus Benjamin, Ph.D. Mrs. James W. Wadsworth, Jr. Hon. Wm. Tyler Page. Mrs. Peter Goelet Gerry. Lieut. Col. U. S. Grant, 3rd. Mrs. Henry A. Strong. Dr. Richard Washington. Mr. Wat. Tyler Mayo. Building Committee Hon. Harry Flood Byrd, Chairman. Lieut. Col. U. S. Grant, 3rd, Vice Chairman. Hon. R. Walton Moore. Hon. S. O. Bland. Mr. Charles A. Hoppin. Mrs. James W. Wadsworth, Jr. Mrs. Charles C. Worthington. The President, Vice Presidents and Treasurer, ex officio. Regents Alabama Mrs. Atwood Hill Mathes, Mooresville. Arkansas Mrs. Vivien Lewis Sigmon, Monticello. Colorado Mrs. Eleanor Pope Lyne, Denver. Mrs. J. Warden Pope, Denver, Vice Regent. Connecticut Mrs. Clarence F. R. Jenne, Hartford. Mrs. John Laidlaw Buel, Litchfield, Vice Regent. Illinois Mrs. Samuel W. Earle, Chicago. Iowa Mrs. Frederick E. Frisbee, Sheldon. Kansas Mrs. Effie H. van Tuyl, Leavenworth. Kentucky Mrs. Ben Johnson, Bardstown. Louisiana Mrs. Henry Dickson Bruns, New Orleans. Mississippi Mrs. Percy Edwards Quinn, Macomb City Nevada Mrs. J. E. Geldcr, Reno. New Jersey Mrs. Wm. Dusenberry Sherrerd, Haddonfield. New Mexico Mrs. Frank Elery Andrews, Santa Fe. New York Mrs. Henry Fairfield Osborn, New York City, Associate Regent. North Carolina Mrs. Robert A. Dunn, Charlotte. Ohio Hon. James R. Garfield, Cleveland. Oklahoma Mrs. Howard Searcy, Wagoner. Pennsylvania Mrs. Joseph Henry Zerbey, Jr., Pottsville. Mrs. H. D. Sheppard, Hanover, Associate Regent. Mrs. Jos. M. Caley, Philadelphia, Vice Regent. Mrs. George N. Reed, Oil City, Associate Regent. South Carolina Mrs. W. B. Burney, Columbia. South Dakota Miss Lcona Dias Viling, Yankton. Mrs. J. B. Vaughan, Castlewood, Associate Regent. Tennessee Mrs. Joseph W. Byrns, Nashville. Texas Mrs. Harry Hyman, Hyman. Mrs. Avery Turner, Amarillo, Vice Regent. Utah Mrs. E. A. Collins, Ogden. Vermont Mrs. Chester Mayo, Huntington. Virginia Mrs. James Allison Hodges, Richmond. Washington Mrs. William B. GafTney, Seattle. Mrs. John Ewing Price, Seattle, Vice Regent. West Virginia Hon. Howard Sutherland, Elkins. District of Columbia Mrs. Howard L. Hodgkins. 14 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission Mrs. James Griswold Wentz, New York City, Regent at Large. Mr. Samuel Herrick, Washington, D. C, Regent at Large. Maj. Gen. Amos A. Fries, Washington, D. C. Regent at Large. Mrs. Ada Fairfax Chandler, Montross, Chairman for the Northern Neck of Virginia. Mrs. Reinoehl Knipe, Norristown, Pa., Vice Chairman, Wakefield Committee Daughters of 1812. By an Act of Congress approved June 7, 1926, the Association was given authority to build a replica, as nearly as practicable, of the Augustine Washington house on government-owned land, with the provision that plans should be approved by the National Fine Arts Commission and the Sec- retary of War and that when the work was com- pleted it should be turned over to the Government. In 1926 the Association also, under the supervision of the War Department, made excavations at the birthsite to recover all possible information in re- gard to the foundations of the house. These exca- vations, together with the information obtained at the time of excavating for the monument foun- dation, gave much data for determining the size and the type of the house. In 1927 the Association was instrumental in get- ting a Government appropriation for improving the road between the birthsite and the Potomac River, past the family graveyard. When it was determined that the plan of rebuilding the house was as authentic as it could possibly be made, the National Park Service supervised the production of 240,000 hand-made bricks at the expense of the Association. These bricks were made in a field ad- joining the birthsite, from clay obtained in the same field. The size of the bricks was 2 5 /& by 8% inches and they were made by the same method as was used in colonial times. The results obtained were most satisfactory as regards the quality of tex- ture, hardness and glazed ends, about which the architect was much concerned. Special shapes were made for water tables and wall tops. At the initiation of the Association, in 1929, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., purchased 273.56 acres of the original Washington tract, running along the government road between the birthsite area and the Potomac River and Bridges Creek at the cost of $115,000. This land was transferred to the Gov- ernment December 12, 1930, and by the proclama- tion of the President became a part of the George Washington Birthplace National Monument, March 30, 1931. In 1929 the Association also purchased thirty additional acres of land at a cost of $8,000 to con- solidate the lands purchased by Mr. Rockefeller. On June 22, 1931, the Association deeded its land at Wakefield, about 100 acres, to the Government. The present area of George Washington Birthplace National Monument is 394.37 acres. In the Spring of 1930 the Association excavated and rebuilt the old family vault at the burying ground and collected the remains of all the bodies that were buried outside the vault and placed them in the reconstructed vault and sealed it. The top of this vault is about one foot below the ground surface. Five table stones have been erected and the burial ground, an area of 70,000 feet square, is enclosed by a wall of hand-made brick with iron gates. Within this enclosure are the remains of Col. John Washington, his wife Ann Pope; his brother Lawrence; his sons Major Lawrence Washington and Captain John Washington and his family; Augustine Washington (father of George Wash- ington) and his first wife Jane Butler; Augustine Washington 2d (half-brother of George) and his family. Effective means were taken to protect the remains from vandals and to preserve fragments of original stones. The services at the reinterment on May 20, 1930, were conducted by the Right Reverend James E. Freeman, Bishop of Washington, and the Reverend Mr. Cartwright, Rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church at King George County Court House. Present on that occasion were many people of the neighborhood and interested visitors from nearby cities. Among the official witnesses of the inter- ment were Mrs. Josephine W. Rust, President of the Wakefield National Memorial Association; Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman, member of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commis- sion; Edgar P. Allen, of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission; Colonel H. S. Kimberly, in charge of the photographic service of the above Commission; and Mr. Edward W. Donn, Jr., architect for the Wakefield National Memorial Association. The plans for improving the graveyard called for a monument of Aquia Creek sandstone (quarries from which stone for the Capitol and White House was taken) inscribed to John Washington, the immigrant, and of similar design to monuments of its period. The table stones are inscribed to the descendants of John Washington known to have Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 115 been buried there. An inscription on the central table stone is as follows: The ancient brick Vault beneath this stone was rebuilt and the remains therein of possibly twelve burials and twenty adjoining graves were re-interred here April 28, 193 0, by the Wakefield National Memorial Association. The brick wall about the burial ground has a coping similar to that used at Bruton Church at Williamsburg, Va. About the enclosure cedars and other appropriate trees and shrubs add to the quiet beauty of the shrine and border the pathway which extends from the road to the graveyard. Other important features of the extensive re- habilitation work are: a brick walk between the Mansion and the ancient kitchen, from the Man- sion to the Colonial Garden and from the Mansion to the newly constructed well and pump house; a gravel walk from the ends of the brick walk in a random course through the birthsite area; a road- way through the grounds to the rear of the Man- sion; parking areas at the Mansion and burial ground; reconstruction and oil treating of road be- tween the monument and birthsite; relocation, construction and oil treating of road around monu- ment and between monument and burial ground: building a gravel walk from road to burial ground and around the table stones inside the brick wall; the construction of about 2,000 feet of "Snake" rail fence, transplanting of cedars on each side of birthsite approach road and around Monument circle; planting of trees and shrubs on the approach path to burial ground; obliterating of abandoned old road and the removal of certain fencing. The Association is also furnishing the Mansion with copies of furniture of the period. One of the most impressive of the improvements is that of rehabilitating the ancient flower garden by the planting of box and other old-fashioned shrubs, which have added greatly to the beauty of the grounds. The Colonial garden is enclosed by a hand-split picket fence, white-washed in the style of Washington's day. On the sundial in the garden is the following verse: "A place of rose and thyme and scenting earth, A place of the world forgot, But here a matchless flower came to birth — Time passed and blessed the spot." The birthplace of George Washington at Wake- field, and the home which is his last resting place at Mount Vernon, are both upon the right bank of the Potomac River and about 70 miles apart. Both, however, are within a few hours by motor from -: Oil IC.IAL WITNESSES OF THE REINTERMENT OF THE REMAINS OF APPROXIMATELY THIRTY MEMBERS OF THE WASHINGTON FAMILY, WHO WERE BURIED IN THE OLD BURYING GROUND AT THE ORIGINAL FAMILY ESTATE, WAKEFIELD, VIRGINIA. Left to right: Edgar P.Allen; Mrs. Josephine Wbcelright Rust, President of the Wakefield National Memorial Association; Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman, one of the Commissioners of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commis- sion; Mrs. Howard L. Hodgkins; Edward W. Donn, Jr., Architect of the reconstructed Wakefield mansion; and at the hack. Colonel H. S. Kimberly. (Upon this site later was constructed the beautiful cemetery garden and marble entablatures shown on page 116) the City of Washington and are connected with it and with each other by scenic highways traversing a section that is steeped in romance and in historic lore. Wakefield is situated in Washington parish of Westmoreland County, Virginia. John Washing- ton, George Washington's great grandfather, who came from England about 1657, settled on a plan- tation on the southeast side of Bridge's Creek. There, on a large plantation overlooking the lower Potomac, three generations of the Washington fam- 116 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission ily had made their homes prior to the birth of the boy whose name has become so famous as to attach interest to all things connected with his actions, life and career. It should be remembered, however, that the birthplace of George Washington on Pope's Creek, about a mile from Bridge's Creek, was not a part of the original plantation. His father purchased it in 1717 from Joseph Abbington. The studies by Horace M. Albright and Charles O. Paullin show not only this fact, but also that before he purchased the Pope's Creek land Augustine Washington prob- ably lived on the Liston tract northwest of Bridge's Creek, which he had inherited from his father, Lawrence. The original Bridge's Creek plantation was willed by the immigrant John Washington to his second son, John, and did not come again into the hands of a direct ancestor of George Washing- ton until his father acquired it from his cousin John in 1742. Only then, a year before Augus- tine Washington died, did the land between Bridge's and Pope's Creeks, now the Wakefield National Monument, and including both the birthplace of George Washington and the ancestral burying ground, come into the possession of a single Wash- ington. This property Augustine willed to his son Augustine, from whom it descended to the latter's son William Augustine, who probably bestowed upon it the name Wakefield, and who possessed it when the house was burned. In his will, written in 1810, he calls this part of his estate the Burnt House Plantation. In selecting his family home, John Wash- ington exhibited the same wisdom and foresight which he later displayed (in 1674) when, in com- pany with Nicholas Spencer, he secured a land grant of 5,000 acres between Dogue's Run and Little Hunting Creek on the west bank of the upper Potomac, which later became known as Mount Vernon. The later acquisition on the upper Potomac was known as Epsewasson or Hunting Creek or as Washington Plantation until, in 1743, it was named Mount Vernon by Lawrence Wash- ington, half brother of George, and a descendant of the original owner. It was so named in honor of Admiral Vernon of the British Navy, under whom Lawrence Washington served. As was the case in the building of most of the Tin Washington i amily burying ground at Wakefield, Virginia, as reconstructed by landscape architects. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 117 great Colonial homes of Virginia, the chief reason for the selection of these two sites by John Wash- ington was their frontage on navigable water. This was a necessary consideration as the early settlers depended almost entirely upon the old world for their supplies. Also, the rivers formed the easiest method of transportation between plan- tations and from plantations to markets. We can hardly disregard the fact also that the Virginians of the early days had an eye for beauty. As one travels through this romantic section of Virginia he is struck by the fact that these mansions, almost without exception, were built upon sites that com- mand unusually beautiful views. The strip of land along the Virginia Tidewater sections of the Chesa- peake Bay and the Potomac River is unusually rich in the ancestral homes of those whose names are now indelibly inscribed upon our history. Among those ancestral homes, the two homes of George Washington head the list of early settlers given by Joseph Dillaway Sawyer, and among the names of the other proprietors are the Lees, Jeffersons, Madi- sons, Monroes, Carys, Staffords, Masons, Fairfaxes and scores of others, all of whom had much to do with the making of the early history of Virginia. The present Wakefield estate lies upon the south bank of the Potomac River, between Bridge's Creek on the west and Pope's Creek on the east. These streams are about a mile apart. The original house of John Washington was doubtless at Bridge's Creek, where the first Washington lived after 1664, and from that fact has arisen a notion in the minds of some, that George Washington was born sixty-eight years later in a small cottage facing that Creek at its mouth. The imaginary picture of this cottage has also been called George Washington's home on the Rappahannock. The recent investi- gations, however, show the fallacy of this idea con- cerning the site and character of George Washing- ton's birthplace. In erecting the house at Wake- field the National Park Service has accepted the his- toric findings of the Wakefield National Memorial Association, that George Washington Parke Custis, step-grandson of President Washington, in 1815 marked the site correctly. There has been much discussion, says Sawyer, concerning the old colonial homestead on the 1,000-acre farm upon the Potomac River, near Bridge's Creek, famous the world over as the birthplace of George Washington. It has been asserted that the house was but a cottage, of meager dimensions and a story and a half in height. But this assertion is not sub- stantiated by known facts. The foundation area of the house, before it was filled in and leveled, clearly indicated a building of some forty by sixty feet over all, with foundation walls of usual thickness, manifestly designed to support a substantial and commodious dwelling. Making bricks by hand after the original method by which bricks were made upon the Washington estate, Wakefield, Virginia, for the building of the mansion house. 118 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission After 150 years the historic house was rebuilt by the Wakefield National Memorial Asso- ciation, aided by the Federal Government and spon- sored by the United States George Washington Bi- centennial Commission. This beautiful home stands amid sacred surroundings like its prototype of long ago, built of hand-made bricks of clay taken from the field from which the original material came. The rebuilding of the home in which George Wash- ington was born is an interesting story of patient research and unselfish devotion. Mrs. Rust, as President of the Wakefield National Memorial Association, assumed a heavy responsibility. With the exception of $50,000, every dollar that went into the project was raised by subscriptions. The rebuilding of the mansion was from plans prepared by Edward W. Donn, Jr., an architect of Wash- ington, D. C, who has specialized in the study of Colonial architecture, particularly of old Virginia homes. Authentic data for restoration was se- cured by the prolonged and painstaking work of Charles A. Hoppin, Examiner of Ancient Records of Persons and Property. Mr. Donn's design has been accepted by the best qualified authorities as reproducing a typical colonial house of the size and character of the original Wakefield. The mansion stands on a knoll overlooking the extensive lake-like mouth of Pope's Creek on one side and facing the broad expanse of the Potomac. In its quiet dignity, and the solemn hush which pervades the entire surroundings, Wakefield re- minds one of the atmosphere of Mount Vernon. A spirit of peace, of sacred memories, encom- passes the serious visitor as though time itself had stood still over this revered spot in a perpetual benediction, not for the great soldier, statesman and patriot, born here, but for the wonderful boy who played among its ancient trees and dreamed his dreams beneath their spreading leaves. \ ASHINGTON IS THE MIGHTIEST NAME OE EARTH LONG SINCE MIGHTIEST IN THE CAUSE OF CIVIL LIBERTY, STILL MIGHTIEST IN MORAL REFOR- MATION. On that name no eulogy is ex- pected. It can not be. To add brightness to the sun, or glory to the name of Washing- ton IS ALIKE IMPOSSIBLE. LET NONE ATTEMPT it. In solemn awe we pronounce the name, and in its naked deathless splendor leave it shining on. Abraham Lincoln Historic Exhibitions of Portraits pHE United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission took special pride in the Historical Loan Exhibition of portraits of George Washington and his associates, which was held in The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C, from March 5 to November 24, 1932. In all of its manifold ac- tivities, which were without precedent and which carried the inspiration and knowledge of George Washington's life and character to every part of our country, nothing has been of greater value or of more unique interest than this remarkable ex- hibition. No previous attempt at anything like so com- plete a collection of great portraits of George Washington and his contemporaries ever was made. True, in 1889, at the great Centennial of the Inauguration of George Washington in New York City, a notable group of Washington por- traits and portraits of his contemporaries was placed on exhibition at the Metropolitan Opera House for three weeks and aroused much interest. But for the Bicentennial of George Washington's birth, greater preparation had been made and a wider field of research revealed more of the really historic portraits that were assembled in Washing- ton. This exhibition was one of the earliest projects approved by the Director. The opportunity came as a logical development of the study of George Washington and the Revolutionary period and was one of the several activities of the Commission, that from the very nature of things, could not be taken to the people in their own homes and com- munities. In selecting a manager of the Loan Exhibition, the choice fell naturally upon Mrs. Rose Gou- verneur Hoes, whose life-long identity with the finest culture of the National Capital, and whose distinguished intellectual qualifications were acknowledged in artistic and literary circles over a period of many years, made her ideally fitted for the responsibility. Mrs. Hoes, who was the great- grand daughter of President Monroe, had lived Ca . ///r Owrs'/v/// rJf///r/'Y ry r /// rry ///'.// /A/- //<>j/<>/- «/ yf't/r///Y'.irttrr /// ///r ''A*>/f//sy .//■f>'f//r //*'//' * J S . /('/-//'ft//* /y . J /'""/'■ A/f/.sAf //yA/'/t /*//ff// ./f/'f / ////' ■ Yj//YA of . //f>/yr //'/.)/////'//?>// //*/*//'/■ ////' f/f/.y / //rr.t /j/ /j//J.*rs>// <&i . / Facsimile of Invitation to the Preview of the Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition, Held at the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C, on March 5, 1932. 119 His Excellency, The British Ambassador, Sir Ronald Lindsay, and Honorable Sol Bloom, Director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, viewing the "Lansdowne" portrait of George Washington by Gilbert Stuart, owned by Lord Rosebery and lent for the Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition, Washington, D. C. 120 Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 121 practically all her life in Washington. Her ac- quaintance was wide and her personal influence in securing loans of valuable portraits was manifest in many instances. Although frail of body, her mind was singularly active and her enthusiasm for the success of the enterprise was unflagging. The Commission acknowledges its deep debt of grati- tude to Mrs. Hoes for her unselfish and competent organization and management of the Loan Exhibi- tion. The Portrait Committee of the George Wash- ington Bicentennial Loan Exhibition was com- posed of: Mrs. McCook Knox, Chairman F. Lammot Belin Mrs. William Corcoran Eustis Mantle Fielding Mrs. Rose Gouverneur Hoes George C. McClellan John Hill Morgan Duncan Phillips Alexander Wilbourne Weddell The George Washington Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition Committee: The Vice President of the United States Mrs. William H. Taft Mrs. Calvin Coolidge The Ambassador of Mexico The Royal Italian Ambassador The Ambassador of the French Republic The Ambassador of Germany The Ambassador of Poland The Ambassador of Great Britain The Speaker of the House of Representatives The Secretary of State The Secretary of the Treasury The Secretary of War The Attorney General The Postmaster General The Secretary of the Navy The Secretary of the Interior The Secretary of Agriculture The Secretary of Commerce General John J. Pershing and Honorable Sol Bloom, Director, viewing the famous painting of the Wash- ington FAMILY BY EDWARD SAVAGE, LENT BY THE ESTATE OF THOMAS B. CLARKE FOR THE BICENTENNIAL HISTORICAL Loan Exhibition, Washington, D. C. 122 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission The Secretary of Labor The Minister of Venezuela The Governor of Maryland The Governor of Virginia Admiral William V. Pratt, Chief of Naval Operations General Douglas MacArthur, Chief of Staff, United States Army Major General B. H. Fuller, Commandant, United States Marine Corps Leo S. Rowe, Director General, Pan American Union C. Bascom Slemp Charles G. Abbot, Secretary, Smithsonian Insti- tution Alexander Wetmore, Assistant Secretary, Smith- sonian Institution F. Lammot Belin Miss Mabel T. Boardman Henry Ford Frederic A. Delano, Chairman, National Capital Park and Planning Commission Mantle Fielding Miss Helen C. Frick, Frick Art Reference Library Mrs. Lowell Fletcher Hobart, President General, D. A. R. Miss Frances Benjamin Johnston Henry W. Kent, Secretary of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Mrs. McCook Knox John F. Lewis, President, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts George B. McClellan John Hill Morgan Charles Moore, Chairman, National Fine Arts Commission Duncan Phillips, Phillips Memorial Gallery Potter Palmer, President, Chicago Museum of Art George A. Pope, President, San Francisco Art Museum Walter G. Peter, Direct Descendant of Martha Washington General view of Gallery No. 1 of the Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition at The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 123 Robert Wirt Washington, Direct Descendant of Augustine Washington Alexander Wilbourne Weddell, Virginia House, Richmond, Va. Mrs. Rose Gouverneur Hoes, Manager, National Historical Loan Exhibition. General supervision of the entire exhibition was, of course, under the direction of Mrs. McCook Knox, Chairman of the Portrait Committee of the George Washington Bicentennial Loan Exhibition. Mrs. Knox devoted much time and energy to the successful organization and arrangement of the exhibits and her special knowledge of art and wide acquaintance with the artists of this and other countries equipped her for distinguished service and for discharging with great credit the responsi- bilities placed upon her. Through the courtesy of The Corcoran Gallery of Art, four spacious exhibition rooms were made available to the Commission and every possible help and courtesy was extended by the officers and em- ployes of the Corcoran Gallery. The Board of Trustees of this great institution consisted of: Charles C. Glover, C. Powell Minnigerode, George E. Hamilton, Robert V. Fleming, Corcoran Thorn, Lewis R. Morris, Charles C. Glover, Jr., R. M. Kauffmann and Gari Melchers. The Commission is under special obligation to Mr. C. Powell Minnigerode, Director and Secretary of the Gallery, who assisted with enthusiasm in the display of the loan collection. The paintings were collected from Museums and private and public ownership in this and other countries. The generosity of these owners made the Exhibition possible, and the Commission pub- licly acknowledges its obligation to those who loaned these great works of art to this government; to the authorities of the Frick Art Reference Li- brary in New York for their generous cooperation, and also to those who assisted in the collection of rare and interesting exhibits of Washingtonia. So that the Exhibition itself was in every way worthy General view of Gallery No. 2 of the Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition at The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. 124 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission of its sponsorship by the government of the United States and the participation of those public spirited men and women, at home and abroad, who con- tributed so generously to its success. Preview Reception Before the formal opening of the Exhibition a Preview Reception was held at the Corcoran Gallery, the evening of March 5, 1932. This was one of the most notable artistic events ever held in America. It brought together not only the cul- tural leadership of the National Capital, but many distinguished visitors from other places. The event was formal and the musical features were fur- nished by the United States Marine Band, Captain Taylor Branson, Director. Beautiful souvenirs were given the guests, each souvenir containing an artistic picture of the famous Lansdowne Portrait. The list of guests included the Presidential family. Vice President Curtis and Mrs. Gann, the Chief Justice and Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States; Members of Congress; Members of the Cabinet, Diplomatic Corps, and other distin- guished men and women of Washington and other cities. How the Portraits Were Assembled Many and interesting are the accounts of how the 120 rare portraits in the Historical Loan Exhibition were traced and secured. When it was decided to add portraits of Washington's brothers and sisters to the collection, difficulties were met with not encountered in securing the better known and more easily traced portraits of George and Martha Washington and the members of Wash- ington's Cabinet. Additional portraits often were found in the old homes of the Washington family in Westmoreland County and King George County, Virginia, as well as in other homes of Vir- ginia and adjacent states. Most famous in the collection was the renowned Lansdowne portrait of Washington loaned by the owner, the present Lord Rosebery of London. General vi >i Gallery No. 3 oi the Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition at The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 125 This was accomplished by the kind offices of the British Ambassador, Sir Ronald Lindsay, who co- operated with Representative Bloom, Director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, in bringing it to this country for the occasion. Acting in behalf of Lord Rosebery, in a brief ceremony at The Corcoran Art Gallery, March 4, 1932, Sir Ronald Lindsay unveiled the famous Lansdowne portrait of George Washington in the presence of Director Bloom of the Commis- sion, Mr. C. Powell Minnigerode, Director of The Corcoran Art Gallery, and the members of the Portrait Committee of the National Historical Loan Exhibition, including Mrs. McCook Knox, Chairman, F. Lammot Belin, Mrs. William Cor- coran Eustis, Mantle Fielding, Mrs. Rose Gouver- neur Hoes, Col. George B. McClellan, John Hill Morgan, Duncan Phillips and Alexander W. Weddell. The Lansdowne portrait is one of three painted from life by Gilbert Stuart. It was ordered by William Bingham and painted in 1796. A more detailed account of the portrait is given in the Cata- logue references. Another picture of great historical value is the first painting ever made of George Washington by Charles Willson Peale. This is the famous portrait, "The Virginia Colonel," which was loaned by the Washington and Lee University and shows the Father of His Country as a young man in the uni- form of a Colonel of the Virginia Militia. Harvard University sent its Edward Savage portrait of Washington which has always remained in the University. Thomas Jefferson Coolidge, of Boston, sent his collection of the portraits of the first five Presi- dents by Gilbert Stuart. Other important paint- ings in the collection were loaned by Mrs. Rose Gouverneur Hoes, being James Monroe, by Rem- brandt Peale; Mrs. James Monroe, by Benjamin West; James Madison, by John Vanderlyn, and a miniature of James Monroe, painted by Sene in General view of Gallery No. 4 of the Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibition at The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. 126 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission 1794 when he was Second Minister to France under Washington. There was in the collection a Thomas Sully of Thomas Jefferson, loaned by the University of Virginia; Martha Jefferson Randolph, also by Sully, and loaned by Burton H. R. Randall; a portrait of Baron Von Steuben by Ralph Earle, owned by Mr. William Randolph Hearst; the James Sharpies portrait of George Washington and Martha Wash- ington which is owned jointly by Mrs. Robert E. Lee, Mrs. Hanson E. Ely, Jr., Mrs. Hunter DeButts, and Dr. John Boiling Lee of New York. In this remarkable collection there were can- vasses representing fourteen of the nineteen artists to whom there is little doubt George Washington sat for portraits. There are, of course, differences of opinion, even among the highest art critics, as to the accuracy of the list of painters of portraits from life. But the following list is believed to be as accurate as can be compiled. The artists whose canvasses or miniatures were in the George Wash- ington Bicentennial Loan Exhibition are indicated by a star: * Charles Willson Peale "'William Dunlop "'Joseph Wright "Robert Edge Pine * : "John Ramage ""Madame de Brehari Christian Gulager , ""Edward Savage "John Trumbull Archibald Robertson William Williams "Walter Robertson "Gilbert Stuart ""Rembrandt Peale ""James Sharpies F. Kemmelmeyer Pierre Eugene du Simitiere "Adolph Ulric^Wertmuller "Charles Balthazar Julian Fevret de Saint-Memin Every object in the Loan Exhibition was insured against all hazards for an agreed amount from the time it left the owner's possession, in transit, being packed and unpacked, while on exhibition at The Corcoran Gallery of Art, and until it was returned safely to the owner. All packing, unpacking, ship- ping and insurance in connection with the Bicen- tennial Loan Exhibition were handled for the Com- mission by the Security Storage Company* of Washington, D. C, through its President, Clarence A. Aspinwall, and its Vice President and Treasurer, Charles W. Pimper, to whom the Commission is greatly indebted for their cooperation and efficiency. Catalogue of Historic Exhibits The following list of portraits and Washingtonia is taken from the official Catalogue of the George Washington Bicentennial Historical Loan Exhibi- tion: 1. MARTHA WASHINGTON (1731-1802) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) This portrait was given to the Virginia Historical Society many years ago by Mrs. J. A. Chevallie of Richmond, Virginia. Martha Washington was the daughter of Colonel John Dandridge, a planter in New Kent County. She was eighteen years of age at the time of her first marriage, to Daniel Parke Custis. She was a widow when she was twenty-six; and two years later she married George Washington. She survived him by only a few years. 25" x 30" Lent by The Virginia Historical Society 2. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By John Ramage (c. 1747-1803) Crayon drawing signed "J. Ramage, May 2nd, 1789." John Ramage was born in Dublin about 1748, and as early as 1775 he is mentioned as a goldsmith and minia- ture painter in Boston. He was an accomplished artist and became the foremost miniature painter of "the beaux and belles" of the period. His miniatures were daintily set in gold frames made largely by his own hand. 16Y 4 " x 14%" Lent by Fridenberg Gallery, Nciu York, New York Martha Washington By Charles Willson Peale Lent by The Virginia Historical Society Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 127 GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By James Sharples (c. 1751-1811) This portrait of George Washington probably hung for a number of years at Mount Vernon and at the death of Martha Washington, she left it to her grandson, George Washington Parke Custis. It hung on the walls of Arlington for many years. At his death, he left it to his daughter, who had married General Robert E. Lee. At Mrs. Lee's death, it became the property of her heirs. In Mrs. McCook Knox's "Life of Sharpies," she quotes from the inventory of Mount Vernon made after the death of George Washington: "1 Small ovolo Gilt frame containing the likeness of W— Custis. 1 do. Geo. W. Lafayette 1 do. Gen'l Washington 1 do. Mrs. W— n." Mrs. Knox further says: "Although the inventory does not mention the artist we have good reason to believe that these four portraits were the work of James Sharpies, drawn by him from life." 9%" x 8" Lent by Mrs. Robert E. Lee Dr. George Boiling Lee Mrs. Hanson E. Ely, Jr. Mrs. Hunter deButts MARTHA WASHINGTON (1731-1802) By James Sharples (c. 175 1-18 1 1 ) This crayon portrait is a companion piece of the portrait of George Washington by Sharpies; it probably hung at Mount Vernon and subsequently at Arlington, with the portrait of Washington. 9 3 / 4 " x 8" Lent by Mrs. Robert E. Lee Dr. George Boiling Lee Mrs. Hanson E. Ely, Jr. Mrs. Hunter deButts GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) ByJamesSharpi.es (c. 175 1-181 1 ) The owners inherited this pastel from General Alfred A. Woodhull, U. S. A., late of Princeton, New Jersey. General Woodhull inherited it from his aunt, Miss Carolina Salomons, who was a granddaughter of Presi- dent Smith of Princeton, and a great-granddaughter of President Witherspoon. On the back of the frame is written in faded ink, "Taken from life Rocky Hill, New J y, 2nd." 9//'x7'/ 4 " Lent by Mrs. Lillian E. A. Tompkins and Miss Mary Ellicott Arnold GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) This portrait, owned originally by Edward Penning- ton of Philadelphia, one of the founders of the Penn- sylvania Academy of Fine Arts, was purchased by the Library Committee of Congress for the Capitol, Wash- ington, D. C, from Mrs. C. W. Harris. It hangs in the room of the Senate Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads. About 30" x 2 5" Lent by The United States Government GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) This portrait was in the possession of the Philips family, near Manchester, England, for over a century. The first owner was either Nathaniel Philips (1726- 1808) or his son, Samuel Philips of Heybridge. It passed to the former's nephew, Robert Philips (1794- 1853) who left it to his son, John William Philips. 1827-1914), who left it to his son, William Norton Philips of Heybridge. The portrait was purchased in New York in March, 1924, by the present owner. 29" x 23%" Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Richard deWolfe Brixey 8. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) This is generally considered the original Lansdowne portrait, although the one owned by the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts may be the life portrait. This picture was ordered by William Bingham and presented by Mrs. Bingham to the Marquis of Lansdowne (1738- 1805). After his death the collection of pictures at Lansdowne House, London, was sold on March 19-20, 1806. This canvas was bought by General William Lyman, American Consul, and was later purchased by Samuel Williams. Mr. Williams becoming insolvent, his creditors disposed of the picture by lottery when it became the property of John Delaware Lewis, M. P. It was exhibited in the Centennial Exhibition in Phila- delphia in 1876, and subsequently passed into the hands of the late Earl of Rosebery and hung in his London home, 3 8 Berkeley Square. Present owner, the Earl of Rosebery. 98" x 62" Lent by The Earl of Rosebery 9. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) This portrait was presented to the Gallery by Mrs. Benjamin Ogle Tayloe in 1902. George Washington By Edward Savage Lent by Harvard University 128 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission Mrs. Tayloe's former home was The Octagon House, in Washington, D. C, which was built for this well- known Virginia family. 29" x 24" Lent by The Corcoran Gallery of Art 10. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By William Dunlap (1766-1839) On May 10, 183 8, William Dunlap wrote: "The picture in crayons of General Washington belonging to Dr. Ellis, now in the National Academy Gallery at Clin- ton Hall, was painted by me from the life in the autumn of 1783 at Head Quarters, Rocky Hill, New Jersey; and presented by me to John Van Home of Rocky Hill. Congress was then in session at Princeton and the Commander in Chief had his Head Quarters at Mr. Berrian's house within a few miles." Dr. Ellis married Miss Van Home, and they were the grandparents of the present owner. 26 y 2 " x20/ 2 " Lent by Mrs. A. V. H. Ellis 11. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Edward Savage (1761-1817) Edward Savage was employed by Harvard College to paint this portrait of the President, and Washington recorded in his diary giving him three sittings on Decem- ber 21 and 28, 1789, and on January 6, 1790. 21" x25" Lent by Harvard University 12. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) This canvas is usually referred to as the original por- trait from life of this type. It was painted in 179 5, probably in Stuart's studio on the southwest corner of George Washington By Gilbert Stuart Lent by The Thomas B. Clarke Estate Fifth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. The portrait was one of two, ordered by John Vaughan of Philadel- phia, noted on Stuart's list of April 20, 179 5, and the family tradition is that it was taken by John Vaughan to his father, Samuel Vaughan (1720-1802), a London merchant then living in Fenchurch Street. It was engraved in London by Thomas Holloway, for Lavatier's "Essays on Physiognomy," published November 2, 1796. This type bears the name of the owner of the portrait, which was the first to be engraved. On the death of Samuel Vaughan the portrait passed to his son, William (1752-1850), and probably to his grandson, Petty Vaughan (1788-1854). It was acquired from the executors of William or Petty Vaughan by Joseph Har- rison, Jr., the Philadelphia financier and art collector, before 18 59. In 1912 it was purchased at the sale of pictures belonging to the Harrison Estate, after the death of Joseph Harrison's widow, by the late Thomas B. Clarke, of New York. 29"x23%" Lent by The Estate of Thomas B. Clarke 13. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) This portrait was painted at Mount Vernon in May, 1772, in the uniform of a Colonel of Virginia Militia. It hung at Mount Vernon until the death of Martha Washington, who bequeathed it to her grandson, George Washington Parke Custis. He left it to his daughter, Mrs. Robert E. Lee, who bequeathed it to her son, G. W. Custis Lee. It is now owned by Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia. 50" x40" Lent by Washington and Lee University 14. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) While Washington was presiding over the Constitu- tional Convention of 1787, Peale desired to paint his portrait for the purpose of having it engraved. On July 3, 1787, Washington wrote in his diary, "Sat before the meeting of the Convention for Mr. Peale, who wanted my picture to make a print or mezzotinto by." On July 6, 1787, he wrote, "Sat for Mr. Peale in the morn- ing. Attended Convention. Dined at the City Tavern with some members of the Convention, and spent the evening at my lodgings." On July 9, "Sat in the morning for Mr. Peale." After 1787, Peale, in filling commissions for bust portraits, painted a few portraits of this type, or in head size facing left. In his diary for 1788-9 Peale records the painting of two replicas, one finished August 20, 1788, and the other, head size, on December 7, 1788. An entry immediately preceding that of May 3, 1789, states that he had sold a picture of Washington to the Dutch Consul. This portrait was purchased in Holland in 1925. 23" x 18i/ 2 " Lent by Mr. John Hill Morgan 15. GEORGE WASHINGTON AT DORCHESTER HEIGHTS (1732-1799) By Jane Stuart (c. 1810-1888) Copy by Jane Stuart, daughter of Gilbert Stuart, from the original by her father which hangs in Faneuil Hall, Boston. This portrait was presented to the Maryland Historical Society by the Germania Club of Baltimore, to whom it had been presented many years before by the late Adolph Meyer. 39" x 33" Lent by The Maryland Historical Society Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 129 16. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Edward Savage (1761-1817) This portrait, with a companion one of Martha Wash- ington, was painted for John Adams during Washing- ton's first term as President, when John Adams was Vice-President. A receipt preserved by the Adams family reads as follows: "Received, New York, 17th April 1790, of the Vice- President of the United States, forty-six and -/$. For a portrait of the President of the United States and his Lady. Edward Savage." 30" x 25" Lent by The Adams Memorial Society 17. THE WASHINGTON FAMILY By Edward Savage (1761-1817) This canvas was painted between 1789 and 1796. On March 10, 1798, Savage published his celebrated print of "The Washington Family" from this canvas. Possibly this canvas was painted for the purpose of exhibition along with Savage's Panorama. Savage joined David Bowen in the New York Museum, later the Columbian Gallery, in which this canvas was exhibited. This collection was eventually taken to Boston, to the Columbian Museum, which became in 182 5 the New England Museum. In 1848 the collection was purchased by Moses Kimball and maintained by him until 1890. Kimball states that the painting came into his possession upon his purchase of the New England Museum. In 1891 Kimball sold the canvas to Samuel P. Avery, Jr. Later it was sold by him to William F. Havemeyer of New York City, and was purchased from him by the late Mr. Thomas B. Clarke. 84" x 111" Lent by The Estate of Thomas B. Clarke 18. MARTHA WASHINGTON (173 1-1802) By Edward Savage (1761-1817) This is the companion to the portrait of George Washington. They have always hung in the dining- room of the Adams Mansion in Quincy, Massachusetts, the home of John Adams, in which he and his wife, Abigail, died. This house has been occupied by four generations of the family, and is now preserved as a family memorial by their descendants. 30" x 25" Lent by The Adams Memorial Society 19. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Robert Edge Pine (1730 or 1742-1788) This portrait was purchased in 1817 in Montreal by Henry Brevoort, and descended to his son, J. Carson Brevoort, and, at his death, to Mr. Grenville Kane. Engraved by H. B. Hall, for Washington Irving's Life of George Washington. 36" x 28" Lent by Mr. Grenville Kane 20. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) This portrait shows Washington in his military coat with buff facings, with buttons and strap on collar, neck-cloth with linen frill. It belonged to the Charles J. Eaton collection of paintings presented to the Pea- body Institute by a former member of its Board. 22" x 18»/ 2 " Lent by The Peabody Institute The "Virginia Colonel" portrait of George Washington By Charles Willson Peale Lent by Washington and Lee University 21. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Joseph Wright (1756-1793) The Quaker artist, Joseph Wright, painted this por- trait while Washington was President, and it shows him with a map on his knee of the future City of Washing- ton. The portrait was exhibited in New York in 1889 at the Centennial of Washington's inauguration and in Chicago, 1893, at the World's Fair. 49" x 39" Lent by Mr. Clarence Winthrop Bowen 22. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) Charles Henry Hart, who compiled the Historical, Descriptive and Critical Catalogue of the works of American Artists in the collection of Herbert L. Pratt, says of this portrait: "This is the last portrait of Washington painted from life by Charles Willson Peale, according to Rembrandt Peale, who claimed that his father painted fourteen different portraits of Washington from life, the last sitting being for this portrait." The portrait in the New York Historical Society is usually called the original of this type; but Mr. Hart considered that the greater fineness of this copy points to it being the original. 30" x 25" Lent by Mr. Herbert Lee Pratt 30 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission Martha Washington By Edward Savage Lent by The Adams Memorial Society 22a. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) The owner of this portrait, Mrs. Ordway, says this picture has been in the possession of her family since 1805, and that it was presented to her great grandfather, Hon. John B. C. Lucas, a member of Congress from Pennsylvania. Mr. Lucas resigned his seat in Congress during the administration of President Jefferson to ac- cept the position of District Judge and as one of the Commissioners for the adjudication of land titles in the province of upper Louisiana. Mrs. Ordway also says the portrait was presented to her great grandfather by an old friend, and it is family tradition that Washington gave this portrait to the "old friend." Subsequently the picture was owned by James H. Lucas of St. Louis. He bequeathed it to her daughter, Mrs. John B. Johnson, and at her death it came into the possession of the present owner. 19" x 16" Lent by Col. and Mrs. Godwin Ordway 23. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Edward Savage (1761-1817) Edward Savage made this replica from the life portrait of Washington done in 1789-1790 and he retained it until his death, when it was passed on to members of his family, who in turn presented it to the Art Insti- tute of Chicago. 17 y 2 " x 14" Lent by The Art Institute of Chicago 24. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Rembrandt Peale (1778-1860) Mr. J. V. L. Pruyn, of Albany, New York, the father of Mrs. Charles Hamlin, purchased this picture in 1868 at Washington from Miss Eleanor Brooke. Miss Mary Callahan, a great great aunt of Eleanor Brooke, be- queathed the picture to Eleanor Brooke's grandfather, Dr. John Ridgely of Annapolis, who, by his will, be- queathed it to Eleanor Brooke. It was exhibited in the Philadelphia Exposition of 1923, with other paintings by Rembrandt Peale. 28" x 23" Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Hamlin 2 5. WASHINGTON AT DORCHESTER HEIGHTS (1732-1799) By Jane Stuart (c. 1810-1888) Copy of portrait of George Washington at Dorchester Heights by Gilbert Stuart, done by his daughter, Jane Stuart, about 1860, in Boston. Miss Stuart made the portrait while she was a guest at the home of John Amory Codman, father of the present owner. 36" x 29" Lent by Mrs. Maxim Karolik Codman 26. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) This portrait was given in 1889 by R. B. Kennon, South Gaston, North Carolina, to the Virginia Historical Society. Mr. Kennon was a descendant of Robert Ken- non, an early member of the Cincinnati, whose certificate of membership, signed by Washington, is owned by the Historical Society. 22/ 2 " x 19/2" Lent by The Virginia Historical Society George Washington By Robert Edge Pine Lent by Mr. Grcnville Kai Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 131 George Washington By Charles Willson Peak Lent by The Peabody Institute 27. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) On the stretcher of this portrait, painted about 1795, is pasted a paper with the following inscription: "Portrait of General Washington painted by an Irish artist named Stewart for a public building in New York, and sent by an American gentleman as a present to William Sinclair of Belfast." The portrait was purchased from Sir William May in Ireland. 29" x 24" Lent by Honorable Andrew W. Mellon 28. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) William Constable, great-great-grandfather of the present owner, had his portrait painted by Gilbert Stuart. At that time Mr. Constable saw Mr. Stuart painting the so-called Lansdowne portrait of Washington, and he was so impressed with it that he commissioned Stuart to paint for him a full length portrait of Wash- ington. Hezekiah Beers Pierrepont, great-grandfather of the present owner, married William Constable's daughter, and purchased from him this full-length portrait of Washington, which afterwards came down by inheri- tance to Mr. Pierrepont. This picture has always been known as the Constable portrait. 90" x 61" Lent by Mr. Robert L. Pierrepont 29. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Gilbert Stuart (175 5-1828) This portrait is one of a set of replicas painted by Gilbert Stuart for Colonel George Gibbs who lived for many years in Newport, Rhode Island. The set stayed in the Gibbs' family for several generations. It was bought by T. Jefferson Coolidge of Boston about 1874 and has since remained in this same family. The other four pictures belonging to this set, of Presi- dent Adams, President Jefferson, President Madison and President Monroe, are hanging together elsewhere in the exhibit. 28 Vz" x 22" Lent by Mr. T. Jefferson Coolidge 30. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Adolph Ulric Wertmuller (1751-1811) Painted from life in 1794, signed "A. Wertmuller, S. Pt. Philadelphia, 1794." This portrait was painted in the Senate Chamber be- tween August and November, and retained by Wert- muller for himself. It was sold among his effects and purchased by John Wagner of Philadelphia. It passed down by inheritance through several generations, until it became the property of the late Mr. Samuel T. Wagner. 2 5/ 2 " x 21" Lent by The Estate of Mr. Samuel T. Wagner 31. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By James Frothingham (1781-1864) James Frothingham began life as a painter in his father's chaise manufactory. With meagre instruction in colors, he finally began a career as a portrait-painter, and obtained recognition as a truthful and painstaking artist. His works had sale chiefly in New York and Salem. His copy of Stuart's "Washington" was much admired, and his original portraits were praised for fidelity of coloring. 28/2" x 21" Lent by Mrs. A. F. Watson George Washington By Joseph Wright Lent by Mr. Clarence Winthrop Bo wen 132 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission 32. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) In 1900 Merton Russell Coates, Esquire, F.R.G.S., Eastcliffe Hall, Bournemouth, England (subsequently Sir Merton Russell Coates, J.P., F.R.G.S.), presented this bust to President Theodore Roosevelt who later sent it to the Department of State where it has been ever since. According to a statement from Mr. John Cook, Curator of the Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795) and Sons, Limited, Etruria Museum at Stoke-on-Trent, dated August 13, 1929, the bust was made by this firm in 1890; a plaster cast is in the museum, but up to August 13, 1929, it had not been possible to find any information as to the original from which the bust was made. Height 19" Lent by The Department of State 3 3. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) This portrait was presented in 1878 by Miss Richea G. Etting to the Maryland Historical Society. Miss Etting, who was a very old lady at the time she pre- sented the portrait, stated that it was painted for her father, Solomon Etting, the well-known Baltimore mer- chant, by Gilbert Stuart, and that she remembers that she accompanied her father as a child to the artist's studio and watched him painting the portrait. (See John Hill Morgan and Mantle Fielding, "Life Portraits of Wash- ington.") 29" x 24" Lent by The Maryland Historical Society 34. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By William Birch (175 5-1834) This miniature was given by George Washington to James McHenry, great-great-grandfather of the present owner. James McHenry was a close personal friend of George Washington By Rembrandt Peale Lent by Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Hamlin Washington, and his Secretary of War. This miniature is one of three portraits of Washington, from which Mr. McHenry was asked to take his choice; he chose this as being the best likeness of the three. 3/ 2 "x2 3/ 4 " Lent by Miss Edith McHenry 3 5. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Richard Champion (c. 1743-1791) This plaque was designed by Richard Champion, a porcelain fabricant, of Bristol, England, who came to this country and died in South Carolina. &Y 4 " x 7" Lent by Mr. Walter G. Peter From the Britannia W. Peter Kennon Collection of Washington Relics 36. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) This miniature was probably painted about 178 5. It was presented to Colonel Nathaniel Ramsey by George Washington. Colonel Ramsey gave it to Nicholas Cowenhoven who gave it to Robert Benson. Mr. Benson bequeathed it to the Long Island Historical Society at his death, December 15, 188 3. 2"x l/ 2 " Lent by The Long Island Historical Society, Brooklyn, New York. 37. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By James Peale (1779-1876) This miniature, painted by a brother of the famous Charles Willson Peale, is incased in a watch and was purchased from the artist's son in 1847 by the Artillery Corps Washington Grays. This information is engraved in the watch which contains the miniature. Back of the miniature is a lock of George Washington's hair which was obtained by one of the members of the Washington Grays on the occasion of their visit to Mount Vernon on February 22, 1832. iy 4 "xi3/ 8 " Lent by Artillery Corps Washington Grays, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 37a. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) Artist Unknown Small pin with profile portrait of George Washington. Presented to Commodore Morris by Gen. Lafayette. Lent by Mrs. Arthur D. Addison 38. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Marquise de Brehan The Marquise de Brehan, accompanied her brother, the Comte de Moustier, who succeeded the Chevalier de la Luzerne as Minister of France, to the United States of America. She was a gifted woman and visited Mount Vernon in 1788. Washington's diary for October 3, 1789, says, "Walked in the afternoon, and sat about two o'clock for Madame de Brehan to complete a minia- ture profile of me, which she had begun from memory, and which she had made exceedingly like the original." This ring miniature was painted in New York. Madame de Brehan made several of these paintings, which she executed in a style then exceedingly popular and known as en grisaille, which, when referring to mural decora- tions, would mean in monochrome in various tints of gray to imitate sculpture; when applied to miniature, it was called camaieu. These were painted in tones of gray and sometimes in yellow, and in general gave the effect of cameos cut on shell. 13/16" x9/l6" Lent by Mrs. John Hill Morgan Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 133 39. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Philip A. Peticolas (1760-1843) This miniature has been in the possession of Mr. Frank for over twenty-five years, and was purchased from the daughter of an intimate friend of the Peticolas family. From the Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Journal of Janu- ary 9, 1802, is taken the following advertisement: "Miniature painting, music and French tuition. Peti- colas will take likenesses at his usual price of twenty- five to forty dollars. No likeness — no pay. P. A. Peticolas." 2/ 2 " x 2" Lent by Mr. Charles Lee Frank 40. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) It is said that Washington sat to Charles Willson Peale for this miniature for Anna White Constable (Mrs. William Kerin, to whom it was presented in 178 5) in Philadelphia, in 1785, and it has been in the possession of her descendants ever since. l 3 / 4 "xl3/ 8 " Lent by Miss Josephine B. Foster 41. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) Artist Unknown A wax miniature. Diameter 4". From the collection of the late Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, lent by his granddaughters, Mrs. Vinton Freedley and Mrs. Dent W. Macdonough. 42. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By William Thornton (1761-1827) This Water-Color Painting of Washington is by Dr. William Thornton, first Commissioner of Patents, Archi- tect of the United States Capitol, the Octagon House and Tudor Place. Dr. Thornton was an intimate friend of Washington and of Mrs. Thomas Peter of Tudor Place, granddaughter of Mrs. Washington. The drawing was given by Thornton to Mrs. Peter, and it is thought it was originally made for Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795). 4 I //'x4" Lent by Mr. Walter G. Peter From the Britannia W. Peter Kennon Collection of Washington Relics 43. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Charles Peale Polk (1767-1822) A miniature silhouette on ivory. 1" x 1' Lent by Mrs. Miles White, Jr. 44. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Walter Robertson ( — 1802) George Washington had this miniature painted as a present for his step-granddaughter, Eliza Custis, after- wards Mrs. Thomas Law. Mrs. Law left it to her grandson, Edmund Law Rogers, who was the father of the present owner. l 3 / 4 "xH/ 2 " Lent by Mrs. Charlotte Rogers Mustard George Washington By Gilbert Stuart Lent by Honorable Andrea W. Mellon 45. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By James Sharples (c. 175 1-1811) Made in Philadelphia while Washington was President, this pastel portrait was bequeathed to the Wadsworth Atheneum by Daniel Wadsworth in 1848. It came to Daniel Wadsworth from his father, Colonel Jeremiah Wadsworth, an intimate and highly esteemed friend of Washington. Jeremiah Wadsworth was commissary-general of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War and in 1786-88 he was a delegate to the Continental Con- gress. 9Vz" x7Y 2 " Lent by The Wadsworth Atheneum Hartford, Connecticut 46. GENERAL WASHINGTON (1732-1799), COLONEL KNOX (1750-1806), AND GENERAL PUTNAM (1718-1790) By John Trumbull (1756-1843) This sketch on a drum head, said to have been made by Trumbull on the battlefield, is signed, and dated 1776. In every one of Washington's movements from the siege of Boston to Yorktown, Henry Knox, colonel, brigadier-general, and major-general in command of the artillery, remained with his chief throughout the whole war. He was Secretary of War in Washington's Cabi- net and chosen by him as one of the majors-general when in 1798 war was threatened with France. Israel Putnam, veteran of the French and Indian War, was one of the first majors-general appointed by the Continental Congress to serve under Washington, he being already at the siege of Boston. Continued in close 34 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission association with his chief in the New York and New Jersey campaigns, but later was generally on post command. Diameter 16" Lent by Collection of J. Hopkins Smith 47. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) Artist Unknown Statement of facts in regard to this portrait, found in the American Consulate at Bordeaux, France, reports to the Secretary of State as follows: "Mr. Fenwick, the former consul, married here and left a family of which one son survived until 18 58. Just before his death he presented to the Consulate at Bordeaux a small oil paint- ing — a portrait of General Washington which he claimed his father had brought from the United States in 1790. It has been hanging on the walls of the Consulate since that time, without attracting any particular attention from my predecessors, who, I judge, regarded the claim that it was an 'original portrait from life' with incredulity." Translation of the comment of Imberti to whom the portrait was submitted for judgment: "Imberti, 34, Cours de l'Intendance, & Rue. de Grassi, I Bordeaux, May 14, 1900: "The portrait of Washington submitted to my examination calls to my mind from its delicate and vibrating touch, its vigorous and harmonious color- ing, its sober and correct designing, certain works of the painter Brown (Mather) born in America (1760- 1831). He settled in London, was a pupil of West and painter to George III. The portrait was surely painted about the end of the last century (1796) and I ascribe it to this artist. . . ." "Signed IMBERTI." 9 I / 4 "x7/ 2 " Lent by The Department of State 48. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Edward Dalton Marchant (1806-1887) This is a copy made for the Adams family from an original Sharpies portrait, by Edward Dalton Marchant, who was born in Massachusetts in 1806. He first exhibited in 1829 at the National Academy of Design. In 1845 he settled in Philadelphia, and it was doubtless about this time that he made this copy of the Sharpies portrait. 9 3 / 4 "x7/ 2 " Lent by Miss M. L. A. Clement 49. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By James Sharples (c. 1751-1811) The present owner of this portrait is the great-great- grandson of the original owner, Judge Richard Peters, an intimate friend of George Washington. On Trumbull's list, among the originals which he recognized of Washington, is noted "Sharpies painted two small portraits in crayon, one in profile, the other more front view, in 1796; one of them is in the posses- sion of Judge Peters of Philadelphia." 9 l / 2 "x7" Lent by Mr. Richard Peters, Jr. 50. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Rembrandt Peale (1778-1860) Rembrandt Peale was the son of Charles Willson Peale. The Peabody Institute has no definite knowledge of the origin of this portrait, except that it was bequeathed with the Charles J. Eaton collection of paintings by a former member of the Board. 24" x 20" Lent by The Peabody Institute 5 1. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Gilbert Stuart (175 5-1828) In a recent history, the following account is given of this portrait: "This portrait was painted by Stuart in 1810 for the Honorable Josiah Quincy, later mayor of the City of Boston, who was himself twice painted by the artist. He visited Stuart's studio in Essex Street on several occasions and is said to have purchased this portrait during one of his calls. It hung for years in the family homestead at Quincy, Massachusetts. In Miniature of George Washington By Marquise de Brehan Lent by Mrs. John Hill Morgan Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 135 1896 it was sold by Josiah Phillips Quincy of Boston, grandson of the original owner, to George Nixon Black of Boston, whose collection was bequeathed to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts." This picture is known as the Nixon-Black portrait. 27" x 22" Lent by The Boston Museum of Fine Arts 52. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Joseph Wright (1756-1793) This bust portrait of Washington carries with it an interesting pedigree which goes back to about 1815 when Thomas Shields, a tavern keeper of Alexandria, Virginia, and an ancestor of its late owner, bought the picture at an auction in Alexandria. Shields was a Mason and, being a member of the same Masonic lodge to which Washington belonged, was thoroughly familiar with it as an accurate likeness. His opinion was en- dorsed many years later by Washington's step-grandson, G. W. Parke Custis, who saw the picture shortly before his death in 18 57 and declared it a more correct and faithful expression of Washington's face than any of the numerous portraits he had seen. From a comparison of it with the Houdon bust the measurements are said to be identical. The picture passed to Mr. Shield's daughter and then to her son, the late G. L. McKean of Chicago, from whose widow the Museum bought it. When or where the picture was painted is not known, but 1790 is thought to be its approximate date. Wright drew and etched a profile portrait of Washington in that year and it is said painted a portrait of him at that time. 21/ 2 " x W/z" Lent by The Cleveland Museum of Art George Washington By Joseph Wright Lent by the Cleveland Museum of Art George Washington By Rembrandt Peale Lent by the United States Government GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Rembrandt Peale (1778-1860) Peale painted this portrait in 1823 and it is considered better than his portrait of George Washington made in 1795. It combined the life portrait made in his early youth with those of his father, Charles Willson Peale, as well as a study of the Houdon statue and other life portraits of Washington. It was purchased by Congress in 183 2 and hangs in the Vice-President's room at the Capitol, Washington, D. C. 72" x 54" Lent by The United States Government GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) This portrait of George Washington was owned by Judge Robert Goldsborough, who is said to have obtained it directly from the artist who, in December, 1799, was staying at the Judge's homestead, "Maple Grove," near Easton, Maryland, and painted portraits of members of the Goldsborough family. It hung at Maple Grove for 148 years, until acquired by its present owner. 23" x 19" Lent by The Honorable }. S. Frelinghuysen GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) The original owner of this portrait of George Wash- ington was Andrew Kennedy, Sr., a wealthy ship chandler and tanner of Philadelphia, who bought it from Charles Willson Peale. The present owner has the original will, 136 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission .dated July 8, 1818, in which Andrew Kennedy's widow bequeathed the portrait to her son, Robert, who was Mr. Beck's maternal grandfather. The portrait has thus been in Mr. Beck's family for 140 years. 29/ 2 "x 2 5" Lent by Mr. John S. Beck 56. MRS. WILLIAM CUSHING (1754-1834) By James Sharples (c. 1751-1811) Mrs. Cushing was Miss Hannah Phillips, wife of Judge Cushing, who was appointed an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1789. 10" x 8" Lent by Mr. Robert Treat Paine, 2nd 57. OLIVER ELLSWORTH (1754-1807) By James Sharples (c. 1751-1811) This portrait was bought in 1874 by Horace Gray when he was a member of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, from Tench Tilghman, who brought a number of Sharpies portraits to Boston at that time. The portrait was bequeathed in 1902 to the present owner, a nephew of Horace Gray. Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut, appointed Chief Justice by George Washington; qualified for office March 8, 1796; resigned September 30, 1800. Member of the Continental Congress 1778-1784, when he became a Judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court. Member of the Federal Convention; first United States Senator from Connecticut; author of the Judiciary Act of 1789; in 1799 appointed delegate to negotiate treaty with France. 93/ 4 "x73/ 4 " Lent by Mr. Roland Gray 58. WILLIAM PATERSON (1745-1806) By James Sharples (c. 1751-1811) Mr. Boggs states: "The portrait has come down in the family through the son of Justice William Paterson, namely William Bell Paterson, and from the latter to my mother, Cornelia Bell Paterson, and from her to her son, William Paterson Boggs, who was my brother, and from him to me." William Paterson of New Jersey, appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court by George Washington; qualified for office March 30, 1793; died in office September 9, 1806. Member of Continental Congress 1780-1781, and a member of the Federal Convention. Was Senator from New Jersey in 1789, but resigned in 1790; Governor of New Jersey 1791-1793. 10" x 7/ 2 " Lent by Mr. J. Lawrence Boggs 59. WILLIAM CUSHING (1732-1810) By James Sharples (c. 17 51-1811) William Cushing was born in Scituate, Massachusetts. He was graduated at Harvard in 1751, studied law and became Attorney-General of Massachusetts, became Judge of the Massachusetts Superior Court in 1772, Chief Justice in 1777, and in 1780 was chosen the first Chief Justice of Massachusetts Supreme Court under the State Constitution. In 1789 Judge Cushing was ap- pointed as Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. President Washington nominated him Chief Justice in 1796, but he declined. 10" x 8" Lent by Mr. Robert Treat Paine, 2nd 60. :: JOHN BLAIR (1732-1800) By Leopold Seyffert (1887 ) The portrait was painted for the Virginia Bar Asso- ciation, and by it presented to the present owner. John Blair of Virginia was appointed by George Wash- ington a Justice of the Supreme Court; qualified for office February 2, 1790; resigned January 27, 1796. 30"x25" Lent by The United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 61. : BUSHROD WASHINGTON (1762-1829) By Leopold Seyffert (1887 ) This portrait was painted for the Philadelphia Bar and by it presented to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Bushrod Washington was born in Virginia, June 15, 1762; a nephew of Washington and his literary executor; was bequeathed Mount Vernon by Washington; gradu- ated from William and Mary College in 1778; original member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society; served in the Revolutionary Army; studied law in Philadelphia under James Wilson; member of the House of Delegates of Virginia; member of the convention of Virginia that ratified the Federal Constitution, and appointed associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court by President Adams. 3 5" x 27" Lent by The United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Oliver Ellsworth By James Sharpies Lent by Mr. Roland Gray '■'■' In an effort to complete the personnel of Washington's Supreme Court and Cabinet, the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission has taken a few portraits made by later artists where original portraits were not obtainable. Every member of the Supreme Court and Cabinet during Washington's two administrations is represented, with the exception of Charles Lee (1758-1815) who was appointed attorney-general on December 10, 1795. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 137 62. * JAMES IREDELL (1750-1799) By Mrs. Marshall Williams This portrait of Judge Iredell was painted by Mrs. Marshall Williams about 1899, from a portrait owned by his descendant, the late Iredell Meares, at one time connected with the United States Department of Justice. James Iredell, of North Carolina, was appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court by George Washington; he qualified for office August 2, 1790, and died in office October 2, 1799. In 1777 James Iredell became a Judge of the North Carolina Supreme Court; commissioned in 1787 to codify the statutes of the State and, as a result, prepared Iredell's Revision of the Statutes of North Carolina, 1791. 30" x 25" Lent by The Supreme Court of North Carolina 63. OLIVER ELLSWORTH (1745-1807) By W. R. Wheeler This portrait was purchased from Mr. Wheeler under Act approved October 2, 1888 and it is a copy from an original by Ralph Earle, Oliver Ellsworth, of Connecticut, was appointed Chief Justice by George Washington; qualified for office March 8, 1796; resigned September 30, 1800. Member of the Continental Congress 1778-1784, when he became a Judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court. Member of the Federal Convention; first United States Senator from Connecticut; author of the Judiciary Act of 1789; in 1799 appointed delegate to negotiate treaty with France. 47" x 37" Lent by The Supreme Court of the United States 64. JOHN MARSHALL (1755-1835) By Robert M. Sully (1803-185 5) John Marshall, after service as an officer in the Revo- lutionary Army, became a lawyer at Richmond, and was prominent in the Ratification Convention of Virginia as an advocate of the Constitution. He was Washington's political adviser and correspondent, and the chief Feder- alist of his State. Washington offered him several posi- tions, which he declined; but under Adams he was a member of the famous X Y Z Mission, Secretary of State, and finally was made Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, which position he made one of the greatest in legal his- tory. He wrote the first extended biography of Wash- ington. 36" X 25' Lent by The Corcoran Gallery of Art 65. :: JAMES WILSON (1742-1798) By Leopold Seyffert (1887 ) Painted for the Philadelphia Bar and by it presented to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. James Wilson was appointed Justice of the Supreme Court by George Washington. He qualified for office February 2, 1790, and died in office August 21, 1798. He was a signer of the Declaration of Independence; was a member of the Continental Congress 1775-1777, 1782-1783, 178 5-1787; and a member of the Constitu- tional Convention. He was active in securing ratifica- tion of the Constitution by Pennsylvania. 30" x 24" Lent by The United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania * In an effort to complete the personnel of Washington's Supreme Court and Cabinet, the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission has taken a few portraits made by later artists where original portraits were not obtainable. Every member of the Supreme Court and Cabinet during Washington's two administrations is represented, with the exception of Charles Lee (1758-1815) who was appointed attorney-general on December 10, 1795. )Ushrod Washington By Leopold Seyffert Lent by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 66. JOHN RUTLEDGE (1737-1800) Artist Unknown John Rutledge of South Carolina, was appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court by George Washington; took the oath of office September 26, 1789, but served only as a Justice on circuit; resigned March 5, 1791; appointed Chief Justice by George Washington August 12, 1795; nomination rejected by the Senate September 15, 1795. Governor of South Carolina 1779. Saw service in the Revolution in the army of the South 1780, until the end of the war. Member of the Continental Congress in 1774-1775 and 1782-1783; Chancellor of his State 1784. 18" x 14" Lent by Mr. E. B. Rutledge 67. JOHN MARSHALL (1755-1835) By John D. Martin (1797-1857) This portrait was purchased out of the Miscellaneous Expenses of the Court on December 21, 1889. John Marshall was an officer in the Revolutionary Army. He was Washington's political adviser and cor- respondent, and the chief Federalist of Virginia. Wash- ington offered him several offices which he declined. He wrote the first extended biography of Washington. 30" x 2 5" Lent by The Supreme Court of the United States 68. MRS. SAMUEL CHASE (ANNE BALDWIN) (c. 1743-c. 1777) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) First wife of Judge Samuel Chase of Maryland, and her two daughters, Matilda Chase and Anne Chase. This 13 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission portrait and the companion portrait of Judge Samuel Chase were left to the Maryland Historical Society under the will of Mrs. Ann C. Laird, of Georgetown, D. C, 1892, a great-granddaughter of Judge Chase. 5 0" x 36 y 2 " Lent by The Maryland Historical Society 69. JOHN JAY (1745-1829) By Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) This portrait has been in the possession of the de- scendants of John Jay since it was painted in 1794. It now belongs to his great-grandson, Peter Augustus Jay, who is also the owner of the silk robes portrayed in the picture. John Jay of New York was appointed by Washington as first Chief Justice of the United States, holding office from February 2, 1790 to June 29, 1795. Member of the Continental Congress, 1774-1776, and 1778-1779, and its President in 1779. Appointed Minister to Spain in 1779 but never officially received, he was one of the Commissioners to negotiate the Treaty of Peace with Great Britain. Secretary for Foreign Affairs in 1786, he continued as acting head of the department under Washington until March 1790. He was active in se- curing the rat'fication of the Federal Constitution. In 1794 he negotiated the Jay Treaty with Great Britain and was Governor of New York from 179 5 to 1801. 5 V/z" X40" Lent by Mr. Peter Augustus Jay 70. SAMUEL CHASE (1741-1811) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) This portrait and the companion portrait of Mrs. Chase and her daughters were left to the Maryland His- torical Society under the will of Mrs. Ann C. Laird of Georgetown, D. C, 1892, a great-granddaughter of Judge Chase. Samuel Chase of Maryland was appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court by George Washington, qualified for office February 4, 1796; died in office June 7, 1811. Member of the Continental Congress 1774-1778 and 1784-178 5, and a signer of the Declaration of Inde- pendence. Served in various judicial offices in Maryland 1791-1793. 50" x 36 y 2 " Lent by The Maryland Historical Society 71. SAMUEL CHASE (1741-1811) By John Wesley Jarvis (1780-1834) This portrait has always remained in the possession of the same family, descending from generation to genera- Governor Thomas Johnson and Family By Charles Willson Peale Lent by the C. Burr Artz Library of Frederick, Md. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 139 tion until it became the property of Judge Chase's great- granddaughter, the present owner. Samuel Chase of Maryland was appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court by George Washington; qualified for office February 4, 1796; died in office June 7, 1811. Member of the Continental Congress 1774-1778, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Served in various judicial offices in Maryland 1791-1793. 28" x 22/ 2 " Lent by Mrs. Arthur D. Addison 72. GOVERNOR THOMAS JOHNSON AND FAMILY By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) Governor Thomas Johnson (1732-1819) of "Rose Hill," Frederick County, Maryland. He was a member of the Continental Congress, 1774-1777, and nominated Washington as Commander-in-Chief of the American Army in 1775; Revolutionary Governor of Maryland 1777-1779; again Member of the Continental Congress from 1781-1787, and Associate Judge of the United States Supreme Court, 1791-1793. Mrs. Johnson (Ann Jennings) (c. 1745-1794). Thomas Jennings Johnson (1766-1813) eldest son. Ann Jennings Johnson (Mrs. John Colin Graham) (1768-1851). Rebecca Johnson (c. 1770— d. childhood). This painting was left by Mrs. Ann Graham Ross (Mrs. Worthington Ross) of Frederick, Maryland, a great-granddaughter of Governor Johnson, to the C. Burr Artz Library of Frederick. The Trustees of this Library fund have deposited it with the Maryland His- torical Society, pending the erection of the Library. 48" x 58/2" 73. THOMAS McKEAN (1734-1817) By Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) Thomas McKean, President of Delaware in 1777; Chief Justice of Pennsylvania from 1777 to 1799; Governor of Pennsylvania from 1799 to 1808. He was a member of the Continental Congress from Delaware 1774-1776, 1778-1783; a signer of the Declaration of Independence; and President of Congress in 1781. 28%" x 2434" Lent by Mr. John Hill Morgan 74. JAMES McHENRY (17 5 3-1816) By C. B. J. F. de Saint Memin (1770-1852) This Saint Memin portrait of James McHenry, on pink paper, was made during this artist's visit to America when he painted so many of the notable men of that day. The portrait has descended to Mrs. Bruce through a number of generations. James McHenry was Secretary of War under President Washington. 23"x 17" Lent by Mrs. James Bruce 75. JOHN ADAMS (1735-1826) By Edward Dalton Marchant (1806-1887) This copy of a Sharpies portrait of John Adams, was made in 1847, and is now owned by a descendant of this illustrious man. John Adams was Vice-President under President Wash- ington. 93/ 4 " x 73/ 4 " Lent by Miss M. L. A. Clement 76. MRS. TIMOTHY PICKERING (1754-1824) By Gilbert Stuart (175 5-1828) Mrs. Timothy Pickering was Rebecca White, a daugh- ter of Benjamin White of Boston, and his wife, Elizabeth Mrs. Timothy Pickiri\(. By Gilbert Stuart Lent by Mrs. Richard Y. FitzGerald White, of Bristol, England. She was born in England and came to this country with her parents in 1765. In 1776 she married Timothy Pickering of Salem. Mr. Pickering succeeded Edmund Randolph as Secretary of State in Washington's Cabinet. 32" x 2 5" Lent by Mrs. Richard Y. FitzGerald 77. TIMOTHY PICKERING (1745-1829) By C. B. J. F. de Saint Memin (1770-18 52) Charles Balthazar Julien Fevre de Saint Memin arrived in Canada in 1793, but soon afterward reached New York. Before leaving France a compatriot of his in- vented a machine which helped very much in producing mathematical accuracy in the profiles of his portraits. Saint Memin made portraits of some of the most dis- tinguished men and women of this date, including this one of Timothy Pickering, on pink paper. Timothy Pickering was born in Salem, Massachusetts. Under Washington he was Postmaster General (1791- 1795), Secretary of War (1795), and after December, 179 5, Secretary of State. 23" x 17" Lent by Mr. Frederick Silsbce Whit well 78. GOUVERNEUR MORRIS (1752-1816) By James Sharples (c. 175 1-1811) The present owner is collaterally descended from Gouverneur Morris through Gouverneur Morris' nephew, Gouverneur Morris Wilkins. Morris was a delegate to the New York Provincial Congress, 1775-1777; member of the Continental Con- 140 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission gress 1778-1779; first United States Minister to France under Washington, 1792-1794; member of the United States Senate from New York 1800-1803. 9 Vz" x 7 l / 4 " Unt by Mr j / Jtl s Turnbull 79. JOHN ADAMS (173 5-1826) By Gilbert Stuart (175 5-1828) This portrait is one of a set of five replicas painted by Gilbert Stuart for Colonel George Gibbs who lived for many years in Newport, Rhode Island. The set stayed in the Gibbs' family for several generations. It was bought by T. Jefferson Coolidge of Boston about 1874 and has s.nce remained in this same family. While George Washington was serving in the Revo- lutionary Army, John Adams was doing his part in the Continental Congress and as envoy abroad. When Washington was elected President of the United States, Adams was at the same time elected Vice-President, and he served throughout the two terms with Washington, succeeding him finally as second President of the United States. 24 "' x 21 " Lent by Mr. T. Jefferson Coolidge 80. JAMES MADISON (1751-1836) By Gilbert Stuart (175 5-1828) This portrait is one of a set of five replicas painted by Gilbert Stuart for Colonel George Gibbs who lived for many years in Newport, Rhode Island. The set stayed in the Gibbs' family for several generations. It was bought by T. Jefferson Coolidge of Boston about 1874 and has since remained in this same family. Madison is generally known as the Father of the Con- stitution, and he served with George Washington at the Federal Convention in 1787. 24" x 21" Lent by Mr. T. Jefferson Coolidge 1. JAMES MONROE (1758-1831) By Rembrandt Peale (1778-1860) One of the interesting features of this portrait is that it was painted while Monroe was President of the United States. The figure, which is life size, is seated in a chair on the portico of the White House, and in the distance is the Capitol as it then appeared. Monroe's association with Washington was from his earliest life in the Revolution. He was severely wounded at the battle of Trenton and if it had not been for timely rescue, he would have bled to death, as an artery was severed. He carried the bullet to the day of his death and it is probably now in his coffin. He became an aide to Lord Stirling and was in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth; and shared in the dreary winter at Valley Forge. 54" x 44" Lent by Mrs. Rose Gouverneur Hoes 12. THOMAS JEFFERSON (1743-1826) By Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) This portrait is one of a set of five replicas painted by Gilbert Stuart for Colonel George Gibbs who lived for many years in Newport, Rhode Island. The set stayed in the Gibbs' family for several generations. It was bought by T. Jefferson Coolidge of Boston about 1874 and has since remained in this same family. Thomas Jefferson was President Washington's first Secretary of State, but they differed considerably in regard to politics, Washington being a Federalist and Jefferson a Republican, precursor of the Democratic party, as the Federalists were of the Republican party. Jefferson went back to live at Monticello until he became Vice-President under Adams. 24"X21" Lent by Mr. T. Jefferson Coolidge 13. JAMES MONROE (1758-1831) By Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) This portrait is one of a set of five replicas painted by Gilbert Stuart for Colonel George Gibbs who lived for many years in Newport, Rhode Island. The set stayed in the Gibbs' family for several generations. It was bought by T. Jefferson Coolidge of Boston about 1874 and has since remained in this same family. While James Monroe was serving his native State of Virginia as United States Senator in 1794, he was selected by George Washington to represent his country in France as Second United States Minister, to succeed Gouverneur Morris. He arrived in Paris just after the fall of Robes- pierre. 24" X 22' Lent by Mr. T. Jefferson Coolidge Mrs. Oliver Wolcott, Jr. By John Trumbull Lent by Mrs. J. West Roosevelt 84. WILLIAM SHORT (1759-1849) By John Neagle (1796-1865) This portrait was deposited with the Pennsylvania Historical Society on November 24, 1899 by the Colo- nization Society of Pennsylvania. That Society went out of existence in 1923 and gave the portrait outright to the present owners. William Short was made Charge d'Affaires to France in 1789 his commission being the first one that was signed by Washington as President. Washington appointed him Minister at The Hague in 1791 and transferred him to Madrid in 1794. 26" X 22" Lent by The Historical Society of Pennsylvania Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 141 8 5. WILLIAM BRADFORD (1755-1795) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) On January 27, 1794, William Bradford succeeded Edmund Randolph as Attorney-General of the United States by the appointment of President Washington, which office he held until his death. 29 " x 24 " Lent by Mr. Willing Spencer 86. MRS. OLIVER WOLCOTT, JR. (1767-1805) By John Trumbull (1756-1843) Portrait of the wife of the Secretary of the Treasury under Washington. She was Miss Elizabeth Stoughton, only daughter of Captain John Stoughton of Windsor, Connecticut. 30 " x 25 " Lent by Mrs. J. West Roosevelt 87. OLIVER WOLCOTT, JR. (1760-183 3) By John Trumbull (1756-1843) Oliver Wolcott, Jr., was appointed Secretary of the Treasury in Washington's second term, succeeding Alex- ander Hamilton. 36 " x 28 " Lent by Mrs. J. West Roosevelt 88. ALEXANDER HAMILTON (1757-1804) By John Trumbull (1756-1843) This portrait, which is known as the Hosack portrait of Hamilton, was painted from life by John Trumbull at the request of Hamilton in order to give it to Dr. David Hosack, who was an intimate friend and was his surgeon in attendance at his duel with Burr. On the death of Dr. Hosack it descended to his son, Nathaniel Pendleton Hosack, and at his death it went to his sister, Mrs. Harvey, who gave it to the wife of Nathaniel Pendleton Hosack (Sophia H. Hosack) who was the daughter of Philip Church of Belvidere, New York. On her death, April 22, 1891, she willed the portrait to Richard Church, her brother, who, at his death, willed it to his daughter, Mary Helen Gilpin. It was bought by the present owner on May 15, 1931. Alexander Hamilton was the first Secretary of the Treasury in Washington's Cabinet. 30" x 245/2" Lent by Honorable Andrew W. Mellon 89. MRS. WILLIAM BRADFORD (1764-18 54) Artist Unknown Mrs. Bradford was a daughter of Elias Boudinot of New Jersey. Her husband was for a brief time in 179 5 Attorney General in Washington's Cabinet. Her father was devoted to the patriotic cause; was commissary- general of prisoners; also a delegate to Congress from New Jersey and its President. He was appointed by Washington in 179 5 to succeed Rittenhouse as director of the mint at Philadelphia, and held the office till July, 180 5, when he resigned. 30 " x 25 " Lent by Mr. Willing Spencer 90. CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNE Y ( 1 746- 1 8 2 5 ) By James Earl (1761-1798) Mrs. F. C. Ravenel of Charleston, S. C, inherited this portrait from descendants of General Thomas Pinckney, brother of Charles Cotesworth, who had no descendants. She presented the portrait to the Worcester Art Museum. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney took part in the Revo- lutionary War, especially in the southern department. In 1796 he accepted the office of United States Minis- ter to France. 3 5"x29' Lent by The Worcester Art Muscm Oliver Wolcott, Jr. By John Trumbull Lent by Mrs. J. West Roosevelt 91. GOUVERNEUR MORRIS (1752-1816) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) Mr. Morris was born in Morrisania, the family estate in New York, and his career was a brilliant one. He was a delegate to the New York Provincial Con- gress, 1775-1777; member of the Continental Congress 1778-1779; first United States Minister to France under Washington, 1792-1794; member of the United States Senate from New York 1800-1803. 3 5'V' x 28" Lent b\ Tin- Morris Family (Deposited at Columbia University as Loan) 92. JOSEPH HABERSHAM (1751-1815) Artist Unknown Joseph Habersham was born in Savannah, of a family well known in the annals of Georgia history. He was a prominent figure in the Revolutionary army; he was appointed Major of the First Georgia batallion, February 4, 1776, and defended Savannah from a British naval attack early in March. At the close of the war, he had the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. Habersham subsequently became Postmaster General in Washington's administration. 27" X 22" Lent by Mr. George Noble Jones 93. MRS. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1775-1852) Artist Unknown Mrs. John Quincy Adams, who was Louisa Catherine Johnson, was born in London, the niece of Governor Thomas Johnson, of Maryland. John Quincy Adams met her while he was in England, and married her there, her father, Joshua Johnson, being then American consul 142 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission at London. After their marriage they went to Berlin and St. Petersburg, where he was the accredited Minister. j 2 "x40" Lent by Miss M. L. A. Clement 94. JOHN ADAMS (173 5-1826) By Gilbert Stuart (175 5-1828) This portrait was painted by Stuart when John Adams was in his ninetieth year, and has been in the possession of the family since that time. John Adams served as Vice-President to President Washington during both terms. 30" x 2 5" Lent by The Honorable C. F. Adams 95. RUFUS KING (1755-1827) By Gilbert Stuart (175 5-1828) Stuart painted this portrait in 1821 at the request of Christopher Gore, who presented it to Rufus King. It was left by him to his son, James Gore King, and has been in the same family since that time. Rufus King was Minister to Great Britain in 1796, appointed to that post by Washington. 30" x 2 5" Lent by Mr. Allan McLane, Jr. 96. EDMUND RANDOLPH (1753-1813) Artist Unknown Mrs. Grymes inherited this portrait from her aunt, Elizabeth Randolph Daniel, who was a daughter of Judge P. V. Daniel of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was a granddaughter of Edmund Randolph, her mother being his daughter, Lucy Nelson Randolph. Edmund Randolph of Virginia was Attorney-General in Washington's Cabinet; and after the resignation of Baron von Steuben By Ralph Earle Lent by The Honorable William Randolph Hearst Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State he was appointed to that position, holding office from 1794 into the year 1795. 26" x 21" Lent by Mrs. Lucy Randolph Grymes 97. MRS. CHARLES LEE (1770-1804) By Thomas Sully (1783-1872) Anne Lee, the daughter of Richard Henry Lee, the Signer, married her second cousin, Charles Lee, who was Attorney General in Washington's second Cabinet. The portrait was painted in 1804, the year of her death, after a portrait by Stuart, painted the same year, during her last illness. 27 "' x22 " Lent by Mrs. Joseph Packard 98. BARON VON STEUBEN (1730-1794) By Ralph Earle (1751-1801) Ralph Earle, a Massachusetts painter, made this portrait of Baron von Steuben. Baron Frederick Wilhelm von Steuben was born at Magdeburg, Germany, and was educated at Breslau; he served as volunteer under his father in the siege of Prague. He became Grand Marshal of the Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen. In 1777 he came to America and offered his services as volunteer to Congress and was directed to join the army at Valley Forge. In May, 1778, he was appointed Inspector-General of the Conti- nental Army with rank of Major-General. He reor- ganized the army on the European model, drilling un- trained soldiers and introducing discipline. At Mon- mouth he rendered valuable service and in 1780 he was sent with a separate command to cooperate with General Greene, where he opposed the marauding expedition of Benedict Arnold and finally took an active part in the siege of Yorktown. He prepared a manual for the army which came into general use. After the war he received grants of land from several states and Congress granted him a pension of $2,500. For several years he lived in New York City and then removed to the tract of land (Steuben Township) granted him by New York State, where he lived in a log cabin (near the present site of Utica) until his death, November 28, 1794. 50" x4l" Lent by The Honorable William Randolph Hearst 99. JAMES MADISON (1751-1836) By John Vanderlyn (1775-18 52) James Madison and James Monroe were for many years intimate friends although Madison was somewhat the senior of the latter. In the possession of the owner of the portrait, there is a letter from John Vanderlyn in which he states that he is painting a portrait of Madison for Monroe. This portrait has passed down in the Mon- roe family from one generation to another. Madison served with George Washington at the Federal Convention in 1787. Lent by Mrs. Rose Gouverneur Hoes 100. MRS. WILLIAM AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON By C. B. J. F. de Saint Memin (1770-1852) This Saint Memin portrait of Mrs. Washington is on pink paper. She was the third wife of William Augus- tine Washington, who was the son of Augustine Wash- ington, half brother of George Washington. Her maiden name was Sarah Tayloe. She belonged to a family well known in the annals of Virginia history, the Tayloes of Mount Airy. 19 "' x 14 " Lent by Mrs. Richard Washington Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 143 100a. MOUNT VERNON Colored print of Mount Vernon from a painting pub- lished by J. Crutchett, Mount Vernon Factory, C. B. Graham, Lithograph, Washington, D. C. The owner of this picture tells a very interesting story. She says that it was presented to her grandfather, the Honorable Edward Everett of Massachusetts, as a token of the deep appreciation of the Board of Regents of Mount Vernon. It seems that Mr. Everett raised through his personal efforts of lecturing throughout the country on the subject of George Washington, a sub- stantial sum towards the purchase of Mount Vernon. 18" X 14" Lent by Mrs. Archibald Hopkins 100b. MOUNT VERNON Colored print of Mount Vernon showing the West Front in 18 58, published by J. Crutchett, Mount Vernon Factory, C. B. Graham, Lithograph, Washington, D. C. This picture of the West Front of Mount Vernon is a companion piece to number 100-a and was presented to Mr. Everett at the same time. 18" x 14" Lent by Mrs. Archibald Hopkins 101. WILLIAM CARMICHAEL (—-1795) Artist Unknown William Carmichael was Charge d'Affaires to Spain in 1790. l 3 / 4 " x l Vz" Unt hy Mn Al[?crt Moore 102. WILLIAM BUCHANAN (1732-1804) Artist Unknown This miniature was left by William Buchanan to his only son, James A. Buchanan, and is still owned by members of the Buchanan family. William Buchanan was Commissary General of Pur- chases in the Continental Army 1777-1778. 2'/ 8 "x2" Lent by Mrs. Esther Buchanan Tyson 103. PEYTON RANDOLPH (1721-1775) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) Peyton Randolph was President of the First Conti- nental Congress in 1774; a Delegate to Congress in 1775; and Founder of Free Masonry in the American Colonies. \y 2 " xi y 4 " Lent by The DuPuy Collection, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 104. JAMES MONROE (1758-1831) By Sene This miniature of James Monroe was painted in Paris in 1794 by the French artist, Sene, and shows him at earlier manhood. Monroe was second Minister to France during Wash- ington's administration. Diameter 2 X / Z " '. Lent by The James Monroe Law Office National Shrine, Fredericksburg, Virginia 105. COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU (1725-1807) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) Rochambeau was Commander of the French Forces in America in 1780, cooperating with General Washington in the capture of Yorktown in 1781. i!/ 2 "xiy 4 " Lent by The DuPuy Collection, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Rui us King By Gilbert Stuart Lent by Mr. Allan McLaite, Jr. 106. SAMUEL OSGOOD (1748-1813) Artist Unknown Samuel Osgood was a member of the Continental Congress in 1780-84. He was Postmaster-General during Washington's administration, 1789-1791. it/ 8 "x iy s " Lent by Mrs. Albert Evans through Mrs. Charles Warren 107. JONATHAN HASKELL (—-1814) By Walter Robertson ( 1802) Major Haskell's portrait appears in a painting called "The Surrender of Burgoyne" hanging in the rotunda of the United States Capitol, which picture was painted by John Trumbull. Jonathan Haskell was made Ensign and Adjutant in the Continental Army from Massachusetts in 1777, Lieutenant and Adjutant in 1779; transferred to Seventh Massachusetts in 1781, and in 1783 retained in Jackson's Continental Regiment, serving there until the next year. Made Captain in 1791 in 2d United States Infantry; Major in 1794; Adjutant General and Inspector of the Army in 1796; resigning in November of the same year. 2/ 2 "x 2" Lent by The DuPuy Collection, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 108. MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE (1757-18 34) Artist Unknown This miniature of Lafayette was formerly owned by Charles Manigault, of Charleston, South Carolina, who knew General Lafayette well and had visited him at his home "LaGrange," near Paris, France. The picture was afterwards the property of Mrs. Hawkins K. Jenkins, granddaughter of Charles Manigault and niece of Dr. 144 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission Gabriel E. Manigault, founder of the Charleston, South Carolina Art Association. It was later purchased in New York by Mr. DuPuy. Diameter iy 2 " Lent by The DuPuy Collection, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 109. MRS. ALEXANDER HAMILTON (1757-1854) By Henry Inman (1802-1846) Mrs. Hamilton (Elizabeth Schuyler) was the daughter of General Philip Schuyler of New York, and this minia- ture is a fine example of the artist's work. Henry Inman intended to follow the life of a soldier and had obtained an appointment to the United States Military Academy, but a visit to the studio of John Wesley Jarvis decided his career; and with the permission of his father, he became a pupil of that artist. At the age of twenty-one he opened a studio of his own and soon acquired a high reputation as a portrait painter. Lent by Mr. Alexander Hamilton 110. WILLIAM BINGHAM (1755-1804) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) William Bingham was born in Philadelphia, and was a Delegate to Congress from Pennsylvania in 1787-8; United States Senator 179 5-1801. The portrait of Washington (No. 8 in the exhibit) which was painted by Gilbert Stuart for William Bing- ham, was presented by Bingham's wife (Anne Willing) to the Marquis of Lansdowne. l3/ 4 "'XlI/ 4 " Lent by The DuPuy Collection, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 111. PATRICK HENRY (1730-1799) By Lawrence Sully (1769-1803) Patrick Henry was Washington's colleague in the Virginia House of Burgesses and the Continental Con- gress; he was an early protagonist of the American Revolution, and the first Governor of independent Vir- ginia. Washington offered him the position of Secretary of State in 1795, but Henry declined it. 2"x l3/ 4 " Lent by The DuPuy Collection, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Ilia. JOSEPH BLAKE (1739-1818) By John Singleton Copley (1737-1815) A second lieutenant of artillery under Washington at the siege of Boston. Participated in the New York Campaign and was captured at Fort Washington. Being exchanged, he was promoted captain of artillery in 1777. Lent by Mrs. Constance Lodge Williams 112. SOPHIA CHEW (1769-—) By John Trumbull (1756-1843) Sophia Chew was a daughter of Chief Justice Chew of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Elizabeth Oswald. She married Henry Phillips. W' x 3 " Lent by Mrs. H. H. Norton 113. MRS. WILLIAM NICHOLS (1760-1808) By Gilbert Stuart (175 5-1828) Mrs. William Nichols was Margaret Hillegas, a daugh- ter of Michael and Henrietta Hillegas. Her father was the first Treasurer of the United States, 1775-1789. She married William Nichols (1754-1801) who had been a captain in the Continental Army. Lent by Mrs. John Hill Morgan 114. THOMAS WHARTON, JR. (173 5-1778) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) This portrait was bought by Herbert DuPuy in De- cember, 1908, from Titian R. Peale, grandson of Charles Willson Peale. Thomas Wharton, Jr., was born in Chester County, Pa., in 1735. He was first President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, and died in office at Lancaster, Pa., the Capital of the State having been temporarily removed from Philadelphia, through the occupation of that city by the British troops. Diameter l 3 /^" Lent by The DuPuy Collection, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 115. THOMAS JEFFERSON (1743-1826) Artist Unknown. It Has Been Attributed to Robert Field (1769-1819) Thomas Jefferson was the First Secretary of State in Washington's Cabinet. 3/ 2 "x2%" Lent by The DuPuy Collection, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 116. ALEXANDER HAMILTON (1757-1804) By Henry Inman (1802-1846) The present owner, a direct descendant of Alexander Hamilton, states that this Inman miniature of Hamil- ton was taken from a Ceracchi bust. Alexander Hamilton was one of the ablest statesmen of George Washington's time. 2V 2 " x2" Lent by Mr. Alexander Hamilton 116a. WILLIAM THORNTON (1761-1827) By Robert Field (1770-1819) A physician whose true vocation was architecture. Washington praised highly his design for the Federal Capitol, which was accepted. He moved to Georgetown and was intimate with Washington, visited at Mount Vernon, and supervised the construction of a number of houses in the City of Washington. He later was first Commissioner of Patents. 2%"x2j/ 4 " Lent by Mrs. Henry H. Flather 117. ROBERT MORRIS (1734-1806) By John Trumbull (1756-1843) This miniature of Robert Morris, the great financier of the Revolutionary War, is owned by his great- granddaughter. 5/ 2 "x4" Lent by Mrs. Richard P. Tinsley 118. THOMAS JEFFERSON (1743-1826) By William Birch (1755-1834) Thomas Jefferson was the first Secretary of State under President Washington. His greatest claim to fame is, possibly, as the author of the Declaration of Independence. An Englishman by birth, William Birch came to Philadelphia in 1794, where he painted many portrait miniatures in enamel. 2 I / 2 " x 2" From the collection of the late Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, lent by his granddaughters, Mrs. Vin- ton Freedley and Mrs. Dent W. Macdonough Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 145 119. ALEXANDER HAMILTON (1757-1804) By William Birch (175 5-1834) many miniatures in enamel l Englishman who came to This portrait is one of made by William Birch, ; this country in 1794. Washington became deeply interested in Hamilton during his Revolutionary career. Hamilton became Washington's aide-de-camp and, in 1781, a colonel of the line. He was first Secretary of the Treasury in Washington's Cabinet. 2/ 2 "x2" From the collection of the late Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, lent by his granddaughters, Mrs. Vin- ton Freedley and Mrs. Dent W. Macdonough 120. JAMES WILKINSON (1757-1825) Artist Unknown This miniature reached the hands of the present owner in line of descent from General Wilkinson's son, his great-grandfather, and ultimately from his uncle and namesake, the Honorable Theodore S. Wilkinson, one time Congressman from the First District of Louisiana. James Wilkinson was a young officer under Washing- ton at the siege of Boston and was sent under Arnold to participate in the Canadian Expedition. Later he was on the staff of Gates at Saratoga. After the Revolution he was prominent in the Army in the West, and became its Commander-in-Chief, retiring during the War of 1812. 3"x2 3/ 8 " Lent by Theodore S. Wilkinson (Commander, U. S. Navy) 121. MRS. ROBERT MORRIS (1749-1827) By John Trumbull (1756-1843) Mrs. Robert Morris was Mary White, daughter of Col. (Huelings) White of Philadelphia. Lent by Mrs. Richard P. Tinsley Thomas and Esther 5/ 2 "x4" 122. MRS. JAMES MILES HUGHES By James Sharples (c. 175 1-1 8 1 1 ) Mrs. Hughes was Mary Bailey, daughter of Colonel John Bailey, and Altie van Wyck, of Poughkeepsie. She was one of three famous beauties, sisters, the other two being Mrs. John R. Bleecker of Albany and Mrs. Kent, wife of the Chancellor Kent of the "Commentaries." 9 3 / 8 "x7^" Lent by Madame Florian Vurpillot, great-great-niece of Mrs. Hughes 123. NELLIE CUSTIS (1779-1852) By James Sharples (c. 1751-1811) This pastel of Nellie Custis (Mrs. Lawrence Lewis) is one of the best-known works of this artist. The earliest available information discloses that it was included in a collection of some two hundred portraits, by James and Felix Sharpies, father and son. In the early part of the nineteenth century this collection was left by Felix Sharpies to Doctor John Winder, of Yard- ley, Northampton, Virginia, on whose estate he spent the last few years of his life. The collection remained intact in the Winder family until the Civil War, when, it is said, many of the portraits were destroyed by Union Troops. Fortunately the Nellie Custis pastel was not harmed. Nellie Custis was the granddaughter of Martha Wash- ington, and was brought up by General Washington after her father's death in 1781. She was brought to Mount Vernon and was devotedly attached to Wash- ington. She married Lawrence Lewis, a nephew of Washington, and she paid the General the handsome compliment of selecting for her wedding day his birth- day — which proved to be his last one. 13J/ 2 "x ll/a" Lent by Mrs. Richard Bayly Winder 124. JAMES MILES HUGHES (1756-1802) By James Sharples (c. 1751-1811) General Hughes was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati. He entered New York City upon its evacuation by the British in November, 1783. He was in charge of the arrangements for the funeral procession in General Washington's memory, in New York City, December 31, 1799. 9/ 2 " x 7Vz " Lent by Madame Florian Vurpillot, great-great-niece of Mrs. Hughes 12 5. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By F. Kemmelmeyer As a portrait painter, Kemmelmeyer's work was known through the State of Maryland from about 1790 to 1810. During this period he painted a number of pictures of Washington, some on horseback and the others life sized heads. 18" x 22" Lent by Fridenbcrg Gallery, New York, Neiv York Nellie Custis By James Sharpies Lent by Mrs. Richard Bayly Winder 146 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission 126. ROBERT MORRIS (1734-1806) By Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) The present owner is a great-granddaughter of Rob- ert Morris. Robert Morris was a delegate to the Continental Con- gress from 1775 to 1778; prime mover in establishing the Pennsylvania Bank in 1780; founder of the Bank of North America in 1781; United States Senator from Pennsylvania from 1789 to 1795. He was known as the great financier of the Revolution. 29 " x 24 " Lent by Mrs. Richard P. Tinsley 127. WILLIAM AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON (1757-1810) By C. B. J. F. de Saint Memin (1770-1852) The owner of this portrait, which is on pink paper, inherited it through direct descent from William Au- gustine Washington, who was the son of Augustine, half brother of George Washington. 19" x 14" Lent y y Mr$ ^ ic ] oar £ Washington 128. CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY (1746-1825) By Ralph Earle (1751-1801) This portrait hung in General Pinckney's house in Charleston and has belonged to his collateral descend- ants ever since. Pinckney served during the Revolution, chiefly in the Southern Department. Washington offered him the War portfolio in 1794 and that of State in 1795, and ap- pointed him Minister to France in 1796. He was one of the Majors-General under Washington in the Provisional Army in 1798. 45 x 36 Lent by Miss Josephine Pinckney 129. MRS. CHARLES THOMSON (1731-1807) Artist Unknown Mrs. Thomson was Hannah Harrison, a granddaughter of Isaac Norris and a great-granddaughter of Governor Thomas Lloyd of Pennsylvania. 29*4" x 2 5" Lent by Mrs. Robert W. McPherson 130. GENERAL NATHANAEL GREENE (1742-1786) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) This portrait has been in the possession of the Mary- land Historical Society for many years, but records fail to show the source from which it came. He was Major- General, intimate with Washington, commanded in the Southern Department. 23" x 19" Lent by The Maryland Historical Society 131. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706-1790) By Joseph Wright (1756-1793) This portrait was purchased from Henry Stevens, of London, in 185 5. Benjamin Franklin was associated with General Wash- ington in the Braddock Campaign, when Franklin was interested in supplies; and they were fellow delegates to the Continental Congress in 1775 until Washington became Commander-in-Chief of the Army. They were also in the Federal Convention of 1787. The following is an extract from the will of Benjamin Franklin: "My fine crab-tree walking stick, with a gold head curiously wrought in the form of the cap of liberty, I give to my friend, and the friend of mankind, General Washington. If it were a sceptre, he has merited it, and would become it." 31" x 2 5" Lent by Thc Corcoran Gallery of Art 132 133 FREDERICK AUGUSTUS CONRAD MUHLEN- BERG (1750-1801) By Samuel B. Waugh (1814-188 5) Copied from an original portrait by Joseph Wright, this portrait hangs in the Speaker's lobby, United States House of Representatives. Frederick Muhlenberg was a member of the Conti- nental Congress, Speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly, and the first Speaker of the Federal House of Repre- sentatives. 50" x 38" Lent by The United States Government 134 Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg By Samuel B. Waugh Lent by the United States Government DR. WILLIAM SHIPPEN (1736-1808) By Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) William Shippen, generally known as Dr. William Shippen, the younger, son of William and Susanna (nee Harrison) Shippen, was born in Philadelphia, October 21, 1736. A.B. (Princeton) 1754; M.D. (University of Edinburgh) 1761. He died in Germantown July 11, 1808. On July 15, 1776, he was appointed "Chief Physician for the Flying Camp." On April 11, 1777, he was unanimously elected "Director-General of all the Mili- tary Hospitals for the Armies of the United States." He resigned January 3, 1781. 29" x 24" Lent by Dr. and Mrs. Lloyd Shippen THOMAS JEFFERSON (1743-1826) By Thomas Sully (1783-1872) This replica was painted on an old door-panel for James Monroe, and remained in his family until January Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 147 of 18 5 5, when it was sold by Mr. Monroe's son-in-law, Samuel L. Gouverneur, Sr., to the Jefferson Society. Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State in Washing- ton's Cabinet. 23 x Lent by The Jefferson Literary Society, University of Virginia 13 5. CHARLES THOMSON (1729-1824) Artist Unknown This portrait was painted probably between 1776 and 1785. Charles Thomson was Secretary of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1789. He was sent by the First Federal Congress to Mount Vernon to inform George Washington that he had been elected President of the United States, and to escort him to New York. Lent by Mrs. Robert W. McPherson 135a. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799) By John Trumbull (1756-1843) Painting of George Washington followed by a negro servant, riding in the direction of Mount Vernon. 21%" x 15" Lent by Mr. Frederic Atherton 136. SAMUEL WASHINGTON (1734-1781) By John Hesselius (1682-1755) This portrait hung at "Harewood," the home of Colonel Samuel Washington, for nearly one hundred and fifty years. Samuel Washington is buried at "Hare- wood," and the estate is still in the possession of the Washington family. Samuel Washington, brother of George, was the third of Mary Ball Washington's children. Lent by Mrs. Samuel Walter Washington 137. PEYTON RANDOLPH, 2d (1779-1828) By Thomas Sully (1783-1873) At the distribution of Peyton Randolph's estate this portrait became the property of his son, Edmund Ran- dolph of California; at his death it came into the posses- sion of his wife, Tarmesia Muex Randolph, who willed it to her eldest daughter, Margaret Randolph. Miss Randolph sold it several years ago to the present owner. Peyton Randolph was born at Williamsburg, Virginia, and was the son of Governor Edmund Randolph and Elizabeth (Nicholas) Randolph. He was graduated from William and Mary College in 1798. In 1806 he married Maria Ward, celebrated beauty. He was elected to the Governor's Council and as senior member was acting-Governor from the death of Lt. -Governor George William Smith, December 26, 1811, to January 3, 1812, when James Barbour became Governor by election of the General Assembly. He was an eminent lawyer and in 1821 became the reporter of the Supreme Court of Appeals. The results of his labors as such — "Report of the cases argued and determined in the Court of Appeals in Virginia 1821-1828," were published in six volumes 8 vo., Richmond 1823-18 32. Lent by The Honorable William Randolph Hearst Meeting of the Generals of the American and French Armies at Yorktown After the Surrender By James Peale Lent by The Maryland Historical Society 148 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission 13 8. MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE (17 57-18 34) By Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) Lafayette arrived in America in June, 1777, to offer his services to the United States. Congress made him a Major General and he speedily became a trusted associ- ate and valued friend of Washington. In 1779 he returned to France to urge direct aid of the Court there, and in 1780 resumed his place in the army after a suc- cessful mission. He commanded in Virginia against Cornwallis in 1781 and led a division at the siege of Yorktown. After the siege he again returned to France. His visit to the United States in 1784 was his last direct association with Washington, but President Washington endeavored during the French Revolution to get Lafay- ette released from prison and also aided his family. 48 y 2 " x40" Lent by Washington and Lee University 139. MEETING OF THE GENERALS OF THE AMERI- CAN AND FRENCH ARMIES AT YORKTOWN AFTER THE SURRENDER By James Peale (1779-1876) This painting was given to the Maryland Historical Society, March 3, 1845, by Robert Gilmor, Baltimore art collector. Mr. Gilmor thought it was by Charles Willson Peale but it is unquestionably by James Peale. Mr. Gilmor identifies the officers as follows: Washington in the center; Lafayette to Washington's right and Knox in the rear between them. On the left of Washington Rochambeau and in the rear of them a French officer, probably the Due de Lauzun. The last person left (in profile) Mr. Gilmor is uncertain as to the identity of, but suggests that it may be Hamilton or Laurens. It is probably Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, however. A very similar, but not identical painting, signed by James Peale, 1786, and shown at the Chicago World's Fair in Mrs. Samuel Washington By John Hcssclius Lent by Mrs. Samuel Walter Washington 1893 in the French Exhibit as then belonging to the Mme. la Baronne de Perron, Lafayette's granddaughter, is described on page 48 of the official catalogue and identi- fies the officers in the front row as follows: Washington, Rochambeau, Lafayette and Lincoln (holding the articles of surrender), but does not identify the remaining fig- ures except as "other general officers." This painting has been reproduced in the "Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine" for February, 1930. 21" x 29/2" Lent by The Maryland Historical Society 140. GEORGE DIGGES (1743-1792) By Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) This portrait has rema : ned in the Digges family and is owned by a direct descendant of George Digges, and has always been attributed to Sir Joshua Reynolds by members of the Digges family. He was an intimate friend and neighbor of George Washington. He lived on the Maryland side of the Potomac, his estate having been known as Warburton Manor. The present site of Fort Washington is on this estate. The Washingtons and Digges were the closest friends and both families owned barges to convey their guests as well as themselves on various excursions on the Poto- mac. It is a well-known fact that a code of signals existed between the two families. 30" x 25" Lent by Mrs. Richard S. Hill 141. THADDEUS KOSCIUSZKO (1746-1817) Attributed to Josef Grassi (1758-1838) This portrait of Kosciuszko is an original, attributed to Grassi, a famous painter who spent a great deal of his life in Poland at the end of the eighteenth and begin- ning of the nineteenth centuries. The two decorations worn by Kosciuszko in this painting are the American Order of the Cincinnati and the Polish Order of the Virtuti Militari. Kosciuszko left Poland in 1775 and arrived in Amer- ica in 1776. He received his commission as a colonel of engineers on October 18, 1776, and was with Gates in the Burgoyne campaign and later in the South with Greene. A brilliant figure in the Revolutionary Army, he engineered the West Point fortification. 44" x 37" Lent by The Polish Embassy 142. JOHN EAGER HOWARD (1752-1827) Artist Unknown John Eager Howard of Maryland served in the Revo- lutionary War under General Hugh Mercer. From 1789 until 1792 he was Governor of Maryland. He was United States Senator from 1796 to 1803. In 1796 he declined a seat in Washington's Cabinet; and in 1798 Washington selected him as one of his Brigadier-Generals. 26/ 2 " x 2O/2" Lent by Mrs. H. H. Norton 143. MRS. SAMUEL WASFONGTON By John Hesselius (1682-175 5) This is an original portrait of Mrs. Samuel Washing- ton (Jane Champe), first wife of Colonel Samuel Washington, who was a brother of General George Washington. The portrait is a companion to the one of Samuel Washington, and the two hung at "Harewood" for nearly one hundred and fifty years. 49" x 39" Lent by Mrs. Samuel Walter Washington Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 149 144. ROBERT BLACKWELL, D.D. (1748-1831) By Thomas Sully (1783-1872) On the back of this portrait, owned by the great- great-grandson of Reverend Robert Blackwell, is the legend: "From a miniature, T. S., 18 53." The Reverend Robert Blackwell was chaplain of Wayne's brigade from May 20, 1778, until January, 1781. He began service while the army was at Valley Forge and was also credited with having been an acting surgeon. 30" x 2 5" i en t by Mr. Willing Spencer 145. FIELDING LEWIS (1726-1781) By John Wollaston Fielding Lewis was the intimate friend of George Washington, and married his only sister, Betty Wash- ington. They resided for many years at Kenmore. John Wollaston, an English portrait painter, made a great many pictures of early Virginians. He was in this country approximately from 1750 to 1767. This picture was bought by Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Meeker of Chicago, and they gave it to Kenmore. x Lent by The Kenmore Association Fredericksburg, Virginia 146. MRS. WILLIAM CARMICHAEL By Jeremiah Theus ( 1774) Mrs. Carmichael was a daughter of Mr. James Stirling, Rector of St. Annes Church, Annapolis, from 1 739- 1740. From here Stirling went to Kent County, Mary- land, living at Stirling Castle until he died. Stirling Castle has since been burned. Miss Stirling married William Carmichael of Queen Annes County, Maryland. William Carmichael was Charge d'Aff aires to Spain in 1790. 26"x21" Lent by The Laura Davidson Sears Academy of Fine Arts of the Elgin Academy, Elgin Illinois 147. SWORD OF LAFAYETTE (17 57-18 34) This sword was presented to General Lafayette by the Continental Congress in the year 1779. In a letter from Benjamin Franklin (whose grand- son made the presentation) to Lafayette, dated August 24, 1779, he wrote: "The Congress, sensible of your merit towards the United States, but unable adequately to reward it, determined to present you with a sword, as a small mark of their grateful acknowledgements." The sword now belongs to the Count Perrone di San Martino, a descendant of General Lafayette through the Marquise Anatasie de la Tour Maubourg, the eldest daughter of the General. The sword came from Turin. Italy. 38 " lon S Lent by Count di San Martino Through the courtesy of the Italian Government 148. VEIL For many generations members of the Washington family have been married in this veil. The present owner states it is her understanding that it was at one time in the family of Colonel William Augustine Washing- ton, who was the son of the half brother of General Washington. Lent by Mrs. Mary Kathleen Washington Eruiu 149. SNUFF BOX Wooden snuff box bearing the portrait of General George Washington. Bought in London in an antique shop and presented to General Henry T. Allen while he was in command of the American Forces in Coblenz, Germany, from July, 1919, to February, 1923. Lent by Mrs. Henry T. Allen 15 0. BOOK This volume, "The Christian Life," by John Scott, jsed by Mary Ball Washington was owned and (c. 1707-1789). From the collection of the late Dr. S. Weir Mitchell lent by his granddaughters, Mrs. Vinton Freedley and Mrs. Dent W. Macdonough 151. TEA POT Silver tea pot used at Mount Vernon during Martha Washington's lifetime. Lent by Colonel M. C. Buckey 15 2. AUTOGRAPH BOOK This volume consists of letters collected by Princess Isabel Czartoryska. These letters were written by Wash- ington to Lafayette and Kosciuszko. The volume con- tains also a letter of Thomas Law describing the death of Washington. Lent by The Library of the Prince Czartoryski family in Krakow, Poland 15 3. TWO SILVER CUPS These cups were used by George Washington. From the collection of the late Dr. S. Weir Mitchell lent by his granddaughters, Mrs. Vinton Freedley and Mrs. Dent W. Macdonough Mrs. James Monroe By Benjamin West Lent by Mrs. Rose Gouverncur Hoes 150 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission 153a. DOLLY MADISON (1768-1849) Artist Unknown Dolly Payne Todd was a sister of Mrs. Washington, wife of George Steptoe Washington, nephew of George Washington. She was married to James Madison at "Harewood," the family home of Samuel Washington, father of George Steptoe, near Charlestown, West Virginia. This miniature has always been the possession of the descendants of Mrs. Samuel Washington. 2/ 2 "xl*/ 8 " Lent by Col. Marvin C. Buckey 154. DRESS First short dress worn by George Washington. Lent by Mrs. Warren Griffis 154a. CONTINENTAL MONEY Notes for 4 and 6 shillings issued in Massachusetts in 1776. These notes are printed on paper prepared under the Stamp Act in 1765. Lent by Mrs. Archibald Hopkins 154b. WASHINGTON INVITATION An engraved dinner invitation form used by President and Mrs. Washington. Lent by Mrs. Archibald Hopkins 155. MRS. JAMES MONROE (1768-1830) By Benjamin West (1738-1820) This portrait of Elizabeth Monroe is signed B. West. She was the wife of James Monroe, second Minister to France during Washington's administration. Mon- roe met her in New York while he was attending Con- gress, and they married there. She was the daughter of Laurence Kortright, who at one time was president of the New York Chamber of Commerce. 28 y z " x 23" Lent by Mrs. Rose Gouvemcur Hoes Martha Jefferson Randolph By Thomas Sully Lent by Mr. A. B. Randolph and Mr. B. H. R. Randall 15 5a. TOBIAS LEAR (1760-1816) By Joseph Wood (1778-1852) Lear was graduated from Harvard in 1783, and in 1786 became Washington's private secretary on recom- mendation of General Benjamin Lincoln. He remained through the President's first administration. As his second wife he married Frances Bassett, niece of Mrs. Washington and widow of Washington's nephew, George Augustine; and his third wife was a grand niece of Mrs. Washington. Washington leased him free for life a farm out of the Mount Vernon estate. He was pres- ent at Washington's death and wrote the best account of it. Later he held various offices abroad and was a clerk in the War Department when he died. 153/4" x 13" Lent by Mrs. Breckenridge Long 156. DAVID HUMPHREYS (1752-1818) John Trumbull (1756-1843) This portrait of General Humphreys was bequeathed to the Wadsworth Atheneum by Daniel Wadsworth in 1848. General Humphreys was on General Washington's staff, and in later years he became his close friend and companion. When Washington was notified of his elec- tion to the Presidency, Humphreys was staying at Mount Vernon and he accompanied President-Elect Washington on his triumphant journey to New York, and during Washington's administration he acted as master of cere- monies for his distinguished chief. Washington appointed him Minister to Portugal and later advanced him to the Spanish mission. 24" x 20" Lent by The Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut 157. BETTY WASHINGTON LEWIS (173 3-1797) By John Wollaston This picture hangs at Kenmore, the former home of Betty Washington Lewis, the only sister of George Wash- ington, and is regarded as a very faithful likeness of this distinguished Virginia matron. 3 0" x2 5" Lent by The Kenmore Association, Fredericksburg, Virginia 158. MARTHA JEFFERSON RANDOLPH (1772-1836) By Thomas Sully (1783-1872) Martha Jefferson, the elder daughter of Thomas Jef- ferson, married Thomas Mann Randolph (1768-1828), who was Governor of Virginia in 1819-22. She was the life-long companion of Jefferson and was Mistress of the White House during his administration. 29" x 25" Lent by Mr. A. B. Randall and Mr. B. H. R. Randall Commemorative Paintings and Sculpture Notable as a contribution to the series of events in which the National Capital honored the memory of George Washington in 1932 was the Exhibition of commemorative paintings, sculpture, and the Plan of Washington, at the National Gallery of Art from March 26 to November 24. This exhibi- tion was under the sponsorship of the National Art Association, composed of the National Sculpture Society, the Mural Painters, American Institute of Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 151 Architects, the American Society of Landscape Architects, the American Academy in Rome, the American Federation of Arts, American City Planning Institute and National Conference on City Planning. Of chief interest to visitors to the National Gallery exhibition was the George Washington Bicentennial frieze in the great rotunda of the Gal- lery. The frieze was executed by a group of mural painters to commemorate the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington. It depicts various episodes in the life of the Father of our Country, and though planned as a unit, it was understood from the beginning that the per- sonality of each artist should dominate his canvas. Following are brief descriptions of the principal panels of this frieze: Hildrf.th Meiere Boyhood of Washington Like most Virginia gentlemen of his time, Washington was, all his life, a great lover of fox hunting. Always a fine horseman, he undoubtedly grew up in the saddle, and it is as authentic to picture him as a boy in the midst of hounds and horses as in any other surroundings. The panel depicts the assembling of the hunting party, young George Washington having just joined the others, being in the act of saluting his father. His mother stands beside him, and his two half brothers are on either side of his father, while the other children in the picture are his younger brothers and sister. A negro slave, in livery, holds a tray with the customary stirrup cup. Austin Purves, Jr. Washington at Fort Necessity, 1754 At the beginning of the French and Indian War, Wash- ington was leading his men to attack Fort Duquesne, when he was forced, on the way, hastily to entrench himself and erect what he called Fort Necessity, from the circumstances under which it was built. In the fore- ground, his men are digging entrenchments. A stockade appears at the left. Indians are felling logs and soldiers are drilling. Arthur Covey Washington Taking Command of the Army This memorable event took place (traditionally) at Cambridge, Mass., July 3, 1775, under the historic elm tree. D. Putnam Brinley Battle of Princeton, 1777 In this painting, Mr. Brinley shows Washington rallying his forces, which had begun to retreat, by riding up to within 20 feet of the enemy, thus turning an impending defeat into a victory. Ernest Peixotto Washington the Soldier This panel shows Washington in his traditional military costume as depicted by his contemporaries. At the left, General Knox, his warm friend and collaborator, ad- vances to greet him. Behind Knox are seen Generals Greene and Lincoln. At the right a cavalryman holding a horse, and in the distance a village green with troops assembling. J. Monroe Hewlett Washington and His Friends at Mount Vernon Upon the steps of Mount Vernon, standing in front of the entrance door, George Washington and his wife are receiving their friends. At the extreme left is a group of servants. Then Mary Washington and Mrs. John Parke Custis. The two children are George Washing- ton Parke Custis and Eleanor Parke Custis. Then George and Martha Washington. To the right of the door, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Rutledge, and Alexander Hamilton. Then Mrs. Rutledge, Ben- jamin Franklin, and Edmund Randolph. Ernest Peixotto Our French Allies In the center stands Lafayette. At the right is Rocham- beau with his hands on a piece of artillery; behind him a group of French soldiers carrying regimental flags. To the left is seen De Grasse pointing in the direction of his ships, from which soldiers are debarking upon a beach below. Deane Keller Valley Forge In this picture the artist has tried to depict the humane side of Washington, who is saying good-by to a soldier who has lost a leg and who is accompanied by his wife. To the left of this group a farmer is refusing Continental currency offered him by one of Washington's aides for grain or produce brought into camp. To the right two soldiers are carrying a sick comrade to the hospital; back of them a fatigue squad carrying wood. In the distance two platoons drilling near the huts used at Valley Forge; Washington's headquarters also appear. The color scheme chosen suggests the cold and suffering of the men. Tom Loftin Johnson Surrender of Yorktoun, 1781 To the left, General O'Hara (British) presents his sword to General Lincoln (American). Mounted upon horses are Washington and Rochambeau. Below Washington is Lafayette; then Alexander Hamilton, Anthony Wayne, and De Lauzun, with several other French officers. In the distance to the left, the house of Thomas Nelson, where Cornwallis was stationed. The intention was to create a decorative design rather than an accurate his- torical portrayal of the scene. Ezra Winter Washington's Inauguration in New York The painting depicts the ceremony of inaugurating George Washington as the first president of the United States of America on the portico of Federal Hall, New York City, on April 30, 1789. The point of view taken is from within, the figures against the sky. J. Mortimer Lichtenauer Death of Washington In depicting this scene, the description of Tobias Lear, Washington's secretary, was used. At the extreme left stands Christopher, Washington's trusty servant. By the bed are Dr. James Craik, his intimate friend and chief surgeon of the Continental Army, and Tobias Lear, his secretary. Then Martha Washington seated, and at the right Dr. Elisha Cullen Dick and Dr. Gustavus Brown. Above hover figures of Liberty with a laurel crown, and Commerce and Enlightenment. Behind them is seen a map of the United States as it was in 1799 and its later development due to Washington's foresight. Bicentennial Commemorative Postage Stamps WELVE postage stamps bearing the likeness of George Washington and | four stamped envelopes bearing a pic- ^-'— ^ -■-''- ture of Mount Vernon, were issued by the United States Government in commemoration of the two hundredth anniversary of his birth in 1932. This commemorative series of stamps and stamped envelopes will be an everlasting tribute to the founder of the American nation and a per- petual testimony of the gratitude and esteem of the American people for the First President of the United States. The twelve postage stamps comprise a "minia- ture gallery of priceless portraits," most of which were painted by American artists "who perpetu- ated the Father of our Country as they saw him when alive," from a youth of seventeen to a man of sixty-six years. The stamps range in denomi- nation from one-half cent to ten cents. More than seven billion of these Bicentennial commemorative stamps were sold during the year 1932 alone, and almost four hundred million Bicentennial stamped envelopes. The stamps were first offered for sale on January 1, 1932, in Wash- ington, D. C, only, and were available on January 2 generally throughout the country. They re- mained on sale at post offices in all parts of the United States during the entire Bicentennial year and will be available until the stock is exhausted. It is estimated by the Post Office Department that the government has received one million dol- lars in profit from the sale of the Bicentennial stamps and stamped envelopes — which reimburses the Government more than seventy-five percent of the entire cost of the nine-months Bicentennial Celebration. Some estimates of the profit from the sale of this series of stamps have been placed as high as $1,500,000 — which would far more than pay the entire cost of the celebration. The Post Office Department, soon after the passage of the Act creating a Commission for the Bicentennial Celebration, inaugurated a plan to provide a special series of stamps in commemora- tion of this historic anniversary. When the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commis- sion wrote to the Treasury Department on April 15, 1930, suggesting the appropriateness of Bicen- tennial commemorative stamps and coins, and again on May 27, 1930, with particular reference to stamps, plans for action along this line began to take definite shape. The matter was referred to the Postmaster General, and as a result of sub- sequent conferences it was decided that the Depart- ment would issue a series of twelve stamps in denominations from l /zc to 10c, each to bear a likeness of George Washington, as well as a series of stamped envelopes bearing a view of the home of Washington, Mount Vernon. Final selection of the portraits used on the Bicentennial Commemorative Stamps was made by the Postmaster General, from portraits submitted by the Bicentennial Commission. As far as pos- sible, portraits known to have been made from life were selected for the stamps with the object of giving to the people a series of likenesses of Wash- ington that would comprise all the best informa- tion available as to how he really looked at different periods of his life. It was felt by the Commission that such a series of pictures would add materially to the public knowledge of George Washington and that it would have special educational and inspirational value. To have distribution of the stamps as wide as possible during the celebration they commemo- rated, it was decided that the stamps should be of regular size and of the lower denominations. A tentative plan to have some of the stamps repro- duce incidents in the life of Washington was abandoned for a number of reasons, principally because they would have had to be larger and therefore could not have been distributed so readily and completely, and also because they could not have been produced so economically. This idea was carried out to a certain extent, however, in the stamped envelope which bears a drawing of Washington's home at Mount Vernon. Description of the Stamps The most authoritative description of the twelve George Washington Bicentennial commemorative stamps and four stamped envelopes is contained in a bulletin issued by the Post Office Department 152 Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 153 under date of October 1, 1931. This describes the series for the postmasters and postal employees, and states that "the stamps are 75/100 inch by 87/100 inch in dimensions and have as the central design a separate likeness of Washington modeled from the works of noted artists." The descriptions follow: Bicentennial Stamps One-half cent. — The stamp is dark brown in color and has a flat paneled border with darker interior over which is laid a circular panel in which appears the likeness of Washington taken from a miniature painted by Charles Willson Peale, the original of which is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The central design is bordered by white inner and outer lines forming a narrow circular panel, within which, across the top, is the legend "United States Postage" in white-faced Roman, the remainder being filled in with laurel leaves. The circular panel is overlaid and supported at the base by a curved white ribbon containing the dates "1732" at the left and "1932" at the right, with the word "Washington" underneath across the center of the ribbon. In each lower corner within a white edged circular panel is the fractional numeral "'2" in white Roman on a dark background. The circles are connected by a horizontal panel containing the word "Cent" in white Roman letters. One-cent. — The stamp is printed in green. Across the top is a flat panel containing, in two horizontal lines, the words "United States Postage" in white-faced Roman. The panel is supported at either end by vertical flat fluted columns, the bases of which extend to the bottom of the stamp and hold in each lower corner a white edged oval panel inclosing the numeral "1" in white Roman on a dark background. In the center of the stamp slightly overlapping the side columns is a large oval with dark background and white line border containing a reproduction of the profile bust of Washington by Jean Antoine Houdon made in 178 5 and now in Mount Vernon. Across the base of the oval is a white-ribbon panel containing in dark Gothic lettering the name "Washington" in the center and the dates "1732" at the left and "1932" at the right. In a horizontal line across the base of the stamp is the word "Cent" in white Roman on a dark background. One-and-one-half cent. — The stamp is light brown in color with a narrow white border within which in the upper part is a flat tinted panel inclosing a background of darker shade. Extending to the top of the stamp is a semicircular panel with white edges and dark ground, resting at either end on fluted side columns which rise slightly above midway of the stamp. Within this panel appear the words "United States Postage" in white-faced Roman. At the base of the column in each lower corner is a small rectangular panel with beveled upper corners containing the figure "I/2" in white-faced Roman on a solid ground. The small panels are connected by a horizontal panel with dark ground, containing the word "Cents" in white Roman. In the space under the arch in the central part of the stamp is a likeness of Wash- ington modeled from a painting known as the Virginia Colonel made at Mount Vernon in 1772 by Charles Willson Peale, the original of which is now at Washington and Lee University. At the base of the portrait is a white-ribbon panel containing the word "Washington" in the center and the dates "1732" at the left and "1932" at the right in the curved ends which extend slightly upward and overlap the lower ends of the side columns. Two-cent. — The stamp is printed in red and is inclosed in a narrow white-line border with small ornaments re- sembling fleur-de-lis in each upper corner. Beginning slightly 1 ik 1 m ssi s 01 (ii org] Washington Which Appi ar on III! BlCENTENNIAI COM M I MORATIVE STAMPS Top row — Left to Right: \>'zq stamp, taken from miniature painted by Charles Willson Peale; lc stamp, taken from Houdon bust; l l /zc stamp, taken from "Virginia Colonel" portrait by Charles Willson Peale. Second row from top — Left to Right: 2c stamp, taken from Gilbert Stuart "Athenaeum" portrait; 3c stamp, taken from Charles Willson Peale portrait painted at Valley Forge; 4c stamp, taken from painting by Charles Willson Peale in 1787. Third row from top— Left to Right: 5c stamp, taken from painting by Charles Willson Peale in 1795; 6c stamp, taken from painting by John Trumbull in 1792; 7c stamp, taken from portrait by John Trumbull in 1780. Bottom row — Left to Right: 8c stamp, taken from crayon drawing made from life by Charles B. J. F. St. Memin at Philadelphia in 1798; 9c stamp, taken from pastel portrait drawn from life by W. Wil- liams in 1794; 10c stamp, taken from Gibbs- Channing portrait by Gilbert Stuart in 1795. 154 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission above the center on either side and reaching the top is a semicircular panel with the words "United States Postage" in white Roman on a solid background. The ends of the panel are supported by acanthus scrolls rising from upright ovals in each lower corner. Within these ovals with white edges is the Roman numeral "2" in white on a solid back- ground. At the base of the stamp between the ovals is a white bordered panel with the word "Cents" in white Roman letters on a solid background. In the center of the stamp with a dark background is the likeness of Washington by Gilbert Stuart from a painting made at Germantown, Pa., in 1796, known as the Atheneum portrait, the original of which is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. On a white ribbon below the portrait is the name "Washington" in dark Roman lettering. On the raised ends of the ribbon are the dates "1732" at the left and "1932" at the right. Three-cent. — The stamp is printed in purple ink and is inclosed in a white-line border. In a curved panel having white edges and solid background across the top of the stamp are the words "United States Postage" in white Roman letters. The panel is supported at each end by small acanthus scrolls. In each upper corner of the stamp is a small sunken triangle. In each lower corner is a circle with white edge inclosing the white Roman numeral "3" on a dark background. Across the bottom of the stamp connecting the circles is a narrow panel containing the word "Cents" in white Roman on a solid background. Above the panel is a ribbon with the name "Washington" in small dark Roman lettering. On the ends of the ribbon, which are curved upward to rest over the circles, are the dates "1732" at the left and "1932" at the right. In the central part of the stamp is the likeness of Washington in the uniform of a general with cocked hat reproduced from a portrait by Charles Willson Peale painted at Valley Forge in 1777. The original portrait is now in the State Normal School at West Chester, Pa. Four-cent. — The stamp is printed in warm brown and has a narrow rectangular border indented at the sides and ends. Across the top of the stamp in a narrow double-curved, white-edged panel are the words "United States Postage" in two lines in white Roman letters on solid background. The panel is widened at the center to accommodate the last word, and the ends of the widened portion are supported by acanthus scrolls which rise from either side of the large oval occupying the central part of the stamp. Within the large oval is the likeness of Washington taken from a painting by Charles Willson Peale in 1787, now in the possession of Mr. William Patten, Rhinebeck, N. Y. Below the portrait is a curved white ribbon in dark Gothic lettering is the name "Washington" in the center and the dates "1732" at the left and "1932" at the right. In each lower corner is a circular panel with dark ground and white edge with the numeral "4" in white Roman. Between the circles in a narrow white bordered panel curved to conform with the ribbon above is the word "Cents" in white Roman letters. Five-cent. — The stamp, printed in blue, is bordered by a beveled edge panel indented at the sides and ends. Across the top in a double curve in white Roman letters are the words "United States Postage" in two lines. On each side of the word "Postage" is a small acanthus scroll. In the center of the stamp is a large dark shield with white-line border containing the likeness of Washington from a painting by Charles Willson Peale made in 1795, and now in the possession of the New York Historical Society. On a curved ribbon below the portrait are the dates "1732" at the left and "1932" at the right, and the name "Washington" in the center in dark Gothic lettering. In each lower corner is a rectangular shaped panel containing the numeral "5" in white Roman with dark background. Six-cent. — The stamp is printed in orange color. The stamp is inclosed by a rectangular panel with white edge forming a frame for the central design representing Wash- ington in the uniform of a general reproduced from a painting by John Trumbull in 1792, now in Yale University. Over the head is a narrow semicircular panel with white-line border and solid background extending, at the center, to the top of the stamp. Within this panel are the words "United States Postage" in white Roman letters on a solid background. The panel is supported on either side by small acanthus scrolls. In each upper corner is a triangular sunken panel with white edge and darker interior. In each lower corner is an upright oval with white edge containing the numeral "6" in white Roman on a solid background. At the base in a horizontal line between the ovals is the word "Cents" in white Roman. Under the portrait is a curved white ribbon bearing in the center the name "Washington" in dark Roman lettering. On the ends of the ribbon, which rest at the top of the ovals on either side, are the dates "1732" at the left and "1932" at the right. The Honorable H*rr ert Hoover The White House Washington, D. C. Personal First Day Cover consisting of a special Bicentennial Envelope addressed to President Hoover, stamped with the complete series of twelve bicentennial commemorative stamps, postmarked january 1, 1932, and autographed by president hoover. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 155 Seven-cent. — The stamp is printed in black ink with white edge and gray paneled border on the sides and top. The upright panels are slightly indented at the sides. Inside the border is a background of darker gray. Along the upper edge of the stamp in a horizontal line are the words "United States Postage" in white Roman. In each lower corner is a circle with white edge and black ground inclosing the numeral "7" in white Roman. The circles are connected by a white edged panel containing the word "Cents" in white Roman on a dark background. In the center of the stamp is a large oval with light background and white border which contains a likeness of Washington in a colonial uniform show- ing the head and bust reproduced from a full length portrait painted by John Trumbull in 1780, the original of which is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Below the por- trait is a double curved white ribbon bearing in the center in black Roman lettering the name "Washington." On the raised ends of the ribbon are the dates "1732" at the left and "1932" at the right. Eight-cent. — The stamp is of olive green color and is in- closed in a white line border. In a large upright oval in the center of the stamp is a profile bust portrait of Washington facing to the left, reproduced from a crayon drawing made from life by Charles B. J. F. Saint Memin at Philadelphia in 1798. Inclosing the central oval is a narrow panel with white edges and dark ground containing the inscription "United States Postage" in white Roman letters. On either side of the central oval near the top is shown the upper corner of a shieldlike inner panel. In each lower corner in an upright rectangular panel with white edge and double curved top is the numeral "8" on a dark background. At the base of the stamp in a narrow white edged panel between the numerals is the word "Cents" in white Roman on a dark background. At the base of the central oval is a white ribbon with the name "Washington" in dark lettering in the center and on the curved and raised ends the dates "1732" at the left and "1932" at the right. Nine-cent. — The stamp is printed in pink with a white- line border. At the center is a large panel rectangular in shape below, oval and slightly widened in the upper portion, is the likeness of Washington modeled from a pastel portrait in the possession of the Masonic lodge of Alexandria, Va., for whom it was drawn from life by W. Williams in 1794. Above the central panel in a double curved white ribbon with scrolled ends are the words "United States Postage" in dark Roman. In each lower corner of the stamp is the numeral "9" in white Roman. In a horizontal line at the base be- tween the numerals is the word "Cents" in white Roman. On a white ribbon at the base of the portrait within the central panel is the name "Washington" in dark Roman. In the curved ends of the ribbon above the numerals are the dates "1732" at the left and "1932" at the right. Rising from each ribbon end is a small laurel branch. Ten-cent. — The stamp is orange in color. The sides and top are slightly indented along the center and are bordered by a narrow panel having dark center and white edges. In the upper part, overlapping the border at the top and sides is a narrow white-edged panel with double curve and small acanthus scrolls at either end containing in two lines the words "United States Postage" in white Roman letters on a dark background. The panel is widened at the center to provide space for "Postage." In the center of the stamp is a large oval with white edge and dark ground inclosing the portrait of Washington taken from a painting by Gilbert Stuart in 1795, known as the Gibbs-Channing portrait and owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Within the oval under the portrait is a narrow curved panel with white edge and dark ground containing in Gothic letter- ing the name "Washington" in the center and the dates on either side, "1732" at the left and "1932" at the right. In each lower corner is a white-edged panel, slightly shield shaped on the bottom line, in which appears the numeral "10" in white Roman on a dark background. At the base of the stamp in a horizontal line is the word "Cents" in white Roman letters on a dark background. The Post Office Department bulletin orders that "until otherwise directed, all stamps in demonina- tions from one-half cent to 10 cent, inclusive, on district post-office requisitions after January 1, should be filled with Bicentennial stamps." Bicentennial Envelopes The bulletin continues with the statement that £M ! ^^Kjj The Honorable Franklin DARoos Governor of New York, Albany, I Jew York. First Day Cover consisting of a special Bicentennial envelope addressed to The Honorable Franklin D. Roosevelt, then Governor of New York, stamped with the complete series of twelve Bicentennial commem- orative stamps, ornamented with the four Mount Vernon imprints which were used on Bicentennial gov- ernment STAMPED ENVELOPES, POSTMARKED JANUARY 1, 1932, AND AUTOGRAPHED BY FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. 156 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission the "Bicentennial commemorative envelopes will be issued in extra quality paper of clear white color. ..." Sizes of the envelopes, and their denominations, are given as follows: Size No. Denomination 5 . 1, l/ 2 , 2, 5 cent. 13 . 1, I/2, 2 cent. 8 . . 1, I/2, 2, 4, 5 cent. The bulletin further describes the Bicentennial envelopes: The embossed stamp on the different bicentennial envelopes will be identical except as to denomination numerals and colors. The stamp on the 1-cent envelope will be printed in green; the lJ/2-cent in brown, the 2-cent in red; the 4-cent in black; and the 5 -cent in blue ink. The stamp is a hori- zontal rectangle with rounded corners, approximately 15/16 by 1-9/32 inches in dimensions. Inclosing the stamp near the outer edge is a white line border. The central design is a representation of Mount Vernon, the home of Washing- ton, formed by white embossing on a solid background. Above the central subject is a white line with curved centra! portion touching the top border and with bent ends extend- ing to the side borders and forming irregular-shaped panels in each upper corner, containing the dates "1732" at the left and "1932" at the right. Within the arch at the top of the stamp in a curved line is the name "Washington." Below the picture in a horizontal line is the name "Mount Vernon." In a horizontal panel with white edges at the bottom of the stamp are the words "United States Postage" in two lines. Within circles in each lower corner is the denomination numeral. All lettering on the stamp is in white Gothic. "First Day" Sale The George Washington Bicentennial com- memorative stamps and envelopes were placed on sale for the first time on January 1, 1932, at the Post Office, Washington, D. C., and at the Phila- telic Agency of the Post Office Department. More than $100,000 worth of stamps were sold in that one day, and more than one million, one hun- dred thousand "first day covers" were handled. Despite the fact that the day was a holiday — New Year's Day — about 60,000 persons visited the Post Office in Washington to buy the new stamps. The line of purchasers was so long, that it was necessary to stand in line two or three hours before being waited upon. The issue of so many new stamps at one time was in itself unusual and would have evoked much interest on the part of stamp collectors, but the tremendous sales are attributed largely to the in- terest of the American people in the approaching anniversary of the "Father of their Country." It is estimated that 65 percent of those buying the Bicentennial stamps were not collectors, and that a great number were children, expressing thus their interest in their First President. That the Post Office Department had anticipated Senator Sim 1 on D. Frss, Vice Chairman, and Honor ah le Sol Bloom, Director, respectively, of the United States Georgi Washington Bicentennial Commission, making the first two purchases of George Washington Bicentennial Stamps from Honorable William M. Moonfy, Postmaster, Washington, D. C, on January 1, 1932. Front row — Left to Right arc: Director Bloom, Senator Fess, and Postmaster Mooney. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 157 an unprecedented "first day" sale is shown by the following excerpts from Post Office Department bulletins: ... In view of the limited facilities available, and large number of stamps and stamped envelopes included in the bicentennial issue, it will not be possible in this instance for first-day covers to be prepared for collectors in the Wash- ington post office or Philatelic Agency. The facilities of the department are being taxed to the utmost, in coopera- tion with the Bicentennial Commission, to have advance distribution made of the bicentennial stamps and stamped envelopes so that the new commemorative issues may be placed on sale at post offices generally throughout the coun- try on January 2, which, with other conditions, makes it impossible to offer the customary free service to stamp col- lectors in the preparation of first-day covers. Collectors and dealers requiring such services are, therefore, requested to make private arrangements for the preparing of the bicen- tennial covers to bear the first-day cancellation of January 1, 193 2. Collectors who are connected with the various philatelic societies should be able to arrange through local members for the facilities desired. Collectors who are interested may also be advised that the department will not provide a special cachet for use on bicentennial first-day covers mailed at the Washington (D. C.) post office on January 1, 1932. The day before New Year's and the opening day of the sale of Bicentennial stamps, the Post Office Department further revealed the tremendous in- terest all over the nation in these commemorative stamps in the following press release, dated December 31, 1931: The Post Office Department's stamp division has been deluged with requests from all over the country for the new issue of the George Washington Bicentennial stamps and stamped envelopes, which will first be placed on sale in Wash- ington tomorrow morning. On January 2 they may be purchased at every first and second class post office through- out the country. Requests for the first day's issue have come from Vice President Curtis, Cabinet members, mem- bers of the Diplomatic Corps and prominent government officials. One stamp dealer from New York has rented a store and has employed more than 2 5 clerks to help him handle the first day covers, stamps and stamped envelopes which he intends to purchase. His force will start to work at 7:30 tomorrow morning. He has orders for 10,000 of the several varieties of stamped envelopes, totaling 120,000 in all. In addition he will handle 40,000 of the one-half cent stamp, and 20,000 each of the one cent, one and a half cent and two cent stamps. Besides these he will purchase 15,000 each of the three, four, five, six, seven, eight, n!ne and ten cent stamps. In addition he will dispatch 2,000 registered letters to all parts of the country and Europe. He started a Ford truck last night from New York filled with first day covers which he will mail out from his temporary headquarters in Washington. He is only one of many dealers who will be ready to handle the first day's issue of the new Bicentennial stamps and stamped envelopes. Approximately two and a half billion stamps of all varieties have already been issued by the Post Office Department and it is estimated that a total of fourteen billion stamps and stamped envelopes will be issued to postmasters throughout the country during the year 193 2. Huge Crowd Breaks Record January 1, 1932, at 7:30 a. m., the sale of the George Washington Bicentennial stamps opened, with the first two purchases made by Senator Simeon D. Fess, and Hon. Sol Bloom, Vice- Chairman and Director, respectively, of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. By nightfall, between three and a half and four million stamps had been sold, and more than 60,000 men, women and children had stormed the huge lobby of the post office and stood for hours in long lines that extended down two city blocks outside. This "first day" sale was estimated at $100,000. Fourteen windows were kept open from 7:30 a. m. until late in the night, selling the issue to the crowds. "Nothing like it has been known in the history of the Post Office," said Assistant Postmas- ter Haycock. "The George Washington Bicen- tennial stamps have drawn the greatest response of any special issue ever offered." "There has never been anything to equal it in the history of the Department," said M. L. Eids- ness, Superintendent of the Division of Stamps, "and there probably never will be. It is undoubt- edly the greatest stamp sale of all time and prob- ably will stand as a record for years to come." As one writer, in Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, described it, "When the Washington baseball team won the American League pennant and played the World Series games in 1924, the enormous crowd present did not begin to compare with the number that visited the Washington post office on January 1, 1932, in order to purchase the new series of Washington Bicentenary stamps on the first day of issue. It is estimated that during the day fifty to sixty-five thousand people were on hand, includ- ing not only Cabinet officials, foreign Ambassadors and Ministers, Senators and Members of Congress, but thousands of others. Many came from all over the East, from Maine, Florida, Illinois and Ohio." Despite the fact that it was a holiday, that there was a pouring rain, and that the President was holding his annual "open house" — the New Year Day reception — the lobby of the post office was so crowded all day that it was difficult to enter the building. When the sale began, there were already 2000 persons standing in line. Special police were 158 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission detailed to the scene, and by 2 o'clock in the after- noon it was necessary to stretch ropes and keep lines. The Department had intended to close at noon, but it was midnight before the weary clerks closed their windows, with the announcement that the coveted "first day cancellation" would be applied the next day until noon. Such "covers," however, could not go through the mail in regular service, as a postal regulation prohibits postmarking of mail at any other hour but that at which it is re- ceived. The letters were cancelled and returned to the persons presenting them, in a special ruling that accommodated collectors without violating regulations. Even on January 2, the crowd of stamp-buyers was still so great that it was necessary to keep the post office open until midnight again, although it was Saturday and regularly a half -day. Stamp dealers bought in huge quantities, but were outnumbered by individual buyers. One zealous collector was at the office at 4 a. m. He had more than three hours to wait to get his stamps, but thousands of others spent their whole holiday waiting to purchase the stamps. One stamp dealer from Ohio brought a truck containing 40,000 covers for which to buy stamps and send out as "First Day Covers." However, more than half of the persons in the crowd at the post office were not collectors, but had become interested in the stamps through the approaching Bicentennial Celebration and the attendant wide publicity. Nearly all of the "covers" sent out that first day bore more than the required postage. Most collectors placed a whole set of the stamps, amount- ing to fifty-seven cents, on each envelope, netting the government a profit of fifty-five cents each. One unusual combination was worked out with stamps whose denominations formed the dates 1732-1932 — a total of twenty-eight cents where two cents would have done the work. In a letter to Hon. Wm. M. Mooney, Postmaster, Washington, D. C, the Director of the George Washington Bicentennial Commission commented on the success of the opening sale of the Bicen- tennial stamps as follows: January 6, 1932. My dear Mr. Postmaster: I want to compliment you and the other members of your staff at the Washington City Post Office on the splendid way in which you handled the sale of the George Washington Bicentennial stamps during the unprecedented demand for these on January 1, 193 2. I understand that never before has there been such a demand for quick stamp sales and cancellations as on that day, and the efficient manner in which the crowds were handled and the public service rendered by your office merits the highest praise. I was present myself on the morning of that day and saw the crowds besieging the stamp windows in the post office, so I can personally testify to the unusual circumstances and to the smooth and rapid manner in which everything was handled under your direction. Some persons have spoken to me about the fine way in which the first day stamp sales were conducted and have sought to compliment me in that connection, but I am telling everyone that of course I had nothing to do with them, and that it is you who deserves every praise. It was an unprecedented situation, handled in an unusually fine manner. Very sincerely yours, Sol Bloom, Director. Hon. Wm. M. Mooney, Postmaster, Washington, D. C. $1,000,000 in Stamps Sold in Two Days The New Year Day sale of Bicentennial stamps in Washington, D. C, was repeated just as en- thusiastically, if on a somewhat smaller scale, at every post office in the country on January 2. The main post office in Philadelphia made sales to about 10,000 purchasers; in New York City, there were streams of eager philatelists all day at the various post offices. Thousands of persons purchased the stamps who had never collected before, and it was estimated that a goodly portion of these stamps would form the basis for new stamp collections. Bicentennial stamp sales for January 1 and 2 were estimated at one million dollars. It is not likely that such a record will be made again, as it is improbable that 12 different stamps will again be issued at one time. It is also unlikely that an issue for any other commemorative purpose would arouse such interest as this one, in honor of the "Father of our Country." In themselves works of art, with so popular a subject, the Bicentennial stamps "took the country by storm." No other commemorative stamps have ever been so sought after. "It is interesting to note that there is much more interest in American stamp issues than there formerly was," said Michael L. Eidsness, Jr., Superintendent of the Division of Stamps of the Post Office Department, in an interview in the Washington Stay of August 24, 1932: "Special Bicentennial albums have been published, contain- ing material on George Washington's life and work, as well as on the history of the famous Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 159 paintings used in designing the Bicentennial series. a letter to the Commission dated January 27, 193 3 r These albums have been especially popular among said: "Approximately 367,528,5 50 Bicentennial school children and we have had hundreds of let- stamped envelopes have been issued, in three sizes ters from school stamp societies. . . . The educa- and six denominations, printed and unprinted. . . . tional value of the stamps, of course, is obvious." With regard to proceeds accrued to the Depart- ^ r -o c c ir>->-i ment through the sale of these T Bicentennial] Over Seven Billion Stamps Sold in 1932 & L stamps for collection purposes, I desire to state that The total number of Bicentennial stamps the receipts of the Phl l at elic Agency for the last printed was 7,183,149,600. Of this issue, 7,141,- fiscal year (ending June 30 , 1932 ) amounted to 588,800 stamps were sold in 1932. $330,000. These sales exceeded any previous year Total profit to the Post Office Department by since estab i isnment of the Philatelic Agency, and the time the stock was exhausted was estimated at k {s estimated that approximately $275,000 of $1,000,000. No such profit has ever before been these sales were stamps of the Bicentennia l series , made from the sale of any commemorative stamps, (NoTE . These figures do not indude the last six and the tremendous sale is entirely due to the months of the calendar year 1932 .) Bicentennial Celebration, without which there .,„. . , . , i r • i , , , . . . , There is no way in which we can definitely would have been no commemorative series of . . . , r i t-». , —,.,,.... . determine the actual profit to the Department, twelve stamps, lhe wide publicity given to the TT . . , r . , , . , _ ii • ii^ wr 1 • However, it is the opinion of prominent dealers Bicentennial Celebration by the George washing- . . , , T , ,, , , _,. . , _ . . . in postage stamps, with whom 1 have talked, that ton Bicentennial Commission was a most important . ^ .,, , . , . __. ___ . .... , i r i the Department will ultimately receive $1,000,000 factor in stimulating the sale of the commemo- . r , , , , r i • • c » in proht through the sale of this series of stamps, rative stamps. Profit came largely through sales to collectors k is interesting to compare the sale of the Bicen- who either did not use the stamps at all, or placed tennial stam P s Wlth the ^gest previous sale of i ^i commemorative stamps — that of the three Graf more stamps on an envelope than were necessary. , . . ^n i i i i ii „ ■ • _ ■ ^ i Zeppelin stamps of denominations of 65c, $1.30 On all envelopes mailed by collectors, it is estimated FK K . , . -i £ and $2.60. The total sales of these only amounted that the government received an average of at J i «. ^ „ to $300,000, as compared with a profit of $1,000,- least ten cents excess postage. * ' ' * . . \ T-i j £ i r ^i r r> • • i 000 from the sale of the Bicentennial stamps, lhe record of sale of the issues of Bicentennial r stamps and stamped envelopes to December 31, Bicentennial Cachets 1932, as furnished to the Commission by the Divi- „. _. . , , , , , , c _ . . _ ^^ _ The Bicentennial postage stamps played a double sion of Stamps of the Post Office Department is ,. -i-tttjjia- r 11 role in commemorating the 1 wo Hundredth Anni- versary of the Birth of George Washington. They Denomination N limber Sold were not only a commemoration in themselves, but i/ 2C 87,969,700 also a stimulus to the issuance, in 1932, of more lc 1,265,555,100 than 250 cachets"" relating to the anniversary. l]/ 2 c 304,926,800 Certainly no other event ever had so many com- 2c 4,222,198,300 memorations. 3c 456,198,500 These Bicentennial cachets varied from the only 4c 145,231,600 cachet sponsored by the United States George 5c 157,949,400 Washington Bicentennial Commission, that on 6c 111,739,400 February 22, 1932, applied at Mount Vernon, 7c 71,752,700 Virginia, through special cachets issued by local 8c 96,506,100 Bicentennial Committees, Chambers of Commerce 9c 74,345,200 and other semi-official organizations, to those issued 10c 147,216,000 as a private enterprise to commemorate local Bicen- ' tennial celebrations, historic connections with the Total 7,141,588,800 • : " A cachet, in the language of philately used by stamp collectors, M. L. EidsneSS, Jr., Superintendent of the Divi- means a specially designed device affixed to covers (envelopes) that . t /-^vrr t~v • are t ' nen po stmar ' tec J a "d mailed on dates and from places of historic, sion of Stamps of the Post Office Department, in c ivk or other significance. 160 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission **av *^|© -A DB m i BSEMEKKUl TBI a m mwfi rkm III • ? 2r ~— - — — w- fi !*A»,,f!rr~ . imt*. / W 'v ■ ' ; : ' w. $ %: ==S5 " m m : -v IB V i.*; A s) i ection oj George Washington Bicentennial Cachets commemorating various dates, events, and historic PLACES, WHICH WERE ISSUED DURING THE BICENTENNIAL YEAR. (From the Collection of Mr. Charles f. Buckstein, Atlantic City, N. /.) Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 161 memory of Washington, etc. In all cases, of course, the Bicentennial stamps were used to accent the commemorative character of the cachet. The most significant and perhaps the most pop- ular cachet issued during the Bicentennial year was the "Wakefield" cachet, sponsored by the Com- mission with the cooperation of the Post Office Department, and applied to covers mailed from Mount Vernon, Virginia, on February 22, 1932, the official opening date of the Bicentennial Cele- bration. More than 500,000 pieces of mail were canceled at Mount Vernon on Washington's Birthday, and bore the Wakefield cachet — a draw- ing of the restored house in which George Wash- ington was born. At least 20 percent of this mail bore a complete set of the twelve Bicentennial stamps, representing an enormous excess postage and a sample of how the Bicentennial stamps made so much profit for the Post Office Department. A conservative estimate of the profit on this day's issue alone would be in excess of $50,000. People waiting to post letters for the Wakefield cachet began to form a line at 6 a. m. at Mount Vernon on Washington's Birthday, three hours before the post office opened. The small staff there was augmented with additional help from the Washington, D. C, post office, but even with this aid, clerks had difficulty in coping with the flow of mail. Trucks loaded with sacks of mail left the post office every five or ten minutes through- out the morning and almost as frequently the rest of the day. The circular issued by the Post Office Depart- ment on February 3, 1932, concerning the Wake- field cachet of February 22, reads in part as follows: Third Assistant Postmaster General, Washington, February 3, 1952. In order that reliable information may be furnished local stamp collectors and other patrons who make inquiry at post offices with reference to the securing of the postmark of the Mount Vernon (Va.) post office on mail matter bearing stamps of the Washington Bicentennial series, postmasters are advised that in consideration of the widespread interest already shown, special provision will be made for the post- marking of this bicentennial mail matter at the Mount Ver- non (Va.) post office on February 22, which marks the official opening of the nation-wide celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of the first President. In authorizing the February 22 cancellation, the depart- ment is cooperating with the George Washington Bicentennial Commission, which has provided a special cachet depicting Wakefield, the birthplace of Washington, which will be placed on letters mailed at Mount Vernon on February 22, in addition to the postmark. . . . No special postage stamp will be issued on this date as the bicentennial stamps placed on sale January 1 are par- ticularly appropriate for use on this mail. . . . This special February 22 mail will be machine canceled with the regular Mount Vernon postmark with the excep- tion of the covers bearing blocks or combinations of stamps, which will be postmarked with the usual hand stamp. The Wakefield cachet to be applied to this mail is separate and distinct from the postmark and is being provided by the George Washington Bicentennial Commission as a special feature of the opening of the anniversary celebration. Clear space of approximately 2 ]/ 2 by 3 l / 2 inches should be allowed on the left side of covers to accommodate the special cachet. Provision will also be made for the placing of a collection box outside the entrance gate at Mount Vernon for the con- venience of collectors who desire to deposit their mail personally. The attention of the department has also been called to requests of collectors for Wakefield, Va., cancellations on February 22. George Washington was born at Wakefield, Westmoreland County, Va., where there is now no post office by that name. The Wakefield, Va., post office listed in the United States Official Postal Guide is in Sussex County, Va., and bears no relation to the birthplace of Washington. F. A. Tilton, Third Assistant Postviaster General. Another outstanding cachet was that of the National Masonic Memorial to George Washington, sponsored by the Alexandria, Virginia, Chamber of Commerce, in cooperation with the Post Office Department, and applied at that city on May 12, 1932, to commemorate the formal dedication of the memorial to Masonry's most outstanding American member. On this day, at Alexandria alone, 200,000 Bicentennial stamps were sold, and the postmaster estimated that the average letter or "cover" that received the Masonic cachet bore ten cents postage — an excess of eight cents for each piece of mail, or a profit of at least $15,000 for the day. The special circular of the Post Office Depart- ment regarding the cachet on May 12, reads: Third Assistant Postmaster General, Washington, April U, 19} 2. For the information of local stamp collectors and other patrons who may be interested, postmasters are notified that the department is cooperating with the Alexandria (Va.) Chamber of Commerce in sponsoring special mailings from the local post office on May 12, the dedication date of the George Washington Masonic National Memorial. The chamber of commerce has prepared a suitable cachet depicting the memorial temple and showing the dedication date for use on the special mail dispatched through the local post office on the date of the celebration, which will be in addition to the regular postmark. Postmasters should advise local patrons who make inquiry that stamped addressed covers to receive the special cachet should be sent under separate wrapper, plainly addressed, to the Chamber of Commerce, Alexandria, Va., and conspicuously indorsed on the face "For cancellation May 12." In consideration of the fact that the furnishing of the special cachet is being undertaken by a private organization, 162 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission the number of covers sent should be restricted to a reason- able quantity, and collectors should not request the return of covers by registered mail. Postmasters may also advise local stamp collectors who make inquiry that the 9-cent stamp of the bicentennial issue bears the likeness of Washington modeled from a pastel por- trait painted by W. Williams in 1794, the original of which is now in the possession of the Alexandria Masonic Lodge. A special collection box for mail matter to receive the special cachet and May 12 postmark will be installed in the Alexandria post office for the benefit of collectors and dealers who desire to deposit their mailings in person. In applying the special cachet to the May 12 covers the Alexandria Chamber of Commerce will endeavor to perform satisfactory service, but they have informed the department that they can not be responsible for any errors, omissions, etc. F. A. Tilton, Third Assistant Postmaster General. One of the most interesting of all the Bicenten- nial cachets was not issued in the United States, but in Poland. The Government of Poland issued a special commemorative stamp in honor of the two hun- dredth anniversary of the birth of George Wash- ington. This first appeared on May 3, 1932, and a cachet was issued on that day in Warsaw by the Central Committee for the Celebration in Poland of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington. Local Committees Issue Cachets The Bicentennial Committees of a number of cities, notably New York and Boston, sponsored cachets in honor of the Bicentennial anniversary. Each of these issued a series of cachets on dates identified with George Washington and his presence in that vicinity. The New York City George Washington Bicen- tennial Commission issued twelve postal cachets with the approval of the Post Office Department. Each cachet marked the anniversary of an incident in or near New York connected with the life of Washington and was applied to mail presented for the purpose at a special temporary post office sub- station in the reproduction of Federal Hall in Bryant Park. From a Post Office circular of July 29, 1932, is taken the following description of the cachets, and their dates of issue: As a feature of the local bicentennial celebration the New York City Bicentennial Commission has constructed in Bryant Park back of the Public Library, corner of Fifth Avenue and Forty-second Street, a reproduction of the original "Fed- eral Hall" which was the first Capitol Building of the United States. A temporary postal station will be established in this building, effective August 5, 193 2, through which mail matter bearing the cachets will be dispatched. This mail will also be postmarked with a special canceling die reading: "Federal Hall Station, New York, N. Y." Special cachets will be provided as follows: August 7, 1789 — Washington signed the act creating the Department of War. and also signed the act confirming the Northwest Territory and appointing a governor thereof. August 12, 1790 — Final session of Congress held in Federal Hall, New York, adjourning to meet at its next session in Philadelphia, our second capital city. August 27, 1776 — The Battle of Long Island. September 2, 1790 — Washington signed an act creating the Treasury Department. September 16, 1776 — Battle of Harlem Heights, near pres- ent location of Grant's Tomb. September 17, 1790 — Constitution Day. September 24, 1789 — Washington signed an act creating the judicial courts of the United States, including the organi- zation of the Supreme Court. September 26, 1789 — Washington appointed a Postmaster General. October 15, 1789 — Washington left New York City for a 3 0-day tour of the New England and Eastern States, "to acquire knowledge of the face of the country, the growth and agriculture thereof, and the temper and disposition of the inhabitants toward the new Government." November 11, 1796 — Final session of the New York State Assembly held in Federal Hall, New York, adjourning to meet at its next session in Albany, the permanent State capital city. November 16, 1776 — Battle of Fort Washington and its surrender, with 2,000 men, to the British. November 25, 1783 — Washington reentered New York City, as the British troops evacuated the city and embarked for England. The Boston George Washington Bicentennial Committee issued seven cachets during the Bicen- tennial year, and the following dates and descrip- tions are taken from a circular issued by the Committee: October 24 — (first of series) — Welcome to President Wash- ington, 1789. Cachet; and also sticker. Color, blue. October 27 — Navy Day — "Start of U. S. Navy" by Wash- ington at Siege of Boston; and launching of "Constitution." Cachet only. Purple. November 10 — Commemorative Design — Noting gold medal by Congress to Washington after Siege of Boston; and his three visits of 1756, 1775-6, and 1789. Sticker only. Buff and blue. November 24 — Thanksgiving Day — Commemorating first Thanksgiving at Boston, by Puritans, 1631. Printed grey envelope with design in green and brown. Also regulation cachet, green. December 16 — Boston Tea Party — 159th anniversary of famous event inspiring to Washington's career. Design shows a revenue stamp of 1773; Old South Meeting House; the "Indians"; and John Hancock tea kettle made by Paul Revere. Issued in two forms: a — regulation cachet, one color, blue, affixed to prepared covers; b — same historical design printed on stickers, in two colors, blue and red, affixed to envelopes by committee. Mailing at post office near where tea went into harbor. Historical account, printed, with each item except when envelopes come sealed. December 18 — Mourning for Washington — (by request) — An unusual cachet in black commemorating the close of his life and public services at Boston. (Funeral December 18, 1799; death, 14th.) Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 163 Historical account, printed, with each item except when envelope is sealed. December 25 — Christmas — (Final in Boston series for Bicentennial) — Commemorating reunion of Martha Wash- ington with the General at Siege of Boston for holiday sea- son, 1775. Design indicates present-day Boston customs with outdoor trumpeters and carolers; and also cross, star and wreath. Issued in two forms: a — regulation cachet, red, affixed to prepared covers addressed and stamped, sent to the commit- tee by collectors, prepaid and with remittance; b — same design printed in two colors, red and green, on special envelopes supplied by committee. Other Historic Cachets On October 27, 1932, the anniversary of the launching in 1797 of the U. S. Frigate Constitu- tion, Navy Day and the Bicentennial were all linked together with the issuance of a special cachet on board the rebuilt old ship which made history in the early days of our nation. With the Post Office Department cooperating and announcing the cachet in its bulletins, the officers of "Old Ironsides" and the Navy League sponsored a Navy Day cachet from the historic frigate stationed at the Navy Yard in Washington, D. C, in honor of the Bicentennial. There were 32,865 covers cached on that occasion and sent to all parts of the world, including each of the states of the Union, several of our island posses- sions, and twenty foreign countries. Visitors to the ship that day were equally interested in this unusual cachet and its appropriate double com- memoration. The cachet, an oval stamp about three inches wide, showed a drawing of the U. S. Frigate Con- stitution in full sail, and in the border "Navy Day, October 27, George Washington Bicentennial 1732-1932." On September 14, 1932, the George Wythe House at Williamsburg, Virginia, issued a Bicen- tennial cachet under the auspices of the Postmaster and City Council. The Wythe House was Washington's headquar- ters in Williamsburg from September 14 to Sep- tember 28, 1781, just prior to the siege of York- town. The owner of the house, built in 1755, was George Wythe, signer of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, and first College Professor of Law in the new nation. At the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, he taught Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Chief Justice John Marshall. The house has been preserved and restored, and there 10,812 covers were given the Wythe House cachet at 4 p. m. September 14 — the hour and day of General Washington's arrival in Williams- burg in 1781. The report by the committee in charge at the Wythe House stated that "these covers went to every state in the Union and to England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Argentina, Bahama Islands, Philippine Islands, Alaska, Newfoundland, Hawaii, Canada and Morocco." A Bicentennial cachet on April 8 from Fred- ericksburg, Virginia, commemorated the many visits which George Washington paid to his mother and his beloved sister Betty, and especially his visit of April 8, 1791, when he began a tour of the southern colonies. The cachet bore a reproduction of "Kenmore," the beautiful home of Betty Wash- ington Lewis, in Fredericksburg, Virginia, which, it is claimed, Washington helped to design, and the inscription, "The soul of Washington is seen in the beauty of Kenmore." Fort Duquesne and Fort Necessity, indissolubly linked with Washington, were also commemorated with cachets during the Bicentennial of his birth. More than 10,000 Fort Duquesne cachets were issued from Pittsburgh on June 24. On July 3 and 4 there was a two-day celebration in honor of the Bicentennial, during which a reconstructed fort was dedicated, and a cachet was issued in honor of the occasion. "Washington" Postmark in Demand The United States Postal Guide lists a city named Washington in twenty-seven states and the District of Columbia. There are also about fifteen other places in the United States whose names include the word Washington, as Washington Court House, Ohio. Inquiries made to all of these brought replies from about half, to the effect that although no cachets were issued from these towns named after the First President, covers mailed from there on February 22 and on other historic dates during the Bicentennial year were in great demand. Washington, Arkansas, cancelled more than 800 covers on February 22. One enterprising stamp collector sent a letter to George, Arkansas, first, and had both the George and the Washington postmarks on it. Washington, Illinois, reported more than a thousand special cancellations on Washington's birthday and several hundred additional through the year. Washington, Kansas, cancelled about 750 covers on Feb- ruary 22. Washington, Kentucky, cancelled a like number at the opening of the Bicentennial Celebration. Series of Bicentennial Cachets Sponsored by the George Washington Bicentennial Committee of the City of Boston No. 1 Welcome to Washington at Boston, 1789 Commemorating 14}rd anniversary of arrival of President Washington on his good-will tour of New England. Issued October 24, 1932. No. 2, Washington and the Navy at Boston, 177) Commemorating "Navy Day" as currently ob- served annually; and action of General Washington during Siege of Boston "starting the U. S. Navy," 1775. Also commemorating the launching of the Frigate "Constitution" at Boston, 1797. Issued October 27, 193 2. WASHINGTON IN BOSTON GEORGE WASHINGTON t^£- BICENTENNIAL -1< ))~ No. 3, Commemorative Design of Boston Committee, 1932 Indicates three visits to Boston by Washington, in 1756, 1775-76, and 1789; also only gold medal awarded by Congress to George Washington; and present dh Seal Issued November 10, 1932. No. 4, Commemorating 301st Anniversary of First Thanksgiving directed by the Massachusetts Bay Government, 1631 Design indicates a Puritan with wild turkey re- turning to his home; and fruits and vegetables com- mon to New England of 17 th century. 1732 — Birth of Washington. 1789 — First national Thanksgiving Proclamation, by President Washington. Issued November 24, 1932. No 5, Commemorating the 159th Anniversary of Boston Tea Party, December 16, 1773. Design shows a rare British revenue stamp used in Boston at that time; the Old South Meeting House; the "Indians" at work; and a tea kettle used by the women of the household of Governor John Hancock. Issued December 16, 1932. 164 Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 165 No. 6, Mourning for Washington Issued by request on the 13 3NE of the cooperative activities in the Celebration of the Two Hundredth An- niversary of the Birth of George Wash- ington which was conspicuous by its historic and colorful presentation, was the com- bined resources of the United States George Wash- ington Bicentennial Commission with the Grand Lodge F. A. A. M. of the District of Columbia, in re-enacting, on September 17, 1932, the ceremonies of laying the cornerstone of the United States Capitol, which event occurred on September 18, 1793, under the auspices of the Grand Lodge of Maryland, and was participated in by the then President of the United States, George Washing- ton, Past Master of the Alexandria Lodge No. 22. The more recent ceremony commemorated the 139th anniversary of the original laying of the cornerstone. The General Committee in charge of the Cele- bration was composed of Reuben A. Bogley, Grand Master; Major-General Amos A. Fries, Chairman; J. Claude Keiper, P. G. M.; Gratz E. Dunkum, P. G. M.; James T. Gibbs, P. G. M.; Paul B. Cromehn, P. G. M.; Needham C. Turnage, L. Whiting Estes; and Aubrey R. Marrs. The United States George Washington Bicenten- nial Commission was represented by Brothers Sol Bloom, Director; Edgar P. Allen, and John M. Gibbs. The major feature of this event consisted of a parade which was one of the outstanding pageants in the history of the Capital which is noted for magnificent outdoor demonstrations. This parade, which consisted of five general divi- sions, assembled at the White House Ellipse at 10 o'clock in the morning of September 17, 1932. A general plat had been prepared showing the designated points of assembly of the various units. The parade was under the direction of Major General Amos A. Fries, U. S. Army, retired, Past Master of Columbia Lodge No. 2 and Grand Marshal. Arrangements were perfect and the parade moved promptly at the designated hour by way of 15th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue to the East Plaza of the Capitol. Many thousands of spectators lined both sides of Pennsylvania Avenue and the Capitol grounds as the picturesque procession marched over the historic route. Practically all of the civic units were in Colonial uniform, and many of the military, naval and marine units also were similiarly costumed. The first division was led by the United States Marine Band attired in their full dress of bright red tunics, with Major General Amos A. Fries, the Grand Marshal. This was fol- lowed by a number of automobiles containing dis- tinguished and invited guests and a human Amer- ican flag composed of eighty members of the East- ern Star who marched so that their colors formed the stars and stripes. The second division was entirely Colonial, headed by Col. George E. Ijams, Marshal. This division contained two thousand individuals, all arrayed in Colonial costumes as follows: Shrine Band of Almas Temple. Most Worshipful Grand Master, with military aides and officers of the Grand Lodge, F. A. A. M., District of Columbia. Grand Lodge Choir. Fredericksburg Lodge, No. 4, Fredericksburg, Va., with the historic Washington Bible used as the Great Light for the occasion. Alexandria-Washington Lodge, No. 22, Alexandria, Va., with the silver trowel and working tools. federal Lodge No. 1. Potomac Lodge No. 5, with the Washington Gavel. George Washington, portrayed by A. Ernest Tate, Past Master of Washington Centennial Lodge, No. 14, with his suite representing Washington's associates of 1793 as follows: George Mason by Jas. W. McGuire, General Henry Knox by Russell O. Kluge, Thomas Jefferson by Clyde B. Stovall, Col. Alex- ander Hamilton by Dr. B. J. Lloyd, Robert R. Liv- ingston by Dr. Walter F. Smith. Gen. Richard Henry Lee by William H. Beckstein, Edmund Randolph by D. D. Isbell, James Madison by Nathan Weill, John Marshall by B. H. Roberts and Timothy Pickering by Henry Stein. Coach and Four containing Martha Washington, portrayed by Mrs. Sallye C. Bogley; Nellie Custis by Mrs. Dorothy Carroll; and Nellie Custis's children por- trayed by Miss Rose L. Bogley and Elmer Jenkins. Battery C, 16th U. S. Artillery, known as the White Horse Artillery. Mounted group of 30 horsemen followed by 10 separate groups, each group distinctively costumed. 219 220 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission THIRD DIVISION The third division was led by Brig. Gen. Perry L. Miles as Marshal. This division consisted of the various military and naval attachments. United States Navy Band. 3rd Battalion, 12th U. S. Infantry. 2nd Squadron, 3rd Cavalry. 1st Battalion of the 16th Field Artillery. Detachments from the U. S. Navy. Detachments from the U. S. Marines. Crews of two U. S. Coast Guard Cutters sent to Wash- ington for the purpose. District National Guard led by its band and composed of its various foot and mounted units. FOURTH DIVISION The fourth division was made up entirely of the Masonic family and led by Lieut. Col. L. C. Kunzig as Marshal. George Washington University Band. Knights Templar. Grand Commandery of the District of Columbia. Washington Commandery No. 1. Columbia Commandery No. 2. Potomac Commandery No. 3. DeMolay Commandery No. 4. Orient Commandery No. 5. Brightwood Commandery No. 6. Visiting Commanderies. Albert Pike Camp Guard. U. S. 13 th Engineer Band. Grand Lodge (2nd Section). Federal Lodge, No. 1 (2nd Section). Columbia Lodge, No. 3. Naval Lodge, No. 4. Potomac Lodge, No. 5 (2nd Section). Lebanon Lodge, No. 7. The New Jerusalem Lodge, No. 9. Hiram Lodge, No. 10. Washington Gas Light Co. Band. St. John's Lodge, No. 11. National Lodge, No. 12. Washington Centennial Lodge, No. 14. Benjamin B. French Lodge, No. 15. Dawson Lodge, No. 16. Costello Post American Legion Drum Corps. Harmony Lodge, No. 17. Acacia Lodge, No. 18. LaFayette Lodge, No. 19. Hope Lodge, No. 20. Anacostia Lodge, No. 21. Boys' Independent Band. George C. Whiting Lodge, No. 22. Pentalpha Lodge, No. 23. Stansbury Lodge, No. 24. Arminius Lodge, No. 2 5. Osiris Lodge, No. 26. Myron M. Parker Lodge, No. 27. King David Lodge, No. 28. Takoma Lodge, No. 29. Wm. R. Singleton Lodge, No. 3 0. King Solomon Lodge, No. 3 1 . Temple-Noyes Lodge, No. 32. Victory Post American Legion Drum Corps. Mount Pleasant Lodge, No. 3 3. East Gate Lodge, No. 34. Joppa Lodge, No. 3 5. Albert Pike Lodge, No. 36. Congress Lodge, No. 37. Joseph H. Milans Lodge, No. 3 8. Warren G. Harding Lodge, No. 39. Georm Washington Laying the Cornerstone of the Federal Capitol at Washington, D. C. with Masonic Ceremonies, September 18, 1793. By DcLand. Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 221 Cathedral Lodge, No. 40. Trinity Lodge, No. 41. Chevy Chase Lodge, No. 42. Brightwood Lodge, No. 43. Theodore Roosevelt Lodge, No. 44. Samuel Gompers Lodge, No. 45. Justice Lodge, No. 46. Petworth Lodge, No. 47. 6th Marine Reserve Band. Barristers Lodge, No. 48. Maryland Lodges in their own order. Virginia Lodges in their own order. Other visiting Masons according to seniority of their Grand Lodges. Grand Chapter Royal Arch Masons and Units in their own order. Grand Council Royal and Select Masters and Units in their own order. Almas Temple Drum Corps. Alma Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S. and visiting Shrines in their own order. Grotto Band. Kallipolis Grotto No. 1 5 M. O. V. P. E. R. and visiting Grottoes in their own order. Tall Cedars' Band. Tall Cedars of Lebanon in their own order. Masonic Clubs in their own order. Quantico Marine Band. Order of the Eastern Star in their own order. Firemen's Band, D. C. Job's Daughters in their order. Order of DeMolay in their own order. FIFTH DIVISION The fifth division consisted of patriotic and civic organiza- tions under Brig. Gen. William E. Horgon as Marshal. Odd Fellows Band. Association Oldest Inhabitants of the District of Columbia. Daughters of Union Veterans of Civil War. Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic. Ladies of the G. A. R. (Abraham Lincoln Circle No. 3). Daughters of American Colonists. Children of American Revolution. D. C. Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. National Society Daughters of American Revolution. Daughters of American Revolution (Fort McHenry Chapter) . United Daughters of the Confederacy. Richmond Howitzers. Auxiliary United Spanish War Veterans. American Red Cross. Disabled American Veterans of the World War. American Women's Legion. Auxiliary American Legion. Military Order of Foreign Wars of the United States. Boy Scouts. Reserve Officers Association. Auxiliary United Spanish War Veterans (Eva Aliens- worth No. 2). American Gold Star Mothers. Huguenot Society. D. C. Congress of Parents and Teachers. United Daughters of 1812 of D. C. Daughters of Founders and Patriots of America. Mayflower Descendants. A vivid idea of the truly remarkable appearance and numbers of those in the parade may be gained from the fact that although the parade started promptly, and there was no unnecessary delay, it was 4 o'clock in the afternoon before the cere- monies at the Capitol itself could be begun, and even at that time a large number of marchers had not passed the reviewing stand, and a number of units had to be re-routed to other parts of the Capitol grounds. At the National Capitol a large reviewing stand had been erected and thousands of seats provided for spectators, but even this gener- ous provision was not sufficient, and many thous- ands of people stood during the entire proceedings. The stands, the Capitol itself and surrounding buildings were elaborately decorated and these decorations, together with the thousands of color- ful Colonial costumes and displays of flags and emblems gave the scene historic animation. Among the distinguished members of the Craft upon the reviewing stand were Reuben A. Bogley, Grand Master; Harry G. Kimball, Deputy Grand Master; Vernon G. Owen, Senior Grand Warden; Robert S. Regar, Junior Grand Warden; J. Claude Keiper, Grand Secretary; Charles E. Baldwin, Grand Treasurer; Aubrey H. Clayton, Grand Lec- turer; John C. Palmer, Grand Chaplain; Simpson B. Daugherty, Assistant Grand Chaplain; Clyde J. Nichols, Grand Marshal; Otto B. Roepke, Senior Grand Deacon; Paul B. Cromelin, Junior Grand Deacon; Leonard P. Steuart, Grand Sword Bearer; Eugene E. Thompson, Grand Pursuivant; Need- ham C. Turnage, Senior Grand Steward; Ara M. Daniels, Junior Grand Steward; William P. Herbst, Grand Tiler; Castleman P. Boss, Assistant Grand Tiler. Past Grand Masters in attendance were as follows: Harry Standiford, James A. Wetmore, J. Claude Keiper, Chas. E. Baldwin, James W. Witten, Joseph H. Milans (with Grand Commandery as repre- sentative of the Grand Master of Templars) , James A. West (with Grand Commandery), Charles C. Coombs (G. H. P., R. A. M. present with Grand Chapter) , Charles F. Roberts, Gratz E. Dunkum and James T. Gibbs. In the list of distinguished visitors and guests were Honorable Sol Bloom, Director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commis- sion; George R. Gorsuch, Grand Master of Mary- land; Harry K. Green, Grand Master of Virginia; Arthur Whitehead, Grand Master of Rhode Island, accompanied by the following brethern from that 222 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission Jurisdiction — Augustus F. Rose, Deputy Grand Master; Charles E. Littlefield, Senior Grand Warden; James E. Tillinghast, Junior Grand Warden; J. Ellery Hudson; Wilbur A. Scott; E. Turor Gross; S. Winfield Solomon; J. Irving Shep- ley, Past Grand Masters; J. Stewart Little, Grand Marshal, and Albert Knight, Past Master; Past Grand Master William E. Valliant, of Delaware; Past Grand Master James H. Price, of Virginia; John H. Cowles, Grand Commander, and H. W. Witcover, Secretary General of the Supreme Coun- cil, A. A. S. R. of the Southern Jurisdiction; Henry S. Borneman, D. D. G. M. of Pennsylvania; Charles J. Tobin, Chairman of the New York Bicenten- nial Commission and Major Ogden J. Ross, repre- sentatives of the Governor of New York; Lius Reinhardt of Havana, representing the Grand Mas- ter of Cuba; Claude W. Fletcher, Grand Comman- der of Knights Templar of Virginia; Harry R. Snyder, Grand Commander of Knights Templar of Maryland; L. Whiting Estes, Grand Commander of Knights Templar of the District of Columbia; Joseph H. Milans, Grand Sword Bearer of the Grand Encampment of the United States; Charles C. Coombs, Grand High Priest of the Grand Chap- ter of Royal Arch Masons of the District of Co- lumbia; Jos. S. Haas, Grand High Priest and other officers of the Grand Chapter of Maryland, and Noble D. Larner, Grand Master of the Grand Council of Royal and Select Masters of the District of Columbia. Among the members present from the Diploma- tic Corps, who are members of the Masonic Fra- ternity in foreign lands, were Ahmed Muhtar Bey, 33 degree, Turkish Ambassador; Ussaki Bulent, second secretary, Turkish Legation, and Dr. Andrei Popovici, secretary of the Roumanian Legation. In the preparations for the ceremony of reenact- ing the laying of the corner-stone, as well as in all matters incident thereto, careful attention was given to the desirability of having them conform as nearly as possible to the ceremonies enacted at the time of laying the original stone. It was also thought to be desirable to have as much of the ceremony take place on the stand in the center of the Plaza of the Capitol in full view of the thous- ands of spectators who had gathered there. For this reason, changes were made in several features of the usual Grand Lodge ritual. Through the courtesy of Most Worshipful Brother Harry K. Green, Grand Master of Vir- ginia, the Grand Master of the District of Colum- bia wore during the ceremony at the Capitol the Grand Master's jewel worn by Brother John Blair, first Grand Master of Masons in Virginia, 1778, and which has been worn by each succeeding Grand Master of Virginia ever since. Commencing the ceremony, Grand Master Bogley, after calling the assembly to order, spoke as follows: We have assembled here today, within the shadow of our Capitol Building, for the purpose of reenacting the ceremony of laying its corner-stone. We have thus assembled to do honor to our great first President who, 139 years ago, actively participated in the Masonic ceremony of placing in position the foundation stone of this great structure. Our ceremony today is a part of the commemoration by our Grand Lodge of the 200th anniversary of his birth and, on this important occasion, remembering that we as Masons are taught that we should implore the aid of our Supreme Grand Master in all our laudable undertakings, let us attend while the Reverend and Worshipful Grand Chaplain invokes a Divine Blessing. O God and Father of all Mankind; Supreme Architect of the Universe! We bow with gratitude to Thy Omnipotence. We acknowledge Thee as the Creator and Preserver of all things. We thank Thee for Thy daily blessings conferred on us in all our undertakings. More particularly, O God, we crave Thy presence on this occasion. Do Thou so preside over this gathering and so rule in our hearts, that the spirit of peace, love and charity may prevail; and good will and brotherhood extend unto the ends of the earth. And to Thy holy name will we ascribe glory and honor and dominion and power, now and evermore, world without end. Amen. Led by the choir of the First Congregational Church of Washington, D. C, the audience then united in singing two verses of "America," at the conclusion of which it joined in a recitation of "The American's Creed," under the leadership of the Author, Honorable William Tyler Page. The Bible on which George Washington took his Masonic Obligations, a cherished possession of Fredericksburg Lodge, No. 4, F. A. A. M., of Fredericksburg, Virginia, was presented to the Grand Master for use during the ceremonies by a committee composed of Worshipful Brother Ed- ward H. Cann, Worshipful Master; H. R. Ellis, Senior Warden; W. E. Long, Junior Warden, and James H. Heron, Chaplain. There was also presented at this time the Gavel used by George Washington at the laying of the cornerstone of the United States Capitol, Septem- ber 18, 1793, which was handed by him to the then Master of Potomac Lodge, No. 9, now No. 5 of the District of Columbia, in whose possession it has remained ever since. The Gavel was presented by a committee composed of Brothers J. Arthur Report of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration 223 Donaldson, M. Edgar Milstead and Walter G. Hughes. Articles Deposited By direction of the Grand Master, the Grand Treasurer deposited in the box to be placed in the cornerstone the several articles as they were read by the Grand Secretary. The list of articles so deposited is as follows: Washington newspapers of September 17, 1932. Copy of Official Program for ceremony of relaying corner- stone. Copy of General Orders and Parade Formation for ceremonies, September 17, 1932. "Honor to George Washington," pamphlets one to sixteen, issued by the United States George Washington Bicen- tennial Commission. History of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the District of Columbia. Pamphlet, "The Memorial to Washington," by Charles H. Callahan, P. G. M., of Virginia. Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, F. A. A. M. of the District of Columbia, 1931. Minutes of the 1932 Convention of the George Washington Masonic National Memorial Association. "Washington's Home and Fraternal Life," by Carl H. Claudy, Master of Harmony Lodge, No. 17, published by the United States George Washington Bicentennial Com- mission. Photograph of Grand Master Reuben A. Bogley. Photograph of Grand Master George R. Gorsuch. Photograph of Grand Secretary J. Claude Keiper. Two nails from the flooring of the Banquet Hall at Mount Vernon, Virginia — floor laid in 1776, repaired in 1932 — donated by Col. Harrison H. Dodge, Super- intendent. Bulletin of the George Washington University, April, 1932. The Holy Bible, donated by Gratz E. Dunkum, P.G.M. Souvenir medal commemorating the dedication of the Wash- ington Masonic Memorial at Alexandria, Virginia, May 12, 1932. Bronze medallion commemorating the dedication of the House of the Temple, of the Supreme Council, (Mother Supreme Council), 3 3 degree, A. A. S. R., Southern Jurisdiction. Bronze Medallion in commemoration of the meeting of the Supreme Council in 1924, in the old building in Charleston, S. C, where the Supreme Council was or- ganized on May 31, 1801, donated by John H. Cowles, Grand Commander. United States silver quarter of a dollar, special Bicentennial Memorial mintage. Approved emblem, United States George Washington Bicen- tennial Commission. Medal issued by the United States George Washington Bicen- tennial Commission to winners of Essay Contest. Medal issued by the United States George Washington Bicen- tennial Commission in conection with the National Celebration. Exact miniature of the "George Washington knife." Replica of the gavel used by George Washington at the laying of the corner-stone of United States Capitol, September 18, 1793, donated by Potomac Lodge, No. 5, D. C. Coat of Arms of the Washington Family. List of Grand Masters of Masons of the United States. List of officers of the Grand Lodge of Maryland and of its constituent Lodges. List of officers of the Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons of Maryland, 193 2. Masonic Calendar of the District of Columbia, 1932. Medal struck by order of Congress to commemorate the cen- tenary of Washington's death, donated by the Grand Lodge of Virginia. Bulletins of District of Columbia Lodges for September, 1932. Grand Lodge circular of March 26, 1932, relative to "Masonic Week." Picture of George Washington as "President-Master," issued by the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission and sent by it to every Masonic Lodge room in the United States. Story of the organization and work of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission by Hon- orable Sol Bloom, Director. The United States Flag, donated by L. Whiting Estes, Grand Commander, K. T. Record of the participation of the Grand Lodge, F. A. A. M. of the District of Columbia in the George Washington Bicentennial Commemoration. T. V. L. Square bronze mirror of the Tang Dynasty, China, donated by Dr. W. B. Pettus, President of the College of Chinese Studies, Peking, China. (It is thought desirable to note that this mirror was made sometime during the Tang Dynasty, which ruled China from about 600 A. D. to 900 A. D., so that it is probably more than 1,000 years old.) The circular shape of the mirror is symbolic of heaven and of the compasses. The large square in the center of the design is symbolic of the earth. In addition to it, there are four T-squares, four V-squares and four L-squares, hence this type of mirror is known as the "T. V. L. Mirror." The square and compasses have from time immemorial been in China as a symbol of uprightness of life and correctness of relationships. The Book of History, which was written before the time of Confucius contains the following: "Ye officers Govern- ment, apply the compass." Mencius, before Confucius, in one of his writings says, "Except by compass and by square your lives cannot be circumscribed or rectified." Confucius wrote: "What you would not that men should do unto you, do ye not unto them. This is called acting according to the princi- ples of the square." The Grand Secretary and Grand Treasurer then, at the request of the Grand Master, descended from the stand and proceeded to the place where the stone was to be laid, where it was sealed and held to await the arrival of the Grand Master and other officers participating actively in the service. The spot selected for the laying of the replica cornerstone was almost directly beneath the orig- inal cornerstone and under the floor of the base- ment of the House wing. Here, the ceremonies of the actual reenactment of the laying of the cor- nerstone took place. Following the departure of the Grand Secretary and Grand Treasurer from the stand, the Choir of the First Congregational Church rendered a selec- tion, "Glory Now to Thee We Give," (Bach), after which the Architect presented the square, level and plumb to the Grand Master saying, "Most Worshipful, the necessary preparations 224 Report of United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission having been made for laying the 'foundation-stone' of this edifice, I present you the square, level, and plumb, those useful implements of the Craft by which you will be able to ascertain that the ma- terial which is to constitute the chief cornerstone of the future edifice, and which you are about to lay in appropriate position, is 'well formed, true and trusty.' " The working tools were distributed by the Grand Master as follows: Square to Deputy Grand Master Harry G. Kimball, Level to Senior Grand Warden Vernon G. Owen, Plumb to Junior Grand Warden Robert S. Regar. The working tools used in the ceremony were the ones originally used at the laying of the corner- stone on September 18, 1793, and belong to the Alexandria-Washington Lodge, No. 22, A. F. & A. M., of Alexandria, Virginia. A committee from this Lodge, having in charge the trowel used by Washington at the laying of the cornerstone of the Capitol in 1793, was recognized and tendered to the Grand Master for use in the ceremonies this historic trowel. The Committee was composed of Worshipful Brother S. Nelson Gray, Master; Brothers Robert S. Barrett, Senior Warden, and Roy M. Reeve, Junior Warden. Accompanied by the brother who impersonated Washington, Grand Masters Gorsuch of Maryland and Green of Virginia, Grand Master Bogley and the other Officers of the Grand Lodge, together with the Bearers of the Lesser Lights, Corn, Wine and Oil, then descended from the stand and pro- ceeded to the northeast corner of the portico of the old Capitol building, the audience, led by the choir, singing a processional, "Faith of Our Fathers." Through the courtesy and with the approval of the Commission in charge of the Capitol Building, permission had been granted for the actual laying of a stone next to the original cornerstone, a part of the structure having been removed for that pur- pose. In this connection, it is desired to record on behalf of the Grand Lodge of the District of Co- lumbia and the United States George Washington Masonic Ceremonies, September 17, 1932, Reenacting the Original Ceremony in Which George Washington Laid the Cornerstone of the United States Capitol, with Masonic Honors, September 18, 1793. The m