THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AM THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AM 97.1 PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE : 'ifi FORTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION HELD AT SWAMPSCOTT, MASSACHUSETTS JUNE 20-25, 1921 AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 1921 * CONTENTS TITLE President's address: Some Aspects of Library Progress Address of Welcome Greeting to the Association Libraries and the Nation The Public Libraries and Special Libraries . Special Libraries and General Libraries .... Library Training for the Special Librarian . Adult Education State-Wide Library Service '. Next Steps in Extending the Use of Books . Recent Legislation and Library Revenues . The Ontario Public Library Rate The Ontario Library Law and American Libraries Should Public Library Boards Have the Power to Levy the Library Tax? AUTHOB PACK Alice S. Tyler 95 Charles Edward Woodberry 101 Sarah Louise Arnold 103 Horace M. T owner 106 Charles F. D. Belden 108 R. R. Bowker ill June R. Donnelly 113 Dr. Charles W. Eliot 116 Julia A. Robinson 117 Frederic G. Melcher 119 William F. Yust 123 W. O. Carson 126 Samuel H. Ranch 128 W. J. Hamilton . 130 Annual Reports* Report of Committee on Legislation . . 133 Report of Publicity Committee .... 141 Report of Sub-Committee on Children's Work in Other Countries 142 Proceedings of General Sessions . . . . 153 Council 167 Agricultural Libraries Section 170 Catalog Section 170 Children's Librarians Section 172 College and Reference Section 174 Hospital Librarians Round Table . . . . 177 Lending Section 177 Librarians of Scientific Research Institutions Round Table 179 Libraries of Religion and Theology Round Table 180 Library Buildings Round Table ... .181 Professional Training Section 183 Public Documents Round Table 184 School Libraries Section 194 Small Libraries Round Table 196 Training Class Instructors Round Table . 197 Trustees Section 199 Work with Negroes Round Table .... 200 American Association of Law Libraries . . 201 League of Library Commissions .... 202 National Association of State Libraries . . 205 Special Libraries Association 227 Bibliographical Society of America .... 230 Library Workers Association 231 Attendance Summaries 233 Attendance Register 235 Index , 256 *Most of the annual reports were printed separately for distribution at the Conference and are not reprinted here. They are indexed with the Proceedings, and a few copies are available for those who wish to bind them with the Bulletin. SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE JUNE 20-25, J92J PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS: SOME ASPECTS OF LIBRARY PROGRESS BY ALICE S. TYLER, Director, Western Reserve University Library School, Cleveland, Ohio Librarianship is an ancient and honor- able profession and comes to us as a noble heritage from the past, rooted in scholar- ship and learning. We should, with pride, do homage to those whose honored names are associated with the care and preserva- tion of precious manuscripts and docu- ments, and later with printed material, pre- serving and transmitting the recorded thoughts and aspirations of past genera- tions to the service of the present. When a new world and a new era became established upon the American continent, conditions and requirements arose unlike those of any previous country or age. The great experiment in democracy was under- taken. The fundamental conception has broadened and strengthened as new experi- ences have enlarged the democratic ideal, but we recognize that the underlying prin- ciple of the new order was universal in- telligence. Into this new land, with its con- ditions absolutely unlike those of the home land, the pioneers had brought a belief in education and in libraries; for we learn that those who came on the Mayflower brought libraries quite out of proportion to their other worldly goods. Miles Standish, for example, had fifty volumes, including Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War, as we learn from "The Courtship." Of the pioneers the inventory of whose estates is preserved in the Old Colony records, none had less than one pound value in books and eleven had five pounds or more, and money was worth five times as much then as now. Elder Brewster had four hundred volumes, including works of Bacon and Milton, and not a few plays; Governor Bradford had eighty volumes, and John Miles had fifty pounds worth. It is also noted that John Harvard, who immortalized himself by leav- ing his property and his name to the little collegiate school in Cambridge, had a li- brary of three hundred volumes. It was inevitable that the founding of public collections of books should be fos- tered by such men and their descendants and naturally these libraries have taken on characteristics and methods quite unlike those of older countries with different standards and requirements. Libraries are no longer for a limited and selected group. They must be for everyone. The American library from the nature of the govern- mental experiment has opened wide its doors to all. For this reason we have de- veloped in this country a profession new in many aspects, springing from the old, a newness which is the adaptation of books and information to modern democratic needs. All recognize that scholarship and research are fundamental and essential to sound library progress, but in addition there is the distinctive responsibility for meeting the needs and requirements of the new age and the new state. Those who have to do with book distribu- tion in this country not only librarians, but authors, literary workers, publishers and booksellers recognize the service books should render to the varied condi- tions of American life. The boundless field of the universal appeal of literature, more or less intangible, is the common interest of all and no one institution or organiza- tion can compass it, though the library has an essential and important part. To reach, by means of the printed page, the minds and thought of all who can read while the schools face the task of reducing the ap- palling number of the illiterate is task 573299 96 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE enough for the united purpose and energy of all forward-looking people who have per- sonal contact with books in any relation. Here is a field for co-operation definite, practical and immediate to project the book with its potential service upon the at- tention and thought of an unawakened people, by means of active and convincing methods, such as are utilized by other world activities and agencies which appeal to an intelligent response. While sharing in this general respon- sibility the Library has a distinctive con- tribution to make as a public institution, far beyond that of other groups who are concerned in book distribution. It has been created by society for its own service, sup- ported by public funds. It is obligated to provide for the community the aids and en- couragements for mental and intellectual health and growth, in as definite and re- sponsible manner as the health and welfare departments, municipal and state, are ob- ligated to provide for physical health and well-being and the essential needs of pure food and water. The mental and spiritual needs of a community must not yield in im- portance to the material. A recent Book Bulletin of the Toronto Library admirably says "It is the public library which con- serves and develops the public taste. With- out it there is comparatively little protec- tion in any community against the cheap, the common, the trashy in literature. Its very catholicity in taste and democracy in administration make it the representative public social institution of any commun- ity." In accepting this, there is the added thought that the library may well be con- sidered the clearing house of ideas for the community. It has been deemed essential that books should be made freely available, not primarily to make one's business more effective, though that is important and de- sirable, but to make the individual more effective in his personal life. To foster idealism and to strengthen the struggling aspirations of the human spirit is the very essence of the library's service as an in- stitution. In the light of the present day, what higher service can be rendered? The tide of distractions and thoughtless pursuit of entertainment and amusement seem often times almost overwhelming. Has the library as an institution any con- structive program to turn this tide? If the tendency of the average person is to fol- low the easiest way of receiving mental impression through pictures, glaring head- lines or blatant propaganda, should the li- brary present a program of activity to ar- rest the attention of the careless and in- different? Can the library become vocal and active in stimulating discussion of books that arouse thought? Is there not a distinct service to be rendered not only in placing on our shelves, but publicly discussing, books on the great questions of public life and affairs? In short, how may the Amer- ican public library be utilized for the gen- eral good? And how may the college and university libraries with their matchless opportunities for reaching picked groups of young men and women, utilize these oppor- tunities by inspiring in these young people a real feeling for books and reading, aside from the lecture room task, which they may carry with them into life's activities? We believe in the compelling power of books to draw to them those for whom books have a message; we believe in the li- brary as an essential factor in democracy; we believe in the power of the library's in- fluence because it responds to a voluntary and not a compulsory educational contact. It has been said that "democratic conscious- ness is that state of mind which takes delight in, and has confidence in peo- ple rather than things." Have librari- ans reached this state of "democratic con- sciousness" in their library service? Has the library become socially conscious as an institution? We find the answer in the realization of the service of the modern public library and the specialized service of the many business and special libraries. And most of all when we recall the historic library TYLER 97 service to our soldiers and sailors during the Great War. It has been said that there is inherent in the intangible medium with which we deal thought recorded in books an obstacle to an active and dynamic projection of li- brary service from the institutional point of view. Some have even suggested that we should recognize the passive and subsidiary nature of our service and that the library accept a secondary and not seek a primary place in the great scheme of general edu- cation books and the library being the handmaid of the schools and other aggres- sive educational forces. This view is probably held by some writers of books on sociology and social in- stitutions, for it is rare indeed that we find the library, as a public institution with both an educational and a social purpose, included in such books. Doubtless such au- thors have received generous aid from the libraries in the preparation of their books, but with the thought that the service of the library is essentially for the scholar and the student. They have not realized the obligations and services of the institution to the community or institution supporting it. Have we not been remiss in failing to bring this to their attention? We do not of course accept this secondary view of our place in the educational scheme, hence it is of concern to us that a clearer conception of the institutional serv- ice of the library shall be more frequently and clearly presented and that discrimina- tion be made in our own minds and in that of others, between the service of books to individuals in their pervading and intang- ible influences, which we share with others who are concerned with book distribution, and the specific and professional sense in which the organized and definite obligation is ours to stimulate, direct and extend the use of books in the service of every citizen. The school, the church, the theater and the newspaper share with the library in in- fluencing public thought and action; but the appeal of the library is not only to the individual but also a group appeal and is hence more vital and significant as it not only seeks the individual with the message of the book in a special and personal way, but has equally in view the welfare of the entire community. One after another certain achievements have been realized by the libraries and in their realization milestones have been set up in the slow stages of progress tax sup- port, free access to books, state responsibil- ity for library extension, the library the heart of university life, book service to the home by means of neighborhood library or home delivery, the work with children and schools, the business and research library, the rural book service only to push for- ward with the goal still ahead and with an ardent belief in the results accomplished and the greater yet to be. Those who participate in a great social movement always picture an ultimate tri- umph in which the goal is reached and their labors ended. The "destructive myth" of certain revolutionist philosophers has provided no project for future social or- ganization after the tremendous finality of their effort is accomplished. In common with those who hold higher conceptions of education, are we not seeking to banish ignorance and create a literate, thinking world of universal intelligence? The un- attainable, some may say possibly a crea- tive or constructive myth but after all an inspiring aim, and if the seemingly im- possible should come to pass, the human imagination cannot picture the beauty, joy and unlimited growth and accomplish- ments of the human soul untrammeled by ignorance, blindness and superstition. Meantime our feet are upon the earth, our immediate tasks are practical and pos- sible of accomplishment and through united effort our progress is sure. In our common purposes and ideals we can more effectively labor through the united efforts of our great national organization which gives us courage, force and strength. It seems necessary to reiterate the fact that organizations cannot, if growing and vital, remain unchanged. There must be 98 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE new and varied forms of activity adapted to the rising need which express the prog- ressive spirit of man. The American Library Association is not an exception. If we should be tempted to say, because of our affection for the or- ganization, that the methods and ideals which were so well conceived in those early years should remain unchanged, let us re- member that 'the last twenty-five years, yes, the last decade, has produced a new world and we must adapt our methods and plans to these urgent needs. As a group of educational workers with a social purpose, American librarians have, through the American Library Association, for the past forty-five years, sought by ac- quaintance and exchange of views and by united effort, to "promote the welfare of libraries in America." This collective endeavor has been per- meated through these years by a spirit of service and good will which is the "soul of collective endeavor." It may be truthfully said that the Amer- ican Library Association has mastered new obligations as they have come to it in the progress of events and acquitted itself, during the momentous and historic period of the war, by meeting a tremendous pa- triotic obligation in a manner that could not possibly have been anticipated by those who created the organization. With the return to somewhat normal conditions there is need of adaptation to post-war needs. Certain weaknesses in our organization have been revealed by both war and post-war experiences. To meet new needs and obligations, amending the con- stitution seems to be the first step taken by most organizations. This is doubtless essential. There are, however, some possi- bilities in meeting certain needs that may be suggested with our organization as it is, or in process of adjustments. It seems unnecessary to emphasize the difficulties that are inherent in national or- ganizations, with members widely scat- tered, to carry on consecutive or continu- ous work or investigation. Your attention has been called during the year to the vague and undefined status of committees in the American Library Association and al- though much valuable and resultful work has been done by committees in the past, it is most desirable that a more definite program shall be worked out for commit- tee activities. For this reason the Amer- ican Library Association Council has cre- ated a committee to study the subject and report at a meeting during this Conference. There should be, without doubt, a correla- tion uf the work of a committee on a given subject with the work of a section on the same subject, and the query arises as to whether both are needed. There is, too, the matter of over-lapping committees and the utilization of committee findings in con- tinuity of effort. Does not the creation of a section mean that a considerable group of librarians have a continued interest in that phase of library activity in providing for annual discussion and conference? In which case might it not include all of the functions of a standing committee? To il- lustrate, might not all who are especially concerned as to professional preparation concentrate effort in the Professional Train- ing Section, with sub-committees in the section on various types of training? Doubtless most of us have many times felt helpless over our inability to find specific and accurate data regarding im- portant items in library service and li- brary extension. We cannot much longer indulge in "glittering generalities" regard- ing library problems and library accom- plishments. What do we know as to the effect of this, or the results of that ac- tivity? What ends have been accom- plished? What are the most direct and inexpensive means? And has there been recorded data in a sufficient number of ii-stances for us to know with certainty what may properly be expected as a result of certain expenditures of effort or of money? Have we been ready to measure our ac- tivities by adapted and modified stand- ards of measurements such as are applied TYLER 99 in industrial, commercial and school work? It is but a few years ago that many teachers scorned the dreams of a few that the processes of school work should be scientifically measured. They said, as do some of us now, that such work was intangible and the processes could not be measured by the rule and yard stick. While this is true of the final results of edu- cation as manifested in character and per- sonality, it has been shown that methods and processes by which such results are gained in the class room can be meas- ured. Is it not time that we should be seeking to know what certain library ac- tivities really mean in measured terms? Would it be feasible for the sections of the American Library Association to 'be- come our "experiment stations?" Where could we turn for a "picked group" bet- ter adapted than the Lending Section to undertake, through the co-operation of a score or less librarians, time, fatigue and motion studies of loan desk processes with detailed and continuous record for a considerable period? There is in the Catalog Section an op- portunity similar to that of the Lending Section to make a similar study of time and motion in their relations to depart- ment organization. What other group could attempt with such understanding and technical knowl- edge as the Children's Librarians Section, a study of the reactions of children to various types of literature, the handicaps of the printed page for those who find the mechanics of reading difficult, the phy- sical make-up and size of type used in children's books, with a selected group of children's librarians co-operating and with a scientific schedule upon which to work. These suffice to suggest a method by which at least a beginning might be made in securing and assembling sufficient data upon which to base accurate statements from which conclusions might be drawn. Undoubtedly more resultful work could be accomplished by the sections if a sim- ple organization of each section should be made, whereby continuity would be se- cured for plans and policies. An Execu- tive Committee of five, one selected each year for a period of five years, would prob- ably provide this, the chairman of the section to be named by the committee either from their own number or from the membership of the section. A general need for timely and accurate library statistics with sufficient details up- on which statements can be based and con- clusions drawn, is recognized by the Com- mittee on Library Administration in its efforts. Here, indeed, was disclosed one of our greatest needs durfng the trying periods of war service and publicity. We have been favored by the willingness of the U. S. Bureau of Education in the past to gather and publish library statistics, but the schedule of the items has been some- what unresponsive to our needs and the results have not always given us the facts so much needed to meet the crucial question of cost of opera- tion, tax maintenance, and the ultimate "acid test," of the whole question of a tax-supported library service, viz: what proportion of the people are really being served and at what cost? The Committee on Federal and State Relations is co-operat- ing with the Bureau in securing a more comprehensive schedule, but when such statistics are ascertained we are in need of an analysis of the findings, for it is not col- lecting material but organizing it after col- lection, that will give us the convincing facts. A library "actuary," (to borrow a word from the insurance world) for the American Library Association, who would translate figures into living realities, could produce conclusive arguments for library extension the vital need which compre- hends in its far-reaching program the ulti- mate goal of making books freely and eas- ily accessible to every person. The Sur- vey Committee of Five in its plans for securing information as to the activities and methods now existing, will reveal to us the vast field yet to be developed by the American library system. Some prospects are clearly visible and many we do not see, 100 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE just around the bend of the road as we steadily advance. It should stir our imagin- ations and arouse our flagging energies to feel that in the united purpose of this or- ganization higher levels are being attained, the individual worker is given courage for the daily task, and that all are contributing in greater or less degree to the tremendous educational task of the day and hour a richer, fuller individual life for every one. PAPERS PRESENTED AT SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE BUT PRINTED ELSE- WHERE The following timely papers appearing in the library periodicals, which are avail- able in nearly all libraries, are not re- printed here: The city's leadership in book distribution, by Arthur E. Bostwick, librarian, St. Louis Public Library. Library Journal, July 1, 1921, pp. 589-593. The rural library and rural life, by Ken- yon L. Butterfield, president, Massachu- setts Agricultural College. New York Libraries, August, 1921, pp. 230-234. The new temper of the reading public, by Glenn Frank, editor, The Century Maga- zine. Publishers' Weekly, August 13, 1921, pp. 495-497. Ferments and facts, by Alfred Harcourt, of Harcourt, Brace and Company. Pub- lishers' Weekly, September 10, 1921, pp. 715-717. The nation's fiction appetite, by Herbert F. Jenkins, of Little Brown and Company. Publishers Weekly, September 24, 1921, pp. 973-975. The prophet and the poet, by Dallas Lore Sharp, covered approximately the same points as his article, Education for au- thority, in the Atlantic Monthly, July, 1921, pp. 13-21. Chapter from the story of a small library, by Elizabeth W. Blackall, librarian, Oneonto Public Library. New York Li- braries, August, 1921, pp. 236-240. Adventures among catalogs, by Louise Fargo Brown, Vassar College. Public Libraries, July, 1921, pp. 371-374. Making the dry side of cataloging interest- ing, by Frances Rathbone Coe, Massa- chusetts State Library. Public Libra- ries, July, 1921, pp. 367-370. Circulation short cuts, by Grace B. Finney, Washington Public Library. Public Li- braries, October, 1921, pp. 463-466. The future of the A. A. L. L., by Frederick C. Hicks, president, American Associa- tion Law Libraries. Library Journal, July 1, 1921, pp. 593-595. A librarian's point of view, by Clara White- hill Hunt, Brooklyn Public Library. Publishers' Weekly, July 9, 1921, pp. 69- 71. Co-operation between public and special libraries, by Dorsey W. Hyde, Jr., presi- dent, Special Libraries Association. Li- brary Journal, June 1, 1921, pp. 487-489. A book-seller's point of view, by Bertha E. Mahony, director, The Bookshop for Boys and Girls. Publishers' Weekly, October 22, 1921. The objects of cataloging, by Archibald Gary Coolidge, director, Harvard Univer- sity Library. Library Journal, Septem- ber 15, 1921, pp. 735-739. Relationship between the central station of a county library and its branches, by Sabra L. Nason, librarian, Umatilla County Public Library. Illinois Libra- ries, October, 1921. Can librarians read, by Mary Prescott Par- sons, librarian, Morristown Public Li- brary. Popular Educator, November, 1921. The children's librarian of today and to- morrow, by Effie L. Power, Cleveland Public Library. Library Journal, Au- gust, 1921, pp. 633-636. What the school expects of the school li- brarian, by Sherman Williams, chief of School Libraries Division, New York State. New York Libraries, August, 1921, pp. 240-242. They also serve, by George H. Tripp, li- brarian, New Bedford Public Library. Will be published in a future number of Public Libraries. Some present day problems in book selec- tion, by Elva S. Smith, Carnegie Library, Pittsburgh. Primary Education, Novem- ber, 1921, Public Libraries, November, 1921. WOODBERRY 101 ADDRESS OF WELCOME BY DR. GEORGE EDWARD WOODBEBRY So many welcomes await you that I hardly know how to compass them in a few words arid my single voice. You are the trustees of all knowledge; but naturally I welcome you, especially, as the guardians of literature. It is an old saying that what American literature lacks chiefly in the way of favorable con- ditions, is a literary capital, such as other great nations have, to concentrate opin- ion, to set up standards, to establish repu- tations, in a word to stabilize, as we now say, the literary movement. Lately Mr. Galsworthy has told us the same thing. He suggests that we should make Wash- ington a nice cosmopolitan city, fit for the purpose the Mecca of our minds. But we do not take naturally to autocracies of any sort. Ours is a movable seat of literary inspiration, a tabernacle, as it were. Long ago it was set up here in New England; I heard of it in my mid- dle years in Indiana; and lately it has shown signs of its presence in California. "Westward the course of empire takes its way." All this is in harmony with our traditions. The truth is, the intellectual center of anything American is a conven- tion, such as this great assembly, gath- ered from all quarters of the land, for the communication of ideas and the in- tellectual ferment, and sometimes stress, that follows. Such assemblies, when they have be- come representative and nation-wide, like to come back to the places where were their humble beginnings, the first sowing of the seed that came to fill so vast a field. "The origins of American Librarian- ship" says your President "were rooted in New England." Certainly New Eng- land was fortunate in the early growth of libraries; and no village is now thought to be completely American, in its civil structure, unless it has added to the old trio of Democracy the church, the town meeting and the school house a fourth member, the public library. Sometimes our early fortune in libraries came in a strange way. This was curiously the case with the neighboring Salem Athenaeum. You may not all know the story, which is a local anecdote. The good ship Pilgrim, a pri- vateer of the Revolution, captured one day on the high seas, after a three hours' fight, gallant on both sides, the British ship, Mars, and brought into the harbor of Beverly yonder, with other spoils of war, the private scientific library of a gen- tleman of Dublin. A small group of pub- lic spirited men they were mostly clergy- men of the neighborhood, and afterwards offered an indemnity to the owner bought it; and I like to remember that it was stored and used in a house within a stone's throw of where I was born, and in a room where I used to play as a child. That library was one of the foundation stones of the Salem Athenaeum, where Bowditch first learned the language of science from those very books, and Haw- thorne fed his youthful genius in the solitude of its less heavily weighted shelves. I cite the incident for its local color, but also as a pleasing illustration of how the fortune of war may advance the works of peace, as you learned through your own army experience. How much greater now, for example, is your grasp of what is fitly called Mass-Educa- tion, the science of distributing ideas, use- ful information, ideals of living, economi- cally and effectively, to large bodies of men! But notwithstanding the great tasks you have accomplished and propose, I praise the life of the librarian rather for its pri- vate than its public side, in the oppor- tunity it affords for direct touch with the reader. The power of any organization lies in the place where the spirit abides; and in libraries the place where the spirit abides is the book. The power of the or- ganization, however great, does its best work in bringing to bear the power of the 102 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE book; and by contrast, the book is so slight a thing. But books the silent vol- leys falling incessantly on the forts of folly are the batteries of civilization. Like atomic storms that change the con- stitution of matter, they change the con- stitution of states. The victories of lit- erature are won in the minds of indi- viduals, and chiefly in those of the young. Dr. Holmes said that the best thing for a lad of promise was to be turned loose in a library. I had that experience, I was once a young library page and being a favored child, I had a private key; and well I remember the quiet afternoons in the dark and lonely library where sitting on the stepladders, used for the shelves, I had my first adventures in the unknown world of books, and found Childe Har- old, and Carlyle's Essays and Irving's Columbus and the hundred other bits of treasure-trove. It is thus one learns to love the feel of books, and tastes the true air of a library, and comes to have that exalted and "almost sacred feeling" for letters, "which" Emerson says "the years of boyhood alone can give." The happiest memory of a librarian must be that he has put a reader in the way of opening horizons that open lifelong. I know your lives are full of seemingly use- less acts of kindness; but a name, a title, helped by the magic of the friendly word, scarcely noticed at the time, may be to the youth a blazing signpost to tlie joys and treasures of the mind. I recall my first visit to the Harvard Library. I was a high-school boy of fourteen, and I was troubled by the inadequacy of my knowl- edge about Cicero; so I went up to Cam- bridge, alone in those days a strange and far journey for me and found Gore Hall. It was closed by an immense portal, which I supposed was the door. I have never seen that door open, except once long afterwards on a Commencement Day; but some friendly student noticed my puny efforts, and directed me to the humble wicket at the side, where I entered and boldly announced my errand. I was taken to Dr. Sibley, that good old man, to whom I had previously written a boyish note; and he, gravely remarking that older heads than mine had been puzzled by Cicero's politics, gave me a table and him- self brought me a little heap of books; and there I had my first hours of what is now proudly known as research work. That was one of those useless acts of kindness that I mean, characteristic of li- brary life. I have myself observed in many places, east and west, as a teacher, how frequently the seed of the friendly word of the librarian has fallen on good ground, as students have told me how they became interested in the intellectual life and were set in the path that is the climbing highway of man's spirit; and, remembering these things, I am inclined to believe that the private life of a libra- rian is as useful to the state as a public career. The author is an example of the pri- vate life in its most secluded form. But after the mortal author is gone, he some- times becomes socialized, as it were, and approachable in men's affections and re- gard. The places he has lived gather light from his vanished form; the scenes he has touched with his imagination, the desires and thoughts of the heart, wear the abiding radiance of his spirit, and men like to make pilgrimages to what were once his haunts; whole districts take his name, Wordworth's country, Tennyson's country. For all of us, such a literary halo and afterlight is a part of the charm of foreign lands. In our country, the Hud- son still repeats the name of Irving, and the ragged mountains of Virginia echo of Poe; and New England, too, wears this new light which literature brings. I am sure many of you feel it now. I imagine that if Dr. Holmes were here, he would draw a poem from his pocket for the aus- picious occasion; but in our later day you will better hear the silent voices of the past in the sights and sounds about you the bells of Lynn, for example, whose music Longfellow rang in his verse; and not far off is Aldrich's Lynn Terrace, where he dreamed over again his Spanish ARNOLD 108 voyages and lands beyond the blue. Northward are the Marblehead beaches and headlands where Hawthorne drank the sunshine of long summer days, and the Salem streets he walked by night, brooding his New England tales; and if you are adventurous, farther away you may sight the reef of Norman's Woe, the most immortalized name of our local ge- ography; or by the Beverly shore, where the road dips down nearest the beach, you may see the cottage where Lowell, look- ing off over the luminous waves, seemed to have a second sight of Sorrento and the wide Neapolitan bay. Such literary mem- ories give a noble background of the mind to the quiet beauty of our shore. Our Low- ell did not have the tang of salt water iu his verse. His was an inland nature; and you must go past the Elmwood chim- neys, and the Charles River meadows to catch the echo of that large and liberal soul, that happy nature, "sloping to the southern side"; and beyond are Walden Pond, and Emerson, and Whittier. These poets are your hosts, hosts of your minds; and there is your true welcome. GREETING TO THE ASSOCIATION BY SARAH LOUISE ARNOLD, Dean Emerita, Simmon College, Boston, Massachusetts It gives me deep pleasure to have the honor and privilege of extending to you the welcome of old Massachusetts. We re- joice that you have come to us and have high hopes that your stay may be filled with satisfying conferences, with whole- some counsel, with the friendly give and take of abundant experience, with the re- freshment of sympathetic understanding, and with rest in the unfailing benediction of the great sea. It is our proud boast that every ham- let, however remote, has its library, while all the cities and towns in council cham- ber or in town meeting, provide books for the people in the annual dispensation of essential goods. And this is as it should be, for the li- brary is essential to America's chief busi- ness, which is the rearing, training, and developing of the citizens of our nation. First and foremost, we pledge ourselves, one and all, to preserve and maintain the cherished ideals of America and to make possible still higher ideals. And because we knew from the beginning, as the lit- tle red schoolhouse abundantly testified, that ideals cannot be maintained without education, it has come to pass in America, that whatever else may halt, we must cherish the schools of the people. And the library is a great school. We make a mistake when we confuse schooling and education. Give as gener- ously as we may, and extend as far as we can all the physical limits of the schools, and all the time allotted to school- ii'g, we still have compassed but a small part of the great business of life educa- tion. This earth of ours is an experiment station where one soul after another strives to spell out the meaning of the universe in the laboratory which Nature has provided. Our Mother Earth is gen- erous to every son and daughter and of- fers with sublime patience and with un- bounded generosity every possible dem- onstration of the unfailing laws of Nature. Every new mind attacks the problems, which it faces as if none other has ever explored. "See!" cried a five-year-old boy, playing by the water side; "I have found out that some things sink and some things swim!" First discoverer, he! And so it must always be with youth. But the time comes, if education goes on wisely, when the child turns to those about him to ask what they have discovered, and then, thank Heaven, appears the Book, with its record of the striving of humanity, and endless yearning to understand. And the library is custodian of the Book sacred task! For when the soul wants to know and eagerly asks what others 104 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE have learned, then appear the riches of experience which have been preserved for mankind through the agency of the print- ing press. I have a precious photograph which shows a young Indian lad lying flat in the sand, chin on elbows, eager eyes fixed upon the chief, who, sitting at the door of the wigwam, tells the child the story of the tribe. How through the ages that story came, from age to youth! Marvelous that the delicate vibration of the ear, carrying the spoken word to the listening ear, should have traveled on and on through the centuries. with its undying message! Most potent force in all the world! And now it has all the aid of telephone and wireless telegraphy. Yet still will be needed forever and ever the spoken word and the listening ear, how- ever the instrument may change. But next among the great essentials of human life is the written word, without which civilization stumbled, faltered and halted again and again. Hugh Miller in My schools and school masters graphically describes his childhood experiences in the Dame School, rapped with thimble and boxed on the ears when the letters re- fused to combine into meaningless sylla- bles and words without allurement. But the great day came when into the hands of the drubbed and tutored child came a .leaf from the Old Testament with the story of Joseph and his coat of many col- ors. Spelling out syllable after syllable, the great truth dawned upon him. He hid himself away and read, hungry and thirsty, the precious message. This, then, was what books were for; this was the meaning of his tough experience, that he might win from the printed words the mes- sage that they had to tell. And so through the agency of the Book, the word finds its way to the uttermost parts of the earth. No longer need the child to look into the face of his teacher. Plato speaks to us today; and we may dig from Chinese char- acters the assurance that ages and ages ago the philosophies which we are be- ginning to gather from our own life expe- rience were wrested from the toil and struggle of nations centuries old. In the majestic Memorial Library at Manchester, England, I once found the custodian arranging a wonderful exhibit for the teachers of northern England. Ev- ery possible device conceived by mankind for bearing the written message was there set forth. The librarian told me with pride that the British Museum came tc that library to beg for priceless volumes to complete its exhibits. Yet I had found in the library a beautiful alcove set apart for a young American teacher who wished to read and study there and who was sur- rounded by the wealth of the ages, abso- lutely free to her, to be had only for the asking. There were these messages wait- ing for the hungry soul, and the librarians brought to this young girl's table one treasure after another, much as the fond mother heaps the breakfast table for her hungry child. They asked only to give as she asked only to learn. The librarian in this teacher's exhibit had placed wonderful illuminated volumes. As I looked at one treasure after another, he said to me, "See this," and with glow- ing face showed at the end of a parchment which must have been the life work of the scribe, "Done for the glory of God," but no signature. And then I knew how sacred was the task of the librarian, and what un- bounded devotion belonged with it. The library must house the Book, yet not as in a storehouse, packed safely away or unheeded, a forgotten treasure; but making possible through clear and sym- pathetic understanding of human need the message best fitted to each asking soul, and placing it within reach, as Manches- ter had just done for this teacher of Amer- ica. And since the education of the people must be continually extended by the libra- ry, it comes to pass that the people, in turn, are concerned in the training of the librarian; exactly as the public school teacher must be trained for his work, so the librarian must be put into possession of the experience which has been garnered ARNOLD 10E through the years. So the training schools for librarians have come into being be- cause they were indispensable. The libra- ries offered their resources for a practice field a laboratory, and experts brought their interpretation of their work, and preached what they had practiced, revers- ing the proverb. It has been my good fortune to watch from the beginning the development of the Simmons College Library School under the leadership first of Miss Robbins and then of Miss Donnelly. I have come to have great admiration for both the quali- ties and the work of the librarians, and a wholesome respect for their training. They go from theory to practice; things illu- minated in the classroom are illustrated, interpreted, and gripped in the library practice. Ideals are made alluring; prin- ciples clearly set forth, precept faithfully followed in this practice. It is no small thing to teach humanity to put things into their proper place and keep them there. Yet this the librarian learns. The putting of ideas into pigeon holes where they may be found by anyone who knows the alphabet and really wants the idea, this was achieved by the librarian. By watching the wizardry of Melvil Dewey, .one sees winged ideas coming to heel and finding their places, as if four-footed and trained to obey. So librarians not only know where things are, but also where they ought to be! But, more than this, through the devotion of librarians them- selves, they catch the fervor, are inspired with the same zeal, influenced by the same eager desire to serve. It is as al- ways; one's torch must light another's; and through the library school, the libra- rian becomes a torchbearer. I remember well the enlightenment that came to me with the account of the Salem fire and the work of relief and restora- tion. Generous and well meaning workers came in hosts; tents were set up; the homeless were fed. But after weary days many families were still scattered. If Fate had given the dismembered family an unspellable name, or if kind friends thought a k would do for a hard c or a ch the listed names might be dropped intc forty different pigeon holes, and never meet: or, worse yet, heaven help them, be by chance cast into a waste basket or upon the floor! At last the leaders be- thought themselves to send for librarians, who soon righted and tied together, not only cards, but mother and son, brother and sister. "You see," said Miss Donnel- ly solemnly, in reciting this; "those people had no idea of the sacredness of a card!" Ah, yes! and even men, as well as books, must be thus befriended! But the war taught even the laymen better. How Uncle Sam sent far and wide for librarians! How they were need- ed to classify and file piles of letters, heaped into corners; or to rescue lost names; and still to reunite families or identify lost men! And then new libra- ries must be created and new classifica- tions ordained, for aeroplanes and subma- rines and poison gases; and how the libra- ries became headquarters for special or- ders from the government, and elusive leaflets were filed and quartered in more senses than one. Then came the great library for the A. E. F. and the common contribution. For the Book was needed overseas. Hats off to the librarians of America! Cheers for the great work which the libra- rian not only has to do but does. Grate- ful thanks for the unfailing service, for the absolute accuracy, for the complete devotion, for the generous spirit, for the unflagging zeal, for the human sympathy, for the breadth of understanding, and the fine interpretation which the library gives to us. For the library, as we have just said, is not merely the storehouse for books, it is the school of the people. Here the child may sit, touching elbows with the sage, and learn how things sink or swim. The school has virtually fulfilled its great mission when it does for the child what the old Dame did for Hugh Miller make him ready for the Book. Then the library must lead him into plain paths, and satisfy his hungry soul. 108 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Welcome, then, to Massachusetts, your Massachusetts. We proffer you the fresh- est of salt sea air, with an East wind or two, for good measure, the freedom of our rugged rocks as well as of our busy towns and cities. May the days be filled with wholesome counsel, with friendly confer- ence, with full refreshment. Breathe deep, as you greet the sea breezes, and forget not the bayberry, and the sweet fern and the wild roses. The hearts of Massachusetts are open to you. We are glad and proud to have you with us. LIBRARIES AND THE NATION BY HORACE MANN TOWNEB A Summary The most important work in which a democracy can engage is the education of its citizens. A free government implies free choice and a nation can be wisely governed only when it is intelligently gov- erned. At first the public school was not con- sidered as a proper governmental activity. Each man was supposed to educate his own children at his own expense, but it was soon found that an illiterate was both a burden and a menace to the community and to the state. The result was the es- tablishment of public schools supported by general taxation. A part, and a necessary part, of the education of the people are public libraries. The same reasons which justify the sup- port of free public schools by general taxa- tion justify the establishment and support of free public libraries. They, like the schools, are necessary to the securement of an intelligent citizenship. In a measure the development of public libraries in the United States has been like that of the public schools. First came the establish- ment of private and college libraries, then followed free public libraries supported by general taxation. It has come to be gen- erally recognized that libraries are part of the educational system, and that library service should be given to every community as a part of such a system. This recog- nition has not yet developed into any- thing like its full requirement. Free pub- lic libraries should be furnished for young and old alike in every community in the nation. With full recognition of the neces- sity in the United States of an educated citizenship and of the necessity of school and library service to secure such a re- sult some of the difficulties in our pres- ent system may be considered. Despite the development of our public school system and the large increase in the number of public libraries, the amount of illiteracy in the United States is not only disgraceful but dangerous. Upon our entrance as a participant in the late war we enacted a compulsory service act. Under its provisions young men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty-one were required to register and submit to an examination as to their qualifications for service. Ac- cording to the Surgeon General's statement about twenty-five per cent were found il- literate. They could not read a newspaper or the written or printed order or the signs about the camps. They could not write a letter home or read one if re- ceived. This, of course, constitutes an ob- vious and certainly dangerous condition. The nation's defense is doubly impaired both because of the fact that one-fourth of our citizenship is disqualified from service because of ignorance, and second because in a free country its safety Is jeopardized when a large proportion of its voters cannot read the ballots they cast and only know how to vote as they are told. Closely connected with the talk of remov- ing illiteracy is the Americanization of im- migrants. The importance of this and the TOWNER 107 inadequacy of the work so far accomplished was made apparent during the late war. We have now about fifteen millions foreign pop- ulation in the United States and a very large proportion of these are either par- tially or totally unacquainted with our language and with our institutions. This makes them the ready dupes of the design- ing trouble-makers and enemies of our gov- ernment. The problem of Americanization is mainly an educational problem. It is ad- mittedly a difficult problem and one that has so far been hardly attempted. Another serious deficiency is the want of physical education in the United States. Out of the 2,400,000 young men examined for service 700,000, or nearly one-third, were found physically defective. It is stated that ninety per cent of these disabilities could have been prevented by the applica- tion of ordinary rules of sanitation and hygiene. We should put into the daily life of every child the knowledge of fun- damental principles of healthy living and these should be made part of the school work everywhere. Another and very serious difficulty con- fronts both the schools and the libraries be- cause of the inadequate compensation paid teachers and librarians. Thousands of schools have been closed for want of teach- ers. Three hundred thousand out of the 700,000 teachers in the United States have no professional training whatever for their work. Many libraries are in the hands of librarians without any technical training whatever. The principal cause of this is that 'teachers and librarians are paid less wages than are paid in any other occupation. In order to remedy existing conditions and to meet fully the demand for a greater effort to strengthen and enlarge the edu- cational activities of the nation it will need the combined effort of the nation, the state and the community. Every adult born in America should at least receive a common school education. And it is a national prob- lem as well as a state and local problem to meet these requirements. The national government has never given full recog- nition to education. In fact, it is almost the only nation of the world which has not made education one of the primary depart- ments of the government with its head a member of the cabinet of ministry. We should create a department of education with a secretary in the president's cabinet. Besides the national government should make appropriations from the national treasury to aid and encourage the states to meet the demand of the present emer- gency. It is manifest that such stimulation and aid is greatly needed. I need not say that in this great depart- ment there should and must be a bureau of libraries, which, by research, organiza- tion and librarianship, shall increase the number, strengthen the activities, and en- large the Influence of all the libraries of the United States. It is a regrettable fact, and one which discredits our conduct of the government, that nowhere in the government, even in subordinate place, is there any recognition of the great work that the libraries of the nation are doing. It must not be allowed to continue. As an integral part, a most important part of the education of the peo- ple for citizenship, the library has a place, and it should and must receive the recogni- tion which it deserves. It is objected that to create a depart- ment of education will transfer the con- trol of education from the states to the nation. This objection is not valid. We have created a Department of Labor but the national government makes no effort to control labor. We have created a Depart- ment of Agriculture but the nation makes no effort to control agriculture through this department. The Department of Education may aid and encourage the states without in any manner controlling them and this should be done. It is urged that the stronger states should not be called upon to aid the weaker states who ought to educate their own children. It is a sufficient answer to this objection to say that if the nation has such an interest in the education of the people of all the states as to warrant appropria- 108 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE tions for that purpose then such action is justified. It is certainly apparent that the nation has a vital and immediate interest in the intelligence and health of every citizen of every state. The cost to the government is urged against additional appropriations. It must be admitted that it is always necessary in considering the claims for appropriations to select those which are the most needed and most important. There is nothing in our scheme of government more important than the education of the public. Whatever else may be left out, education can not be ex- cluded. To the credit of the people, it may be said that the one thing that justifies a tax, in their judgment, is that which strengthens and supports our public schools and our public libraries. If illiteracy is a national peril, if ignor- ance of our language and institutions is a source of danger, if unjustifiable inequal- ities of educational opportunities exist in our land, if our young men called to the service are incapacitated because of their ignorance of the ordinary rules of health, if schools are being closed and libraries are prevented from being built for want of teachers and librarians and almost one- half are in the hands of incompetent teach- ers and librarians, then it can fairly be claimed that national aid for education is justified and necessary. THE PUBLIC LIBRARIES AND THE SPECIAL LIBRARIES BY CHAELES F. D. BELDEN, Librarian, Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts A not undeserving citizen of Boston, who by no stretch of the imagination could be dubbed "worthy," on seeing the notice of a centennial exhibit held of late at the Public Library of that city in hon- or of a great poet, enquired "What are keats?" As we approach the subject be- fore us may we be spared so complete and refreshing an ignorance as this, yet it is not so very long ago that the public and even some librarians were not only asking what "Special Libraries" were, but were also seeking knowledge as to their "why and wherefore." The old-timers quickly become accustomed to the newtimers, and Special Libraries exist today as a matter of course and their present importance in the commercial world is unquestioned. These libraries arose out of the immedi- ate call of business for certain facts and specific information quite often not readily available in public libraries^ The truth of it is that these special libraries are mainly an outgrowth of commercial methods of indexing and filing and the other details of a progressive office, and have little in common with a regular library composed almost wholly of books, pamphlets and pe- riodicals. They may be compared with the private libraries of some college pro- fessors, say of history, who collect an im- mense array of parts of books and pam- phlets, newspaper and magazine articles, and everything bearing on their subject and the minute subdivisions of it. An as- semblage -of material of this nature, which is highly useful and valuable to one of these professors, has no place on the shelves of a large library, for much of it is of such a nature that the cataloging of it in accordance with the rules of a large library would be well nigh impossible, and certainly would be undesirable. Such a professor has constant recourse to his college library for the standard books he requires, and he thus finds that his spe- cial wants are best filled by his own col- lections, while his general wants are sat- isfactorily met elsewhere. A. general libra- ry has its limitations to observe; it must devote itself to treasuring the records of the past, providing for the wants of the present, and having an eye out for the future. The special library's working ideal is to supply the needs of the present, ade- quately and quickly. Much that is tempo- rarily gathered for ephemeral use may BELDEN 109 wisely be dispensed with in a few weeks, months, or years. So different in fact are the objectives of these special and public libraries that I/robably the latter have been done great injustice because they cannot and do not provide for highly specialized demands. Their assistants, while trained in regular library routine, seem far from expert in the knowledge and use of the tools re- quired by practical men of affairs, who do not fully understand the limitations of in- stitutions which have far different and much larger functions than their own. And yet perhaps matters are not wholly bad in this respect. One of the most highly de- veloped electrical companies in Boston re- cently wanted to make a full inventory of its business as a going concern. The man who conducted this inventory was a thor- oughly trained accountant. He naturally had recourse to the company's library, but failed to find in it certain books on accounting and allied subjects. In almost every instance the books he could not find in his own company's collection were available at the public library, although on purely detailed and special subjects, and he was as much surprised as delighted to find them ready for use. The library for business men, the vital collection needed by a live, progressive firm, corporation, or institution, must not only be planned for practical use, but must be in charge of a skilled staff. Business generally secures what it wants, and in its search for facts gathers the necessary printed, typed or written matter. It pur- chases such material irrespective of cost, because it is the tool necessary at the giv- en moment. Public libraries are begin- ning to realize that a business house does not employ, as its librarian, a person for the same reason that many public libraries employ persons in charge of special col- lections or departments. They know that in addition to securing those versed in library training and routine, the business house must find men and women not only of education, but expert in the business they represent, and keenly alive to ever changing needs. The best librarians of special libraries today are really reference engineers and information experts. The fact that they command salaries equalled only by a score or so of the librarians of the country, measures either the signi- ficance of their worth or the utter lack of appreciation of skilled public servants on the part of our municipalities. The feeling has not infrequently found expression that the desired fraternal rela- tions between the librarians of public libraries and special libraries in profes- sional matters have not come to pass as fully as they ought. Public librarians may once have felt that librarians of special libraries were in a sense usurpers trying out their hands at a profession for which by training and experience they were un- qualified. Special librarians may have felt that public librarians, as professional men and women, failed to measure up to their possibilities, when their institutions were unable to furnish that specific infor- mation which to the special librarian often seemed elementary, and failed to meet the call in matters of interest to the every- day business world. As is usually the case, much could be said by an unprej- udiced person on both sides. Public libra- ries for the most part failed of the oppor- tunity to lead, failed to sense the need for development in new lines, among them the use of properly arranged ephemeral mat- ter, tables and statistics, charts and se- lected contents of documents, pamphlets and books, available at low cost by the use of a photostat, compiled specialized data, summaries, extracts and bibliogra- phies of business subjects prepared in a business manner. The public libraries for the most part lacked foresight by not gauging the value on their staffs of trained business experts. Naturally, in answer, it might be claimed that the public library has its limitations limitations measured principally by the amount of appropriations for buying neces- sary books and the suitable housing thereof, and for the hire of capable as- sistants. Admitting this fact, still had the 110 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE library but pioneered in this comparative- ly new field of business, it is reasonably certain that funds would have been forth- coming. A few libraries proudly attest to this truth, while they modestly and regret- fully admit that even today they are but at the portal of opportunity and useful- ness. The present general situation may per- haps be stated as follows: a public library is not unlike a great department store, al- though no analogy can be pressed too closely. It keeps in stock something for everybody since all wants must be served, but they can only be served in a measure; all of its departments will be reasonably good, but none of them can be perfect, unless the growth of one or more depart- ments is sacrificed for the improvement of one or a few. The special (commer- cial) library is not unlike a shop where only one kind of ware is sold: lamps, car- pets, boots and shoes. The larger estab- lishment, whether library or department store, has an unlimited field and a limited supply of goods apportioned throughout its various divisions. The smaller estab- lishment, whether special library or shop for one sort of goods has a limited field and for this reason can keep a larger and better variety of special wares. To serve all and each with equal success is a con- tradiction of terms. The world at large, with less money to spend or wits to use, will find that the great establishments suit its purpose; the particular man with a particular call for the use of his money or brain will frequent the smaller and more finely equipped place for better shoes, carpets, lamps, or for information of great value to him and of small impor- tance to the world at large and he has to pay well for this better equipment, whether in shop or special library. There is no reason then why the larger and less perfect and the smaller and more perfect should not move along harmoniously on parallel but never actually converging lines. Public and special libraries in large municipalities have exceptional opportuni- ties to work together to their mutual ad- vantage. Collections can be made to sup- plement each other; a not too technical union list of rare or unusual material on a given industry (the term "material" is used in its most comprehensive sense) will aid in placing the result of business knowledge and experience of successful firms or institutions at the instant com- mand of those ready to profit therefrom. Interested and aggressive effort of spe- cialists locally known as "sponsors for knowledge" will place unexpected re- sources of information at the call of the public. In smaller centers a group of business men, unconnected officially with the pub- lic library, with proper enthusiasm, can direct the business service of a library, and, if results can be even reasonably as- sured, foot the bills. It is a practical proposition since it would save duplication of effort in both material and service. For the present and perhaps for some time to come the limitations of the pub- lic library must be admitted. They ac- count in large measure for the peculiar feeling on the part of special librarians that public librarians do not measure up to their opportunities. Special librarians forget that public libraries cannot go into the ramifications of all subjects to the ex- tent necessary for the business house, nor do they always remember that there is a budget in many places a segregated budget which must be followed; whereas, as has been stated, a business house se- cures, irrespective of cost, whatever Is needed whenever needed. The skilled spe- cial librarian, a specialist in his field, with intimate knowledge of his own shelves, is disappointed when he finds, as he is so apt to find under existing conditions, that the custodians of collections of a public library fail in their detailed knowledge of the material in their charge. As the matter stands at present it would seem that the best way to proceed is for these two sorts of libraries to get together, not with critical hostility in mind, but with a desire to see what can be BOWKER 111 done. An impression is abroad that our public libraries have not kept pace with the times and have not met new demands with enthusiasm. Institutions move slow- ly and have to be shown, but that they might go a little faster and a little far- ther in some directions is probably true, but how far they may go is a question to be determined by cautious as well as by enthusiastic minds. The special libra- rians on the other hand will do well to recognize that their own functions dif- fer from those of the public librarians, which minister in a more or less effective way to every intellectual want of a com- plex civil life. The special library is after all an adjunct to business, and has a lim- ited sphere for its activities. It is part of a money-producing enterprise and the question arises as to how far an institu- tion supported by the public should be di- rectly committed to such a purpose except by rendering any help as is properly ren- dered to all branches of our educational and industrial systems. The happiest so- lution would be to ascertain how far each of these two kinds of libraries may wisely go in helping the other. They cannot coalesce, but they might well draw nearei together not only in spirit but in actua and practical service. It is an opportune time to offer to public librarians a suggestion that should have general application. Consider every spe- cial librarian as a bosom business friend, an assistant to you in your library work, a specialist with particular information available for your use; give to the special librarian from your knowledge, forward such publications as may be of value from your institutions, grant special privileges in the use of books, consult him in refer- ence to items of high cost and rarity, in the knowledge that the special librarian will be of help to you in the procuring of material that you cannot purchase and of information your own employees are un- qualified to give. It is not an unfounded expectation that this first joint session of the public and special librarians will strengthen the bonds of a better under- standing and give encouragement * that may be mutually helpful. SPECIAL LIBRARIES AND GENERAL LIBRARIES BY R. R. BOWKER, Editor. Library Journal It is gratifying that special librarians have now a seat in the Cabinet. One of the many facets of Herbert Hoover is that of a business librarian par excellence. In his communications with commercial as- sociations, the editors of trade papers and to the public generally, his first emphasis is on facts facts as to stocks, conditions, production, distribution, consumption, prices at each step from material to prod- uct. This is, of course, the field of the business librarian in some relations inter- convertible with the statistician. Mr. Hoover goes so far as to suggest that such information is the best possible preventive for the ups and downs which since the armistice have raised many a business to the crest of the wave only to dash it down upon the rocks. Akron, Ohio, which in the census decade led all cities in growth, trebling its popu- lation to 200,000, is perhaps a case in point. Its inflation was due chiefly to the rubber tire industry. The leading com- peting concerns employed each a business librarian. It was rumored that the com- petition was so keen that the librarians scarcely ventured to speak with one an- other on the street lest the employers, having in mind their respective secret processes, should suspect collusion. That may be an exaggeration, and later the li- brarians of the rubber companies became members of the Akron Library Club on the understanding that discussions would be educational and that specific informa- tion would not be exchanged. But collu- sion, that is co-operative information, was 112 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE the one thing needful. If the competing companies had been willing to give and gain information as to the stock of rub- ber in sight, the supply of tires and the possible demand after the war, caution might have come to the front and the population not been so cruelly decreased quite as suddenly as it increased as the unemployed by the ten thousand walked the streets and finally walked out of town. The automobile industry on the contrary, stood pat and when the slump came it reached almost the stagnation point. The more's the pity as Akron was just start- ing upon a most liberal and far sighted plan of library development. Now, business librarians cannot induce employers to be wise; they can only give employers the information on which to get wise. No such testimony has been given to the value of their service when it is rightly utilized as has been given by the one man in the world most competent to give it. The business employer wants his infor- mation when he wants it, that is, right away. He must be served not while he waits but while he won't wait. He is per- haps dictating a letter and the human pen cannot be stayed. This involves the neces- sity that each business librarian shall be thoroughly and instantly 'posted on his spe- cialty and not have to wait even for an- swer by telephone. Yet even within the same industry the different offices can use- fully co-operate in obtaining and collating information which each may have ready at hand, thus avoiding at least this much of duplication waste. There are few industries in these days in which needed information is confined to the immediate specialty. Each business seems to touch every other. In such rela- tions business librarians can be of the larger service to each other, and their of- fices should be models of co-operative com- munity effort. This is the plan which Mr. Lee has pioneered and to so large an ex- tent triumphantly achieved in Boston. As the feeling grows the whole business com- munity is in constructive co-operation in- stead of destructive competition, the tele- phone will be more and more a free road which opens out to all knowledge. This thought indicates the true relations of the public library and the special library. If there is any feeling of rivalry, of jealousy or lack of appreciation between the two, I think it is only in the case of a very few perhaps supersensitive special librarians who have thought that their corner of library work seems small to the public librarian and is therefore unappre- ciated by him. I do not think this is the case. We have more than once found how the sixth figure in the decimal classifica- tion has grown in importance, as in certain developments during the war, until it al- most outclassed the other five numbers. No public library can go into such minu- tiae and the general librarian is therefore more and more dependent upon the special knowledge of the special librarian and upon his good will. On the other hand, a thousand questions come up in every day business which are outside the special or business field, questions of history, of geo- graphy, of art, where the public library is properly the source of information. I believe the first question asked of the new "Tek" service for commercial information was "when did the Christian Era really begin?" This was properly a question for the Boston Public new information service and I recall Miss Guerrire's flashing response that she was not sure the Chris- tian Era had really begun yet. It is interesting to note, indeed, how the two fields merge one into the other. In my early electrical days there was tremen- dous rivalry between high tension and low tension systems. It was not long before each side began to see that co-operation was the true outcome and today high ten- sion transmission and low tension distribu- tion are universally accepted. The gen- eral library, it must never be forgotten, is primarily a collection of books to be used for reading or reference, while the special library is primarily a collection of up-to-date facts which must be culled from current sources, newspapers, reports and DONNELLY 113 what-not, later than the book of a year or even a month ago. But the general library is more and more developing an informa- tion service, and the business information service must have its collection of books. The big wheels and the little wheels must gear in together for effective result and the problem before all librarians is to get the most result with the least effort, prac- tically the least waste by duplication of effort. In the training for and practice of busi- ness librarians there are those methods dealing with books which are also those of the general librarian and others deal- ing with special sources which are of a special nature. The present joint session of the A. L. A. and the S. L. A. is a happy illustration of the need of studying and comparing methods common to both, while a semi-annual or alternative conference of special librarians as such, may well be given over to the special methods of the special field. It is, however, within the local community that co-operation among business librarians can be made most use- ful and the growth of local special libraries associations in the centers of industry is certainly one of the most gratifying evi- dences at once of business and library progress. LIBRARY TRAINING FOR THE SPECIAL LIBRARIAN BY JUNE RICHARDSON DONNELLY, Director, Simmons College Library School When our President, Mr. Hyde, honored me with an invitation to speak to you this morning, he told me to talk about library training, with particular reference to spe- cial libraries. Later the official program gave to this session's topic the subject heading CO-OP- ERATION BETWEEN PUBLIC AND SPECIAL LIBRARIES. The combination was grateful, for it gave me a chance to express what has long been my settled conviction; that in reality training, whether in a school or by experi- ence, does not make public librarians nor special librarians, primarily, but just librarians, who may have the different en- vironment of a public library or a special library. Four months ago at Clark University Dr. John Finley said "A certain distinguished university president has defined education as 'adaptation to one's environment.' I do not like the definition, it is not a good definition for human beings. The defini- tion is 'the conquest of one's environ- ment.' " Now I agree most thoroughly with Dr. Finley. In my conception a good librarian is one who can conquer his environment, whether that be a public library, a college library, a business library, or any other variety. Sometimes such a conquest comes by adapting oneself to certain established con- ditions, again by destroying existing ones that are unfavorable. A wise engineer studies his maps and his ground, he knows the configuration of the land, he judges whether to make a detour to avoid an obstacle or to blast the obstacle from his straight path. The great modern conqueror is the en- gineer, and we are bold enough to class librarianship as an engineering project. I am not unaware of my temerity in using such a figure in this company. Though it is not original, I ought to leave it to an engineer to expand, but it expresses my thought. The librarian's task is to survey the tract he is to administer, to lay out the road systems which will open it up, to decide upon the transportation methods and agents that will be best suited to assemble material at a desired point expeditiously and in prime condition, all with due re- gard to the kind of produce the tract bears, its destination and intended use. There is a certain charm, it is true, in a wood, with wandering paths made by SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE aimless feet, but one does not choose such roads if there is need of arriving quickly at a goal. In the task of organizing and running a library there is room, according to the size of the job, for the head engineer and often for keen assistants developing toward headship, and so down through the vari- ous grades of subordinates, any one of whom may be either the big man of the future, or destined always to remain as one of the undistinguished "gang." What, then, do we require of a would- be conqueror? First, certain personal quali- fications and dispositions. Second, native abilities and education. I am not going to try to develop all that is implied in those two divisions, your minds will run over rapidly all the char- acteristics that are usually enumerated as desirable for a librarian, from robust health to angelic tempers. Native ability is an indispensable pre- requisite. There is no reason whatever for supposing that a naturally stupid individ- ual, a low grade mentality, can by any varnish of technical instruction or length of practical experience ever be a good librarian. It is a dreadful pity that such handicapped people exist, but there is no royal touch in library training which will transform them. There may be certain "chores" some of them can perform in a library, but they are no more librarian- stuff than they are potential doctors or captains of industry or anything else that requires healthy brains. One service we owe to the library pro- fession is to discourage such people from trying to become librarians, and to labor to prevent employers from supposing that a library is a fit field for them. We all know how much a person of great native ability can achieve without much formal education and we sincerely honor the self made man; but, other things being equal, the better the education be- fore technical training begins, the more desirable the candidate who would enter upon library work. Every branch of knowledge that has been opened up to him adds to his value, both because of the special knowledge it adds to his equipment, and because it gives him a broader conception of life and a better basis for comparison. So, for every librarian, I should like to have a good general foundation, plus a certain understanding of whatever spe- cialty his work requires, and the wider and deeper that understanding the better. To my mind every librarian is as much a specialist as the business or science librarian. Only, the specialty of children's librarian needs is of one type and that of the librarian of an industry which pro- duces dyestuffs or one that makes elec- trical appliances is of another. The opposing term to public library is not special library, but private library, and the error in classification implied in opposing public and special, if I may so say without rudeness, I think Is responsi- ble for a confusion of thought that has led to unnecessary friction. Whatever the content of knowledge that education has left as a residuum, though, is subordinate to whether the educative process has left a person "educable," able to throw away old knowledge, to scrap false theories and worn out methods and continuously to survey anew each library experience that comes to him, recognizing the problems involved and thinking them through straight. Given this paragon you will probably tell me that he would make a good libra- rian without any special library training. I grant you he probably would. Please let me make myself clear. When it comes to a choice between a person of fine native ability, with good education but no library science knowledge, as opposed to a library school graduate of mediocre ability and av- erage education and such exist I should choose the former without a moment's hesi- tation. But at present it is not such a choice I am thinking of, for I have expressly stipu- lated -for the good qualities of ability and DONNELLY 115 prevocational education in a would-be con- queror, and I go back to him. The point is, wouldn't he be a better librarian, with less waste of time, if he could start in in- formed of methods of organizing material, cataloging and indexing it, acquainted with existing tools and on the look-out for new ones; able to compare methods, with ap- preciation of their use for attaining an end desired? Why make him work through all the stages of development through which the librarians of the past have risen, when he might as well begin at the latest stage and take advantage of the acceleration of evolution. The burro is a very useful animal in the Grand Canon, but a Rolls-Royce is more suited to less primitive trails. Whatever the kind of library, the suc- cessful person will be the one who knows his community, his clientele, his stock of resources, whether books or other kinds, and can use the best of library science methods to make the resources serve the clientele. This will seem a big preamble to reach the specific subject I was set, that of library training for the special library. I should like to divide consideration of that into two parts: First, what I should plan if I had a free hand; second, what actually, even now is available in. existing library schools. No, that is too broad a statement, I can speak only for the school I know best. I should like, then, a good supply of educable people, of good native ability and varied in their previous education and tasks. Then, for a year, I should like to have those planning for public, college, or other libraries. For the first part of the year, say from September to March, I should give to them all the same core of library science, including bibliography, cataloging, indexing, reference and re- search work. Those are equally necessary to all the students, but should be taught with all types of libraries in mind. Or it would be better to say that classification, for ex- ample, should be taught as a science, not as a mere system of assigning numerical sym- bols. The various special classifications are as necessary to a person whose sole work may later be with the D. C. in a small public library as to one who has to develop a scheme for a highly special- ized collection. The third term I should allow differen- tiation in the curriculum for the members of the class, allowing each to "major" ac- cording to his or her desires, as far as that could be provided for, with the neces- sarily restricted facilities available. The line in which one would major would doubtless follow his previous educa- tion, experience, or interest. He should visit places of the type that would fit his purposes, whether factories, banks, science libraries or museums. All library schools require some field work, and his should be in the kind of library he has in view. He should study more intensively the "literature of his subject," and the refer- ence books and sources of special informa- tion, and work out real problems in ob- taining information. He should get as wide an acquaintance with periodicals in his special line as possible, and practice digest- ing articles. Finally, he should be given the general problem of supposing he was set the task of organizing and running a library of the type desired, and work out his solu- tion. It might not be a correct one, but he would become acquainted with the snags and possibilities, so that when the actual chance came, he would not start in ignorance. Such adaptation of the curriculum is perfectly possible, all that stands in the way is lack of funds to finance it, unless there is sufficient demand for it to justify the outlay. The future will provide for it, but what is there at present? Even now, in all the schools, classifica- tion, bibliography and reference courses are valuable to one wishing to be a spe- cial librarian, as is the course in public 116 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE documents and much of the study of library methods. This year, for the first time, Simmons College offered an elective course called "Special Libraries." Eighteen students of the seniors and college graduates elected the course. Between March and June, for ten weeks, the class met twice a week, and were al- lowed two hours a week after each class hour for study. The test used was Miss Krause's Busi- ness libraries, and, I should perhaps add, the periodical Special Libraries. The course was begun with an address by Carlos Houghton WHAT is A SPECIAL LIBRARY, read by many of you later in the Library Journal. It closed with a talk by George W. Lee on INFORMATION SERVICE. In between, in every alternative class- hour, a librarian of some special library described his particular institution. Under the surface differences, it was extraordinarily interesting to see the un- derlying unity in their purposes and methods. Those of us who were public library workers were equally interested to see how fundamentally alike were public and spe- cial library ideals, and even methods. It has been said that the distinctive feature of the special library is service. I should like to emphasize that that is not distinctive of special libraries only, but is the slogan of our profession. We are not two professions, but a united one, as I think this meeting well indicates. ADULT EDUCATION A LETTER FROM DR. CHARLES W. ELIOT CAMBRIDGE, MASS., JUNE 7, 1921. DEAR Miss TYLER: As I wrote to you last January, the sub- ject of adult education has been interest- ing thoughtful Americans more and more for several years past; and I am glad to have an opportunity of saying something about it to the American Library Associa- tion at its forthcoming meeting at Swamp- scott through this letter. We used to think of education as chiefly for children before the age of fifteen. For a small minority of children we extended the period of education through a high school course which ordinarily brought them to about eighteen years of age. For a still smaller fraction of the rising genera- tion we extended the idea of education through the college period. It was the Chautauquas and the summer courses of instruction which first spread among thoughtful Americans the idea that educa- tion ought to go on throughout life in some universities in the intervals of work for the livelihood. The elementary and secondary schools down to the opening of the twentieth cen- tury were seldom successful in implanting in their pupils a love of reading, a real de- light which in later years determined a precious use of a good part of their leisure by grown-up people who were earning their own livelihood. If any child fortunately acquired a love of reading, it was due, not to the school or the teacher, but to the father or mother and a home habit. In- deed, before printing and the Protestant Reformation people that could read were great rarities; and so were books. Since 1900 there has been a considerable improve- ment in respect to implanting in school children the love of reading; but much still remains to be done. American and English publishers have lately contributed consider- ably to the satisfaction of the desire of the new generation for good reading. They have put at the disposal of the pub- lic good encyclopaedias, and dictionaries which are also encyclopaedias. They have issued collections of selected writings, an- cient and modern, and products of various nationalities, which are real treasuries for the lover of reading, young or old, educated or uneducated. Some publishers supply in cheap form a stream of books which have already commended themselves to a gen- eration of reading people. Local clubs cir- culate at low cost not only the best maga- zines and illustrated papers, but also the best current books. In many cities well- organized classes for evenings and Satur- day afternoons prolong the period of sys- tematic education for youth who have been obliged to go to work by the time they were fourteen, sixteen, or eighteen years of age. This prolongation of systematic educa- tion and the increasing success of schools ELIOT 117 in implanting love of reading confer on the public or endowed libraries a new privi- lege and very precious opportunities; and these opportunities come not only to the highly organized city or university libra- ries, but to the small rural libraries which are able to employ a librarian competent to direct the individual appli- cant for books to the best and most ap- propriate reading for that person. To ren- der this service to applicants for books is to carry forward education into and through adult life. An important part of the aid a competent librarian can give such persons is to make them familiar with the use of books of reference of all sorts, and with the indices of good collections or sets of well-selected books and of series of well-conducted jour- nals and magazines. Any intelligent per- son who learns to use books of reference, indices, and concordances will be able to guide himself safely to much good reading, and will so be enabled to follow his own bent in reading. In this way a competent librarian, or librarian's assistant, in a free library can be of great service to any young person who manifests a desire for guidance towards appropriate reading. Most of the evils from which modern society is suffering can be cured only by education, begun in youth but continued into adult life. Among these evils are the industrial unrest, the manifest deficiencies of the American people in respect to car- riage, posture, muscular development, and grace of movement, infant mortality, child labor, alcoholism, bad housing, bad diets, and waste of the nation's material re- sources. All these can be remedied only through better education of each successive generation. They all need to be dug up by the roots, and to be made to cease in man- kind's environment. To this incessant digging up every helpful human agency, governmental, political, or social, should be directed; and among these agencies the free library already has a high place, which, however, can be enlarged in the fu- ture by wise and constant effort. Sincerely yours, CHABLES W. ELIOT. STATE-WIDE LIBRARY SERVICE BY JULIA A. ROBINSON, Secretary, Iowa Library Commission A Summary The recognition of state-wide responsi- bility in providing free books had its first manifestation in the passage of laws au- thorizing city library support. Next came laws for promoting the growth and effi- ciency of these libraries, and simultane- ously in many states there was created a state department charged with such duty, together with the operation of a state traveling library system for the use of communities without other library facili- ties. The governing bodies of the different state library extension agencies differ both in number of members and method of appointment. Library commissions and boards of education generally consist of both appointed and ex-officio members. State Library Boards are generally ex- officio. The most desirable board would seem to be an appointed one, not too large, whose chief duty, or equally important with any assigned to it, should be the promotion of city and county libraries and the cir- culation of books through a state travel- ing library. The other essentials for ideal state library service include (a) sufficient appropriation to secure (b) an adequate well selected book collection, and (c) a competent staff, with a librarian at the head, sufficient help, and high enough salaries to command such help, (d) publicity which will carry in- formation of the resources of the library to all in the state needing its aid. Too frequently this cannot be done as the sup- ply is not equal to meet the demand which would thus be created and many people of the state are deprived of the help which they need and desire and for which they pay, though not to an alarmingly large amount. (e) There should be included also, facilities for reference work, with a trained reference librarian, and books, mag- azines, and pamphlets in numbers to meet the demands. And not depending upon the appropriation but upon the attitude of 118 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE the state, is a proper standing for the de- partment as a state department, cordial co-operation on the part of state officials, suitable and well equipped rooms, and ability to secure sufficient supplies and printing. A brief review of the library facilities of the states with the special work of each library will serve to show that though the field may seem well covered, there has been and is still need for a further source of book supply. Of the various kinds of libraries for the use of the people of the state, we may well place first free public libraries supported by the cities for the use of the residents of the cities. But in many states the num- ber of cities and towns large enough to support a library adequately, has been nearly reached. In addition to its public libraries every state contains what perhaps we should place second, school libraries. Their in- ability to supply the book needs of the people is shown (a) by their limited num- ber in most states, for while there exist laws or state board requirements for their establishment, the provisions of these laws are often inadequate and the laws, such as they are, are often evaded as evidenced by the fact that in one state books may be borrowed from the traveling library to fill these requirements; and in some cases the boxes have remained unopened still the school could report that it had the books. (b) Where school libraries do exist they are often inadequate because the book col- lections are small, poorly selected, and not made available by classification, cata- loging or proper administration. This lack on the part of school libraries to fulfill even their own functions of sup- plementing the school work, grows out of lack of funds, lack of state supervision, lack of trained and competent librarians, and lack of recognition on the part of school authorities, of the difference between a properly conducted and a poorly con- ducted library. Third, we may place college and other reference libraries. In the number of vol- umes, these libraries always stand high but while fulfilling a need for research work they do not supply the need, if not greater, at least of a larger number of people, for general reading. They are also limited in their availability for their books cannot be borrowed and they are often too distant to be readily visited. County libraries exist in growing num- bers in different states and are being pushed in many more and to them we must look in the future for the solution of our problem. Two states only, California, and Utah, consider that they have grown to such numbers as to fill all book needs. In many states there are as yet no county systems and in many others they are not sufficiently developed to take their places alone. Therefore, if any attempt is made for a number of years to come to supply the "other half" of our population with books, it must be in many states through our traveling library systems which have not yet outlived their usefulness, but oc- cupy an important place in the library facilities of the state. Perhaps in closing it may not be amiss to suggest the limitations of such state service as I have attempted to describe. The first is the financial one. To adequately carry on the work of supply- ing half or more than half of the popula- tion of a state with books through one agency, and at long range, requires a much larger appropriation than most states at the present time are willing to make for this purpose, and the work is now and always will be handicapped by lack of funds. And even were that not so, a travel- ing library is not an economical method of book supply because of the increased cost of library work by mail, the larger force needed to handle it, and the loss in the use of books by the time required for trans- portation, making necessary a larger col- lection. The second limitation is in the service to users of the traveling library, for state service means smaller collections at hand and more delay in securing books than ROBINSON 119 would be true with a local or county li- brary. A mail order library cannot, in the nature of the case, be as satisfactory as one which is ns near as your telephone or your automobile. But above all is the fact that all the people of the state will never be served in this way. Some will never know about it, some will never make the effort to use it, and some will not be satisfied with such service. The ideal, therefore, would seem to be city and county libraries, supplying the ordinary book demands and in addition a state department for the fostering of these libraries and the maintenance of a book collection to serve the state through these larger units in supplying books of limited local demand, to supplement the city and county collections, and for reloan- ing by them. One state may I be pardoned for now naming that state for it is the state which Miss Tyler made famous that state has a revised version of "Books for Every- body" which reads, "A book for every man, woman and child in Iowa through the libraries of Iowa." Until that glad day shall come when all the states realize that dream through our city and county libraries, state-wide library service through a traveling library will continue to be needed. With adequate support, its pos- sibilities for good are almost unlimited. Let us therefore pray for liberal-minded and broad-visioned legislators who shall be as anxious as we that the state shall do its full share in providing books for every- body. NEXT STEPS IN EXTENDING THE USE OF BOOKS FREDERIC G. MELCHER, Secretary, National Association of Book Publishers No past diligence of mine has ever .re- ceived such prompt and outspoken recog- nition as the previous speakers have given to the part I have taken in helping to carry through Miss Tyler's plan for this meeting. It seems only fair to me, however, to ex- plain that I myself appear in this part of the program, not by my own planning, but by the president's invitation. It might seem, perhaps, that the oppor- tunity to give the last address on a six- day convention had its disadvantages, yet I hold this opportunity with great pleasure, and it seems to me a notable testimony to the unusual character of this convention that a thousand people are on Saturday evening still gathered here, still interested in the things that have brought us together. And I find another pleasure in that I am enabled to prevent you from forgetting two significant things of the conference week. May I recall to you the happy turn of phrase of Dr. Butterfield this morning, when he said, wording a slogan that has been mine without knowing it, that the thing for us all to do is to make it "Everybody for Books!" And if that is our objective, I turn back for the means to accomplish this to the words of Presi- dent Tyler in her opening address, when she pointed out that in our steps ahead we should look forward to a period of co- operation between all of those who are interested in the use and in the distribu- tion of books. In one other way I welcome this oppor- tunity to be the last speaker, and for this moment I would rather assume my more hard-earned title of bookseller rather than such newly acquired ones as editor or Publishers' Association secretary. I would like to remind you that some one hundred and fifty years ago booksellers sloughed off the job of publishing in order that they could more earnestly concentrate them- selves on the more interesting and in- triguing work of getting the book to its ultimate consumer. Some seventy-five years after that booksellers began to share with the free public library this great task of bringing the book to everybody, and the communities, as I have been reminded in 120 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE some of the speeches this week, in which the free library most rapidly sprung up were those in which the booksellers had been most arduously laboring. So, as a book- seller, then, I welcome in this spirit of "Everybody for Books" our younger broth- ers, the publishers, and that lusty young fraternity, the representatives of the free public library movement. Two or three times this week I have changed my mind as to the right direction for remarks to take at this time. After I heard the account of one of the evening meetings in this hall, and of the venomous hordes that came in through these un- screened windows, it seemed to me that by this hour you would be ready for one semi-humorous story and then departure. I had again thought that some special ref- erence to practical means for forwarding this "Everybody for Books" movement might be appropriate, based on the ex- perience that I have had in some book cam- paigns in the last year. But after the ex- hilaration of the meetings which I have attended and of the papers, many of which have seemed to me of great significance, I would rather lay my emphasis on some of the tendencies I see in what I have heard discussed rather than to try to out- line my idea of the steps that might now be made. And it seems also that if I am to speak of new steps it will make the chance of their accomplishment seem more possible if I preface this with reference to one or two hopeful aspects of the situation that faces those of us who are interested in the distribution of books. In the first place, let us not forget that we are in a new, growing field; that the book as we know it is a young thing; that one hundred and fifty years ago it was just touching a little of the material that we now see in book form. Look back twenty years into your A. L. A. selective catalogs and note the classifications that were not there then and that are found now. The future is all before the book, in spite of the old dates on some title pages. Book distribution is a young en- terprise, in spite of the numbers here gathered from all over the country. Here we are in the greatest English-speaking nation of the world, with a young, grow- ing enterprise in our hands, an exhilarat- ing opportunity. And I note one other encouraging as- pect of our situation. We sometimes think that we have in our communities reached the ultimate public appropriation for the work we are doing. Let us, then, look at some figures such as I saw today on the bulletin board which show that the aver age per capita contribution to library sup- port is 52.7 cents per annum. We are not likely to admit that the cause we be- lieve in, the institution we cherish, is likely to halt in its growth when the public is contributing that small amount. That is not a figure of discouragement, it is a figure of encouragement. It shows that we have a great area of wealth to tap and that any steps we outline for growth can be supported, if they be made feasible and if their worth be demonstrated to the public which is to be asked to pay. Of the significant tendencies that I have seen touched upon this week which seem to me in line with the probable direction the new growth of reading will take, the first one has been admirably covered in the paper this afternoon by Miss Parsons. It seems to me that those of us who handle books will find our own reading taking a new direction that it will be deepened, enriched, and we will find that we are not taking on merely more professional knowledge but a more spiritual enthusiasm. Young book salesmen used to come to me when they wanted to increase their sales in our bookstore and wanted to know if there was any trick to salesmanship. All I could say was, "There is no routine method that amounts to anything. The thing to do is to love a book and want to get it out to the right person, 'Books for Everybody' as fast as you can." Li- brarians are selling the book-using habit to their communities, and the exaltation they carry to it must, in some part, come from what they get from their reading. MELCHER 121 In another field, one that has been par- ticularly interesting to me in the last few years and in which I have already had opportunity to join in your discussion, there is the question of the present tend- ency in reading for children. In this field Is it not also true that the interesting problem just ahead though not the whole problem is not merely the supplying of an addition to the practical knowledge of the child, not merely serving as an adjunct to our schools, thus increasing the child's ability to read; we are not chiefly anxious that a continuous blur of type shall run before the child's eye, but we are anxious that he shall get the full personal value out of these things the fine fancy, the far vision, the chance for him to grow as an individual. It is because of this that I believe so strongly that the books must not only be passed over library desks with the check- ing card afternoon after afternoon, they must not only be conveniently located in the grade schools and the high schools, but they must also be in the home, the most favorable of surroundings for the child to get what he individually needs out of books. The vistas from books he owns are not narrowed by an elder's personality. They are not lectured to him. He is in a com- fortable seat of his own choosing, and he draws from the pages the food that he may need. In another field our speaker this morning pointed out the same condition. He said, in relation to books for the farmer, that it was not the book on his technical train- ing or his economic situation that was now most needed; it was that the book should approach him on his social side, that he may have some vision of his place in the commonwealth. Thus again it is emphasized that the reading tendencies ahead are to give a spiritual touch to every group. We have often emphasized the effect of the war on technical training. Is it that the laborer must then be supplied merely with books that shall tell him how to use his hands and how to improve in his craft? Far we want to go in that direction, but let us take the lesson, too, from some of the experiences of the correspondence schools (who with their commercial fore- sight anticipated us in this field). Why is it that so large a percentage of those that they persuade by their adver- tisements to undertake systematic study drop out before the course is ended? It is because merely the desire for a skillful hand will not keep people at study night after night; the thing that will keep a man unwearyingly at such a program is some vision that his craft is to have a finer and better place in a reorganized society. I have no suggestion as to what that re- organization is to be, whether it go under one name or the other, but we do know and we do see that it is the vision of such a reorganization that keeps men to their craft and accelerates them in their study. In this new field of teaching the handi- crafts, then, we must see that on the same shelves with the technical books are the books that shall paint the new vision of a new social order. To pass to just two other fields in which we may approach people by groups, one of the great meetings of this conference was that on the place of the religious book in the public library. Too long have we treated this as a rather avoided question. Be it or not a delicate problem to handle the selections of the things that churches need to find in the library, the church is too great an organization, too large a hu- man interest to be left out of a library's daily consideration. Mr. Wells, in his newest book, The salvaging of civilization, has pointed out that when young people are of college age there are three subjects that interest them for discussion more than any others, all of which are but little on the college cur- riculum and all of which they may be eager to read about and discuss. Those three subjects, he points out, are property, religion, and sex. On the subject of prop- erty, communism, socialism, collectivism, whatever form property handling may take, there is perpetually interest and on 122 these subjects our shelves must be well rep- resented. Have we not, also, to recognize that the subject of religion Is perpetually interesting and that there are signs today that it is finding more interest than ever before? Is it not one of the library's in- teresting and pressing problems to find by comparing experiences, not by theory, what can best be done in order that we may provide for this increasing need of a proper relation between the religious or- ganizations of all kinds and the center of information, the public library? And finally I venture to point out the important new emphasis that must be made In the question of the information sup- plied on the subject of our country and its government. It will not be enough that we furnish textbooks on civics, that we help people to understand the use of the ballot and how to walk to the polls and details of that kind; more than that, there must be supplied an inspiration to want the government to go in the direction of our dearest visions. Our government was founded on an inspiration that was in- tellectual, such as that which came from the French Revolution. We have stepped out into new things at various periods in our history with a confidence and resolu- tion showing that we had a vision of our goal and knew we were on our way, that we were led by a divine direction rather than by a purely detailed knowledge of political machinery. So in the study of our government we must have ideals to work forward to. It seems to me that all these things signify that there must be a spiritual, an uplifting and exhilarating touch given to our approach to the read- ing groups that we serve. We have come for this conference to a region that I have ever turned to for rest and for inspiration to the edge of the open ocean. There are some characteristics of such a pilgrimage that are peculiarly applicable, I think, to the problems that this organization has recently faced and those it now approaches. The ocean always brings to me a sense of its unchangeable- ness of how little man can do against nature's power; that it can thwart us or aid us, that it will always be here, rolling in and out perpetually over the rocks. I can sit on its edge and forget what has fevered me, the objects that I felt must be accomplished, the things that I thought must be changed, and I feel it reach out a calming hand and say, "Why so hot, little man?" So we can come as a group who have been laboring in various com- munities and have felt that we must do this, that we must have this change, that we must do more with this or that oppor- tunity; and the first touch upon us when we get to the edge of the ocean is a feel- ing of that chiding, "Why so hot, little ones? After all, the world will go on." And the ocean can add another touch. Just as the wind changed yesterday and brought that exhilarating tang of the salt, so the ocean, after calming us, can also send us back to our places with a con- sciousness that we have quietly drunk of something that stimulates us to do more valiantly and more interestedly those things that have troubled and halted us. I am to go from here to the place where I am most fond of turning for change and recreation to the easternmost end of my native state, to Provincetown there to have more of this same salt air and rest. I shall be reminded as I look from the cottage porch that there was the first stop- ping place on the Mayflower's route three hundred years ago, and I shall recall that in that harbor a group of far-seeing ad- venturers, hardy people of very mixed kind, stood in the cabin and signed the famous Compact. And the word that stands out of the Compact is the word that your president started us with here at the Conference the great word "To- gether," which has rung down through three hundred years of American his- tory; the voyage that was the greatest voyage this ocean has ever seen, ended with that word, "Together." And back of that Pilgrim group, making it possible for those lines of influence to go out from Massachusetts to every part of this country YUST 123 and to all her institutions, back of them there was a voice on the shores of Old Holland, the voice of Pastor Robinson, who had told them that "Evermore new light shall break forth from the Word." So we, who are trustees of the printed word in this great land, may echo after three hundred years the words of that great leader and may ourselves covet some share of his mantle by exclaiming as he would exclaim, "Let evermore new light break forth from the printed word." RECENT LEGISLATION AND LIBRARY REVENUES* BY WILLIAM F. YUST, Librarian, Rochester Public Library A New York state amendment fixes two mills as the possible maximum library tax In municipalities with an assessed valua- tion of one million or less; one and one- half mills on more than one million and less than two millions; one mill on two millions or over. In New Jersey one amendment increases the permissive maximum library tax rate from one-sixth to two-thirds of a mill. This is in addition to the mandatory rate of one- third mill. Another removes the limit of $1,000 which a union of municipalities may raise annually by tax for library purposes. Illinois passed an amendment increasing the possible maximum library tax levy in cities under 100,000 to two mills (formerly one and one-third mill) and in cities over 100,000 to one mill (formerly two-thirds mill). It also excepts libraries from the scaling under the two per cent reduction clause of the Juul act. Another bill amends the Juul act to permit this exception. In Missouri an amendment increases the mandatory minimum tax levy in cities of the first class from four-tenths to eight- tenths of a mill. This was introduced at the instance of the St. Joseph Public Li- brary but it applies to all first class cities. Another law amends the charter of the city of St. Joseph by increasing the min- imum library tax which the council must appropriate from four-tenths to eight-tenths of a mill. This will increase the library's annual income about $21,000. Kansas passed an amendment raising the permissive maximum library tax from one- half mill to one mill in cities of second and third class. Cities of first class already *See also report p. 133. had authority to levy one mill if popula- tion was under 40,000; over that, one- fourth mill. The chairman of the Kansas Library Association Legislative Committee says, "This ought to bring a new era in Kansas public libraries." Wyoming failed to pass an introduced bill fixing the minimum and maximum county library tax levy in counties with an assessed valuation of twenty-five millions or more at three-eighths to one-half mill (now one-eighth to one-half mill for all counties). Indiana has the unique distinction of passing the only law reducing the library tax levy. An amendment fixes the mini- mum county library tax at two-tenths of a mill. It was formerly five-tenthsj which is no longer necessary on account of a tremendous increase in assessed valuation. The library board still has power to fix the rate and may levy five-tenths mills, if that amount is needed. Another Indiana amendment prescribes that the county li- brary tax shall be continued so long as the library is used by ten per cent of the in- habitants of the district concerned. Pre- viously it was ten per cent of the entire county. In Cleveland an interesting situation de- veloped. The public library there is one of about twenty-five libraries in the state operating under boards appointed by boards of education. The library trustees appointed by the board of education cer- tify to the board of education annually the amount needed for the library during the ensuing year. The board of educa- tion up to 1920 transmitted such amount SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE not exceeding one and one-half mills with its own budget which it is authorized to levy for school purposes. A budget commission reviews the esti- mates presented by each taxing body and may reduce any and all items so as to keep the total tax levy within the fifteen mill limit prescribed by law. (Originally the limit was 10 mills (1%). The law was, however, amended to 15 mills although it is still familiarly referred to as the Smith 1% tax law.) Last fall this budget commission decided that the amount certi- tified for library purposes could not be in addition to the amount certified for school purposes but must be a part of it. This meant that the entire appropriation for the library, $894,000, was deducted from the amount levied for school purposes. This action was taken to the Court of Ap- peals, but the decision of the Budget Com- mission was sustained. Instead of an ap- peal to the Supreme Court, the Board of Education accepted the decision for the one year and sought a remedy in legisla- tion. As a result, an amendment to the library law was secured which provides that the amount certified by the library board shall be in addition to all other levies authorized by law, but not to exceed one and one-half mills and subject to no other limitation on tax rates. This amendment puts this group of libraries in a very favorable posi- tion as to adequacy and certainty of in- come. It means that the levy made by the library board and certified to the board of education cannot be reduced either by the board of education or by the budget commission. It is so advantageous that these libraries will need to use it wisely. The Trustees of the Cleveland Public Li- brary feel this responsibility keenly and the Ohio Library Association is urging this same restraint on the remaining libraries. The Cleveland "Public Library for next year is asking an amount only about one-third of that permitted by law. These laws relating to library revenues do not warrant much generalization. They do show a disposition to permit libraries to adjust themselves to changing conditions and to provide more liberally for their sup- port. The Indiana amendment providing that the county tax shall be continued as long as the library is used by ten per cent of the inhabitants of the district concerned calls attention to the fundamental princi- ple that support depends on service. This principle needs emphasis. Whatever may be the form of its state law, a library's support will ultimately depend upon the nature and extent of the service which it renders to the community. Considerable discussion has revolved around the question as to whether a library board should have the power to levy the library tax. The two states in which this question has been differently decided are Iowa and Indiana. Although the decisions are many years old, they are frequently referred to and for this reason a brief out- line of each case is here given. In 1896 the board of trustees of the pub- lic library in Des Moines, Iowa, fixed a tax rate of one mill for library maintenance and a tax of three mills to create a sink- ing fund for the purchase of a lot and the erection of a building. In so doing it acted in accordance with a law passed by the general assembly which authorizes the li- brary trustees to fix the rates given for the purposes stated and "cause each of the rates so determined and fixed to be certi- fied and the council shall levy the taxes necessary to raise said sums respectively for such year." The library board certified these amounts to the city council, which refused to levy the taxes. When carried to the supreme court of the state the act of the general assembly was declared unconstitutional. The court held that the right to fix the tax rate was equivalent to the right to levy a tax. But the power to levy a tax cannot be delegated by the legislature to a board or officer not elected by and im- mediately responsible to the people or the taxpayers. Similar laws violating that principle have been declared unconstitu- tional in Illinois, Kansas, and Michigan. In 1906 a case involving this principle YUST 125 came from Marion, Indiana, to the supreme court of the state, which decided that the delegation of the power of taxation to a library board appointed by the council was lawful. In its decision it cited the state constitution, which says, "Knowledge and learning, generally diffused through- out a community, being essential to the preservation of a free government, it shall be the duty of the general assembly to encourage, by all suitable means, moral, intellectual, scientific and agricultural im- provement, and to provide by law for a general and uniform system of common schools, wherein tuition shall be without charge equally open to all." The court declared, "It may, with pro- priety, be said that a law providing for the organization and maintenances of pub- lic libraries is a part of the educational system of the state and that boards or- ganized under the provision of said act exercise the whole power of the municipal- ity in respect to public libraries. "It is to be remembered that the trus- tees of a school city are appointed in the same manner as are trustees of library boards appointed under the provisions of said act, and no objection could be urged against the authority of a library board so appointed to levy taxes, pursuant to legislative authority, which might not be urged with equal force against the levy of taxes by school boards. Our statutes con- tain many provisions authorizing school boards to levy taxes for certain purposes, some of which have been upon the statute books for nearly half a century." Two important principles are involved in these decisions: one whether a board not elected by the taxpayers should have the power to levy a tax; the other whether in a given municipality there should be more than one tax-levying body. On these points there is no agreement among differ- ent states, nor among courts within a single state, not even among different di- visions of the same court as illustrated this year in New York state. The city of Buffalo has a commission form of government, but retains its board of education. In 1919 a state law was passed authorizing and directing boards of education to make large increases in teachers' salaries. The board of education this year submitted its budget for over five million dollars. The common council cut this estimate to $345,629. The appellate court decided that the council had no authority to make this re- duction. It held that the entire manage- ment of schools being placed in boards of education, gave them power to compel the council to levy the necessary tax. The argument stated, "The tendency of legislation in recent years has been in the direction of enlarging the powers and authority of boards of education to the end that the educational tacilities of the state should be taken away from the con- trol of municipal authorities, and thus re- move them as far as possible from political influence and place them in charge of boards of education composed of persons selected because of their supposed familiar- ity with educational matters." When taken to the court of appeals this decision was reversed on the ground that the council has the sole power to raise by a general tax the funds necessary to carry on the city. While admitting the enlarged powers of independent boards of education, it denies that those powers are unquali- fied. The court said, "It would seem unfor- tunate if in a city of the size of Buffalo, a body however able and devoted, not elected, not removable by the appointing power, not even with a tax budget of its own so that its action would be brought sharply to the attention of the public, might command the allotment to it of whatever part of a limited revenue it thought best to the sacrifice of other interests perhaps as essential. Such a board has no detailed knowledge Of other public needs. It knows nothing of the number of police required, or of the demands to safeguard the pub- lic health. Its view is limited to its own department, of course, important, but likely to be regarded as of unique importance by those who have its interests at heart. In 126 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE all governments, In the nation, the state, the city, the problem is to reconcile a hundred pressing needs so that the total of the appropriations shall not be ex- cessive." These conflicting decisions show that the court battles of a century have not settled this question of taxation. One learned body hands down a solemn decision and another equally learned body reverses it. There is therefore strong argument as well as high precedent in favor of, as well as against the library tax being levied by the library board. This is why the new edi- tion of the A. L. A. manual chapter on legislation recommends that the tax rate be fixed by the library authorities within the limits, if any, set by law. THE ONTARIO PUBLIC LIBRARY RATE W. O. CABSON, Provincial Inspector of Public Libraries, Toronto, Ontario. The Public Library Rate in the Ontario Public Libraries Act of 1920 provides that a library board may cause a tax to be levied to the extent of that rate on the dollar of taxable assessment that will yield fifty cents per capita of the population of the constituency to be served, and that the municipal council may increase the rate. This rate clause establishes a new prin- ciple in Ontario for taxation for a public benefit. We believe that the principle is sound, that the clause is workable, and that it is fair to both the libraries and the public. Although Ontario library history began in 1800, it was 82 years later when the first provision was made for the estab- lishment and maintenance of free, tax- supported libraries. Ontario free public library legislation from the Act of 1882 to the present has provided that every library should be in control of an appointed board, independence being ensured by reason of the appointing powers being di- vided, and also that the board should be entitled on its own demand to a fixed maxi- mum tax rate. One-half mill was the rate until last year, with the exception of cities of over one hundred thousand population, an amendment to the Act of 1882 fixed their rate at one-quarter mill exclusive of debt charges. For a long time the public library move- ment was finding its way. No library was conducted on an adequate scale until com- paratively recent years. The requirements for adequate library service as we -think of it today were unknown. Experience furnished no real test of the merits of the original rate on the dollar until recent years. When the real test came it failed to impress itself upon the great majority of our libraries. Four or five progressive ones were receiving an adequate income from the rate; a few more could claim close to the amount required. This dozen or so did well. With not more than four notable exceptions, the remainder seemed to take things for granted. They knew the rate and probably thought that they were on the same footing as all other li- braries. They were satisfied with them- selves. They did not criticise their li- braries with any standards, either for qual- ity or quantity of service. They knew that a larger and better patronage was de- sirable, but did not seem to realize that there was a real relationship between li- brary success and library expenditure. It is possible that some thought that the legis- lature fixed the rate, therefore, it must be right; and, that it was enough for a suc- cessful neighbor, therefore, it must be enough for them. About two or three years ago, Toronto with its fast-growing system, and Ottawa, that had gone well past the hundred-thou- sand mark, felt the pinch of the quarter- mill rate. Two or three towns groaned under the half-mill. These constituted all the expressed dissatisfaction. For some time the Department of Education had had the matter of library rates under consid- CARSON 127 eration. Ontario had four hundred and forty public libraries and it was highly desirable that they should have equal chances for success. The matter of tax rate was of first importance. In study- ing actual conditions it was discovered that the legal rate on the dollar was un- satisfactory. It was observed that there were great variations in bases of assess- ments. As a general rule it was found that the smaller the place the smaller the assessment in proportion to the popula- tion. There were remarkable differences even in places of the same size, due largely to different standards of valuation. There is no Provincial tax in Ontario and there is no need for uniformity in systems of evaluation. Even if there had been uni- formity in places of the same size, there would still have been great differences among the various sizes. No rate on the dollar of assessment was workable. A sliding scale could not be fixed that would work and at the same time not look ridicu- lous. Public libraries serve people and not property, and it seemed to the Department that library income should be based on population. After a careful study of costs it was decided that a library with an income of fifty cents per capita from taxation for ordinary expenditure could give a good quality of service based on a standard of four books per capita in cities, and five books in smaller places as a circulation for home reading with reference and read- ing room service in proportion. It is our opinion that a library expending more than fifty cents per capita for ordinary expendi- ture should, (1) show a well-served patron- age larger than the standard referred to, or, (2) the kind of service given should be superior to the good quality the Depart- ment had in mind when considering the standard, or, (3) local conditions should be of such unusual character as to make library service expensive; any two or all three of these conditions might obtain. Public opinion is undoubtedly in favor of generous support to a library that ex- ceeds the standard upon which the rate was based and an increase should be ob- tainable through the provision made for that purpose. The Public Libraries Act of 1920 con- taining the clause giving a library board the power to cause a tax levy of that rate that will yield fifty cents per capita and the power to a council to increase the rate and to make a special grant, was pre- sented before the legislature by the Hon- orable R. H. Grant, Minister of Edu- cation, in May of last year, and it was passed by unanimous vote. Our libraries had already passed their budgets, and they reaped no benefit from the new Act until this year. The rate clause has produced one unexpected result. It has been educative. People know what it means. It has had the tendency to cause library boards and councils to see that there is a real relationship between adequate library service and financial pro- vision to pay for it, and in a way that our bulletins, conventions and preaching had failed in doing. Toronto and two small cities and one town have budgets this year that call for slightly more than fifty cents per capita, and for good reason. Several libraries in- creased their tax levy to the maximum and the majority are expending considerably more than usual. Some libraries have not taken the advantage of an increased in- come. The new rate gives the libraries as a whole, on their own claim, an increase of sixty-seven per cent of taxation income over the amount claimable under the old Act. The average library could claim a tax under the old Act that amounted to thirty cents per capita. The increase can be used largely for books and personal service, the two most important and at the same time most variable items in library expenditure. The other accounts have always been fairly well met. Book dealers report an increase of forty per cent in book orders from li- braries for the first five months of this year over the same period last year. The majority of salaries have been appreciably advanced whre deserved, and in a few cases where they were undeserved. Local conditions throughout the Province do not justify all libraries taking their full rate from the first year. We expect that in- creased expenditures and better and larger service will go hand in hand. We believe that our principle of taxation will stand the test of time, and that the libraries will advance in merit and the public will derive increasing benefit. It is our hope that our people will want library service far in advance of present-day demands, and that when a higher per capita income from taxation is required it shall be granted by our legislators with the same good will that characterized their attitude toward fifty cents per capita. THE ONTARIO LIBRARY LAW AND AMERICAN LIBRARIES BY SAMUEL H. RANCK, Grand Rapids Public Library My interest in the Ontario Library Law and its application to American Libraries was first developed last fall in connection with a report on the income of Michigan Libraries for the Michigan Library Asso- ciation. Of the cities of Michigan of ap- proximately 10,000 population or over, six cities only out of the twenty-four that re- ported had expenditures in 1920 of more than fifty cents per capita for maintenance. This included money from all sources. De- troit and Grand Rapids exceeded the fifty cent minimum. This matter was further discussed and investigated in connection with the paper before the Council in Chicago last winter, on "Sources and responsibilities of public library revenues." For this Swampscott meeting I have been asked to apply the Ontario Law to a few representative libraries. First of all we must realize that the Ontario Library Law provides that a library board may claim fifty cents per capita from the tax-levying authorities of the community and then these authorities are obliged by provincial law to place the amount claimed up to fifty cents per capita to the credit of the public library of the community. The tax-levying body may increase this amount, but the Library Board cannot force any amount above fifty cents per capita. This fifty cents per capita is exclusive of all other sources of revenue for the library: in other words, it does not in- clude grants from the province, or income from endowments, etc. With these limita- tions in mind I requested the libraries of about one hundred American cities to send me their per capita income from city taxes alone for their last library year, and I have worked it out to the per capita basis on the census returns of 1920. I received up to the time of this meeting reports from eighty-four cities. The aver- age income from city taxation for the year indicated, sometimes 1920, and some- times 1921, was 53.7 cents, something more, it will be noticed, than can be claimed under the Ontario Library Law: in other words, the average American library as represented in this per capita tabulation from thirty-three states is now receiving more than they might claim under the Ontario Library Law. Many of the librarians that sent in their reports gave the income for two library years, 1920 and 1921, and the increase in library revenue during the last year for this group of eighty-four libraries is ap- proximately twenty per cent over that of the preceding year. In an exhaustive study of library rev- enues count should be taken of all sources of revenue which come to the library. This includes in various parts of the country dog licenses, and licenses of all sorts (in one city this item is $28,000), penal fines, in- come from endowments, library book fines, etc., for all of these enter into the matter of library support, but they are not included in the Ontario Library Law, and hence are not included in the tabulation. Michigan libraries were not included in this tabulation for the reason that the penal fine clause for the state constitution which RANCK 129 applies to most of the libraries of the state is such an important source of rev- enue that libraries of Michigan are In a class by themselves for this reason: for ex- ample, the Detroit Public Library will re- ceive this year about $150,000 from penal fines, and last year the Grand Rapids Pub- lic Library received about $28,000, and there are libraries in the state where the income from penal fines moneys is very much greater in proportion than this. It may be stated that the per capita income from city taxation, alone for both Detroit and Grand Rapids is considerably over fifty cents. This tabulation also indicates that the libraries of the so-called southern states re- ceive a much smaller revenue per capita than the libraries of the northern states. No library from a southern state in this list, unless you count Kansas City, Mo., as a southern city, receives over fifty cents per capita. Of the northern states, for the libraries given in this group, Pennsylvania is giving the poorest support. My recommendation is that the Council of the American Library Association author- ize a further study of this whole subject, which should give consideration to all sources of library revenue, and finally that the American Library Association in the light of all the facts should record its conviction that a reasonable minimum per capita income is necessary for adequate support of a public library, and that the pea* capita income basis is the proper method to pursue in arriving at the finan- cial needs of a public library. Personally I believe that one dollar per capita is such a reasonable minimum for a community to spend on libraries, if it is going to serve in anything like an adequate way all the people of the community, and if it is to give an excellent service of the quality that many of the states of this country are now giving, considerably more than one dollar per capita will be necessary. It should be understood that in large cities this would include the income from all sources for all libraries that are ordinarily open free to the public, particularly such as the great reference libraries of Chicago and New York, particularly Chicago, which supplement the work of the Public Library. PER CAPITA INCOME FROM CITY TAXES OF A GROUP OF AMERICAN LIBRARIES FOR THE LIBRARY YEAR INDICATED AS BASED ON THE POPULATION OF 1920 Population Income for Per capita Population Income for Per capita Shown maintenance income Shown maintenance income by from city taxa- from by from city taxa- from 1920 tion for year city tax- 1920 tion for year city tax- Census inoUcated ation Census indicated ation Alabama Illinois Birmingham. 178,270 $ 60,000 (21) .336 Chicago 2,701,212 833,330.15 (20) .380 Mobile 60,777 Decatur 43,818 20,597 (21) .468 California Evanston . . . 37,234 20,398.96 (20) .547 Berkeley ... 55,386 49,125 (21) .886 Peoria 76,121 Los Angeles. 575,480 426,714 (21) .741 Oakland 216,361 Riverside ... 19,341 Sacramento.. 65,857 San Francisco 508,410 Colorado 135,972 (21) .628 19,012.49 (21) .983 32,273.16 (21) .490 147,000 (21) .289 Indiana Fort Wayne. Gary . . . . 86,549 55,344 314,194 45,082.44 (20) .520 69,000 (21) & townships 1.246 258,000 (21) .821 Indianapolis . Colorado South Bend.. 70,983 Springs . . 29,572 14,030 (21) .474 Iowa Denver 256,369 115,000 (?) .448 Des Moines. . 126,468 105,745(Ap.21-22).836 Connecticut Sioux City. . 71,227 44.271.30 (21) .621 Bridgeport . 148,152 117,023.86 (21) .789 Kansas Hartford . . . 138,036 Income from city not given New Haven. 162,390 75,000 (21) .461 Delaware Kansas City. Lawrence Topeka 101,073 12,456 50,022 Wilmington . 110,168 Dist. of Columbia 23,371.04 (20) .212 Kentucky Louisville . . 234,891 88,409.18 (20) .376 Washington.. 437,571 128,464.05 (20) .293 Louisiana Florida New Orleans 387,408 47,100 (20) .121 Jacksonville. 57,699 27,919 (21) .483 Maine Georgia Augusta ... . 52,548 Atlanta 200,616 63,885 (21) .318 Bangor 25,978 13,500 (21) .519 Savannah ... 83,252 Portland 69,196 9,000 (21) .130 130 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE PER CAPITA INCOME TAX Continued Population Shown by 1920 Census Maryland Baltimore . . 733,826 Hag-erstown. . 28,064 Massachusetts Boston 747,923 Brockton ... 66,138 Cambridge .. 109,456 Fall River. . 120,485 Income for maintenance from city taxa- tion for year indicated Per capita income from city tax- ation 119,203 1,000 (20) (20) Haverhill . . Lawrence . . . Lowell New Bedford Newton .... Pittsfleld ... Somerville .. Springfield .. Worcester . . 53,884 94,270 112,479 121,217 46,054 41,751 93,033 129,563 179,741 747,120 (21-22) 32,000 (21) 44,378 (20) 55,326.07 (21) + dog tax 28,759.99 (20) 24,000 (21) 49,500 (20) + dog tax 56,450 .162 .035 .998 .483 .405 .459 .533 .213 .408 1.225 57,445 96,451 98,700 (21) .617 (21) .744 (20) .548 Minnesota Duluth 98,917 Minneapolis . 380,498 St. Paul 234,595 Missouri Kansas City. 324,410 St. Louis 773,000 Nebraska Lincoln 54,934 Omaha 191,601 New Hampshire Concord 22,167 Manchester . 78,200 New Jersey Camden < 116,309 Jersey City.. 297,864 Newark 414,216 Trenton 119,389 New York Albany + 7,063 dog licenses 262,361.34 (21) 198,901 (20) 215,000 (21) 376,333.97 (21) 18,744.55 (20) 75,000 (21) .689 .847 .662 .486 .341 .391 Brooklyn Buffalo . 113,334 2,018,356 505,875 27,000 (20) .345 33,000 (21) .283 143,437.60 (21) .481 200,000 (21) .482 53,470 (21) .447 632,119.32 .313 281,046 (21-22) .555 New York (3 boroughs) . 3,132,650 New York- greater).. 5,620,04,8 Rochester . . 295,850 Syracuse . . . 171,647 Utica 94,136 (includes Grosvenor Ref. L.) 1,097,683.60 (21) .354 2,082,523.50 (21) .370 81,000 64,040 (21) (21) .471 .680 Ohio Akron . . . Cincinnati Population Shown by 1920 Census 208,435 493,678 Income for maintenance from city taxa- tion for year Indicated Per capita Income from city tax- ation Cleveland .. 796,836 Columbus .. 237,031 Dayton 153,830 E. Cleveland 27,292 Toledo 243,109 Oklahoma Oklahoma City 91,258 Oregon Portland ... 275,898 Salem 17.679 Pennsylvania Erie 102,093 Harrisburg . 75,917 Lancaster . . 53,150 Philadelphia. 1,823,779 Pittsburg ... 588,193 Reading 107,784 Scranton . . . 137,783 Willkesbarre. 73,828 Rhode Island Providence . 237,595 250,000 (21) .506 Hamilton County 692,600.27 (20) .869 43,525 (21) .182 95,421.83 (21) .620 40,000 (21) 1.465 110,350 (21) .453 246,089.12 (20) Multnomah Co. .891 35,000 (21) .342 10,000 (20-21) .131 3,000 (?) .056 464,334.63 (20) .254 416,320 (21) .770 28,380 (21) Endowed wholly .205 Tennessee Knoxville ... Memphis . . . Nashville ... Texas Austin Dallas Houston .... San Antonio. Vermont Burlington .. Washington Seattle Spokane .... Tacoma .... Wisconsin Kenosha .... Madison .... Milwaukee . . Racine 77,818 162,351 118,342 34,876 158,976 138,076 161,308 22,779 315,362 104,437 96,963 40,472 38,378 457,147 58,593 28,500 (20) .119 144,916.52fromother sources 19,562 (20) .251 75,324.64 (20) .463 25,000 (21) .211 No public library 27,300 (21) .171 43,000 (21) .311 16,139.09 (21) .100 270,405.35 (21) .857 + Licenses, etc. 76,600 (21) .756 56,184 (21) .579 54,693.32 (21-22) 1.351 29,793.75 (21) .776 202,000 (21) .441 34,000 (21) .580 84) 45153 .537 SHOULD PUBLIC LIBRARY BOARDS HAVE THE POWER TO LEVY THE LIBRARY TAX BY W. J. HAMILTON, Secretary Public Library Commission of Indiana My answer to the question under dis- cussion is "Yes indeed." This may not prove strictly constitutional in all states, it may not always march with formal logic, but it is most expedient, practical, and successful. In the first place, who has the greatest responsibility, the keenest interest in the library, the most intimate knowledge of its needs? The board of trustees. The men and women who are appointed or elected to this particular charge are sel- dom politically inclined, the library is hardly regarded by the mass of citizens as of enough importance for this. They are apt to be selected from those having at least an academic interest in the intellec- tual welfare of the community, and may be safely trusted not to abuse any powers given them. There is a difference of opinion as to advisability of mentioning a maximum HAMILTON 131 beyond which the library rate may not go. Though it may occasionally restrict ac- tivities, I consider that such a specified maximum will be necessary if legislatures are to be persuaded to grant levy powers to boards. They may properly insist on a levy limit which will take into considera- tion the differing needs of the varied com- munities of a state. With such a limit, there is absolutely no danger of a reck- less levy on the part of a board of in- tellectual radicals. Our limited maximum in Indiana amounts to about four per cent of the total levy, and the average library tax rate is approximately two per cent of the total tax rate. I do not think there is any doubt but that a millage tax for the library is pref- erable to a fixed appropriation. With such a practice as a city grows and the valuations enlarge, the increased needs of a library can be automatically met with- out the quibbling and fussing that might attend a request for $5,000 additional for the new year's work. And who is best equipped to determine what tax is needed to render the city good library service? Service is the pri- mary responsibility of the library board, not economy. By this I do not mean to advise carelessness, but merely to state that the library board is appointed or elected not to guard the city treasury (there are other officials charged with this duty) tout to provide a strong library an institution, a machine if you will, with plenty of fuel and lubricating oil so that it runs efficiently, and accomplishes re- sults without having every bearing shriek a separate and distinct protest. Repeatedly recently we have heard of boards of school commissioners in charge of the libraries of their communities which have tried to save money for the school systems by trimming the unim- portant library appropriation. When edu- cational bodies can do this, absolutely disregarding the fact that the library is an educational influence that has an even wider range than the school, in that it affects the citizen body throughout a whole lifetime, what can be expected from a governing body like a city council which is almost inevitably politically minded and politics ridden. A number of the states have found that contracts or agreements with the Carne- gie Corporation have no effect on later city councils, that the city's good name means nothing to many of these govern- ing bodies, they do not mind trailing it in the dust, but it is a rare library board which given the power, will not Keep the standard high and avoid any taint of dis- honesty or broken troth. It is the library board which is respon- sible for dealing with the staff and which should be able to control the funds which may be needed here. How helpless many librarians and boards have been during the past three years (and is the trouble entirely past) in facing the harrowing problem of losing indispensable assistants for lack of ability to assure even a future raise to an adequate salary basis. Have you found city councils, which are not the direct employers, generous when it came to the library staff, and especially when it came to appreciating and increasing adequately the compensation paid for your most indispensable department assistants whose value and service your library board did realize? Are city councils apt to ap- preciate paying good salaries to trained people from outside the community, when the positions might be filled even though unsatisfactorily to the librarians, by local assistants who have grown up in the home institution without training or experience elsewhere? The public library needs a separate fund and adequate funds quite as much as a school system needs these. In most states school boards have been given the right to require funds for their needs and determine what this amount shall be; the library board should have similar powers. They should be able to say to a city coun- cil, "The law permits us to have so many mills or tenths of mills. We need next year this amount so we will set this fall a levy of six-tenths of a mill." The II- 132 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE brary has almost always been established by a popular vote which expresses a wil- lingness to assume the burden of its sup- port, why should not the library board de- termine what small part of the total tax the library must have. A difference of 1/10 of a mill, one cent added to a $2.50 rate, means almost nothing to the indiv- idual taxpayer, yet the lack of it may se- riously cripple and hamper the library whose board realizes the necessity yet cannot enforce the proper appropriation. Why should it be necessary to spend time and energy and enthusiasm each year convincing new members of the gen- eral city council that the library, in which they have no interest, is a vital part of the scheme of civic life? What value is there to the city in educating each year new men who do not know or care about a library's value or problems? Why should the library's progress be prevented by the presence on a city board of the obstinate, unread, "will not see" type of man? On the library board dealing with one set of problems constantly, a work in which they are usually vitally interested, it does not take a new member long to grasp the needs and to get a vision of the opportu- nities which lie ahead. A western librarian has said in speaking against the plan of having any library boards at all, "A library board is a mere buffer anyway, which despite high per- sonnel and good intentions, cannot get the results that an official governing body can." Can anyone suggest anything that would be more sure to discourage results, more sure to develop lethargy, to kill in- terest, to lose vitality, than to have a board which could see possibilities but was quite estopped from realizing them? Do not enlarged powers such as the right to fix the library tax rate inevitably mean greater interest, a broader vision, more strenuous effort to get results? Our Indiana record of strong library support and good work done, the wide awake Library Trustees As- sociation, and constant support of many keenly interested trustees in all phases of library development, our hundred and sixty-five Carnegie buildings with but a single delinquency, the exceptionally good work done by boards and libraries in towns of less than 3,000, all these things and the constant development and prog- ress would be quite impossible if it were not that our library boards are not "mere buffers," but active agents with powers and privileges as well as responsibilities. I desire to quote here the statement of the president of a city library board, a practical business man and lawyer. You will find a fuller statement of his stand in the Library Journal for February 1st last: "I believe it can be safely said that the libraries are not upon a sound financial basis until the library boards themselves are given the power definitely and finally to determine the tax that is to be levied for their support. The library boards as a rule are made up of men and women who are willing to sacrifice their time and energies for the welfare of the people and it is not at all likely that the powers delegated to them will be unfairly or im- properly used. But it seems certain that, the welfare of the libraries cannot be said to be taken care of so long as the power to fix their revenues is to be determined by a body politic such as a city council. Such men are usually interested in keep- ing taxes down as low as possible so that they may go back to their constituents and seek re-election, and again they are inclined to minimize the requirements (and the value) of the library and to pro- vide a larger revenue for those depart- ments of government such as the police force and street cleaning department whence political influence is most likely to come." Judge Wildermuth's statement as to possible legality or constitutionality of a tax levied by a library board would have infinitely greater weight than any state- ment of mine so I refer you again to the report of his address. I do not press the legality of this, I will not even argue en- tirely on the basis of logic, but I do urge tax fixing by library boards on the basis of the value of the service to be rendered ANNUAL REPORTS 13'c the community. It is expedient. We are in the comparatively early days of library development, what are the past thirty or forty years in view of the future? We need to plan on making a satisfactory adequate maintenance as simple and as assured as possible; the results will speak for themselves. To quote again, I -cannot think of a more admirable summary than a passage from Miss Robinson's letter in the March Public Libraries: "If libraries are but a luxury and fad, more ornamental than vitally useful, and can be dispensed with without loss, well and good. But if we believe them of vital value, let us use the privileges of expe- diency, let us get for our libraries the sup- port which will enable them to properly function, and in testing them, let us not so handicap them that all their energy must be spent in creating vitality instead of us- ing it." Don't let us hug our chains. If we can- not free ourselves, well, we will work any- way, but let us admit we are chained and make no bones about what it is that is handicapping our work. ANNUAL REPORTS, 1920 to 1921 The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Publishing Board, Trustees of the Endow- ment Fund, and most of the Committee reports were published under the title, An- nual Reports, for distribution at the Con- ference, and are not reprinted here. A few copies of these Annual Reports are avail- able for distribution to those who wish to bind them with the 1921 Bulletin and are indexed with Proceedings. COMMITTEE ON LIBRARY CO-OPERA- TION WITH OTHER COUNTRIES SUB-COMMITTEE ON LATIN AMERICA The report of this committee was printed separately by the sub-committee. A few copies are available for distribution from A. L. A. headauarters. A summary of this report was printed in the Library Journal, August, 1921, pp. 641-642. LIBRARY LEGISLATION IN -1921 This digest is based on actual examina- tion of the printed laws except in a few cases. As it goes to press final reports from several states are still lacking. There will therefore be a few omissions as well as possible corrections. It is the intention to collect and publish these in a supple- mentary report. Establishment. New York state, where there has been no general revision of li- brary law in about thirty years, secured various amendments relating to organi- zation, operation, gifts, transfer of prop- erty, abolition of library, eliminating ob- solete provisions, simplifying and clarify- ing others, expanding some which were too restrictive and enlarging others, all to promote the establishment and mainten- ance of public libraries. Distinction is made between "public," "association" and "free" libraries and a definition of each is given. One of these provides for library serv- ice -&y contract with a library registered by the regents or with the municipality or district maintaining such library. An Iowa amendment provides that a con- tract for rural library service shall re- main in force until terminated by a major- ity vote of the electors. Formerly it could continue only five years without renewal. Trustees. An Illinois amendment speci- fies that library directors in villages under the commission form of government shall be appointed by the mayor with the con- sent of the commissioners. Iowa remedied a defect in her law by providing that vacancies on library boards are to be filled by the mayor with the ap- proval of the city council. Formerly such approval was not specified as it was in the case of original appointments. A New York amendment provides that public library trustees shall be appointed in cities by the mayor, in counties by supervisors, in town by town board, in villages by trustees; in school districts they shall be elected. A member of a municipal body appointing library trustees may not be a trustee. Trustees must meet at least quarterly. The chief executive officer of an association library shall be elected by the trustees from their own number. 134 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Tax levy. A New York state amendment fixes two mills as the possible maximum library tax in municipalities with an as- sessed valuation of one million or less; one and one-half mills on more than one million and less than two million; one mill on two millions or over. In New Jersey one amendment Increases the permissive maximum library tax rate from one-sixth to two-thirds of a mill. This is in addition to the mandatory rate of one-third mill. Another removes the limit of $1,000 which a union of municipalities may raise annually by tax for library pur- poses. Illinois passed an amendment increas- ing the possible maximum library tax levy In cities under 100,000 to one and eight- tenths mill (formerly one and one-third mill) and in cities over 100,000 to eight- tenths mill (formerly two- thirds mill). It also excepts libraries from the scaling under the two per cent reduction clause of the Juul act. Another bill amends the Juul act to permit this exception. In Missouri an amendment increases the mandatory minimum tax levy in cities of the first class from four-tenths to eight- tenths of a mill. This was introduced at the instance of the St. Joseph Public Li- brary but it applies to all first class cities. Another law amends the charter of the city of St. Joseph by increasing the mini- mum library tax which the council must appropriate from four-tenths to eight-tenths of a mill. This will increase the library's annual income about $21,000. Kansas passed an amendment raising the permissive maximum library tax from one-half mill to one mill in cities of second and third class. Cities of first class already had authority to levy one mill if population was under 40,000; over that, one-fourth mill. The chairman of the Kansas Library Association Legislative Committee says, "This ought to bring a new era in Kansas public libraries." Wyoming failed to pass an introduced bill fixing the minimum and maximum county library tax levy in counties with an assessed valuation of twenty-five millions or more at three-eighths to one-half mill (now one-eighth to one-half mill for all coun- ties). Indiana has a unique distinction of pass- ing the only law reducing the library tax levy. An amendment fixes the minimum county library tax at two-tenths of a mill. It was formerly five-tenths, which is no longer necessary on account of a tremen- dous increase in assessed valuation. The library board still has power to fix the rate and may levy five mills, if that amount is needed. Another Indiana amend- ment prescribes that the county library tax shall be continued so long as the li- brary is used by ten per cent of the in- habitants of the district concerned. Previ- ously it was ten per cent of the entire county. In Cleveland an interesting situation de- veloped. The public library there is one of about twenty-five libraries in the state operating under boards appointed by boards of education. The library trustees appointed by the board of education certify to the board of education annually the amount needed for the library during the ensuing year. The board of education up to 1920 transmitted such amount not ex- ceeding one and one-half mills with its own budget which it is authorized to levy for school purposes. A budget commission reviews the esti- mates presented by each taxing body and may reduce any and all items so as to keep the total tax levy within the fifteen mill limit prescribed by law. (Originally the limit was 10 mills (1%). The law was, however, amended to 15 mills although it is still familiarly referred to as the Smith 1% tax law.) Last fall this budget commission decided that the amount certi- fied for library purposes could not be in addition to the amount certified for school purposes but must be a part of it. This meant that the entire appropriation for the library, $894,000, was deducted from the amount levied for school purposes. This action was taken to the Court of Appeals, but the decision of the Budget Commission was sustained. Instead of an appeal to the Supreme Court, the board of education accepted the decision for the one year and sought a remedy in legislation. As a result, an amendment to the library law was secured, which provides that the amount certified by the library board shall be in addition to all other levies authorized by law, but not to exceed one and one-half mills and subject to no other limitation on tax rates. This amendment puts this group of libraries in a very favorable position as to adequacy and certainty of income. It means that the levy made by the library board and certified to the board of educa- tion cannot be reduced either by the board of education or by the budget commission. It is so advantageous that these libraries will need to use it wisely. The Trustees of the Cleveland Public Library feel this responsibility keenly and the Ohio Library Association is urging this same restraint on the remaining libraries. The Cleveland Public Library for the next year is asking an amount only about one-third of that per- mitted by law. Bonds for building. A special New York ANNUAL REPORTS 135 act authorizes the city of Buffalo to issue $100,000 worth of bonds "to construct, en- large, extend, improve, alter, remodel, re- pair, rebuild and equip the library build- ings of the Grosvenor Library." A local law in Delaware authorizes the City of Wilmington to raise $200,000 by bond issue to purchase from the Wilming- ton Institute a site for a library building. This site is to be leased to the institute. The institute is to use this money together with its own building fund of about $300,- 000 to erect a library building. The law also stipulates that the institute must use the income from all its other property, that is, its old building, for maintenance. The institute is a private corporation to which the city is not allowed by the state constitution to appropriate funds. The procedure outlined obviates the constitu- tional difficulties and makes possible a new $500,000 library building. New Jersey passed an amendment ex- tending the provisions of the public li- brary act relating to bonds for building purposes to all municipalities (formerly limited to cities) and permitting them to issue such bonds at six per cent (formerly five). Book Purchases. Oregon passed an amendment making it unlawful for li- braries with income under $2,500 to buy or make accessible books except those recommended by the A. L. A. or the li- brary or school department of the state. This is a new development in the restric- tion of local power. It is common prac- tice where state aid is given to local li- braries to permit the state grant and its local equivalent to be spent only for books approved by the state. The Oregon law has no reference to state subsidy. Its object is to provide for the proper expenditure of the book fund in small libraries which cannot afford the services of a trained librarian. It was introduced by a senator who is a library trustee. It is intended also as a protection against the importunate book agent and the pro- miscious gifts which are placed on the shelves to please the donors. The limita- tion fixed is not narrow but the nature of the restriction is important. The "Library Occurrent" of Indiana calls it "the last word in paternalistic library legislation . . . In the long run education, counsel and ex- perience are much more valuable than 'Thou shalt not'." Gifts. A New York amendment permits acceptance upon terms stipulated in the gift of a conditional gift for library or kindred educational, social and civic agen- cies when affiliated with a library. Here- tofore a strict interpretation of the law made impossible the acceptance of a con- ditional gift for library purposes, if the gift included any activities other than those pertaining to a library. Book theft. New York state secured a much needed amendment to the penal law relating to the buying of stolen or wrong- fully received property, making it include library books and other library property acquired by second hand dealers. Here- tofore it has been practically impossible to convict a book seller because the burden of proof rested so heavily upon the state. This law makes it a crime to buy such books "without ascertaining by diligent inquiry" that the seller has a legal right to dispose of them. It provides a maximum penalty of five years in prison or a fine of one thousand dollars or both according to the value of the property. Fines and penalties. North Carolina has made it a misdemeanor to "wilfully or maliciously detain a book" fifteen days after notice of expiration of time limit has been mailed or delivered in person. Wyoming passed the usual type of law making it a misdemeanor to mark or dam- age books, etc. New Jersey authorizes re-appropriation to the library of money received from fines, which is to be in addition to the regular appropriation. Heretofore such money was turned over to the municipality and included in anticipated revenue. Salaries. Information received on this subject is very incomplete, due in part to modesty of reporters. A Wyoming law says the salary of the county librarian in counties having assessed valuation of twenty-five millions or more shall be not over $2,400. Formerly it was not fixed by law. California has legislation pending on this subject. In New York state a number of local acts show the disposition of the legislature to increase the salaries of court librarians: Former New Maxi- Maxi- mum mum Elmira supreme court $ 800 $1200 Utica supreme court 1000 2400 Bronx county law not specified 3500 New York city court 5000 Certification The certification of librar- ians, which has been one of the chief topics of discussion at library meetings for many years, has entered the legislative stage. It has been a feature of the California county library law for ten years, an example which had been followed in the county library laws of Illinois, Montana, Texas and Utah and this year in Ohio, South Dakota, Tennessee and Wisconsin. 136 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE In Minnesota the certification feature had much to do with the defeat of various amendments to the county library law. This year New York state has prepared the way for certification of librarians in public libraries by authorizing the regents to fix standards of service in state-aided and tax-supported libraries. Any library failing to comply with the requirements shall receive no state aid and no local tax shall be levied for it. This principle has been advocated for five years by the state library association through its standing committee on the subject. The report of this committee has each year become more definite, until last year it included a com- plete plan which was approved and recom- mended to the regents. The legislation necessary for making the plan when put into operation effective has now been se- cured. The recommendation of the association included a system of service grants from the state, which were intended to make the certification plan more acceptable, that is, a small state appropriation to be paid toward the salaries of librarians in places employing certificated librarians. In view of the pronounced economy program of the state administration it was thought best not to urge the service grants at present. In Rhode Island a bill was introduced authorizing the state board of education to issue certificates to librarians and estab- lish rules and regulations regarding the service and efficiency of libraries. It also provided service grants to libraries con- forming to the rules. This bill failed, but a substitute was passed providing state aid, which is expected ultimately to lead to certification. The Illinois certification law also failed. It prescribed the requirements for various grades of certificates and established an examining board. Certificates were to be issued by the state department of regis- tration and education, which already has charge of the certification of a dozen or more professions, trades and occupations. It had the active support of the state li- brary association, which claims that the plan will raise standards, equalize com- petition, provide systematic advancement and increase salaries. A law like this which outlines in detail its method of operation naturally meets more opposition than the short paragraph in the New York law, which merely gives the regents permission to put the principle into effect. The Iowa Library Association has established a system of voluntary certifi- cation with a view to future legislation. The intention is to test the plan by actual experience and thus prepare the way for its enactment into law. Similar plans are under consideration in Minnesota and South Dakota. Wisconsin enacted a complete certifica- tion law substantially in the form recom- mended by the state library association. "The plan had been worked out on three principles, the establishment of distinct grades of service, the safeguarding of the rights of those already in library work and the opportunity for anyone to enter library work by tests of his education, training and experience. It creates a pub- lic library certification board of five mem- bers, two librarians and one public library trustee appointed by the governor, one a member of the state library commission se- lected by the commission and one from the faculty of the state university selected by the president of the university. There are to be four grades of certifi- cates varying in academic and library school training and experience required. The board may issue a certificate to an applicant who does not have the prescribed training but has attainments substantially equivalent to such education and train- ing. The board may issue a certificate without examination to any one who has served as librarian or assistant for one year prior to January 1, 1923, if in the opinion of the board such person has demonstrated suffi- cient ability. A person having the required academic and library training but lacking experience may obtain license for one year and then for a second year in order to gain the experience necessary to qualify for a certificate. After January 1, 1923, boards of public libraries supported in whole or in part by public funds, except in cities of the first class, shall not employ a librarian or a full time assistant who does not hold a library certificate. Librarians employed at that time may continue to serve without a cer- tificate. Librarians appointed after January 1, 1923, in cities of eight thousand or over, except in cities of the first class, must have first grade certificates; in cities of four to eight thousand, at least second grade; in cities of two to four thousand, at least third grade. The board may permit the employment of a librarian without certifi- cate for six months, if one with certificate cannot be secured. Public libraries maintained wholly or in part at state expense are exempt from the mandatory features of the law. Retirement Systems. In Connecticut, any city, borough, town or subdivision thereof may retire with pension or other ANNUAL REPORTS 137 reward any employe of any public library within its limits. This is a specific inter- pretation of the home rule statute. Its promoters thought it best to ask only for permissive legislation at this time. An Illinois amendment directs cities of over one hundred thousand to add all fines for over-detention of books to the em- ployes' pension fund. In New York state a local bill was intro- duced to amend the greater New York charter by extending its pension provisions to employes of all public libraries of the city. The bill died in the Cities Com- mittee of the Senate. Another New York state amendment authorizes the appellate division of the third and fourth departments of the su- preme court to retire on half pay law li- brarians who have become incapacitated after twenty-five years of service. One per cent of fheir salary is to be paid toward a retirement fund. This amendment ex- tends to librarians a law which has here- tofore applied to clerks and stenographers since 1914. A similar law for the second department (New York city) was passed in 1913 except that under it no salary de- duction is made toward a retirement fund. These laws are practically private pen- sion bills in view of the small number of employes who are affected thereby. The passage of one this year seems the more strange and unnecessary because these law librarians were already entitled to the benefits of a general law passed last year. That law established an optional retire- ment system for all employes in the state civil service, which includes all librarians in state service. It creates various funds by state appropriation and deduction from salaries in accordance with actuarial com- putations. It provides for disability and superannuation retirement. The latter may take place at age sixty and must at sev- enty. Payments are to be made in the form of annuities, pensions and retirement allowances to the possible aggregate extent of one-half salary. This is regarded by experts as one of few scientific and sound pension systems. State Library Commissions. Several state library commissions were on the de- fensive. In Missouri a bill was introduced to abolish the commission and place its work in much curtailed form under a bureau in the new education department. It was thought by some that the work could thus be done better. It has not been ascer- tained who the real promoters of the scheme were. Owing to the vigorous oppo- sition by the commission itself and the librarians of the state the bill failed to pass. In Oklahoma a bill was defeated which aimed to consolidate the library commis- sion, the state library and the historical society. According to the legislator in- troducing it, this was done at the wish of the library association and the histor- ical society, but neither of them was in favor of it. The South Dakota commission law re- ceived an amendment providing for restor- ing library property in case of fire, mak- ing the emergency building fund applicable to the state library commission, which is in temporary quarters pending erection of a new office building. The Vermont law was extended to per- mit the commission to lend books to indi- viduals as well as to groups. State library commissions were entirely abolished in the following states, the date of establishment being given in each case: . Illinois 1909, Maine 1899, Michigan 1899 Ohio 1896, Washington 1903. In each state the powers and duties of the commission are transferred to the state library. Con- sidered purely from . the standpoint of or- ganization, this ought to be an improve- ment. A single state agency for libraries should be sufficient and may be more economical and efficient than two. It may also be just the opposite. State libraries had existed in some states for many years prior to the establishment of library com- missions, but most of them were intended merely for the use of the legislature and politics dominated their personnel and their methods. Many of them were there- fore not regarded as competent to perform that larger service for the state as a whole which came to be recognized as the proper function of a library commission. Mean- while, state libraries have improved, but it remains to be seen whether they have grown sufficiently in ability and vision to carry on this important work and also whether this different foim of organization is more economical and efficient. State Libraries. A number of state li- braries were hit by the reorganizes. For some it means enlargement of their power and responsibility, for some a curtailment and some just a change. In Illinois the powers and duties of the abolished library extension commission are vested in the state librarian, who is the secretary of state. He shall establish a general library division, library extension division, a di- vision of archives, and others as he chooses. A significant change is that heads of di- visions are exempt from civil service, whereas the entire executive staff of the abolished commission was under state civil service. This act is in accordance with the gen- 138 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE eral movement toward consolidating com- missions and offices in Illinois. A thor- oughgoing consolidation would have in- cluded the supreme court library, the state historical library and the legislative ref- erence bureau, but political considerations played their part there as they did in the civil service exemptions. As the personnel of the new executive staff is practically the same as that of the two offices which are combined, it probably does not for the present mean much change in the work now being done. Maine also enacted a law consolidating the state library and the library commis- sion. State librarian as formerly to be ap- pointed by governor and council for five (formerly three years) salary $2,800 (formerly $1,800 plus $300 as secretary of the library commission). It provides for legislative reference bureau and index bureau, which two had existed before, and bureau of library ex- tension. The library commission is abol- ished and its activities without change transferred to the extension bureau. The commission was established in 1899 "to encourage the establishment of free public libraries, to select the books to be pur- chased for traveling libraries and to advise the state librarian in reference thereto." These duties were enlarged in 1911. Under the former law the state librarian served as secretary of the commission. The new arrangement therefore does not mean a change in activities but a simpler and more effective organization under one board in- stead of two. A resolution was passed appointing a committee of four which shall at an ex- pense not exceeding $5,000 procure plans, specifications and estimates for a state li- brary building. In Ohio, where the position of state li- brarian has been a "political football" for ten years, the state library association has been vigorously active in behalf of a change. In reply to the demand from all sides to "take it out of politics" both candi- dates for governor last fall had made state- ments to the association that in their ap- pointments to the commission and the li- brarlanship only training and experience would be considered, rather than political expediency. Then came the governor's plan for a fundamental reorganization of the entire state government sub-ordinating all the work of the state under eight or nine heads. The reorganization code was passed but may still be subject to a referendum. This reorganization code creates in the department of education a state library board composed of the director of educa- tion and four others appointed by the gov- ernor. The board has power to appoint and remove the state librarian, who is to be in charge of the library service of the state with power to appoint and remove assistants. Under the board he shall exer- cise all powers and perform all duties formerly vested in the state board of li- brary commissioners and the legislative reference department. This plan is in keeping with the Ohio law under which about twenty of the large libraries of the state, including the larg- est, operate under school boards, the library board being appointed by and responsible to the school board. But the law does not make the new state library board respon- sible to the education board. The possibil- ities of politics in the state library remain inasmuch as the governor still appoints four of the five members of the state li- brary board. The sincerity of his cam- paign promise will be tested when the first appointments are made. Washington, "to promote efficiency, order and economy," made a radical change in her state government, passing "the admin- istrative code," which grants wide powers to an administrative board. It places the state library under an administrative com- mittee consisting of superintendent of pub- lic instruction, commissioner of public lands and state treasurer (formerly the state library commission consisting of gov- ernor, judges (9) of the supreme court and attorney general; also an advisory board consisting of superintendent of public in- struction, two persons appointed by the gov- ernor on his own initiative and two others, one recommended by the state historical so- ciety and one by the state federation of women's clubs). It abolishes sixty-five or more boards, commissions, etc., including the library commission and the advisory board and transfers to the new committee all powers and duties of the former commission and the advisory board except those relating to the state law library. Ex-officio library boards or committees do not usually. make for efficiency and yet this change simplifies administration by making the state librarian responsible to one body of three members instead of two boards witk a combined membership of fifteen. The new committee has organized with the superintendent of public instruc- tion as president, the former state librarian continuing as secretary. The state library will therefore function as a sub-division of the education department. As such it is expected that its work will be placed on a par with that of the schools and not serve as a school library annex. ANNUAL REPORTS 139 A separate administrative committee, made up of the justices of the supreme court, the attorney general and the secre- tary of state, is to succeed the state li- brary commission in the management of the state law library, the state law libra- rian acting as secretary of the committee. In California the state board of library trustees is abolished and the library placed in the department of finance. The head of this department succeeds to the powers of the state board of control, which with the civil service had left little authority to the library board. The change therefore means practically no difference in the ad- ministration of the state library. State Aid. Rhode Island amended her education law to provide state aid in th^ form of salaries to libraries with "means not sufficient to maintain proper library service." It is to be paid to librarians whose salaries do not exceed $500 and not over $400 to any librarian. An appropria- tion of $3,000 is made for this purpose. This amendment was passed as a substi- tute for the certification bill, which is noted under that head. A Vermont amendment empowers the state library commission to take possession of books bought with state money where a town or village fails to make the annual library appropriation required by law. County Libraries. The county library has received more consideration than any other library subject. A complete county law was passed for the first time in Kansas, Missouri, New York, Ohio and Tennessee. Failures of a complete law are recorded in Idaho and Washington, and of amendments in Iowa and Minnesota. In Washington, however, the new administra- tive code makes it possible for county li- braries to be established under the rules of the state library. Bills to establish county libraries were ready but were not introduced because the prospect was not promising in Oklahoma, Georgia, which has tried once and failed, and Colorado, which has tried twice and failed. Georgia will try again this sum- mer to get the necessary constitutional amendment which will permit the levy of a county library tax. Then efforts will be made for a county library law. In Indiana, two amendments were passed relating to the county library tax. These are noted under the heading, "Tax Levy." Another increases the number of county library commissioners from seven to nine to relieve quorum difficulties which had existed. South Dakota secured several important amendments making establishments man- datory on petition of forty per cent of voters, petition to be signed in at least sixty per cent of taxing districts affected (formerly it was permissive on petition of twenty per cent of voters) ; county li- brarian shall act as secretary of county library board and have qualifications and training approved by state commission; when a local library serves the county under contract, the county shall have two representatives on the library board, If it pays twenty per cent of the maintenance cost. Wisconsin, which was one of the first to legislate on the county library, 1897, added a number of important amendments. These are in the form of additions to a general law relating to libraries which is applicable to other political units such as city, village and town. The more import- ant features are: 1, a new provision for the establishment and maintenance of a new library system including appointment of staff. A county board extending finan- cial aid to an existing library in return for service shall appoint two representa- tives on the library board when such aid equals or exceeds one-third of library's income (formerly one representative for one-sixth of income) ; 2, exempting upon application a taxing unit which is giving adequate aid to a local library; 3, county board may use Milwaukee system of charg- ing back in proportion to service rendered; 4, county librarian to hold first grade certificate; 5, old county traveling library may be transformed to system established under new law. A Wyoming amendment provides for es- tablishing branches and book distributing stations for people living out of town, wherein the county library is located. This is to be done on petition of ten electors who must agree to provide accommodations and proper * trusteeship for property en- trusted to them. Another law is noted under salaries. Comprehensive laws were passed in Kansas, Missouri, New York, Ohio and Tennessee. They are uniform on only a few points: all provide for a contract sys- tem; all exempt districts with libraries, if they desire it; all but Kansas require annual reports to the state library agency; all but New York specify that the libra- rian shall attend library meetings at li- brary expense (in Ohio the library pays only railroad expense) ; all but New York specify that the library fund shall be in the custody of the county treasurer (in Tennessee the county trustees) subject to the order of the library board (in Ten- nessee the county librarian). These points 140 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE of agreement should be borne In mind and added to the variations in the laws of these five states. The variations are as follows: Kansas. County commissioners may es- tablish county library or contract for use of an established library after majority vote by county. Question shall be sub- mitted to vote on petition of ten per cent of taxpayers. May levy tax of not over one-half mill except on territory already taxed for a local library. Library to be controlled by board of three members ap- pointed by county commissioners. Libra- rian is appointed by board. Missouri. On petition of one hundred taxpayers county court shall submit ques- tion of establishment and levying tax of not over two mills to voters outside of places already maintaining libraries. On majority vote a county library board of five members shall be appointed consist- ing of county superintendent of schools and four appointed by county court. On a majority vote a special tax of one and one- half mills may be levied for five years for library building fund. State commis- sion to visit county library and make re- port on library to county board. This bill had been introduced by the state library association into each legis- lature since 1915. It almost failed again this year but through the efforts of nu- merous organizations it was passed on the last day of the session. New York. The New York law is in the form of an amendment to the general edu- cation law relating to libraries and some of its provisions are common to all pub- lic libraries, such as those relating to the number of members (five) on the library board and the certification of librarians. A county library may be established by vote of electors or of board of supervisors. Vote shall be taken when twenty-five tax- payers so petition. May levy library tax of one-third mill to one mill. Shall levy not less than one-half mill in county with assessed valuation under one hundred million dollars. Chief administrative office to be in county seat unless another city has twenty per cent larger population; not to be moved by reason of change in popu- lation. County libraries have been possible in New York for ten years, but none have been established on account of the double tax- ation they would impose on cities already having libraries. Ohio. County libraries may be estab- lished on majority vote of electors. Elec- tion to be held on petition of twenty-five per cent of the electors. To be managed by board of five trustees, two appointed by common pleas judge and three by county commissioners. Library board shall levy annual library tax of two-tenths mill to one mill. County librarian must have cer- tificate from state board of library exam- iners, consisting of librarians of the two public libraries of the largest circulation, director of the state library service and two persons chosen bv the state library commission. Tennessee. County court may establish county free library for territory outside of cities and towns with libraries. A state board of library examiners is created con- sisting of state librarian, state superintend- ent of education, public librarians of four leading cities and president of state library Association. County librarian must have certificate from this board. A board of supervisors of the county li- brary is established consisting of judge and clerk of county court and mayor of county seat; this board shall elect four persons, who, with the county superintend- ent of schools as the fifth member, shall serve as county library board and super- vise the library. County libraries shall be under the general supervision of the state librarian, who shall visit them and call annual meetings of county librarians. County court is to levy annual library tax of not over one mill. In the Library Journal of September 15, 1920, 45:727-31. W. J. Hamilton has a valu- able article in which he states twelve points which he regards as desirable in a good county library law. Measuring these seven enumerated laws according to Mr. Hamilton's standard gives these results: 1. Library board to fix tax rate: Yes, within fixed limit in Kansas and Ohio. 2. Tax rate with fixed minimum: Yes, in New York and Ohio. 3. Establishment mandatory under cer- tain conditions: Yes, after election in Kansas, Missouri and Ohio. 4. Permanence of library once estab- lished: Yes, in Kansas, Ohio and Ten- nessee; Missouri and New York provide for disestablishment. 5. Provision for new county library or contract with city: Yes, in all. 6. County representation on city board under contract: Not provided by any. 7. Certification of county librarians: Yes, in Ohio and Tennessee. Authorized in New York. 8. Exemption of districts with libraries if they desire it: Yes, in all. 9. Required attendance of librarians at state and district meetings at county ex- pense: Yes, in all except New York. ANNUAL REPORTS 141 10. Right of Library Board to borrow money for building purposes: Not speci- fied by any. 11. Permission for difference in tax rates in central community and outlying county: Not specified by any. 12. Annual report to state library agency: Yes, in all but Kansas. Federal Legislation. There is an unus- ually large amount of federal legislation pending which if enacted will affect li- braries and librarians. On account of its volume and the uncertainty of its passage only a brief statement about each is here included. Hospital Library Service. The sundry civil appropriation bill passed by the last congress includes $100,000 (available July 1) for library books, magazines and papers for beneficiaries of the Bureau of War Risk Insurance. This provides for con- tinuing the hospital library service in- augurated by the A. L. A. Navy Appropriation Bill. This includes $589,500 for educational training and li- braries for the navy. Among the objects specified are "Instructors and equipment for vocational training, the maintenance of libraries ashore and afloat, including salaries of necessary librarians, purchase of books, magazines, newspapers, and library supplies." Library Information Service. A bill creates a Division of Library Service in the Bureau of Education. Its duties will be to increase the efficiency of American libraries by providing current information concerning government activities; collect and organize information regarding printed matter issued by the federal government and provide digests of this material. This service existed six months in the Interior Department under the emergency fund. The bill as amended calls for an appropriation of $18,700. It has been thrice endorsed by the A. L. A., by the League of Women Voters, by numerous civic or- ganizations, as well as by two secretaries of the Interior and Vice-President Coolidge. It is the one so admirably defended in the Senate January 14, 1921, by Senator Mc- Lean of Connecticut. Towner-Sterling Bill. This creates a federal department of education with a secretary in the President's cabinet. Its object is to encourage the states in the pro- motion of education including "the ex- tension and adaptation of public libraries for educational purposes." Reclassification of Government Service. Two competing bills on this subject are before Congress, each classifying the civilian positions of the government for the purpose of standardizing salaries. Each of these embodies to some extent the recom- mendations from committees of the various divisions of the public service concerned. They both provide substantial increases of salary. The passage of either would im- prove the status of librarians in the cap- itol city and probably have a good effect on library service in general. WILLIAM F. YUST, Chairman. REPORT OF PUBLICITY COMMITTEE BOOK WAGONS AND BOOK LISTS Lots of people are book-hungry. Lots of men and women and boys and girls, and lots of communities, need books, but have no books to use and no recognized way to get them. The individual book is news nowadays as never before. Newspapers editorialize and featurize books by name. Magazines and newspapers issue special book pages and bookshelf sections devoted to human- interest appraisal of the individual book. Ministers preach about new books. The book slogans, "Buy a book a week," and "Read a book a week," and "Take a book along," are based on this recognized public interest in the single book. Library circulations and the demands of the public for book service from public libraries are growing faster than library in- comes. What is the American Library Associa- tion going to do about this book hunger, this book interest, and this library-income hunger? Here is the Publicity Committee's an- swer, submitted for your approval: (1) An A. L. A. Library book-wagon Let us show how book hunger may be filled, spread the gospel of library service and book distribution, capitalize book in- terest, and obtain better public support for libraries, by sending out an A. L. A. library book-wagon. Some details: (a) The A. L. A. book-wagon, or car, should be a demonstration reading-room, with shelves, carefully selected books, a reading-table, and chairs. (b) Personnel: 1. An organizer who knows books and library work intimately, has a magnetic personality and natural dramatic powers of leadership, with ability to address and enthuse audiences. 2. Ad 142 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE vance and follow-up publicity agent, to en- circle the route of the book-wagon with the strategy of a general; stimulating and fostering the results. 3. Assistant organ- izer. 4. Driver. (c) Auspices: Jointly by the A. L. A. and the state library commission or state de- partment of education. Obtain invitation from a state before entering it, and always link the work with local and state institu- tions. (d) Finance: Obtain supplements to the $5,000 now in the hands of the A. L. A. for book publicity (given for that purpose alone), perhaps from the educational foundations. The initial cost of the car and equipment may be $5,000, and the ex- pense for operation for six months (May through October), including salaries, gas, oil, repairs, printing, and postage, may be about $10,000. Total $15,000. (e) Territory: Select several book-hun- gry states where libraries are infrequent, and one or two library-commission states where library incomes need boosting. Try the effect of the Book Wagon on both sets of conditions. (2) Human Information about Books Set a library standard for "juicy book re- views" and booklists by preparing such lists in co-operation with national indus- trial, educational, economic, and social groups or organizations. The A. L. A. to do the editorial work, and the national group the publication and distribution. This work to be done at A. L. A. head- quarters, perhaps largely by the Booklist staff, with the co-operation of this commit- tee and others appointed to advise. Respectfully submitted by the Publicity Committee: W. H. Kerr, chairman, A. L. Bailey, Milton J. Ferguson, C. H. Comp- ton, John H. Leete, Ida F. Wright, Charles F. Rush, S. H. Ranck, Paul M. Paine, Mary Frank. REPORT OF SUB-COMMITTEE ON CHILDREN'S WORK IN OTHER COUNTRIES. FKANCE In the summer of 1900, when the chil- dren's library movement in the United States was still in its infancy, Mary Wright Plummer, the official representative of the American Library Association at the Paris Exposition, wrote of the interest aroused by her description of the work and by the photographs of children's rooms in Ameri- can libraries. "It will be years" said Miss Plummer "before children's rooms corres- ponding to our own are realized in France, but I believe the time will come and when it comes I am sure that the influence of the French contribution will be so strongly felt in European systems of education as to have a very marked effect on the writing and illustrating of children's books and the form in which they appear. An effec- tive working model a children's room ad- apted to the environment and French in conception if not in origin would be the way to bring it about. Such an experiment would be very far reaching in its effects on library provision for grown people as well as for children." I recalled these and other words written by Miss Plummer from France, as I watched the children playing in the Luxem- bourg Gardens three days after my arrival in Paris. I had taken a long walk alone that afternoon through the old streets lead- ing off from the Pantheon, and the rue Mouffetard had reminded me so strongly of Rivington Street*that I found myself in- stinctively looking for a library at every turn. That night I declared I could wait no longer to see the library at Soissons even though I was seeing Paris for the first time. "I had thought of taking you first to Vic-sur-Aisne that you might see the five libraries in the order of their de- velopment, said Jessie Carson, who has organized the library work of the American Committee for Devastated France. "But Soissons shall be first if you like, you are to be entirely free to see everything in your own way." Early next morning we set forth for Soissons, arriving in time to visit the mar- ket on our way to the library. It was Saturday and the children were at school, but the streets of the shattered old-town one of the oldest in France were alive with people on their way to and from the market place. We passed the Hotel de Ville, where the Mayor had first offered rooms for the library only to find that it would take more than a year to repair the war damage. We saw the municipal baraque, next offered, from which it had ANNUAL REPORTS 143 been found impossible to> remove the sugar still stored there. We crossed the Cathe- dral square and we walked beside the ruins of houses, churches, and school buildings. .Everywhere we saw orderly piles of stones set up for rebuilding and the pleasant sounds of reconstruction were in our ears. We stopped to watch men sawing the soft stone of the region into blocks, we looked into the gardens of ruined homes whose owners are now living in wooden baraques. At last we came to the Grand Place. Facing it, on the site of the old municipal theatre, stands the Bibliothgque Populaire de Sols- sons so reads the sign on the long gray baraque, but I shall speak of it here, and think of it always, as Alice Keats O'Con- nor's library. Outside in the town, meeting difficulties and dissapointments with unfailing tact, patience, and sound judgment she worked for months toward its realization. Inside, with a true sense of beauty and form, she had achieved on the one side a spacious, well-equipped children's room, and on the other, a no less attractive room for adults. There is no partition between them. The walls and ceiling are covered with the translucent paper which is often used in place of window glass the natural color of the wood showing through gives an in- describable sense of light and space and makes a perfect background for flowers and the few pictures Miss O'Connor has so carefully chosen. A fire was burning on the hearth and spring flowers from the for- est and the gardens of a near-by village were blooming on tables and book-shelves. Oustide at every window there are eight on each side and three at the end was a window box filled with English daisies and wall flowers. Why not take the flowers for granted? Why mention them in a re- port? Because the idea of associating flow- ers, pictures, or an open fire with books and reading in a public room is a new one In France, they have been reserved for the homes. Catalogs, indexes and ledgers are fa- miliar sights in the old bibliothSques popu- laires I have visited. The schools of Sois- sons and of the villages are barren of any other books than text books and the occa- sional pictures to be found have been selec- ted without any relation to the place where they hang maps and physiological charts having the right of way. Since Miss Carson's report, now trans- lated into French, and the admirable illus- trative cinema she has arranged render unnecessary an account of the origin and the general development of the librarj work of the American Committee for De vastated France, I will confine this report to a consideration of questions which led me to take Soissons, which is the logica" center as a base from which to study thf work as a whole. Do the French people really like anc make use of this transformed and vitalized Biblioth&que Populaire? How does the librarian of the old Biblio- th&que Populaire from whose collection several hundred books were turned over to be placed on the shelves of the new lib- rary, feel about it? Do the authorities of a municipality, the school inspectors and teachers, and above all the clergy, accept such an innovation and stand behind it? Is it going to be possible to leave this work in the hands of young French women after a reasonable period of initiation and train ing? Is it possible to give any real demonstra- tion of a children's room without separating it from the room for adults? What has an American librarian to learn from such an experiment as this? 1. Do the French people really like and make use of this transformed and vitalized BibliothSque Populaire? My impressions- of the attitude of the people of Soissons toward the library as expressed in their use of it extend over a period of six weeks of close observation. Not only did I visit the library at all hours of the day and evening, I was a reader there for hours at a time. As I arrived within a fortnight after the opening day I heard 144 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE many of the first expressions of apprecia- tion and I read in the faces of men, women and children who had been long deprived of books a silent joy in their restoration more moving than any spoken words. The strong impression I registered, at the end of the first busy evening, of the reality and the variety of the work and the perfectly natural manner in which it was being car- ried on has been heightened by every sub- sequent contact with it. In less than two months eleven hundred persons have been registered out of a popu- lation estimated at 14,000 since the war. The circulation of books has averaged one hundred and seventy-five a day. There have been many readers of magazines and periodicals, many visitors from other towns or travelers who have spoken of the effect of this free use of books in strengthening the morale. I have watched the reopening of many old libraries in new buildings in New York, but never have I seen one so completely taken over by its public from the begin- ning. Not only have the children gone straight to the shelves as if it had been their privilege always, they have taken down the very best books as their first choice. To find a boy with chair drawn close to the open fire, sitting on a Brownie book (in French) while he gives first at- tention to Boutet de Monvel's La Fontaine is a new experience. He knows the fables by heart already, but he is for the first time reading them with his imagination lighted by an artist who is his next of kin. It is the same with Jeanne d'Arc. To watch three little French girls as they Bit in one of the corner seats over which the framed pictures from "Nos Enfants" look down, singing softly from a copy of "Vieil- les Chansons" one old song after another; or two others on their knees in the opposite corner seat reading the stories which ac- company the pictures taken from "Filles et Garcons" is to have one's own imagination stirred. The debt we owe to Boutet de Mon- vel will be paid only when we have given back to the children of France, in number sufficient to go round, the books which belong to them first by every right of herit age. 2. How does the librarian of old Biblio- theque Populaire, from whose collection several hundred books were taken to be placed on the shelves of the new library feel about it? We paid a visit to the reference librarian at the Hotel de Ville the morning after my arrival. The cordiality of his reception of Miss O'Connor and the sight of the thou- sands of water-soaked, plaster-incrusted volumes which he is patiently cleaning and putting back upon the shelves, with little or no help, answered the question. He showed us valuable books which had been picked up in the forests of Compiegne and Villers-Cotterets with sections torn out, plates and maps destroyed or mutilated "Mutil6 de la Guerre" for it must be re- membered that the destruction of books throughout the war zone was no less de- liberate and systematic than that of the agricultural implements and the machinery of the factories. There are no children's books among the nine hundred volumes transferred from the old Bibliotheque Populaire to the new, but it is well that the children should know that these books are there, while to their parents and teachers it is like seeing old friends from whom they have been sep- arated for a long time. Most of the books were purchased before 1860. Many of them are translations of standard English and American works and there is_a fair representation of the French literature, art, travel, biography, and his- tory of the time. 3. Do the authorities of a municipality, the school inspectors and teachers, above all the clergy, accept such an innovation and stand behind it? The Mayor of Anizy-le-Chateau, the most dramatic in situation of all the centers, on the edge of the Chemin des Dames, placed himself on record very early, not only by putting his acceptance of the library into memorable words, but by coming to read ANNUAL REPORTS 145 there every Sunday afternoon. Although this library is not centrally located, within two months of its opening last October half the population of Anizy had registered their names and their regular attendance. The men and women teachers from the twenty-seven villages surrounding Anizy made their own requests for the biblio s thSques roulantes which Marion Greene, the librarian, is placing in these villages as rapidly as funds permit. During the winter months Miss Greene held regular story hours in the village schools of both Soissons and Anizy. I vis- ited the village schools of every library center to see the traveling libraries in ac- tion or to note the need of schools not yet supplied with books and I spent a day in the schools of Soissons accompanying the inspector on one of his regular rounds an experience for the teachers as well as the children, I discovered. I am impressed with the opportunities for a larger develop- ment of the traveling library service and the need for a good circulating collection of mounted pictures. Since the teacher is usually clerk to the Mayor, and together with the cure" often exerts a very strong general influence in the community, the traveling libraries are usually placed at his discretion in the school or the mairie (town hall). This building at the present time is a small baraque. The cure" of Pinon, a village near Anizy, was a constant reader at the Anizy library until a new foyer, including a reading room and circulating library, was provided for his village. This cure", who is devoted to the philosophy and teaching of Emerson, is beloved by old and young. I was for- tunate enough to see him twice the first time he was joining with a group of chil- dren who were singing and dancing to the tunes of Vieilles Chansons in the open door-way of Lenore Greene's foyer at Pinon. It was Sunday afternoon and hav- ing heard their catechism, the cure" came forth to play with the children. On the evening of Jeanne d'Arc's day I saw him again at an entertainment given in his honor in the Pinon foyer, which was crowded with grown people. The doyen of Vic-sur-Aisne, the head of the cure's of that canton, gave valued help in the first selec- tion of books for the library. The eloquent speech of the Mayor of Soissons at the opening of the new Biblio- theque Populaire was so fully reported in the local paper as to leave no doubt in the mind of everyone as to where he stood about the library. The full answer to this question lies in the future just as it does in our own communities. 4. Is it going to be possible to leave this work in the hands of young French women after a reasonable period of initiation and training? The library at Coucy-le-Chateau is al- ready being administered most effectively by a cultivated French woman who is giving instruction in household arts to young girls at this center. When told of her double duties I felt skeptical of the quality of library service I should find, but it measured up to a high technical and per- sonal standard. The last Sunday afternoon I spent in the Soissons library I accompanied the French assistant who was in charge. We ar- rived at the library fifteen minutes before the hour of opening to find a waiting line of children. Promptly at two o'clock the door was opened with the room in order. At 2.15 there were fifty people men, women and children, seated at the tables or choosing books from the shelves. It was 2.30 before a second assistant appeared. This French assistant has been lor some years a teacher in a girls' school in Eng- land. She has had just one month of li- brary experience and I have watched her with the keenest interest from the first day. She never loses her head, is approach- able and is very charming in her relations with children. The French assistant at the Blerancourt library of which Isabella Cooper is in charge, has held a successful story hour during the spring months and has ren- dered capable general service. At the Vic- sur-Aisne library the French assistant has made a number of translations of reports. 146 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE She has fine appreciation of literature and a good general knowledge of books in their relations to readers. At the staff meeting I was invited to ad- dress, I was struck by the group interest of the French assistants. They would be con- sidered promising candidates for any li- brary school or assistants in any large li- brary. It would seem essential to sustain- ing this work that at least two young French women should take a year of train- ing in an American library school to be preceded or follo\ved by a year of service and supervised practice in one or more of our large library systems. The intelli- gence, the sense of responsibility, the feel- ing for order and arrangement, habits of thoroughness, the love of books and read- ing, all these qualities they have to an en- viable degree. But to project the wider use of books, to make them readily accessible in schools as well as in libraries, to at- tract other young French women to the work, some length of experience in a coun- try of freer institutions seems necessary. I see no reason why it should not be possible for young French women who have the personal qualifications to become competent and resourceful librarians, fully capable of developing the work in France. 5. Is it possible to give any real demon- stration of a children's room without sep- arating it from the room for adults? Yes, if the librarian has had experience as a children's librarian, understands children and knows children's books. The library at Soissons more fully demon- strates that possibility than any of the others since the baraque is so much larger and there is a good sized room opening off from it to be used both as a work room and a story hour room. It seems to me quite possible in time to carry on the full activities we associate with a children's room: school reference work, an entirely undeveloped field, story hours, reading hours, and picture book hours. The fact that the whole family BO often visits the library together must be remembered always in thinking of the work in France. 6. What has an American librarian to learn from such an experience as this? First of all, I think, that any form of public library work in another country re- quires an absolute knowledge of its cus- toms and habits of thought and action based on some experience of life in the country. The ability to speak the language and to carry on the technical or even so- called social work of the library, are not enough. It requires both the courage ol conviction and the imagination to detach oneself from what she is doing and de- liberately stand aside to look on and learn from what is being done by others. "Is there space and air in the mind?" asks William James. Far more than at home is this the need of the library worker in France. Book selection must be made on terms of the higher order and more inti- mate knowledge than we are in the habit of granting, for it is subjected to more search- ing criticism. Social relationships must be more sharply defined and differentiated. The interdependence of all forms of con- structive work for human betterment must be clearly seen but very cautiously acted upon. Everything takes longer to put through and personal contacts are far less simple and direct. Library technic must be subordinated but not surrendered since it supplies a very definite practical need. Such an experiment would have been im- possible in France before the war, or even now. in a community where the earlier forms of relief and reconstruction aid are unknown. The Mayor of Soissons pointed this out very clearly in his speech at the opening of the library. I am thoroughly convinced of it after my visit to the homes, the schools, and the foyers with the direc- tors of the centers, the nurses, the teachers of physical training and the chauffeurs of the American Committee who have so gen- erously shared their knowledge and experi- ence of life in these villages of the Aisne villages which seem to link up with life in other villages in Maine, Vermont, Illinois, ANNUAL REPORTS 147 Iowa, Wisconsin, for these people are of the race of pioneers pioneers who have stayed at home for hundreds and hundreds of years to become at last pioneers on their own soil. "Are there no other libraries for children in France?" I asked this question of Eu- gene Morel at the Biblioth&que Nationale, and his answer was that he knows of none either before or since the war. "What of the school libraries?" "They are in cup- boards" was his reply. "Is there any exist- ing literature on the subject?" I asked and again his answer was "No." Such a demon- stration as the one at Soissons was most valuable, he said, but propaganda has very little effect in France. Has any one else written a book on Pub- lic Libraries? (M. Morel's La Llbrairie Publique was published ten years ago.) Again the answer was "No." "If your books stirred Belgium to the preparation of the library bill now before that country, why shouldn't it have an effect at home?" M. Morel smiled. Then he told me of a plan which he and M. Ernest Coyecque, Inspec- tor of the Libraries of the Department of the Seine, had for making a demonstra- tion in one of the densely populated quar- ters of Paris on the lines of the Soissons Library and of the fact that they had al- ready asked the American Committee for Devastated France and the European Representative of the American Library Association to assist and advise in carrying out the plan as soon as the arrangements with the municipal authorities could be completed. They had long cherished the idea, he said, but had only been able to conceive of it hitherto as in a permanent building, the expense of which was pro- hibitive. "Isn't the children's room of the Amer- ican Library in Paris a representative children's room? I hear some one ask and I answer in the words of Dr. W. N. C. Carl ton: "In no sense is it a representa- tion of a well-equipped children's library and reading room. Neither the funds nor the person who knows how to make the proper plans and the installation, let alone the service, have been available." The chil- dren's room of the Paris Library has a col- lection of about eight hundred books. Five hundred of these books were purchased from a list made by the New York Public Library for the reading of American and English children residing in Rio de Janeiro. This list was made at the request and subject to the personal criticism of the American Ambassador to Brazil. I have been interested to learn that the selection has been very usable, not only in the Ric de Janeiro Graded School, but in the Paris Library where other books have been added by gift or by purchase. The room itself is quite charming with its corner mirrors and its pleasant outlook into an old court- yard. It would not cost a large sum to provide some suitable chairs, two or three tables and low shelving to replace the hid- eous screen which now protects the ornate wall of the palace. If this could be done and some scrap books, illustrating the best features of work with children in half a dozen American libraries, sent over, we should be taking a step toward the realiza- tion of an effective working model which will be complete only when it can be ac- companied by the competent personal serv- ice of a children's librarian. Meanwhile the room itself with its well filled book shelves is a boon to many a home-sick or travel-worn child. I found a little girl nine years old reading from one of the illustrated French histories. She came from San Francisco, she said, but she had also lived in Denmark and read her Andersen's Fairy Tales in Danish. When her mother called for her, although she had been alone there for two hours, she was unwilling to go. She had spent many days in the central children's room of the New York Public Library. Another day I met a boy who proudly displayed his card from one of the branches of the Brooklyn Pub- lic Library. On still another I talked with a group of American boys who had crossed on the same steamer and who had met by appointment to read Scout books. A boy of twelve who is at school in Paris, and finds French difficult has been a regu 148 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE lar reader since 1919. Alida Stephens re- ported that many of the same children come day after day and that the apprecia- tion of their parents is often expressed. Do you mind not having a librarian in the room? I asked a boy. "No, I don't mind, I like it better!" was his reply, not knowing he was speaking to one. BELGIUM I began my library pilgrimage in Bel- gium with a golden wedding celebration in the streets and the cathedral of Ant- werp. The old couple, who rode in state across the Market Place behind a quaint proces- sion were "of the poor people but were rich in children," I was told. Hundreds of the children of the city were in this proces- sion, the girls in white, wearing gold chap- lets on their heads and carrying gold branches in their hands; the boys, In medieval costume, bearing standards on which were printed the old mottoes and symbols of Belgium and Flanders. They entered the Cathedral singing and were fol- lowed, as it seemed, by all the mothers of Antwerp with babies in their arms, and oy other hundreds of childien who, when the mass was over, followed the proces- sion past the old Guild Houses and along the gaily decorated streets leading from the Market Place to the Docks.* To be told at the Bibliotheque Populaire that there is an age limit of fifteen years and that all applications for library priv- ileges in Antwerp must first be made at the Hotel de Ville, set into sharper relief the pictures of unrestricted young life I had watched in the streets, the Market Place, and the Cathedral. How long can the li- brary withstand its appeal? I wondered, as I passed from room to room of the Plan- tin Museum that afternoon. In Brussels, next day, I was greeted with the welcome news that a bill providing for the establishment of public libraries throughout Belgium had been brought be- fore Parliament a fortnight before. This *The city paid the expense of this cele- bration. bill is both liberal in its provisions and un- commonly illuminating in the manner of its presentation. Children are given a spe- cific place in it. The relations which should exist between the public library and the school are broadly indicated, with special emphasis on story-telling and read- ing aloud to children in the schools. The bill was drafted by a committee appointed by the Minister of Education who made a request that each member of this com- mittee should read Eugene Morel's book La Librairie Publique. I went to Brussels primarily to visit the children's room known as "L'heure Joy- euse," which was equipped and supplied with books by an American Committee, first known as the Book Committee of the Art War Relief Association, later as the Book Committee on Children's Libraries. Since no printed report of this children's reading room in Brussels Is available and since it has been widely represented as a typical American children's library and a model for similar undertakings in other countries, I asked Mile. L. E. Carter, who is responsible for its creation, to prepare a statement of facts concerning its origin and development to be incorporated in this re- port. Mile. Carter, who is the principal of a girls' high school in Brussels, is well known in her country for her practical demonstration of progressive educational ideas and her broad humanitarian inter- ests. CONCERNING THE CREATION OF THE CHIL- DREN'S READING ROOM IN BRUSSELS CALLED "L'HEURE JOYEUSE" BIBLIOTHEQUE ET SALLE DE LECTURE POUR ENFANTS: On a visit to the U. S. A. as a guest of the U. S. Government and a member of the Child Welfare Conference held in Wash- ington, in May 1919, I was very much im- pressed by American Public Libraries in general, and by their children's reading rooms, in particular. I thought how desirable such institu- tions as children's reading rooms would be in my country, Belgium, where during the war and the German occupation chil- ANNUAL REPORTS 14S dren had been sadly neglected, and where the necessity of working for a higher moral standard was urgent. I spoke of this matter to my compatriot, Dr. Rene" Sand; his views were more am- bitious: he thought that perhaps, with the help of our American friends, a public library, on the model of the American ones, might be created in Belgium, with a children's room annexed to it. After nu- merous inquiries we learned that such a plan was not feasible. We did not, how- ever, abandon the idea of trying to create a children's reading-room in Belgium. From one of the officers of the American Library Association's War Service I was sent with a card of introduction to Miss Annie Car- roll Moore, Supervisor of Work with Chil- dren in the New York Public Library. Miss Moore presented Dr. Sand and me to the director of that institution who ex- pressed his interest in our plan and ex- plained why funds for such purposes were not available from library institutions or organizations in the United States al- though professional advice and an oppor- tunity to see the work were always freely given. I visited several branches of the New York Public Library as well as the children's rooms of the central buildings in New York, Boston and Washington, and in this way got some idea of the ways of adapting such an institution to the locality and the means provided for it in tempor- ary as well as in permanent quarters. Miss Moore told me that she had recently been consulted by the chairman of the Book Committee of the Art War Relief As- sociation concerning the provision of books and furniture for children's reading and recreation rooms in the devastated towns of Belgium and France. As no very definite steps had been taken by this committee it was possible, she said, that it would give the needed financial assistance to carrying out my plan for a children's reading room in Brussels. Miss Moore gave me the name and address of Mrs. J. L. Griffiths as chair- man of this committee. Mrs. Griffiths stated that, while her committee had thought of opening its first children's read- ing-room to be known as "L'Heure Joy- euse," at Louvain, she would be glad to have me come before this committee and state my reasons for desiring to create a children's reading-room in Belgium and for making the start in Brussels. The Book Committee of the Art War Relief Association agreed to make a donation of the full equipment necessary to a children's reading-room on the American plan if the town of Brussels or a Belgian Committee would provide suitable rooms, appoint a librarian and assume the maintenance. The question was raised as to who would be responsible awaiting the formal answer to these terms, and I declared myself and Dr. Rene" Sand such until my return to Brus- sels, and the plan could be presented to the Burgomaster and the Chief of the Board of Education who would, I felt sure, hold themselves responsible. I returned to Brussels on June 30, 1919. The following day I had an interview with M. Jacqmain, Echevin d'Instruction Pub- lique who accepted the proposal of the Book Committee of the Art War Relief Association. Mrs. Griffiths came to Brus- sels in August 1919 and a first meeting in relation to the children's reading room was held at the Hotel de Ville on the 7th of August. On the 1st of October 1919, M. Jacqmain having conferred with the Bur- gomaster, a formal acceptance was sent to the Book Committee of the Art War Relief Association with the names of the Belgian Committee. SALLES DE LECTURE POUE ENFANTS A BRUX- ELLES. Comite Beige: President d'Honneur: Monsieur A. MAX Bourgmestre de la Ville de Bruxelles. President: Monsieur E. JACQMAIN, Echevin de 1'Instruction Publique et des Beaux- Arts. Membres: Monsieur Brand Whitlock, Ministre des ictats-Unis a Bruxelles, Monsieur V. Devogel, Director G6n6ral des Ecoles de Bruxelles, 150 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Monsieur Henry H. Morgan, Consul-Ge"n- e"rel des fitats-Unis a Bruxelles, Monsieur Omer Buyse, Directeur de 1'En- seignement Technique, Monsieur le Docteur Rene* Sand, Monsieur Alfred Mabille, Mademoiselle L. E. Carter, Directrice des Cours d'Education C a Bruxelles. In October 1919 the first gift of ninty- two American books was received from the Book Committee of the Art War Re- lief Association. This was followed by a gift of about two-hundred English books sent from England. In February 1920 a cheque for $500 was received for the purchase of French and Flemish books. The local (or rooms) was ready in the spring of 1920. The furniture and other equipment fur- nished by the Book Committee was re- ceived about the middle of September 1920. The formal opening of the children's reading-room took place on September 24, 1920. From September 25 to October 7th Madame Francois, treasurer of the Belgian Committee, and I took personal charge of the room with the assistance of one of my former pupils. On the 7th of October the town ap- pointed as librarian Mile. Adrienne Leve" who has the diploma of teacher. The Book Committee invited two Bel- gian students to go to the United States to take a course in library training with all expenses paid. It was difficult to find candidates owing to the fact that young Belgian women do not very willingly leave their country and also because of the lack of any definite and precise arrangements for carrying out such a plan on the part of the Book Committee. With the opening of my school on Oc- tober 1st it became necessary to ask for volunteers to assist in carrying on the work of the children's reading room where there were often seventy readers at a time, and admission had to be refused to many children. On the coldest days of Decem- ber and January the poorest children of the town came there to keep warm. Dur- ing the Christmas holidays we were obliged to close the room to give the librarian a rest. We asked the town for an assistant libarian but this request was not granted until March 31st. Early in March a letter was received from the chairman of the Book Committee stating that the Book Committee was sending a trained and ex- perienced librarian to give such advice, in- struction and assistance as might be needed for carrying on the work of the room. Miss Agns Cowing arrived on March 18, 1921 to spend two months. The time has been fortunately extended, for such help has been greatly needed from the first. L. E. CARTER, Directrice du Cours d'Education C de la Ville de Bruxelles. Briefly summarized Mile. Carter's state- ment is to the effect that, while on her visit to America in 1919, as a guest of the United States Government, she conceived the idea of creating a children's reading room in Brussels similar to those she had seen in American public libraries. She be- lieved that such a library room would ex- ert a powerful influence in strengthening the morale of Belgian children following the war, and that if the start was made in Brussels that the movement might spread to other parts of the country. On learning that a committee had al- ready announced its intention of provid- ing the necessary equipment for a chil- dren's library room in Belgium to be known as "L'Heure Joyeuse," Mile. Carter applied to the Book Committee of the Art War Relief Association for financial aid in carrying out her plan for the city of Brus- sels. This committee agreed to make a donation of the full equipment necessary to a children's reading room on the American plan if the town of Brussels would provide a suitable room, appoint a librarian, and assume the maintenance. On her return to Brussels, Mile. Carter secured the immediate support of the Chief of the Department of Public Instruction, and by October of that year had effected the organization of a strong Belgian Com- ANNUAL REPORTS 151 mittee to co-operate with the Book Com- mittee in America in carrying out the plan for a children's reading room. Mile. Carter makes no mention in her statement of the difficulties, disappoint- ments and delays in finding suitable rooms; nor of the still perplexing problems sur- rounding the appointment of a librarian and in securing maintenance for a form of work which had not been demonstrated and whose need had therefore to be proved. Prom the first she had realized the need of the service of a trained children's li- brarian. This service was not provided by the Book Committee until six months after the opening of the room although it was repeatedly advised to seek such aid in preparation for that event and as early as 1919 was told of the presence of several American children's librarians in Europe then serving with the Red Cross and Y. M. C. A. organization. Before visiting the children's reading room I paid a visit to Mile. Carter's school a beautiful building with a fine spirit pervading its well-lighted spacious class- rooms. "Don't you need books for your own school?" I had asked the question of Mile. Carter when she came to see me in New York about establishing the children's reading room for Brussels. "Very much" was her reply. "I have been unable to buy any books during the war, but I see in your American children's library room, to which children come from all parts of the city, something we can never give in a school something that we need in Bel- gium for which I may ask help I could never ask for my school." Has she been able to realize her concep- tion of a children's reading room, I won- dered, as we turned into the old street where the sign "L'Heure Joyeuse Biblio- theque et Salle de Lecture pour Enfants" appears on the front of an old dwelling house which now forms part of a boys' school. The children's reading room Is sit- uated on the first floor in three small rooms administered as one with the desk in the middle. The shelving and th* tables and chairs of unpolished oak are of the Library Bureau's best workmanship. Additional and very well constructed benches have been made in Belgium at less cost than it could have been done in America, and one small table and some chairs were made in England. I have only words of praise for the furniture. The pictures, with the exception of two good etchings, are signed reproductions of the work of American artists, with little or no appeal as wall decorations in such a room. There are too many of them, they look too much alike and they seem not at all in keeping with a Belgian children's room where French is the language. Among them are three framed pictures advertis- ing the Fisk tires, presumably a gift and not a purchase. The book shelves are well filled, but on this first afternoon I made no close exam- ination of the selection of books. I was too much interested in watching the chil- dren come in and settle down to read in the window seats or at the tables. They were reading many of the same books I had left in the hands of children in France. My first impression of a successful read- ing room was strengthened by a subsequent visit when a new assistant was in charge of it. Later, I was to learn that this read- ing atmosphere had been gained at the price of Mile. Carter's Sundays and holi- days during the winter months. The de- votion of this busy director of a school brings a strong reminder of Caroline Hewins and the Hartford Settlement. I believe that because of it a valuable foundation has been laid in Brussels for future library work with children. Four hundred children received readers cards be- tween September 24th and April 26th. Very few parents or teachers visited the room. No reference work has yet been de- veloped. Fortunately the circulation of books has not yet been attempted and will not be until the librarian is qualified to undertake it and the maintenance assured by the city is sufficient to carry it on. The librarian appointed by the city two weeks after the children's reading room wa* 152 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE opened has the diploma of a teacher. She is intelligent, thoroughly interested in the work, and quick in grasping technical de- tails. From her I gained a fair idea of the books in the Flemish collection. The major part of the one hundred and eighty- eight volumes in Flemish are the works of Henry Conscience. These books are never read although it is possible they might be in another quarter of the city. I looked in vain for a representative well illustrated Flemish book to send back to America. The French books, numbering one thou- sand three hundred, were chosen by Mile. Carter, who based her selection on the books she knew as a child and had used in her school. In consideration of the books known to be out of print and of the fact that gifts have been rather freely placed alongside the purchases the selec- tion of French books is fair. Both the French and the Flemish books were pur- chased from the fund of five hundred dol- lars assigned by the Book Committee on Children's Libraries for this purpose. The American and English books, two hundred and eighty-eight in number, were chosen by members of the Book Committee and sent separately. The English books are notably poor in selection of titles and editions. Cheap sets and series stand in rows untouched upon the shelves. There is no demand as yet for English books. Since funds have been widely solicited for the purchase of these children's books and for others to be placed in the reading rooms, modeled after the one in Brussels, it seems advisable to call special attention to the importance of making such a selec- tion of books representative in character and from a full knowledge of available re- sources. Not only is economy of purchase to be considered but that of cataloging, shelf -listing and the care of books which stand unused on the shelves. With limited service this is an all-important factor in stocking a reading room for children. Bet- ter an informed selection of five hundred books than a miscellaneous collection of fifteen hundred. What has an American librarian to learn from this experiment? First, and foremost, that a gift of material equipment does not constitute either a children library or a children's reading room. Second, that skilled service and first hand knowledge of the conditions to be met are essential in Belgium, in France, or in any other coun- try. Third, that professional work under- taken by a committee requires professional leadership from the beginning. It was my original intention to add some English notes to this report of the chil- dren's librarian in France and Belgium but two months has been all too short a time in which to receive and render account of the impressions recorded. The develop- ment of the public library idea in general and of the children's library in particular will be different in these two French-speak- ing countries. Some continuity of serv- ice by American children's librarians seems desirable for the formative years of the work and library schools should take more definitely into account the qualifications supplied to the European student in Amer- ica by field work of diversified character. ANNIE CARROLL MOORE, Chairman, Sub-Committee on Children's Work in Other Countries, of the Committee on Library Co-operation with Other Countries. Paris, June 2, 1921. PROCEEDINGS 15S PROCEEDINGS June 20-25, J92J FIRST GENERAL SESSION (Monday evening, June 20) THE FORTY-THIRD Annual Meeting of the American Library Association was called to order by the president, ALICE S. TYLEB, director Western Reserve University Library School, Cleveland, Ohio, in the Assembly room of the New Ocean House, Swampscott, Massachusetts, at 8:00 P. M., June 20, 1921. Dit. GEORGE EDWARD WOODBURY welcomed the members of the Association. (See p. 101.) THE PRESIDENT: I am sure that the As- sociation wishes me to express to the dis- tinguished speaker something of our ap- preciation of these charming words of wel- come. This region teems with literary memories, and no one could have brought to us in a more delightful way the sug- gestion of these than Dr. Woodberry. We are indeed happy, Dr. Woodberry, to meet amidst these surroundings, and I am sure that there has never been a conference of the American Library Association where there were so many who have eagerly anti- cipated a visit to a region which has so much of value and joy in store for them. I am confident that I express the feeling of everyone in this audience in saying that we have appreciated your welcome and an- ticipate every hour with pleasure. President TYLEB then introduced SARAH LOUISE ARNOLD, dean emerita of Simmons College, Boston, who greeted the Associa- tion. (See p. 103) The PRESIDENT: After the very stirring words from Miss Arnold, following the graceful and delightful welcome from Dr. Woodberry, I am sure that you are ready to hear from our next speaker whom many of you have heard, and I am sure more have followed in the pages of the Atlantic Monthly and through his books. I feel that in presenting this speaker I cannot undertake to give you his field of interests and activities. We all know him as a writer, many of us know him as a speaker, we think of him in connection with his charming and delightful essays, we again think of him with the keenest interest as the interpreter of nature and the one who leads us poor city-bound people in our imaginations back to the earth and to coun- try life. It is a great pleasure to present DALLAS LORE SHARP of Boston University and of the United States. His address THE PROPHET AND THE POET covered approximately the same points as his article Education for authority, in the Atlantic Monthly, July, 1921, pp. 13-21. The meeting adjourned. Following the meeting a general recep- tion was held in the ball room of the New Ocean House. SECOND GENERAL SESSION (Tuesday morning, June 21) President TYLER presided. Miss TYLER read her presidential address on SOME ASPECTS OF LIBRARY PROGRESS (See p. 95.) PRESIDENT TYLER then introduced the representatives of the four affiliated organ- izations : EDWARD H. REDSTONE, president of the National Association of State Libraries, represented that organization. Mr. Redstone said that an active wide- awake librarian, gathering about him the librarians of his state, could do much to awaken general recognition of the impor- tance of libraries in a system of public edu- cation, to shape legislation, to influence public opinion, and to direct the current of private philanthropy in such a way as to promote the development of the free pub- lic library, which must eventually take its place by the side of the free public school. He then gave an interesting history of the manuscript of Bradford's Journal, that most sacred scripture which deals with the founding of New England, and which now lies in the State Library of Massachusetts. WILLIAM J. HAMILTON spoke for the League of Library Commissions in the ab- sence of the President, WILLIAM R. WAT- SON. Mr. Hamilton spoke of the aim of the League of Library Commissions, to foster 154 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE library development throughout the States, and to bring the library closer to the people and make it stronger in those communities where the need is greatest. While the great professional organization will always be the American Library Association, there are particular features of library work which the League can strengthen, particu- lar things which it is specifically pledged to do but which it cannot do without the support of the American Library Associa- tion. The League of Library Commissions needs the help of the A. L. A., and in turn pledges allegiance and willingness and in- tention to co-operate with the A. L. A., and to aid in every way possible in co-ordinat- ing local and national development. FREDERICK C. HICKS, president of the American Association of Law Libraries, spoke of the work of that organization. Mr. Hicks said that the object of the American Association of Law Libraries is to "develop and increase the usefulness and efficiency of law libraries." Any person officially connected with a law library, state library, or a general library having a sep- arately maintained law section may become a regular member. The A. A. L. L. has never been affiliated with any association other than the A. L. A. and its members think of themselves first as librarians and second as law libra- rians, and are separately organized and hold separate meetings only because of necessity for concentration of effort on a special kind of library work. About a third of their membership are also members of the A. L. A. Mr. Hicks said that there was one thing in particular the A. L. A. could do for the A. A. L. L. and that was to help to Impress upon library schools the need for offering courses leading to law library work, a field virtually untouched. DORSET W. HYDE, Jr., President of the Special Libraries Association, was the next speaker. Mr. Hyde said that he liked to think of the business librarian and the technical librarian as advance agents of the public library. The business library is one of the great institutions which is today work- ing toward idealism in business. After reviewing the development of the Special Libraries Association, Mr. Hyde paid tribute to Dr. John McCarthy, of Wis- consin, who died recently. Dr. McCarthy was, in a sense, the founder of special library technic. BUSINESS MEETING The PRESIDENT introduced HENRY N. SANBORN, Chairman of the Committee on Constitution and By-Laws, who called at- tention to the statement of the committee which had been printed in the May Bul- letin and also the proposed constitution and by-laws in pamphlet form which was in the hands of all members present. MB. SANBORN: The constitution adopted at Colorado Springs must, according to the present constitution, be voted on again. It is no{ subject to discussion. We recommend as a committee that this con- stitution be adopted at this meeting, when it will go immediately into effect On motion by M. S. DUDGEON it was Voted, That the constitution as approved at Colorado Springs, be adopted. Mr. Sanborn explained that by-laws may be adopted at any meeting. He said the committee had put as much into the by- laws and as little into the constitution as possible and explained that the committee had endeavored to adopt the suggestions made at previous meetings of the Asso- ciation. ' It was reported by the Secretary that the Executive Board at a meeting on June 20th had Voted, That the Executive Board recom- mend to the Association the consideration of the By-Laws, as proposed by the Com- mittee and printed on pages 8 to 10, with the Constitution, provided that the Con- stitution as first approved at Colorado Springs, is again approved at this meeting. Section 1 of the by-laws was read as printed. The cost of publications, the ob- jection to increased dues, the relation of American Library Association dues to the dues of state associations, and other ques- PROCEEDINGS 155 tions raised by Section 1 were discussed by many members. On motion of DB. SHEARER, it was Voted, That the word "three" in Section 1, paragraph, (a), line 5, be changed to "two." On motion of MR. WELLMAN, it was Voted, That Section 1, paragraph (a), be referred back to the committee. Section 1, paragraph (b) was read as printed. On motion of DR. STEINER, it was Voted, That Section 1, paragraph (b) be adopted as printed, with the addition of the following sentence: "Such members shall receive the Bulle- tin including the Handbook and the Pro- ceedings." Section 2 was read as printed, and it was Voted, That Section 2 be adopted as printed with the addition of the following words: "Such members shall receive the Bulle- tin including the Handbook and the Pro- ceedings." The committee explained that it was not prepared to recommend the text for Sec- tion 3. It did suggest, however, that the annual dues of affiliated societies be $25. It was Voted, That the committee be instructed to draft Section 3 and report to the Asso- ciation at a later session. Mr. Sanborn suggested that considera- tion of Section 4 be postponed until a later session. Sections 5, 6, and 7 were adopted as printed. Section 8 was read as printed. Mr. Sanborn explained the significance of the changes proposed by this by-law and there was much discussion. It was Voted, That the following sentence be stricken out of Section 8, paragraph (d) : "Ballots received by mail later than two weeks before the first day of the regular meeting shall be discarded." There was much discussion of paragraph (e) of Sec. 8 and it was Voted, That the following sentence be stricken out of paragraph (e) : "No person shall be nominated as presi- dent or as first or second vice-president for two consecutive terms." On motion by Mr. Bliss, it was Voted, That Section 8 be adopted as amended. (Reconsidered at Fifth Ses- sion.) President TYLER announced that there would be further consideration of the by- laws at the next business session. DR. C. C. WILLIAMSON spoke on NATIONAL CERTIFICATION AND TRAINING emphasizing certain points in the report of the Committee on National Certification, of which he was thechairman. (This committee report will be found in the Annual Reports, 1920-21, pp. 78-89). MARY EILEEN AHERN spoke on LIBRARY CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER COUNTRIES referring to the report of the committee on this subject, of which she was chairman. (This committee report may be found in Annual Reports, 1920-21, pp. 48-64). For the report of Sub-Committee on Children's Work in Other Countries, see p. 142 of Proceedings. It was announced that RECRUITING FOB LIBRARY SERVICE would be discussed at a subsequent meeting. It was Voted, That the Secretary be instructed to telegraph greetings to Mr. and Mrs. R. R. Bowker, expressing regret on account of their absence from our annual meeting and conveying the Association's best wishes for Mr. Bowker's speedy recovery, also that a telegram of sympathy in his severe illness be sent to John G. Moulton, President of the Massachusetts Library Club. It was Voted, That the annual reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Publishing Board, Trustees of the Endowment Fund and of the various committees as printed in An- nual Reports 1920-21, and including other reports presented at this conference, be accepted. The meeting adjourned. SPECIAL SESSION (Wednesday afternoon, June 22) PRESIDENT TYLER presided. A Cinema of Children's Libraries in the Devastated Regions of France, supervised by Jessie Carson, was shown through the courtesy of the American Committee for the Devastated Regions of France Report of the chairman of the Sub-Committee on Children Work in Other Countries, Annie 156 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Carroll Moor, was read by Mary Eileen Ahern, chairman of the Committee on Library Co-operation with Other Coun- tries, Miss Moore's report having been sent from France where she was making a study of conditions and of the develop- ment of the work. (Report p. 142, Proceedings.) Report by Jessie Carson of her work during the past year was read by Julia Carter of the New York Public Library. THIRD GENERAL SESSION (Wednesday evening, June 22) PRESIDENT TYLER presided and called on presidents of state library associations for brief reports regarding the progress of work in their states during the year. RAYMOND L. WAIKLEY of Maine said that the chief effort of the State Library Asso- ciation of Maine had been to secure the passage of a bill to bring all the library laws under one statute and to make the position of state librarian free from poli- tics; As passed, however, the bill gave to the governor the appointment of the state librarian. Traveling libraries were made a bureau of the State Library, but the work of the Library Commission was endorsed by an increase of over thirty per cent in the appropriation. A committee was ap- pointed to make plans for the new State Library building, which is much needed. CAROLINE B. CLEMENT who represented New Hampshire, reviewed the inception and early history of the library movement in that state, which was the first of the states to establish a state library. In Peterborough, New Hampshire, was estab- lished the first free public library wholly supported by the town. She said that, while the New Hampshire Library Associa- tion is small and not over strong, it has done what it could to raise the library standard. The greatest need, Miss Clement said, is for better trained librarians, and the state is trying to meet this need through state and neighbsrhood meetings, a sum- mer school, and especially by the visits of the secretary of the Commission. A library institute was held last year under the joint direction of the State College and the Library Commission. Another important need is better sup- port for libraries, as present appropriations are not adequate to meet the demands of well-trained workers. HAROLD T. DOUGHERTY, as acting-presi- dent of the Massachusetts Library Club, reported that the principal features of the work of the past year in the Massa- chusetts Library Club were the work of the Pensions Committee and the Binding Com- mittee. The Pensions Committee drew up a bill providing contributory pensions for libra- rians, on the same principle as the school teachers' pension act. The bill failed of passage in the House on the ground that libraries are not required by the state, and that therefore library pensions should be paid by the cities and towns in which the libraries are located. Although defeated, the Committee decided to reintroduce the bill this year. The exhibition of the Binding Committee at Swampscott this year showed the results attained by that committee. Price reduc- tion in magazine binding and a standard- ized system were the objects of the com- mittee. Mr. Dougherty mentioned the other ac- tive library clubs throughout the state, all engaged in trying to raise the standard of work done. In closing, Mr. Dougherty expressed the disappointment of the friends of the Massa- chusetts Library Club that its President, John Grant Moulton, was, through illness, unable to greet the Association in person. An earnest appreciation of Mr. Moulton and his service to the library profession met with a sympathetic response from the Association. G. L. HINCKLEY responded for the Rhode Island Association. Mr. Hinckley said that the principal event in Rhode Island library history was the introduction of a bill providing for certification of librarians by the State Board of Education, and authorizing that board to aid in paying salaries of libra- PROCEEDINGS 157 rians of any free library employing a cer- tified librarian. The provisions of this bill aroused so much opposition that it died in the com- mittee, and in its stead another bill, pre- pared by the State Board of Education, was passed. The substitute bill omitted all reference to certification, and authorized the Board to aid in paying the salaries of librarians of small libraries. A Committee on Recruiting for Libra- rianship was appointed by the- Rhode Is- land Library Association. There was no report from Connecticut. MARY E. DOWNEY, President of the Utah Library Association, gave an account of the growth of the county library during the year. Miss Downey said that the number of tax-supported libraries in the state would soon be increased to forty-seven. The book and magazine drives for the Utah libraries have been unusually suc- cessful. Miss Downey also spoke of the wonder- ful elementary school development, with a book to a child, suited to his grade, in every schoolroom in Utah; and of the secondary school library development. Miss Downey mentioned also the impetus given the library movement by the books transferred from the American Library As- sociation camp library at Fort Douglas after the war, and, of the other books given by the American Library Asso- ciation. They had been distributed, she said, with the understanding that the town receiving them levy a tax for either town or county library. Her report was illustrated by graphs and charts. C. W. SUMNER, president of the Iowa Li- brary Association, said that, briefly stated, Iowa's problems were more adequate finan- cial support, more and better prepared librarians, and more progressive legisla- tion to bring these about. In spite of the fact that the committee worked hard for a new County Library law in Iowa the bill was rejected by the Committee of the Senate. Mr. Sumner also spoke of an intensive campaign set on foot which It was hoped would bring results in the next two years which were not secured during the last legislative session. The Committee did, however, secure largely increased appro- priation for the Library Commission. Further reports from state associations were deferred until after the address of the evening. THE PRESIDENT: It is now our pleasure and privilege to turn aside from these re- ports and hear the address of the evening. There is an added interest to us in the fact that we have with us the head of our na- tional library, and we all desire to have a word from him or at least have him present on our platform. While it would indeed be, in one sense, a great personal pleasure to me to present my old friend from Iowa, Congressman Towner, it is equally a pleasure to me to ask that Dr. Herbert Putnam, of the Library of Congress, shall introduce him this evening. I present to you DR. HERBERT PUTNAM, the Librarian of Congress. DB. PUTNAM: You will agree that it was very ingenious of your President in com- plimenting two officers in one and elevating mine. Her own office as President of the Association is so exalted that she can af- ford to lend it a while without impairing its splendor. But this arrangement of hers has an implication which, perhaps, she did not realize. It has upset an old tradi- tion in Washington. The tradition was that the best way to the Librarian of Congress was through a Congressman. By her arrangement, the expedient way to a Congressman is through the Librarian of Congress. We hope you set the tradition to rest once for all. But privately, President TYLER has con- fessed to me that in the case of Representa- tive Towner, she has certain partialities which would prevent her from introducing him with a voice that is suited to the dig- nity of her office. Now, I have some par- tiality myself, and in this present case and in the case of members of Congress and it is not true that partialities for Congress diminish inversely with the square of the distance we in Washington, near to Con- gress, never generalize Congress. Always when we think of Congress, we think of certain men in the Senate and House who, throughout the general course of legisla- tive discussion and procedure and doubt and turmoil and dismay, hold their course evenly, who are able to preserve the ju- dicial spirit, to apply themselves to ques- tions of the larger public welfare without 158 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE denying themselves to those passing ob- ligations of the moment which take up and in the general scheme seem to fritter away most of the representatives' day. We watch those men and preserve our op- timism from watching them. Fortunate it is for the country that there are certain states and certain districts that, having discovered men of such caliber, such temperament, such patriotism and such insistent ardor for the right and per- manent thing, insist on retaining those men in their service and in the service of the country. And it is those men who in the end we at Washington feel will prevail in the final legislation enacted. Now, with all the measures of public welfare with which Judge Towner has been associated, it would be idle to attempt an enumeration. What he has left in the way of hourly cares down there would astonish you to hear. For the larger things, you know well that his is one of the minds that roams wide and roams far. But you know also that he has had the good for- tune to bring to the consideration of a new question of service, of influence, of action, perhaps, for the Government, the judicial temperament and the judicial ex- perience, and he is now bringing it to the consideration of a very huge question, of very far-reaching significance, which is presented in the pending legislation. He is going to talk about libraries and the nation, not libraries and the govern- ment. What the implication is will be in- teresting to hear. He will indicate to us, I hope, some of the considerations, which, as a conservative legislator, weigh with him in deliberating upon a measure pro- posing for the Federal authorities an ex- tension of its service far beyond that originally implied. There are always two groups, those who think that most purposes of public welfare are initiated locally and ought to be car- ried on locally, and there will always be those pressing for the nation to under- take everything which can conveniently and perhaps economically be done by a central authority instead of a local author- ity. I hope he will indicate to us some of the guiding principles that seem to him to determine this issue. Unfortunately, the best of his guiding principles he has had to leave behind him. It will be interest- ing on this occasion to see how far his ideas will be vagrant without her, REPRESENTATIVE TOWNEB. A summary of Representative Towner's address LIBRARIES AND THE NATION is printed on p. 106. At the close of Representative Towner's stirring address, President Tyler an- nounced the resumption of reports from the state associations. GLADYS M. ANDREWS said that Wisconsin had been interested in revising its county library law, but so far had not been suc- cessful. Legislation secured in regard to the certification law as passed is not ex- actly as desired, but nevertheless serves as a standard for librarians. It provides for six grades for librarians, ranging from Grade 1, which requires three years of college work, a one-year course in an ac- credited library school, and one year of library experience, to Grade 6, which cov- ers those who have not the academic and library school training, if they have a substantial equivalent of such education and training, and if other conditions are met. MART TORRANCE said that in Indiana there was very close co-operation between the Library Commission and the state library association, and the library trustees' association. Indiana had so far done nothing toward certification, but a committee was ap- pointed to look into the question, and in the fall the library association will take up the matter of setting a standard for library workers in Indiana. EBTIE A. LANSDEN reported for the Illi- nois Library^Association, calling attention to the fact That Illinois is the second state in size of membership, having four hundred fifteen members in the American Library Association, and that it has two hundred twenty-two tax-supported libra- ries. Illinois has been active in membership extension work, and has held a number of regional conferences throughout the state. The state association was active in help- ing to secure a larger rate of tax for library purposes. A measure passed by the legislature provides for re-organization of the State Library, with three depart- ments, the State Library, the Archives Di- PROCEEDINGS 159 vision, and the Library Extension Depart- ment. The President of the New York Library Association, DB. WILLIAMSON, was not pres- ent, and WILLIAM YUST spoke in his place. MB. YUST said a bill was passed which provides for amendments to twenty or more of the points in the general educa- tion law, under which New York libraries operate. Mr. Yust mentioned only two of those points; one related to county li- braries, which were made possible by the passage of a law exempting municipalities maintaining a library from the tax for a county library. An amendment was also passed authorizing the Board of Regents to establish a system of certification, and it is hoped that the Regents will do as the state association has urged, and that a system will be established which will raise standards, equalize competition and pro- mote systematic advancement and raise salaries. This completed the list of associations which had responded to the request for reports by the state presidents. President TTLEB then passed on to other matters of business. The Secretary reported that at the Executive Board meeting at noon the Nom- inating Committee was instructed to bring in nominations for the additional officers provided for in the new constitution, and that the Executive Board voted that the Association be asked to ratify and confirm the action of the Executive Board in re- questing the Nominating Committee to sub- mit nominations for the additional officers called for by the new constitution. It was Voted, That the Association confirm the action of the Executive Board. The meeting adjourned. FOURTH GENERAL SESSION (Friday morning, June 24) President TYLEB presided. Consideration of the revision of the by- laws was resumed. The necessity of receiving acceptances from nominees was discussed but no action taken. MB. SANBOBN, chairman of the committee, read Section 9 as printed. It was suggested that the third paragraph in Section 9 should read as follows: Delegates before exercising the privilege of membership in the Council shall file with the Secretary of the Association sat- isfactory credentials of qualifications. This suggested change was accepted by the committee and Section 9 was adopted as printed, with this change. Section 10 was adopted as printed. Section 11 was read as printed and was explained by Mr. Sanborn. The relation of state chapters and local groups to the American Library Association was dis- cussed in considerable detail. Mr. San- born for the committee proposed that the last sentence in the first paragraph of Sec- tion 11 be omitted. Miss Tyler expressed the opinion that local chapters might be authorized subject to the approval of the Executive Board, giving them recognition but without representation in the Council. It was "Voted, That Section 11 be amended by incorporating a clause providing that local chapters may be authorized by the Council, but without representation in the Council. It was Voted, That Section 11, without the sec- ond sentence in the first paragraph, and as amended above, be adopted. Sections 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 were adopted as printed. Section 17 was read. It was Voted, That the words "secure and pass" be stricken out and that the word "advise" be inserted in the second sentence. It was Voted, That the word "annually" be in- serted in the second sentence after the word "appoint." It was Voted, That the following sentence be in- serted in Section 17 after the second sen- tence: "The members thereof shall serve until their successors are appointed." President TYLEB stated that the discus- sion of the by-laws would be continued at another session. MBS. HENBY J. CABB called attention to the fact that the American flags used in the decoration of the assembly room were not properly hung, and it was voted that the hotel management be requested to make such changes as Mrs. Carr advised. 160 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE The PRESIDENT introduced the second vice-president, LOUISE B. KRAUSE. The President then asked DORSET W. HYDE, Jr., President of the Special Li- braries Association, to preside over a JOINT SESSION WITH THE SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION MR. HYDE opened the program of the joint session with a few remarks express- ing the appreciation of the Special Li- braries Association for the courtesy and cordial co-operative relations between the American Library Association and the Special Libraries Association. He referred to the fact that the special librarian is not, in the same way as the public li- brarian, in direct contact with the primary sources of library science, library informa- tion and the professional library spirit, but is, in a way, isolated. He emphasized the value of the business library in main- taining personal contact between the large company and its employees, and cited an instance where the attempt to dispense with the library in a large factory in order to cut down expenses met with decided opposition from the workmen. J. H. FRIEDEL, who was on the program, was unable to be present. Mr. Hyde then introduced CHARLES F. D. BELDEN of the Boston Public Library, who spoke on THE PUBLIC LIBRARY AND THE SPECIAL LI- BRARY (See p. 108.) R. R. Bowker, editor of the Library Jour- nal, was absent but his brief address was read by DR. GEORGE F. BOWERMAN, also a telegram from MR. BOWKER. (See p. 111.) On motion of MR. HANDY, it was Voted, That the American Library Asso- ciation and the Special Libraries Associa- tion send greetings to Mr. Bowker, ex- pressing sympathy on account of his ill- ness. President HYDE appointed Messrs. Handy, Raney and Bowerman to draw up and send such a communication. President HYDE explained that a special library is not necessarily a library of a business or industrial institution, that many libraries in law, medicine, art, etc., are special libraries. JUNE R. DONNELLY spoke on LIBRARY TRAINING FOR THE SPECIAL LIBRARIAN (See p. 113.) Upon conclusion of the joint session, President TYLER resumed the chair. DR. BOSTWICK brought to the attention of the meeting the recent deportation of a library worker as a contract laborer. MR. LYDENBEKG, of the New York Pub- lic Library, told of the employment of a young woman from St. John, N. B., and of her deportation by the United States government officials. DR. BOWERMAN explained that the Joint Committee on Reclassification, created by Congress, had classed libraries as mem- bers of the scientific and professional serv- ice. It was Voted, That the matter be referred to the Council for report. GEORGE B. UTLEY read a letter from PRESIDENT CHARLES W. ELIOT. (See p. 116.) It was Voted, That the Secretary send a com- munication to President Eliot, expressing the Association's appreciation of his com- munication and of his constant and con- tinued interest in adult education through libraries. The meeting adjourned. FIFTH GENERAL SESSION (Saturday morning, June 25) President TYLER presided. MR. SANBORN, chairman of the Committee on Constitution and By-Laws, presented Section 18 as recommended by the Com- mittee, namely: Section 18. There shall be a committee on committees, which, after conference with the president, shall recommend to the Executive Board the appointment or dis- continuance of such committees, other than those provided by the Constitution and By-Laws, as the needs of the Association may require. The Committee on Com- mittees shall define the duties of all com- mittees so to be appointed. All com- mittees shall be appointed annually and their members shall hold office until their successors are qualified or the committee is discontinued. Discussion indicated that the Executive Board is expected to appoint any com- PROCEEDINGS 161 mittees thought necessary, that the Com- mittee on Committees is simply advisory. Section 18 as quoted above, was adopted. Section 19 was adopted as printed, ex- cept that the last four words were stricken out. Sections 20, 21 and 22 were adopted as printed. Returning to Section 1, which had heen referred back to the Committee at the Second Session, Mr. Sanborn read the Com- mittee's proposal as follows: Section 1. The annual membership dues of the Association for individuals receiv- ing the A. L. A. Bulletin, except the Hand- book and the Proceedings, shall be two dollars; for libraries and other institutions, five dollars, including the Bulletin, the Handbook and the Proceedings. For all new members of the Association and all who rejoin after a lapse in membership there shall be an initiation fee of one dol- lar. For all members of the Association attending any regular conference, except those who have paid an initiation fee in the current year, there shall be a registra- tion fee of one dollar. The Executive Board shall fix a price for the sale of the Hand- book and Proceedings to individual mem- bers. Amendments proposed were accepted by the Committee and the section was adopted as follows: Section 1. The annual membership dues of the Association for individuals receiv- ing the A. L. A. Bulletin, except the Hand- book and the Proceedings, shall be two dollars; for libraries and other institu- tions, five dollars, including the Bulletin, the Handbook and the Proceedings. For all new members of the Association and all who rejoin after a lapse in membership, there shall be an initiation fee of one dollar. For all members of the Associa- tion attending any regular conference, ex- cept those members who have paid an initiation fee in the current year, there shall be a registration fee of one dollar. The Executive Board shall fix the annual dues of individual members receiving the Handbook and Proceedings. Section 3 was recommended by the com- mittee and after some discussion was voted as follows: Section 3. The annual dues of affiliated societies shall be ten cents per capita for all members who are not members of the American Library Association. Section 4 was discussed and adopted as printed. At the suggestion of Mr. Sanborn it was voted to reconsider Section 8. Section 8 was amended by adding the following two sentences to clause (d) : The candidate receiving the largest num- ber of votes shall be elected. In case of a tie vote the successful candidate shall be determined by lot. Section 8 was then adopted as amended. It was Toted, That the entire By-Laws as amended be adopted, to become effective at the close of this conference. (The new Constitution and By-Laws as adopted will be printed in the 1921 Hand- book, which will be distributed within the next few weeks.) Action on the recommendations of the Committee on National Certification was suggested, and it was Voted, That the recommendation of the Committee on National Certification be re- ferred to the Council and the Council re- port to the Association at the final session. J. RANDOLPH COOLIDGE of Boston made some announcements about two of Boston's churches as architectural monuments: King's Chapel and Trinity Church. WILLIAM R. WATSON, president of the League of Library Commissions, was called to the chair to preside at the JOINT SESSION WITH LEAGUE OF LIBRARY COMMISSIONS MR. WATSON: If you have followed the course of legislation, you will agree with me that at this time there is a very gen- eral interest in the matter of library ex- tension work, as evidenced by the adoption of county library laws and by a general increase in the extension of city library service. DR. A. E. BOSTWICK spoke on THE CITY'S LEADERSHIP IN BOOK DISTRIBUTION (Printed in the Library Journal, July, 1921, pp. 589-593) JULIA A. ROBINSON of Iowa spoke on STATE-WIDE LIBRARY SERVICE (See p. 117.) MR. WATSON: In the State of New York we are impressed with the importance of obtaining the co-operation of agricultural organizations. We have found these or- ganizations eager to assist in this work and they are able to advise us as no other 162 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE person or organization can because of their close touch with the field. We are greatly privileged to have with us DB. KENYON L. BUTTEBFIELD, president of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, who will speak on THE BUBAL LIBBABY AND BUBAL LIFE (Dr. Butterfield's paper is printed in New York Libraries, August, 1921, pp. 230- 234.) GEOBGE B. UTLEY of the Newberry Library discussed the general subject of BUBAL LIBRARIES MB. UTLEY said in part: We all feel a degree of regret that in the literature of rural life there is seldom any reference to the library as one of the agencies for rural betterment. If we could interest men like Liberty H. Bailey or Kenyon L. Butterfield in the problem of carrying the book in rural communities, it would mean a great deal to us in what we are trying to do. It seems to me that we are on the right track and we should put all our pressure to bear on the legislation for county li- braries and for the support of state li- brary commissions and township libraries where those fill the bill, and see to it that when legislation is passed we get that legislation into effect as rapidly as possible. HARRIET LONG of Wisconsin spoke as fol- lows: As Dr. Butterfield was talking about the utter isolation of the farm homes I won- dered whether we all realized that there is an army of sixty million people living on the farm, many of whom would echo words which I saw in a letter recently a letter asking for complete sets of the works of Guy de Maupassant and O. Henry, end- ing up: "It gets awful lonesome in these woods after dark." It is for these people that we are especially interested in li- brary service. We have become accustomed in the cities to offer open shelves among which people might browse to select their own books, but we have provided no par- allel service whatever for the country dweller. And if, as Dr. Butterfleld empha- sized, we are to attract those people to books and give them the best there is in books, we must devise some scheme, of which the county library seems to be the only solution. We know that the coun- try people are eager to read and are glad to be led in their reading. A little experi- ence this winter with some publicity wrought such unprecedented returns and so very many requests for Haggard's Rural Denmark, Dr. Butterfield's own book on The country church and the rural prob- lem, and for Rapeer's Consolidated rural school, that it seemed to offer conclusive proof of the fact that the country people were wanting to read the literature of the farm life but that they did not know what to ask for; they were at sea; they could not go to shelves and browse among them as the city dweller could. Experience has shown us that many of the country people are omnivorous. Re- cently I heard of a woman who in the past winter has read ninety-six books aloud by lantern light in the barn to her husband while he milked the cows and these books were not the lightest of fiction. She was reading E. V. Lucas; she was reading Alice Brown, people of that sort. And it seems quite unfair that people with cultivated tastes should be dependent on a far-off service and should not have near at hand a county library which could provide exactly this type of service. In many of our states at present the last legislature has passed county library laws. It remains for us now as librarians to work upon the members of the county board and persuade them that the surest way to insure a national prosperity and a happiness and content on the farm is by bringing to these country people the books which they are craving and wanting. L. W. JOSELYN of Birmingham spoke of his successful campaign in Jefferson Coun- ty, Alabama, which resulted in an ap- propriation of $10,000 by the County Board of Revenue for county library service. He described his experiences of three weeks spent out in the county from early morn- ing until late at night talking libraries. As a result, when the day came for action by the Board of Revenue, four hundred and ninety-six people had come into the court house to urge the Board of Revenue to appropriate money for the county library service. The money re- quested was appropriated. PUBD B. WEIGHT, Kansas City, Missouri, said that in the new Missouri county li- brary law, the county court on the peti- tion of one hundred taxpayers must sub- mit the question of the county library to a vote at the next school election. Eighty petitions, he said, have already been signed up with a sufficient number of names and some voting on the county library next April is certain. Earlier in the session, greetings were PROCEEDINGS 163 presented from several national associa- tions. President Tyler was in the chair. DB. BUTTEBFIELD spoke for the Ameri- can Country Life Association in connec- tion with his address. ANNIE C. WOODWABD, vice-president of the National Education Association, spoke for that organization. Miss Woodward said that the two asso- ciations have a common platform of inter- est in educational pursuits. One of the most important issues at the present time to both the A. L. A. and the N. E. A. Is the passing of the revised and perfected Smith-Towner bill, now known as the Towner-Sterling bill. On the first day of 1916 there were in the United States 8,500,000 men and women above the age of sixteen who could neither read nor write English, nor any other language. And before the war only seven and one-half per cent of the boys and girls of this country stayed in school long enough to graduate from high school. Before the war we appropriated $500,- 000,000 a year for public education. That sum ought to have been $2,000,000,000 and it would have been that sum if the people of America had realized the need our coun- try has for more educational opportun- ities. MBS. HALSEY W. WILSON brought greet- ings from the National League of Women Voters. MBS. WILSON: We have in connection with this organization a program. It is the idea to educate the women of America in citizenship ; to work for legislation in the interest of greater opportunity and suc- cess for all people in our country; to hold a higher political standard; to understand how the political situation may be ad- vanced to meet the needs of reconstruction and of a better America. The organiza- tion is all-partisan and non-partisan. I want to ask the librarians of this country to aid us in extending the inter- ests of this League of Women Voters. I want to ask the librarians of the country to set aside a little part of the shelf and to bring together their all of the material which will aid the people to catch this vision. Our slogan is: "A citizen who may be able to read the English language, write his own ballot and honor the Ameri- can flag." MABY L. TITCOMB, chairman of the Li- brary Extension Division of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, brought greetings from the Federation. Miss TITCOMB: To pass on to you the felicitations of two million women is a sufficiently proud gesture and I would not take your time longer except that I want to enlist your help in the work of this Committee on Library Extension. I am going to ask you, as librarians, to keep this committee informed as to the needs of the individual states. If a law is about to be passed, or if there is any movement for extension of library service in any state the committee would like to know about it, so that it can help. The report of the Resolutions Committee was presented (but not read) and by a vote was referred to the Council. The meeting adjourned. SIXTH GENERAL SESSION (Saturday evening, June 25) President TYLEB introduced First Vice- President H. H. B. MEYEB, who presided. The theme of the meeting was TODAY'S TENDENCIES IN BOOK PUBLISHING AND DISTBTBUTION The following addresses were made: THE NEW TEMPEB OF THE BEADING PUBLIC BY GLENN FBANK, editor, The Century Magazine (Printed in Publishers' Weekly, August 13, 1921, pp. 495-97) FEBMENT AND FACT BY ALFBED HABCOUBT, of Harcourt Brace & Co. (Printed in Publishers' Weekly, September 10, 1921, pp. 715-717.) THE NATION'S FICTION APPETITE BY HEBBEBT F. JENKINS, of Little Brown & Co. (Printed in Publisher's Weekly, September 24, 1921, pp. 973-975.) NEXT STEPS IN EXTENDING THE USE OF BOOKS BY FBEDEBIC G. MELCHEB, secretary, Na- tional Association of Book Publishers (See p. 119.) Mr. Meyer withdrew from the chair and the president presided over the final busi- ness session. MBS. HENBY J. CABB: Very few ladies were present at the organization meeting 164 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE of the American Library Association in Philadelphia in 1876. Of the few who were there, two were connected with the Lynn Public Library: Harriet Matthews and Elizabeth Root. Elizabeth Root has recently died. Harriet Matthews has been a helpless invalid here at the edge of Swampscott for four or five years. I am sure this session will desire to send greet- ings to Miss Matthews. On motion of MBS. CABB, it was unani- mously Voted, That the American Library Asso- ciation extend to Miss Matthews sympathy on account of her illness and congratula- tions on her connection with the begin- nings of the American Library Association. The PRESIDENT called E. R. GBABOW of the New Ocean House to the platform and expressed appreciation of the efforts made by him and his associates to make this a splendid meeting. Mr. Grabow spoke briefly of the establishment of libraries on the vesels of the United Fruit Com- pany, of which he is the general passenger agent, and expressed his pleasure in acting as host for the American Library Asso- ciation. A bouquet of roses presented by Mr. Grabow was accepted by the president on behalf of all the women of the Asso- ciation. The Secretary read the following en- graved testimonial from the hotel: The Management of the New Ocean House expresses to the Officers and Mem- bers of the American Library Association its warm appreciation for their generous patronage and manifest co-operation, fervently hoping the early future again will give us the honor, privilege and pleasure of welcoming to Swampscott their great intellectual organization. E. R. GBABOW COMPANY, Inc., E.- R. Grabow, President. Resolutions: The following report was submitted by the Committee on Resolu- tions: To THE AMEBICAN LIBBABY ASSOCIATION: In submitting herewith its report on resolutions for adoption at this meeting this Committee wishes strongly to recom- mend that in the future the Committee on Resolutions be appointed early each year so that as many resolutions as possible may be submitted to it in writing in ad- vance of the annual convention. Only in this way can sufficient time be obtained for the proper consideration of the resolu- tions to go before the Association. Resolved, That it is with sadness and sorrow that we have learned of the severe illness of Mr. John Grant Moulton, Presi- dent of the Massachusetts Library Club, on whose initiative the American Library Association is meeting at Swampscott this year. We deplore his absence from our midst. Resolved, That this Association regrets the enforced absence, because of illness, of Mr. R. R. Bowker, one of the founders and most loyal members of the American Library Association, from this 43rd annual meeting; and conveys to him best wishes for a speedy recovery. Resolved, That the American Library Association reaffirms its endorsement of the Smith-Towner bill, (now known as the Towner-Sterling bill), passed at the Asbury Park meeting, June 28, 1919; and be it further Resolved, That the Association urge upon the President of the United States, and the members of Congress the creation of a governmental division devoted to the stim- ulation of library activities in the United States. Whereas, The bills now before Congress for the reclasslflcation of the government civil service all recognize librarians as be- longing to one of the learned professions; and Whereas, These measures provide sal- aries for librarians more likely to retain in the service trained and experienced persons, than the salaries now paid; and Whereas, The disintegration of the serv- ice in government libraries through the loss of trained and experienced members of their staffs who cannot afford to remain at the low salaries now paid, should be arrested as soon as possible; therefore be it Resolved, That the American Library Association endorses the general principles of reclassification in these measures as applied to librarians, and respectfully urges upon Congress the immediate pass- age of one of the measures now before it, for the reclassification of the government service; and be it further Resolved, That a copy of these resolu- tions be sent to every member of the Sen- ate and House of Representatives. Whereas, The libraries of the United States are peculiarly adapted to serve as efficient depositories of Government in- formation; and Whereas, It is at present impossible for them to perform this service adequately, for lack of a clearing house at the National Capital; and PROCEEDINGS 165 Whereas, The establishment of such a clearing house would result both in more intelligent distribution of Government in- formation and in a great saving of money, through the saving of waste incident to present methods; and Whereas, In response to a recent ques- tionnaire, Public Libraries throughout the United States have asked for a Govern- ment service to libraries; therefore be it Resolved, That the American Library Association a third time endorses the bills S. 61 and H. R. 4385 and respectfully urges their adoption; and be it further Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to the members of the Senate and of the House committees. Resolved, That the Association welcomes the prospect, now seemingly assured, of a National Archives Building at Washing- ton, and hopes that it will serve also to increase the interest and sense of responsi- bility of the federal authorities in the preservation and useful administration of their other archives located outside of Washington. Whereas, This past year has seen the organization of the American publishers for the purpose of promoting the best con- ditions for the publication and distribution of books throughout the United States and Canada; Resolved, That the American Library Association sends from this convention its greetings to the National Association of Book Publishers, expressing the hope that there may be much constructive co-opera- tion between the two associations to the end that books may be put to the widest possible use throughout this country and Canada. Whereas, The year 1921 marks the sixth centenary of the death of Dante, and it is the intention of the National Dante Committee fittingly to commemorate the event; therefore be it Resolved, That the American Library Association urges its members to co-oper- ate with the Committee in the celebra- tion. Resolved, That the hearty thanks of the Association be extended to all persons, too numerous to be mentioned, who have con- tributed to the undoubted success of this Conference; and be it further Resolved, That the appreciation of the Association be expressed to all committees, organizations, institutions and municipal- ities which have arranged for the comfort and entertainment of the members of the Association. Among these are to be spe- cially mentioned the Massachusetts Li- brary Club, its Local Committee under the chairmanship of Mr. Charles F. D. Belden, its Transportation Committee, and its Hos- pitality Committee; the City of Cambridge, Harvard University; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; the Board of Trustees of the Boston Public Library and the Free Library Commission of Massa- chusetts for the notable reception at the Public Library of Boston on the evening of June 23rd, which was honored by the presence of the Governor of Massachusetts and the Mayor of Boston; the Trustees and Librarian of the Gary Memorial Li- brary of Lexington; the Trustees and Li- brarian of the Concord Public Library; and the Rotary and Kiwanis Clubs of Lynn; and the management of the New Ocean House. EVERETT R. PERRY, Chairman, FREDERICK C. HICKS, MARY S. SAXE, Committee on Resolutions. Toted, That above resolutions be adopted by the Association. The PRESIDENT: I wish that I might have the tongue of eloquence to express more than even the Resolutions Committee could express, our unbounded appreciation and gratitude to the generous-hearted, hos- pitable, cordial New Englanders for the wonderful hospitality that has been ex- tended to us. REPORT OF THE TELLERS OF ELECTION Mr. Teal reported that 116 ballots had been cast and that the following officers had been elected: President Azariah S. Root, librarian, Oberlin Col- lege Library, Oberlin, Ohio. First Vice-President Samuel H. Ranck, librarian, Grand Rapids Public Library, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Second Vice-President Claribel R. Barnett, librarian, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Treasurer Edward D. Tweedell, John Crerar Li- brary, Chicago, Illinois. Members of Executive Board Gratia A. Countryman, librarian, Min- neapolis Public Library, Minneapolis, Minn. 166 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Carl B. Roden, librarian, Chicago Public Library, Chicago, Illinois. George S. Godard, librarian, Connecticut State Library, Hartford, Connecticut. Herman H. B. Meyer, chief bibliog- rapher, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. Trustee of Endowment Fund J. Randolph Coolidge, trustee, Boston Athenaeum, Boston, Massachusetts. Members of Council , George H. Lock, librarian, Toronto Pub- lic Library, Toronto, Canada. Cornelia Marvin, librarian, Oregon State Library, Salem, Oregon. Fannie C. Rawson, secretary, Kentucky Library Commission. Robert K. Shaw, librarian, Free Public Library, Worcester, Massachusetts. Adam Strohm, librarian, Detroit Public Library, Detroit, Michigan. W. E. Henry, librarian, University of Washington Library, Seattle, Washington. Margaret Mann, chief cataloger, United Engineering Societies Library, New York, N. Y. Laura Smith, chief, Catalog and Refer- ence Departments, Cincinnati Public Li- brary, Cincinnati, Ohio. Charles Martel, chief of Catalog Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. Julia A. Robinson, secretary, Iowa Li- brary Commission, Des Moines, Iowa. The following statement by the library department of the National Education As- sociation was read by the secretary: LIBRARIES IX EDUCATION 1. All pupils in both elementary and secondary schools should have ready access to books to the end that they may be trained (a) to love to read that which Is worth while; (b) to supplement their school studies by the use of books other than textbooks; (c) to use reference books easily and effectively; Cd) to use intelligently both the school library and the public library. 2. Every secondary school should have a trained librarian, and every elementary school should have trained library service. 3. Trained librarians should have the same status as teachers or heads of de- partments of equal training and experi- ence. 4. Every school that provides training for teachers should require a course in the use of books and libraries, and a course on the best literature for children. 6. Every state should provide for the supervision of school libraries and for the certification of school librarians. 6. The public library should be recog- nized as a necessary part of public in- struction, and should be as liberally sup- ported by tax as are the public schools, and for the same reasons. 7. The school system that does not make liberal provision for training) in the use of libraries, fails to do its full duty in the way of revealing to all future cit- izens the opportunity to know and to use the resources of the public library as a means of education. It was unanimously Voted, That the above statement on Li- braries in Education be approved and adopted by the American Library Asso- ciation. The president-elect, Azariah S. Root, was escorted to the platform by Henry J. Carr. The PBESIDENT: It is my great pleasure and privilege to present on behalf of the Association to the incoming president, the gavel which signifies the authority and responsibility of this great organization. MB. ROOT: He would be a very unap- preciative man who did not fully realize the compliment that is paid him in an election to this illustrious succession of men and women who have served as presi- dents of the American Library Association. One may feel humble as he contrasts him- self with the marked ability of many of them. He may feel particularly humble as he contrasts himself with his dis- tinguished predecessor. He may well feel humble when he knows that there are some scores of men and some hundreds of women in the Association who could serve COUNCIL the Association far better than he could. Nevertheless it has been your choice and I can only say that I shall do the very best that lies in me to make the American Library Association's year a success. President TYLEE: We have had a not- able gathering. All have shared in it; all have helped to make it notable. We owe so much to those of New England who have made it possible to have this splendid meeting that I am sure we shall leave these shores with a desire to return. And now we all turn our faces forward to the incoming year under the leadership of the new president and our other offi- cers. The forty-third annual conference of the American Library Association is adjourned. COUNCIL FIRST SESSION The first session of the Council was held en Tuesday evening, June 21st. President TYLEB presided. The general subject was LIBBABY SEVENTIES WILLIAM F. YUST of Rochester opened the discussion with a paper on RECENT LEGISLATION AND LIBBABY BEVENUES (See p. 123.) WILLIAM J. HAMILTON of Indiana fol- lowed with a paper on the question, SHOULD PUBLIC LIBBABY BOABDS HAVE THE POWEB TO LEVY THE LIBBABY TAX (See p. 130.) W. O. CABSON of Ontario spoke on THE ONTABIO PUBLIC LIBBABY BATE (See p. 126.) S. H. RANCK of Grand Rapids discussed THE ONTABIO LIBBARY LAW AND AMEBICAN LIBBABIES (See p. 128.) PUBD B. WEIGHT of Kansas City, and WILLIAM DEAN GODDAED of Pawtucket, spoke on the necessity of frequent re- visions of the assessed valuation. DB. FBANK P. HILL of Brooklyn suggested the danger of looking at these matters in a selfish way, saying that in Brooklyn he did not think the city had a right to spend one dollar per capita. Others who took part In the discussion were Henry N. Sanborn, Win. F. Yust. George F. Bowerman, C. W. Andrews, M. L. Raney and Misses Downey and Tobitt. It was Voted, That the President be authorized to appoint a committee of three to make further study and report to the next meet- ing of the council. Samuel H. Ranck and Hiller C. Wellman were appointed, with one member to be appointed later. Meeting adjourned. SECOND SESSION The second session of the Council was held on Saturday afternoon, June 25th. President TYLEB presided. Committee on Committees: The Presi- dent brought to the attention of the Coun- cil the report of the Committee on Com- mittees as printed in the Annual Reports, 1920-1921, pp. 25-35. The importance of the report, the desirability of having com- mittees appointed promptly, of having early reports sent to members of the Coun- cil and of having definite action by the Council or the Association, as a whole, on the committee recommendations, were dis- cussed by M. L. Raney, W. Dawson John- ston, Henry N. Sanborn, Mary Eileen Ahern. It was Voted, That the Executive Board set a date for the receipt of all committee re- ports, so that copies of these reports can be mailed to all members of the council one month before the First Session of the Council at the annual conferences. National Certification : The report of the 168 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Committee on National Certification and Training, as found in the Annual Reports, 1920-1921, pp. 78-89, was discussed by Josephine Adams Rathbone, Paul M. Paine, June R. Donnelly, Henry N. Sanborn, Mary Eileen Ahern, Azariah S. Root, Purd B. Wright, Mary E. Downey. The president, Miss Rathbone, and others called attention to the fact that the recom- mendations of the committee did not in- volve the approval of the details of the re- port, but there was much discussion of the tentative scheme outlined in the report. It was Voted, That the committee be continued to give the subject continuous considera- tion and to report (to the Council) at the midwinter conference. It was Voted, That the report of the Committee be accepted and that the recommendations as amended by the above vote be approved. Library Workers' Association: Miss Edith Tobitt, chairman, presented the recom- mendations of the Council Committee on the Library Workers' Association, as fol- lows: That the A. L. A. co-operate freely with the Library Workers' Association. That more time be given the Library Workers' Association to make effective its purpose as outlined in Article 2 of its con- stitution, thereby proving its purpose to be kindred to the purposes of the American Library Association and that in the mean- time affiliation be withheld. It was Voted, That the recommendations of the committee be approved and adopted. (Re- port of this committee will be found on p. 77 of the Annual Reports, 1920-1921. Libraries in Education: The statement on Libraries in Education prepared for the Library Department of the N. E. A. was submitted to the council. (See p. 166.) It was Voted, That this statement on Libraries in Education be adopted by the Council. The following resolutions recommended by the Committee on Resolutions were adopted: Towner-Sterling Bill: (See p. 164.) Reclassification of Government Service: (See p. 164.) Library Service: (See p. 164.) National Archives Building: (See p. 165.) National Association of Book Publishers: (See p. 165.) Library of Congress Cataloging: The following communication from the Catalog Section of the American Library Associa- tion was read by the secretary: The Catalog Section of the A. L. A. sub- mits to the A. L. A. Council the following suggestion : The utilization of the printed catalog cards of the Library of Congress by hun- dreds of American libraries of all types renders the efficiency of these cards and the certainty and promptness of their out- put a matter of gefeeral concern. This efficiency, certainty and promptness de- pends upon the adequacy and the technical and scholarly competence of the cataloging and classification staff of the Library of Congress. The information given in the Librarian's reports that the staff has, dur- ing the past few years, been depleted by the resignation of numerous experts, and that under the existing scale of salaries it is impossible to secure equally competent substitutes to replace them, threatens a catastrophe which will therefore be far- reaching. A resolution by the Council might aid to avert it. We suggest such a resolution, which (1) shall state the fact that the competence of this staff is a mat- ter of general concern, (2) shall emphasize that nothing short of the highest tech- nical accomplishments' will suffice to as- sure it, (3) that the present salary scale is quite insufficient to secure it, and (4) that in the reclassification of the govern- ment services, or, should this be delayed, then by emergency legislation, the scale be substantially revised, so that this serv- ice shall be placed where it justly belongs, among the highly technical and profes- sional services of the government affect- ing the general welfare. It was Voted, That the Secretary be instructed to transmit copies of the communication from the Catalog Section to Senator Thomas Sterling, chairman of the Joint Committee of Congress in Civil Service, and to the Hon. Herbert Putnam, Libra- rian of Congress, with the endorsement of the Council of the American Library Asso- ciation; and that the Executive Board be asked to consider the advisability of send- ing a representative to Washington to urge such action as will enable the Library of Congress to compete successfully with other libraries and with business houses in securing capable assistants. COUNCIL 169 Status of Libraries under the Immigra- tion law: Whereas, The American Library Associa- tion has learned of the deportation under the contract labor law of a trained library asristant consequent upon a ruling by the Department of Labor that such assistants are to be classed a "skilled labor," and Whereas, It is the understanding of the American Library Association that trained library assistants are "professional work- ers" within the meaning of the exemption under the law of such persons from its provisions, and Whereas, Library assistants have been ruled to be "professional workers" by other Government departments; therefore be It Resolved, That the American Library As- sociation respectfully and solemnly protests against any classification that places libra- rians in any other rank than that of pro- fessional workers, and earnestly requests that the Department of Labor will revise Its classification to correspond with the facts of the case. Greetings to American Colony in Peru: The following cable from Forrest B. Spaulding was read by Mary Eileen Ahern : Lima, Peru, June 22, 1921. To Milam (Library Association) American colony through American Society of Peru decides give Peruvian gov- ernment national system traveling libraries commemoration centenary. Spaulding. and it was Voted, That the Secretary be directed to send greetings and congratulations of the American Library Association to the Amer- ican colony of Peru. Reduction of Armament: Miss Ahern presented the following resolution which was adopted: Whereas, The members of the American Library Association have had full demon- stration of the pain and pinch that belongs to war and the increased cost of all neces- sities, both personal and professional, caused thereby; and Whereas, The exigencies of international conditions brought about by the cost of war is appalling from every standpoint; and Whereas, We believe the example of the United States in this matter will be fol- lowed by other nations therefore be it Resolved, That the American Library As- sociation urges upon the President of the United States and Congress the initiative of a movement leading to a reduction of armament at the earliest possible moment; and be it further Resolved, That a request be made by the members of the American Library Asso- ciation to their individual congressmen for such action and that a record be made of the replies. Carnegie Corporation: Mary E. Downey raised the question of a possible confer- ence between representatives of the Amer- ican Library Association and representa- tives of the Carnegie Corporation on the subject of donations from the Corporation for library buildings and library work. The question was discussed by W. Daw- son Johnston, Henry N. Sanborn, Mary Eileen Ahern, W. 0. Carson, M. L. Raney, June R. Donnelly. It was the general impression of the speakers that the Carnegie Corporation is not making any new donations for library buildings, although it is providing some funds for this purpose on promises made a few years ago; and that the question of the Corporation's attitude toward libraries is under consideration. It was Voted, That the Secretary be instructed by the Council, either personally or through such instrumentality as seems to him best, to communicate to the Carnegie Corpora- tion the interest of the American Library Association in the resumption of its pro- gram in behalf of libraries. Librarians of Small Libraries Round Table: The following communication was read by the President: "The section voted to appoint a commit- tee for the purpose of collecting some statistical data that will be of use in com- paring conditions of small libraries throughout the United States. I am asked to report this and ask if the A. L. A. will approve our work. We are new in sec- tional work and want to be sure of our place." No action was taken, "pending further information. The meeting adjourned. 170 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE AGRICULTURAL LIBRARIES SECTION The Agricultural Libraries Section met on the evening of June 21, with the chair- man for the year, Malcolm G. Wyer, pre- siding. In the absence of the regular sec- retary, W. P. Lewis, librarian of the New Hampshire College of Agriculture, was ap- pointed secretary. Before proceeding with the regular pro- gram the chairman called upon H. W. Wil- son to explain the financial status of the Agricultural Index which was started a few years ago by the H. W. Wilson Company at the request of the Agricultural Libraries Section. Mr. Wilson stated that the cost of this index far exceeds the income from subscriptions and that some means must be found to decrease the cost or to increase the subscription receipts. This can be done by increasing the number of subscriptions, by Increasing the subscription price or by curtailing the scope of the index service. After a thorough discussion in which all testified to the importance and value of the Agricultural Index it was voted that a committee be appointed to confer with Mr. Wilson in regard to future plans for the index. The chairman appointed Charles R. Green, W. P. Lewis and Eunice Oberly as members of this committee. The following program was then given: The contribution of librarians to agri- cultural history and research, by Eunice R. Oberly, Librarian, Bureau of Plant Indus- try, Washington, D. C.; A study of agricultural library buildings CATALOG The Catalog Section met on Tuesday and Wednesday afternoon, June 21 and 22, El- len M. Chandler, of the Buffalo Public Library, presiding. In the absence of Miss Lynch, Miss Howe acted as secretary at the first session and Mrs. Jennings at the second. The general subject of the first session was THE CATALOG SITUATION WHAT HAS BECOME OF THE CATALOOEBS To aid In solving the problem It had been decided to call Into council those Interested of various types, by Wm. M. Hepburn, Librarian, Purdue University. In the ab- sence of Mr. Hepburn the paper was read by Alice M. Dougan of the Purdue Library staff; Agricultural publications in Canada, by Jacquetta Gardiner, Librarian, Ontario Ag- ricultural College; Latin-American official agricultural mag- azines, by Chas. E. Babcock, Librarian, Pan-American Union, Washington, D. C. The last two papers were presented by the chairman in the absence of the authors. A general round table discussion on the points brought out in the papers followed the formal program and the plans of library buildings on exhibition were exam- ined with interest. Consideration was given to various Improvements that should be made in the form of publication of vari- ous experiment station bulletins, especially the series numbering, bulletin title, etc. No action was taken but it was suggested that the new officers might take these mat- ters up with the editorial association if thought advisable. A digest and summary of the survey of agricultural libraries had been sent by the committee for the pro- gram of this section but the material was not received in time for presentation. The oflicers elected were: Chairman, Lucy E. Fay, Librarian, University of Ten- nessee; Secretary, Mary G. Lacy, Washing- ton, D. C. It was suggested by the Nomina- tion Committee that the secretary might well hold office for two or three years. SECTION in library training, and the invitation met with cordial response. The subject seemed to comprise, first, a general survey of the purpose of cataloging and its value to the users of libraries, and, second, the reasons for the dearth of catalogers, and the ques- tion of making the work more attractive to those who are competent to do It The first speaker was Dr. Archibald Cary Coolldge, director of Harvard University Library, who discussed THE OBJECTS OF CAT- ALOGING from the standpoint of the large public library (Printed In Library Jour- CATALOG SECTION 171 nal, September 15, 1921, pp 735-739.) Louise Fargo Brown, of Vassar College, spoke for the users of catalogs "the Ulti- mate Consumer," and told of her ADVEN- TURES WITH CATALOGS. This paper was printed in the July number of Public Libra- ries, pp. 371-374. Margaret Mann gave some of the results of her work as chairman of the Sub-Com- mittee on Cataloging, which belongs to the A. L. A. Committee on Library Training. After some discussion Mrs. Frances Rath- bone Coe read a paper, MAKING THE DEY SIDE OF CATALOGING INTERESTING, and SOOn convinced her audience that cataloging has no dry side. Mrs. Coe's paper was printed in Public Libraries, July, 1921, pp. 367-370. The discussion of the cataloging situa- tion was participated in by Mr. Martel, Miss Mann, Miss Lindstedt, Miss Rathbone, Miss Poland, Mr. Currier, Mr. Windsor, Miss Hedrick, Miss Gooch, Mary E. Baker, Adelaide F. Evans, Miss Monrad, Mary E. Hyde, Dr. Van Hoesen, and others. Many interesting reasons for the dearth of catalogers were brought out. The prin- cipal causes seem to be small salaries; monotonous and often lonely work, apart from the rest of the library organization; the strong emphasis, in both speech and print, on the social side of library work work with the public, work with the chil- dren, work with the foreigners, etc.; too much public discussion of methods and too little of the cataloger's real purpose the making of a library's resources avail- able; a tendency on the part of library folk generally to speak disparagingly of catalog work as uninteresting; and the difficulty of finding persons competent to become good catalogers. The remedies sug- gested were: a salary scale which recog- nizes the highly technical character of the cataloger's work, and the special ability and training necessary for it; more diver- sity of work, especially by combination of cataloging and reference work; more in- dividual responsibility for parts or kinds of work; more real effort to make known the interesting and cultural side of the cataloger's work and the satisfaction of un- locking the library's resources. It was also urged that more use of the cataloger's in- timate knowledge of the books she catalogs, and of her previous training, be made in the reference and perhaps other depart- ments, and that she should have the benefit and pleasure of using the tool she has made, and it was suggested that time be al- lowed her for study, especially if she is able to carry some university work, lest schol- arly cataloging perish from the earth. On Wednesday afternoon the chairman reported that, as instructed by the Colorado Springs meeting, she had undertaken a registration of catalogers and that two- hundred and seventy had responded. It was voted to turn the file over to Headquarters, where it is desired. Mr. Currier, chairman of a committee of three appointed Tuesday afternoon, reported a communication to be sent to the Council of the A. L. A., suggest- ing that it express officially to the Senate Committee on Civil Service, the urgent need for financial relief for the Catalog Division of the Library of Congress, whose invaluable service in making its catalog cards available to the libraries of the coun- try is seriously menaced by the loss of its experts. Mrs. Jennie T. Jennings, of St. Paul, read a paper on HOW THE LIBBABY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION WORKS OUT IN A PUBLIC LIBRARY. Her paper was followed by a sym- posium on methods of dealing with, but not cataloging of, various kinds of "Refractory Material:" pamphlets, music, Great War material, documents, and "easy books." Clara P. Briggs told how the Harvard Col- lege Library dealt with the Wendell col- lection, and H. M. Lydenberg, Adelaide F. Evans, Jessie M. Woodford and Zana K. Miller spoke on the special topics. Dr. Van Hoesen then outlined and gave some additional points to be added to his Library Institute paper on SHORT CATALOGING AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CATALOGING. Mrs. Jennie Thornburg Jennings was elected chairman and Ruth Rosholt secre- tary for the coming year. ELLEN M. CHAWDLEB, Chairman. 172 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE CHILDREN'S LIBRARIANS SECTION The first meeting of the Children's Libra- rians Section was held Tuesday afternoon, June 21, with Alice I. Hazeltine, chairman, presiding. The main topic for the after- noon was CHILDREN'S BOOK WEEK which was discussed from three points ol view, that of the publisher, of the librarian and of the bookseller. The pub- lisher's point of view was presented by Frederic G. Melcher, of the National As- sociation of Book Publishers, whose topic was CHILDREN'S BOOK WEEK A NATIONAL MOVEMENT. Mr. Melcher outlined the pur- pose and growth of this movement and emphasized the aim of both publishers and booksellers in their co-operation namely, to raise the standard of selling. He said that in order to do this success- fully they must receive from parent, teacher and librarian the reflection of the effect of books upon the child; and that in order to encourage the production of better books they must receive from libra- ries the reflection of what the public is demanding, in order to stimulate the best authors to greater production. He spoke enthusiastically of the results of children's book week In 1920 and of the hearty co- operation which had been given (and will be given again in 1921) by women's clubs; Boy Scout organiations ; churches; state library commissions; book stores; au- thors, contributing articles for publication ; magazines, giving much space to adver- tising; moving picture managers; state and county fairs; and newspapers. Mr. Melcher exhibited what is to be the new feature in connection with the advertising this year, the "Bookcase for boys to build." This is a small case which will hold several dozen books, modeled after the Thomas Bailey Aldrich book shelf. Any enterprising boy, or girl if she has had manual training instruction, could construct this case, and with the posses- sion of the case will come, it is hoped, the desire to own books to fill it. Clara W. Hunt, Superintendent of the Children's Department of the Brooklyn Public Library, read a paper on CHILDREN'S BOOK WEEK FROM THE LIBRARIAN'S POINT OF VIEW. This paper, which was most enthusiastically received, was printed in Publishers Weekly, July 9, 1921, p. 69. Miss Hunt, while welcoming this oppor- tunity for widespread publicity and the advertising of children's books, pointed out that "like most things human this children's book week publicity which offers great opportunities for good, carries with it possibilities for harm unless it is rightly used," and she reminded us that it is the duty and responsibility of every children's librarian to have high standards of selection, to maintain such standards and to use this publicity opportunity "so effectively that the influence of the library for good may be felt to the remotest cor- ner of her community." She pointed out that the great danger is that the mediocre books may be advertised rather than those which are standard and worth while. The third paper, THE BOOKSELLER'S POINT OF VIEW, was given by Bertha E. Mahoney, of the Bookshop for Boys and Girls, Bos- ton, Mass. Miss Mahoney said that from her viewpoint it was not the number of children's books sold during that one week which was of greatest importance, but the aim was to arouse a permanent interest which will lead to the buying of more books for the home as they are needed. She emphasized the value of advertising, saying that books will remain unknown to many until they are as well advertised as are victrolas, milk separators and other useful and necessary articles. In this con- nection she urged children's librarians to write articles for the magazines known as home magazines, describing a particu- lar book or group of books, not on read- ing in general, and also that we all work together toward securing better review- ing of children's books in the newspapers. To help in the advertising during chil- dren's book week, this bookshop will lend CHILDREN'S LIBRARIANS SECTION 173 exhibits of attractive books to normal schools and small country libraries. Miss Mahoney's full paper appeared in Publish- ers' Weekly, October 22, 1921. Following these papers there was a fif- teen-minute general discussion opened by F. K. Matthews, of the National Boy Scout organization, who said that this book week will be successful in proportion as we put brains and conscience into it, that we must put the emphasis on the better books and influence the bookseller to eliminate the trashy volumes and give a prominent place in his shop to those recommended by the public library. Miss Power then sug- gested that as a method of advertising, well-known authors be urged to speak at meetings. Mr. Shoemaker, the last speaker, said that one of the greatest hin- drances to the selling of the better books for children was the demand for "machine- made" series, and he suggested as a remedy the employment of sales persons who will read the children's books and be able to distinguish between the good and the poor. At this session the report of the Book Production Committee was presented by Alice M. Jordan, chairman of the commit- tee. She reported: The manufacturing cost of books is said to be still two and one-third times what it was before the War That the cost of paper and cloth are decreasing but the labor situation tends to keep expenses high. The time promised for a reduction in prices is now pushed forward to early next year. Representation to publishers concerning library needs for certain out-of-print books has brought several books back into print.- The committee recommended that a new list be prepared by the new committee and presented to librarians for consideration. Complaints regarding the physical make- up of books had been received and the com- mittee recommended "that children's libra- rians themselves write directly to the pub- lishers concerning unsatisfactory bindings, naming to each specifically the books which do not wear well." The committee had made inquiries as to the practicability of producing good books in paper covers to be sold at news stands, stationery stores, etc. One publisher said it could not be done. The other said "that a selected list of books could not be made in sufficient quantities to compete unless per- chance some liberal-minded person were willing to put them out as a philanthropic enterprise." The second session of this section was held Wednesday afternoon, June 22. The first paper was read by Elva S. Smith, of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, her subject being, SOME PRESENT DAY PROBLEMS IN BOOK SELECTION. (Printed in Primary Education, November, 1921.) The second paper of the afternoon was given by Efile L. Power, Supervisor ot Children's Work, Cleveland Public Library, whose subject was, THE CHILDREN'S LIBRA- RIAN OF TO-DAY AND TO-MORROW. MiSS Power reviewed the problems confronting the chil- dren's librarians and emphasized the neces- sity for training and the need of more workers in this important field of library work. This paper was printed in the Library Journal, August, 1921, pp. 633-36. Following this paper there was a discus- sion of some everyday problems. The first topic was book reviews. Lenore Power of the New York Public Library opened the discussion. She deplored the lack of good reviews and the fact that those magazines and papers which give the best reviews do not give enough space to the reviewing of children's books. A good point made by her was that a juve- nile book review should not be made a medium for one's own interpretation, but should be quite impersonal. Marian Cutter of the New York Chil- dren's Bookshop spoke next, emphasiz- ing the need of more accurate review- ing and mentioning the three important points which the shop expected to observe in the leaflet which will be issued at inter- vals notes by many reviewers, reviews which will meet the needs of parents, re- views which will cover the raison d'etre of each book. The PROJECT PROBLEM AND RESERVE BOOKS was discussed by Jean C. Roos of the Cleveland Library and Julia Carter of New York. The points brought out were that children should not be forced to read but should be led to want to read and that the attainment of most satisfac- tory results depended almost entirely upon 174 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE real co-operatioa between the teacher and the librarian. The third topic was STORY-TELLING AND CLUB WORK. Lillian Smith, of the Toronto Library, spoke enthusiastically of the re- sults of both these activities and read two short compositions by club children as il- lustrations of what club work means to library children. The value and impor- tance of training for story-telling to chil- dren was presented by Nina C. Brotherton, principal of the Carnegie Library School, who named the "essentials" to be obtained by training namely, (1) instruction in the selection of material; (2) instruction in adaptation of stories (for various ages and types of children) ; (3) instruction in method of presentation, with practice under supervision before groups of chil- dren. READING FOR CREDIT was well presented by Marion F. Schwab of the Brooklyn Pub- lic Library, who said that reading should be a recreation rather than an obligation on the part of children and that teacher and librarian should emphasize the joy and companionship which they will find in books, not the piling up of school credits for reading done. The last topic, ATTEND- ANCE AT THE A. r A., was discussed by Mary B. Day, who spoke of the benefit and inspiration gained from this getting together for the discussion of our every- day problems. After announcements by the chairman, the session was adjourned in order that a film might be shown of the children's li- brary work in France. (See Special Ses- sion, page 155.) After the showing of the film a special business meeting was held for the presentation of committee reports. The report of the Booklist Committee was read and accepted and a motion made and carried that a new committee be appointed to continue this work. The chair appointed Miss Knapp and Miss Jerome, Miss Knapp being chairman with the power to appoint other members to the committee as she deems it necessary. A second business session was held Fri- day evening, June 24th, at which two new committees were created; (1) a Committee on Book Evaluation to consist of five mem- bers each to serve one year, to be appointed by the incoming chairman; (2) a Publicity Committee to develop work with children, to consist of three members to be appointed by the incoming chairman. At this meet- ing the following resolution was passed: The children's section requests that the American Library Association provide, if possible, from its War Service Fund, sev- eral thousand dollars to establish a model children's room in the Paris Library. The following officers were elected: Chairman, Clara W. Hunt, Superintendent of the Children's Department, Brooklyn Public Library; Vice-chairman, Gertrude E. Avey, Chief Children's Librarian, Cin- cinnati Public Library; Secretary, Lenore St. John Power, of the New York Public Library. GRACE ENDICOTT, Secretary. COLLEGE AND REFERENCE SECTION The College and Reference Section met on Friday afternoon, June 24th. About two hundred and fifty attended. Dr. A. H. Shearer of the Grosvenor Library pre- sided. Dr. M. L. Raney of Johns Hopkins Uni- versity spoke on THE PRESENT STATUS OF FOREIGN BOOK-BUYING. He took up first the book trade with Germany and went into the different plans of the German pub- lishers, the Bursenverein, the booksellers and the government. The general advice was that twice the domestic rate plus ten per cent was a very fair price. As to English books, Dr. Raney defended his bulletin entitled 100% Profit Plus and gave figures and reasoning which showed that some American publishers had evidently made much more than 100% profit. He then went on to show how some houses COLLEGE AND REFERENCE SECTION 175 had come down and advised acceptance of the rate of the English price at cur- rent exchange for the shilling plus two cents per shilling for expense, or direct importation if the book could be waited for. Parcel post was advised in preference to freight always. The proposition of the Agence de Librairie et de Publications (A. L. P.) was discussed at length, with regard to new books, periodicals, and antiquities. Comments will appear in Bulletin 9 of the Book Buying Committee. N. L. Goodrich of Dartmouth College gave a statement of some fairly extensive buying in Germany by a member of the faculty. Five thousand one hundred and five volumes were secured, many or most of them sets of scientific periodicals. At present another man is doing the same thing, whose expenses are being paid, and it is estimated that the total cost will be about $1.35 a volume. Mr. Goodrich con- firmed the statement of Dr. Raney about mail being preferable to freight. F. L. Hopper of the A. L. A. Committee on Administration spoke on the A. L. A. questionnaire for library statistics. Is the form suitable? Can it be revised to apply to both reference and circulating libraries, or shall there be a separate form for the former? Upon the conclusion of Mr. Hopper's statement of the problem, it was moved that a committee be ap- pointed from the section to work with the administration committee. H. O. Brigham of the Rhode Island State Library presented the plans of the Information Section of the National Re- search Council. The Council was organ- ized during the war and has been con- tinued, receiving $5,000,000 from the Car- negie Corporation, in part for a building, $500,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation, and other amounts from the General Edu- cation Board, the Commonwealth Board, and several corporations. Bulletins, and reprints and circulars are issued. The organ is the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. The purpose is to assist research in various ways, to en- courage research in universities and col- leges, to link industrial concerns with re- search work, to urge the support of spe- cial libraries, to publish papers, to prepare bibliographies. The Information Service is a clearing house for scientific informa- tion to co-operate with Informational sources, including libraries, laboratories, research institutions and individuals. It obtains information about problems and work in process, and issues bulletins with information about laboratories and funds available for research. Inquiries are answered without charge, but there is a fee for special research. The Council is independent of the government and of any commercial organization. The Re- search Information Service is headed by Dr. Robert M. Yerkes and has its head- quarters in Washington. Dr. C. W. Andrews of the John Crerar Library stated that two members of the Council were present, H. W. Graver and himself, and added to points of interest to libraries, that the Council had exerted influence on the Smithsonian to re-issue Bolton; and hoped to take a census of American libraries for research. Miss Oberly of the Bureau of Plant Industry said that there was proposed the estab- lishment of a clearing house for duplicate separates and duplicate periodicals. It has also been suggested that there should be co-operation with reference libraries in reproducing at cost of time short reference lists. At this point the letter of R. J. Usher of the John Crerar Library was read. Mr. Usher's letter called attention to the value of the bibliographies prepared in the Library of Congress and the New York Public Library and also those of consid- erable size issued by the National Research Council and the Technical Association of the Paper and Pulp Industry. A small authoritative reference list which can be kept in the file near the ref- erence desk is the most useful to the busy librarian. Short lists, when the subject is new, are of great value. The reader desires a selected list, authoritatively annotated and made up of about six entries. Mr. Usher suggested that such lists be published in one of the 176 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE library journals, and also a department of Notes and Queries, where queries might be sent, and which would serve as a clear- ing house and stimulate co-operation in reference work among the libraries. Mr. Usher's plea was for short reference lists authoritatively prepared, easily filed away for convenient reference and thus always at hand. Walter L. Brown of the Buffalo Public Library followed, and speaking from the standpoint of the public libraries, said they were in especial need of short lists backed by authorities. Such lists would count for a great deal more than lists made by public libraries themselves. H. M. Lydenberg presented the work of the Committee on Foreign Periodicals of the War Period, and read parts of its re- port, which is printed in the Annual Re- ports, 1920-1921, pp. 41-44. Sloog of the A. L. A. referred to certain possibilities of filling in periodicals, and Dr. Andrews in his discussion, said that of one hundred and fifty-one periodicals for which 1917 and 1918 numbers were still lacking, Harrasso- witz had reported fifty-three dead, so that it might be found that gaps in American libraries were not so serious as feared. Jennie Welland, editor of the New York Times Index, presented the suggestion of a monthly issue of the New York Times Index, with an annual cumulation, and asked for serious consideration by members of the section in the event of a question- naire being sent out by the Times. Mrs. May Lamberton Becker spoke of her work as editor of the Readers Guide in the New York Evening Post. Mary A. Hartwell, of the Superintendent of Documents office, could not answer the question: When will Volume 2 of the Checklist of U. 8. Documents be issued? She spoke of the loss of catalogers from the office during the war and since be- cause of low salaries. The 64th Congress Document Catalog for the two years end- ing June 30, 1917, she said, should be ready for the printer this ' fall or winter, and nothing can be done about the checklist until the document catalogs are brought up to date. Later, Mr. Tweedell made a motion, which was carried, to the effect that the chairman of the section should write to the proper authorities at Washington, letters of appreciation of the catalogs and indexes of the Superintendent of Docu- ments office and asking that the necessary steps be taken to hasten the preparation of the document catalog and to compile the needed checklist supplement and in- dex. Agnes C. Doyle of the Boston Public Li- brary read a paper on THE NECESSITY FOB A CO-OPEEATIVE INDEX OF COATS-OF-ABMS. She spoke of the increasing interest in heraldry by Americans, of the time spent in libraries concerned in geneological research in in- vestigating coats-of-arms for readers, in the many false readings of heraldic signs and the few excellent books on the subject, and made the general proposition of a "co-oper- ative index of coats-of-arms, found in au- thentic works, arranged on an easy plan," through co-operation of libraries under any one of a number of proposed plans. George B. Utley and W. S. Merrill, of the Newberry Library, and Katherine P. Loring of Beverly also spoke on this sub- ject. C. J. Barr of Yale spoke in reference to the checking of the pamphlet, Serials of an International Character, Bulletin S of the Institute of International Educa- tion, and F. K. W. Drury of Brown Uni- versity presented an example of reducing cost of binding to a minimum by stapling certain kinds of works. The Nominating Committee, Messrs Lydenberg and Drury, presented the fol- lowing committee for the conduct of the section, which was elected: Charles J. Barr, Yale, Chairman; W. E. Henry, Uni- versity of Washington; E. D. Tweedell, The John Crerar Library. The following com- mittee on Questionnaire for College and Reference Libraries was also appointed: James T. Gerould, Princeton University, Chairman; Dr. Louis R. Wilson, North Carolina; F. F. Hopper, New York Public Library; R. J. Usher, John Crerar Library; F. K. W. Drury, Brown University. HOSPITAL LIBRARIANS ROUND TABLE 177 HOSPITAL LIBRARIANS ROUND TABLE The meeting of hospital librarians was not intended to be other than an informal "get-together" to become acquainted and perhaps make plans for a formal associa- tion or section. As only a few of these librarians had previously signified their intention of attending this meeting, no one was prepared for the forty or more who came, and the room assigned being too small and too hot, the meeting was ad- journed to the front lawn. Although most of those present were connected with the Army, Navy or Public Health services, three of the large, private mental hospi- tals were represented, at least two gen- eral hospitals, and three cities which have instituted the "group system" of hospital library service, while several medical librarians and many in public library work who wish to extend book service to the hospitals in their towns constituted the remainder of the gathering. The libra- rians present came from as far west as Honolulu, as far north as the great lakes, and as far south as New Mexico. Several problems were discussed, and in the gen- eral excitement caused by one speaker who declared she never lost any books, the main object of the meeting to form some sort of association was lost sight of. It was an enthusiastic gathering, however, with an unusual bond of fellowship, and we are sure some sort of association should be formed to hold regular meetings with the A. L. A. conferences. E. KATHLEEN JONES, Chairman. LENDING SECTION The meeting of the Lending Section was called to order at 2:30 P.M., Saturday, June 25th, by the Chairman, Jennie M. Flexner, of the Louisville Public Library. In the absence of the Secretary, Julia F. Carter of the New York Public Library was appointed secretary pro tern. The reading of the minutes was waived by vote. In introducing the first speaker Miss Flexner spoke with great appreciation of Mr. Brett of Cleveland, Ohio, who during his life-time had given a fine example of "Unity through Leadership." Louise Prouty, librarian, Main Building, Cleveland Public Library, was the first speaker and her subject was STAFF UNITY THROUGH LEADERSHIP; HOW TO MEET WORK, FELLOW WORKERS AND THE PUBLIC. Miss Prouty said that all ideas of unity had been, given to them by Mr. Brett, for he had set the standard and maintained ,it through personal acquaintanceship with his staff. Cleveland having been called a large, "overgrown village" had developed along civic center and community ideas with the library as an active civic organization, not at all a "passive hand-maiden in seclusion." They met their public through the Open Shelf System. Theoretically the librarian met the public through clubs, outside or- ganizations and committees, but in reality part of this was necessarily done by as- sistants selected according to their fitness. The distances in the city made the unity of the staff a problem, but through meet- ings at a weekly Round Table at which books were discussed, routine details smoothed out, local affairs reported upon and out of town visitors received, this problem was more or less solved. Miss Prouty said that each assistant in a library should be able to attend three meetings, the first to receive inspiration; the second to learn of the general prin- ciples of practice and details; and the third to carry back to the members of her own staff that which she had absorbed, above all things to remember that the li- brary was a large institution with a single aim. As no discussion followed this paper, the second, CAN LIBRARIANS READ, was given 178 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE by Mary Prescott Parsons, librarian, Pub- lic Library, Morristown, N. J. Miss Parsons said that if she could have a library adventure, she would like to ask Christopher Morley to act as "desk assistant," giving his favorite books to the readers. Miss Parsons wrote to Mr. Morley and asked him what he would like to do if he were a librarian, and he said, "smoke in the library." Miss Parsons suggested that librarians should not tell people about the books re- viewed in the current newspapers but intro- duce to them older ones not so well known, and she mentioned a few books of real literary value. She believed that every library should have a "hobby" as in her library they made a hobby of poetry. In Morristown they tried the experiment of suggesting books that lead each one to another, such as Brimming cup, and We discover New England; Elizabeth Pennell's Nights and the Pennell's Biography of Whistler; Colwin's Life of Keats, Keat's Poems and the books of Thoreau. Miss Parsons said that librarians can be both practical and well read by having books discussed at the staff meetings and by al- lowing a number of hours in the library for reading. Some of the books Miss Par- sons suggested were Adam's Mont 8t. Mitchel and Chatres, Tilden's Tennis, Rit- tenhouse's Anthologies of poetry, Padaic Colum's Poems of the Irish Revolution. Miss Parson's paper is printed in full in Popular Educator, November, 1921. After Miss Parsons had finished her paper the question was asked from the floor, "Is Ethel M. Dell known in New Jersey?" It was admitted that Miss Dell had no geographical limitations. The third paper, by Marcia M. Furnas, chief, Delivery Department, Public Library, Indianapolis, followed. Miss Furnas' paper was a resume of the questionnaire sent out to twelve libraries on the subject of Overdue and Messenger Work. 1. Haw many overdue notices are sent? Two libraries reported one notice, and then a messenger after 5 days. Ten libraries reported two notices. 2. Is there a messenger? Seven reported "yes." Five, "yes, off and on." 3. Qualifications of messenger and sal- ary? These replies varied from a page at 30c an hour; a janitor with more than usual qualifications; to a special investigator (with a salary of two thousand a year) and power of rep- resenting the library at Court. 4. If the messenger failed, what was the next step taken? The majority of cases referred the matter to the police. 5. If the borrower had moved, the messenger tried to get information at the house. After that the library ap- pealed to the business address and the employer; and to the reference. 6. When are the books taken from the library records? The reports varied from 2 ...months to 2 years. 7. Per cent of recovery of messenger books? The reports showed from 5 to 97% were recovered. The open discussion which followed brought forth many suggestions. In Wash- ington, D. C., members of the staff make personal visits, and are most successful in obtaining overdue books. In Cambridge, Mass., after two notices have been disregarded, a personal letter in a plain envelope often recovers the book. Minneapolis has a court of conciliation wherein problems involving anything of less value than $25 are settled. At defin- ite dates there is a library day and overdue book problems are settled at this time. In Tampa, Florida, the police fur- nish a car and a chauffeur to take a mem- ber of the staff about recovering overdues. Several libraries had a maximum limit for fines: Pasadena thirty cents; Chicago sixty cents; while Toronto had the price of the book. Queensboro, N. Y., writes and asks the borrower to either return the book by parcel post or to pay the price of the book. This method has been quite successful. Mr. Goddard of Paw- tucket hands over the overdue records to the police after two months. CIECULATION SHORT CUTS, by Grace B. Finney, chief, Circulation Department. LENDING SECTION 179 Public Library, Washington, D. C., was read by Jean MacDonald. Miss Finney said that it was necessary to cut detail work as the aim now is to serve the pub- lic satisfactorily and as quickly as possible, and so with a depleted staff, detail must be curtailed. At present only one form of member's card is used. If necessary it is stamped "teacher" or "special," as the case may be, rather than one of differ- ent form being issued. A page stands by the discharging desk ready to get from the stacks the reader's request. A trained typist is employed, and Miss Finney pointed out that the employment of skilled clerical work saved half of the librarian's day. A list of material on special subjects is kept on small catalog cards at the ref- erence desk in order that difficult prob- lems may not be looked up more than once, and that all available material may be readily at hand without hours of search- ing. WHERE is MY BOBEOWEE's CARD, by Helen M. Ward, chief of Circulation, Detroit Public Library, was the subject of the next paper. Miss Ward claimed no orig- inality nor perfection for her scheme, but convenience and simplicity. The reader registers in the usual way and receives in lieu of a member's card an identification card bearing the reader's number; when- ever the reader desires to borrow books, for they give an unlimited number in Detroit, he presents his identification card and his books are stamped and given to him, his number being written upon the book cards. This method is not used for children. In reply to questions, Miss Ward stated that there had been no difficulty with losses and duplicate numbers. In the case of fines less than ten cents the amount was written upon the identification card. If the fine was more than that amount, a note was clipped to the identification card, and the card kept on file. WHEN is MY BOOK DUE, by Mrs. Jessie Sargent .McNiece, Chief, Circulation De- partment, Public Library, St. Louis, Mo., was the next paper. Mrs. McNiece stated that rubber stamps make or mar the li- brarian's efficiency. She made a strong plea that the date due be stamped on the dating slip rather than when the book is issued. The amount of the pains necessary that the assistant use the right stamp was more than offset by the reader's knowledge of the date when the book should be re- turned. The report of the nominating committee was read by Hannah C. Ellis of the Hamilton-Fish Park Branch, New York Public Library and the secretary was em- powered to cast the vote. The ballot read as follows: Chairman, John A. Lowe, Public library, Brooklyn; Vice-Chairman, Edith F. Ver- meule, Yesler Branch, Public library, Seat- tle; Secretary-Treasurer, Mary U. Rothrock, Lawson McGhee library, Knoxville, Tenn. The meeting adjourned. JULIA F. CARTER, Secretary pro tern. LIBRARIANS OF SCIENTIFIC ROUND An informal meeting of librarians of scientific research institutions was held Wednesday morning, June 22, at 8:30 o'clock. It was recognized that this was an unfortunate hour, but it was difficult to find any other time which did not con- flict with important meetings on the pro- gram. There were about twelve persona RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS TABLE at the meeting, which was called mainly that the librarians of this type of library might become acquainted with each other. A motion was made that a letter be sent to the President of the American Library Association suggesting that, if such action had not already been taken, a letter be addressed to the Director of the Informa- 180 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE tion Service of the National Research Council, stating that the American Li- brary Association desires to co-operate with the Council in every way possible in the furthering of the purpose of this serv- ice. It was known that Dr. Andrews of the Crerar Library was a member of the Council and had been working with its various bibliographical committees but there was a general impression that no formal offer of co-operation had been made to the Council by the American Li- brary Association as a whole and such action seemed to the group to be desir- able. EUNICE R. OBERLY, Chairman. LIBRARIES OF RELIGION AND THEOLOGY ROUND TABLE The meeting of the A. L. A. Section of Religion and Theology was called to order at the New Ocean House, Swampscott, Mass., at 8:30 P.M., on Friday, June 24, 1921, by Elima A. Foster, of the Cleveland Public Library, secretary, in the absence of the president, Rev. John F. Lyons, of the McCormick Theological Seminary. Hollis W. Hering, of the Missionary Research Library, was elected chairman for the evening. The general subject of the meeting was RELIGIOUS BOOKS IN THE PUBLIC LIBRARY and Dr. Arthur E. Bostwick, of the St. Louis Public Library, presented the first paper, THE CHURCH AND THE LIBRARY. This was an able and enthusiastic setting forth of the need and wisdom of including books on religious subjects in our public libraries. Dr. Bostwick especially emphasized the fact that the library had its special con- tribution to make to Christian unity by providing statements of all forms of belief and thus promoting mutual understanding. Azariah S. Root, of Oberlin College Li- brary, spoke on the methods of a library which serves both college and town. Ober- lin's theological seminary makes the town as well as the college especially receptive of religious books, and the collection of these books in the seminary building, as well as those in the library proper, is open to everyone. Books are made known by lists, posters, and exhibits, and criticisms are welcomed as a means of broadening the collection. Oberlin ac- quires all published courses of study for Sunday Schools, both graded and ungraded, and places with them books on pedagogy and books on the psychology of childhood and adolescence. The third paper, by Elima A. Foster, head of the department of philosophy and religion of the Cleveland Public Library, Was On THE NEED OF ADEQUATE REPRESENTA- TION OF RELIGIOUS THOUGHT IN THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. She urged the bringing of com- petent judgment to the selection of re- ligious books, to the end that the library might be truly comprehensive and not de- ficient in an important realm of human interest. Dr. Willard I. Shattuck of Boston Uni- versity spoke on the share which the li- brary can take in religious education. His experience in mission work in Boston, largely among the foreign-born, was drawn upon in his presentation of the need of religious education, and he stated his con- viction that the public library should possess books on Sunday School work, daily vacation Bible schools, hand work, child psychology, and other phases of religious education, and should advertise these books among the active workers in this field. Following the papers, there was much active discussion. Miss Pattee, of Union Theological Seminary, spoke of the bibliog- raphies issued yearly by her library and monthly by the General Theological Li- brary of Boston, as guides to purchasing books. Bernard C. Steiner, Dr. Frank Q. Lewis, Miss Hering, and others spoke of various phases of religious book selection and of the need of more adequate consider- ation of the problem. Frederic G. Melcher, RELIGION AND THEOLOGY 181 of the Publishers' Weekly, described the methods used for Religious Book Week in March, 1921, and promised a further development of the idea for next year. The interest displayed by the attendance of one hundred and twenty-five and by the persons taking part in the discussion led to an expression of opinion that next year's session also be devoted to RELIGIOUS BOOKS IN THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. The meeting closed with the disposal of business. The minutes of the Colorado Springs meeting were approved, and the following officers were elected: President, Andrew Keogh, Yale University Library; Secretary, Mrs. Mabel E. Colegrove, New- ark Public Library. ELIMA A. FOSTER, Secretary. LIBRARY BUILDINGS ROUND TABLE The Round Table on Library Buildings met on Tuesday, June 21, and was in charge of Willis K. Stetson, librarian, Free Public Library, New Haven, Conn. Edward L. Tilton, architect, of New York City, spoke in answer to the following questions: 1. Should the plan of a li- brary building provide that practically all the departments for adults should be on the main floor, and in case of the smaller libraries also the -administrative offices and workrooms, (a) for reasons of econ- omy in the number of attendants required, (b) for the convenience of the users of the library, (c) increased ease and effi- ciency of administration resulting from concentration of most of the staff on one floor? 2. Should all structural partitions be omitted when possible, (a) in order to allow an equitable and desirable division of space originally between the different departments and activities, (b) rearrange- ment of space as might be desirable later, (c) economy in the number and salaries of staff needed? His answer in general was in the affirmative. Partitions are needed when noise must be shut out, and when in the workrooms odors such as come from the use of hot glue, for example, must be excluded. For partitions book cases often serve acceptably. It is a simple matter to put in any partitions whenever and wher- ever they may be needed. In the matter of heating, no trouble arises in case of large rooms, as, if the windows and walls of the room are heated, the interior must also become heated. As to supervision, aid can be given by use of mirrors, as In a branch of Elizabeth, N. J., Public Li- brary, the children's room on the ground floor is under observation from the main floor, an area being left open on the main floor and a mirror properly placed. One room at right angles to another could be under observation by means of a mirror in the corner. Children's rooms may be placed in the basement, although the danger of damp- ness must be guarded against. The book stack should be placed in the basement, at the same time having as -many books as possible on open shelves on the main floor. Put books in the dark and the people in the light. The reverse has been true as a rule. The T-shaped plan in which the stack room is in the stem of the T gives the best lighting to the books. It is usually darker at the delivery desk. A rectangu- lar building is better and cheaper to build than the T-shaped. There Is a limit in his opinion to the economy in salaries by having one floor only. Mr. Tilton also answered affirmatively the following question: Can a competent library adviser and a competent architect working freely together produce at a reas- onable cost a building eminently satisfac- tory both from the standpoint of utility and beauty? He remarked that the qualify- ing adjectives should be regarded. In answer as to the tendency to put glass partitions on the top of bookcases reach- ing to the ceiling, he replied that it was about "fifty-fifty." Arthur L. Bailey, of Wilmington Institute Library, Wilmington, 182 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Del., showed the plans of their proposed building. The site of the building is 90 by 210 ft. The building will be rectangular about 80x190 ft. All the departments for adults and the administration offices and cataloging rooms are on the main floor. The only permanent partitions are those inclosing stairways and vestibule. The entrance is at the middle of the longer side. The delivery desk is immediately opposite the entrance and back of it are the fiction cases. The delivery room is 70 by 28 ft. One end of the main floor is occupied by the periodical reading room, 36 by 44 ft., and on one side of this room is the cataloging room, 17 by 44 ft., and on the other side the librarian's office also 17 by 44 ft. These rooms are shut off by book cases. The other end of the main floor is oc- cupied by the reference room, one portion for reading tables is 70 by 44 ft., the other part contains a book stack which will be two tiers in height. Each tier is to be seven shelves high. Hiller C. Wellman of the Springfield, Mass., City Library As- sociation and Dr. Bernard Steiner of Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore, spoke in favor of book cases nine shelves high, as they increased the book capacity greatly. Mr. Wellman stated that a continuous step along the front of the book case made it easy to reach the books on the top -shelves. This step does not make a wider aisle nec- essary between the book cases. In the Wilmington plans it is proposed to have a mezzanine floor above the librarian's office and the cataloging room for book cases. The main floor has a 20 ft. height of ceil- ing. The storage book-stack is below the main floor and will be two tiers high. Stairs near the delivery desk lead down into the stack. The children's room, 70x44 ft., is in the basement, but the slope of the ground puts it mostly above ground. On the upper floor are the Howard Pyle memorial room and the art rooms. There is also an auditorium 50 by 44 ft. and smaller rooms, including staff room and rest room on the upper floor. A great many questions were asked during the ex- planation of the plans. Some regarding lighting were answered by Clement W. Andrews of the John Crerar Library, Chi- cago. He advocated the Siplexlite made by the General Electric Co. as very effi- cient, though not handsome in appearance. For table lighting he said the Eye Com- fort light gave the softest light. Hiller C. Wellman was asked to speak of the plan of the Springfield library. He re- marked that the principles of the plan were so similiar to those of the Wilming- ton plans that it was not necessary to speak of them in detail. One special feature was the provision for over 100,000 volumes in a two-tier radial stack in the reference room. It had been found desirable to have this larger number for use in refer- ence, but the most of them circulate. J. Randolph Coolidge, Jr., architect, of Boston, spoke at some length on the great desirability of having books on open shelves, and especially of provisions for considerable privacy and comfort for those who wanted to read books in the library building. He knew that to secure this end the building would be somewhat larger and more costly, but he laid much stress on the desirability of it. Mr. Wellman mentioned a compromise in this matter adopted in the Springfield library where reading tables were placed near the windows at the ends of the oook case. No one present made any remarks in criticism of the principles of the plans of the Wilmington and Springfield libraries. Copies of a list of questions prepared by the chairman were distributed. It was an- nounced that a digest of the answers re- ceived would probably be made. WILLIS K. STETSON, Chairman. PROFESSIONAL TRAINING SECTION 183 PROFESSIONAL TRAINING SECTION The meeting of the Professional Train- ing Section was held as a joint session of the Section and of the Association of American Library Schools. This arrange- ment was the result of a plan for an open meeting on the part of the Association of American Library Schools, and of the realization that a line is difficult to draw between those topics on the one hand which are of common interest to the Asso- ciation and to the profession at large, and those on the other hand which naturally and logically fall within the scope of the Section. The program was planned by consultation on the part of the officers of the two organizations. E. J. Reece, Chairman of the Professional Training Section, presided. Eva Leslie, of the Cleveland Public Library, served as secretary in place of W. J. Hamilton, who was present at the conference, but unable to attend the meeting of the Sec- tion. The first item was a statement by Josephine Adams Rathbone, retiring presi- dent of the Association of American Li- brary Schools, regarding the purposes and work of the Association. Miss Rathbone told of the manner in which the Associa- tion came to be organized, of the stand- ards to which the member schools conform, and of the fact that meetings are ordinar- ily not open because the programs are largely technical and concerned with the mechanics of library school management. As Miss Rathbone was due at a meeting of the Publishing Board, it was impossible for her to lead such discussion of her topic as might have arisen had she been able to remain. In view of his investigation of various phases of library training, carried on for the Carnegie Corporation and in connec- tion with studies of certification for the American Library Association and the New York State Association, Dr. C. C. Williamson had been asked to accept a place upon the program and had agreed to speak upon THE PRACTICAL WORK OF LI- BRARY SCHOOL STUDENTS. Owing to a change of position and increased duties, however, Dr. Williamson found about the middle of June that he would not be able to be at Swampscott on Friday of the conference week and that it would be im- possible for him to complete his paper. There was substituted therefore the dis- cussion of the report of the A. L. A. Com- mittee on Recruiting for Library Service, for which it had proved difficult to make time in the general sessions of the con- ference. This was done with the consent of President TYLEB, and the discussion was led by E. J. Reece, who acted for J. T. Jennings, chairman of the Committee. Julia Hopkins, Vice-chairman of the Pro- fessional Training Section, presided mean- while. Mr. Reece gave a brief paper, en- titled THE AIMS AND PURPOSES OF THE RE- CRUITING COMMITTEE. Comments and sug- gestions followed by President TYLER, and by members of the committee, including Mr. Drury, Miss Overton, Miss Rose, and Miss Roberts, and by others. Malcolm G. Wyer, Chairman of the A. L. A. Committee on Library Training, was then introduced to conduct discussion of the work of his committee. This included consideration not only of the general sub- ject, but of the activity of the two sub- committees, one of which, under Carrie E. Scott, dealt with the Comparative Value of Training for Library Service in Training Classes and in Summer Schools, and the other of which, under Margaret Mann, analyzed Training of Catalogers, and made proposals regarding it. Discussion followed, and was resumed after the clos- ing of the formal session by those particu- larly interested in the points raised by Miss Mann's suggestions. The reports of both the Committee on Library Training and the Committee on Recruiting for Li- brary Service are printed in full in the -4.. L. A. Bulletin, and were in the hands of delegates at the time of the conference, consequently no digest is necessary here. Time did not permit the receiving of re- ports on new features of work at the 184 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE various library schools and training classes. Marion Horton, however, speak- ing for the School Libraries Section, told of the interest of that section in the prepar- ation of candidates for school library work, and of the compilation of data as to the content ol library school courses with a view to its bearing upon this. Officers of the Section for 1921-22 were elected as follows: Chairman, Sidney B. Mitchell, University of California Library School; Vice-Chairman, Lucy L. Morgan, Detroit Public Library; Secretary, Edna M. Hull, East Junior High School Library, Warren, Ohio. EVA G. LESLIE, Secretary pro tern. PUBLIC DOCUMENTS ROUND TABLE The Public Documents Round Table was held at the New Ocean House, Swampscott, Massachusetts, June 22, 1921, at 9:30 A.M. H. H. B. Meyer, chairman, presided. At the meeting of the Documents Round Table at Colorado Springs, Jessie M. Wood- ford gave a very interesting account of the way documents were treated and circulated in the Chicago Public Library. To meet the demand for further information a Sub- Committee on the Popular Use of Docu- ments in Public Libraries was appointed consisting of Jessie M. Woodford, chair- man, Edith Guerrier, Emma O. Hance, Jane P. Hubbell, and Althea H. Warren. This committee during the past year circulated a questionnaire, the results of which surpassed all expectation, and has brought together a mass of first-hand in- formation concerning the practice and. wishes of public librarians throughout the country in handling public documents. The presentation of an informal report by Miss Woodford at the Swampscott confer- ence resulted in the adoption of the fol- lowing resolutions. A fuller and more detailed statement, being the actual re- port of the Sub-Committee, follows the resolutions. It may be of interest to know that the information gathered by the Sub- Committee Is being placed at the disposal of the Superintendent of Documents, the Public Printer, and the Chairman of the Joint Committee on Printing, and will un- doubtedly be of material assistance in mak- ing the final form of the Printing bill, still pending before Congress, more satisfactory to librarians throughout the country. The following resolutions were adopted: Whereas, a great number of libraries in answer to a questionnaire have expressed a desire for certain changes in the print- ing and decorating of the covers of U. S. Documents, which changes would simp- lify and lessen the cost of preparing the documents for circulation by the libraries, therefore be it Resolved, that it is the sense of the Documents Round Table that the following changes in covers, printing and decorating of public documents would lessen cost of preparation for circulation in libraries: (1) Uniformity in size. (2) Uniform place for official designa- tion, series, numbers, titles, etc. (3) More substantial covers, at least stiff paper or boards on the more popular documents. (4) Continue illustrations on Farmers' Bulletin but reserve uniformly a blank space for library call number. Whereas, there is a great need of cer- tain documents for the immature students and for the untrained and non-technical worker, and the necessity for a more wide- spread and intelligent understanding of American principles and problems on the part of the common citizen, native and foreign-born; Therefore be it Resolved, that the Documents Round Table of the A. L. A. commend to the at- tention of the various departments and bureaus of the National Government the publishing of more documents in a style and form calculated to reach the less edu- cated reader, and the adapting of docu- ments already published to that end; call- ing attention to the publications most needed and possibly susceptible to such treatment, as revealed by a survey of the actual needs of the libraries of the country made by the American Library Associa- tion; and be it further Resolved, that the Committee on Pub- lic Documents or a sub-committee thereof give further study to the survey that has PUBLIC DOCUMENTS ROUND TABLE 185 been made with a view to making definite recommendations to the various depart- ments and bureaus in connection with the- above resolution. Whereas, Public Libraries are the real educational extension centers of the peo- ple, conducted for the benefit of the people, and paid for by the people; and Whereas, for this reason they are pre- eminently fitted to deliver to the people the information issued in printed form by the United States Government; and Whereas, certain existing conditions with regard to the receipt of publications render such service difficult and in some cases impossible; Therefore be it Resolved, that the Documents Round Table of the American Library Association in conference at Swampscott, June 25, 1921, respectfully requests, (1) That all depository libraries shall receive Government printed matter as soon as it is issued; (2) That libraries shall, with the ex- ception of State Libraries, which should receive everything published, be allowed to select the publications they desire, and that only those selected shall be sent them by the Superintendent of Documents; (3) That libraries shall be allowed as many copies of a publication as they need for the use of their community with the understanding that these documents are to remain the property of the library; and that these publications be furnished by the Superintendent of Documents free of charge. Be it further resolved that a copy of this resolution be sent to the Government Printer, to the Superintendent of Docu- ments, and to the Joint Committee on Printing. Whereas, the Checklist of United States public documents, covering the period from 1789 to 1909, inclusive, was issued by the Superintendent of Documents in 1911 and has proved of invaluable service to all li- braries; and Whereas, eleven years have elapsed since the period covered by that checklist and neither a supplement nor an index thereto has been compiled, both of which are ab- solutely essential for making information concerning the Federal Government publi- cations available to the public; and Whereas, the fact that no Document Catalogs have been issued since the one which covered the period ending June 30, 1915, for the 63d Congress, has been at- tributed to inadequate appropriations for cataloging in the Superintendent of Docu- ments Office, therefore be It Resolved, that we, the members of the American Library Association assembled at the Public Documents Round Table, Swampscott, Mass., June 25, 1921, respect- fully urge the importance (1) of bring- ing up to date the series of Document Catalogs, and (2) of issuing by the Su- perintendent of Documents at an early date a supplement to the Checklist and an index to both the Checklist and the supplement; and be it further Resolved, that Congress be respectfully urged and requested to appropriate a suffi- cient sum of money to carry out the pur- pose of this resolution; and be it further Resolved, that a copy of this resolution be sent to the Public Printer, to the Su- perintendent of Documents, to the Chair- man of the Joint Committee on Printing, U. S. Congress, and to the Chairman of the Appropriations Committees of the Sen- ate and House. REPORT OF THE SUB-COMMITTEE ON THE POPULAR USE OF DOCU- MENTS IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES THE SURVEY'S STOEY AS TOLD BY THE QUESTIONNAIRE "It seems to me that you are starting out on very practical lines to make some improvements in public documents. They are much needed and I wish you the best of success." "I am sure publicity methods are much needed and hope some practical sugges- tions will appear at the A. L. A. meeting." "I shall be interested to know the results of this investigation and to have any prac- tical suggestions which we might use to advantage." "If the A. L. A. would get this matter [distribution of documents] straightened out, it would deserve a halo." "I am certain that librarians in small libraries like ours where we feel the urge of so many things, might all profit by an exchange of ideas such as your committee plans for." These words alone have made the survey worth while, and although it has not gath- ered up the war emergency methods as fully as we desired, it has developed into a frank statement of problems, needs, 186 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE opinions and suggestions which in their practical results may be far more potent to the progress of document work. The Committee presents not a perfect re- port in efficient form; only a very human document, with many faults, but speaking for the three hundred librarians who re- sponded, many of them "harassed spirits" trying to make dollars, visions, and human strength agree. The replies have most of them shown a real interest in the subject. A few libra- rians acknowledged the questions and said they did "little with documents"; the ma- jority have given time and effort to assist not only the Committee but the object of its work by replying in as full and com- prehensive a manner as they felt the sub- ject required, and have shown a splendid spirit of co-operation. Those of you who have had experience with surveys know that to be actively con- nected with one is a liberal education, and that it moves slowly. So slowly did ours progress that at times I feared that it might never reach Swampscott (some of the returns came in the week before the meeting), but the fine spirit of my co-work- ers kept it ever moving toward the goal. As figures have a way of not being al- ways truthful or accurate, and as misinter- preted questions have led to replies which may make deductions and totals erroneous, all figures in this report are approximate only. Inquiry has come many times as to why the survey was limited to public libraries, and a word of explanation is no doubt due. It was with no reflection upon the splendid work that is being done in the large num- ber of college and special libraries using documents, that public libraries alone were selected to receive the questionnaire, but that as the popular use, at least as related to community circulation, had necessarily been limited to public libraries and had developed during the war with such mar- velous results, it was felt that the methods by which these were accomplished should be preserved for practical use and to en- courage extension. Perhaps it is well also to confess that our appropriation was lim- ited. If the present status of document work is to be fully known, the survey should be carried into the library fields omitted, for the expression of these libra- ries on several of the questions will be most important when considering various changes in document service. The Committee decided at Colorado Springs that not more than twenty libra- ries in a state should be chosen, but, alas for our knowledge of library conditions in our own country! Many states have less than that number of libraries of all kinds. Your chairman decided that libraries should be selected automatically by the number of volumes in library (a very un- fair standard, I admit, but these figures were more easily obtainable than those of income) and as this was a document survey, the U. S. Government figures were used (not always correct) taken from the Educational directory, edition of 1919-20, revised by the later one of 1920-21. To divide the work between the mem- bers of the Committee, the states were assigned by their geographical location to the nearest member, being graded so as to allow a fair representation from each state; the states with the largest number of libraries having a higher selective num- ber. The grades were as follows: Grade 1, selective number 13,000 vol- umes and over. Grade 2, selective number 10,000 vol- umes and over. Grade 3, selective number 9,000 vol- umes and over. Grade 4, selective number 7,000 vol- umes and over. Following are the states by grades. Grade 1 Connecticut Rhode Island Massachusetts District of New York Columbia Grade 2 California New Hampshire Illinois New Jersey Indiana Ohio Iowa Pennsylvania Maine Vermont Wisconsin 187 Grade S Alabama Kentucky Colorado Michigan Delaware Minnesota Kansas Texas Grade 4 Arizona New Mexico Arkansas North Carolina Florida North Dakota Georgia Oklahoma Idaho Oregon Louisiana South Carolina Maryland South Dakota Mississippi Tennessee Missouri Utah Montana Virginia Nebraska Washington Nevada West Virginia Wyoming New England, 6 states, 204 libraries select- ed. Central and South Atlantic, 11 states, 153 libraries selected. Central and Southern, 10 states, 159 libra- ries selected. Middle West, 7 states, 151 libraries selected. Western, 15 states, 158 libraries selected. Even with the very low selective num- ber of 7,000 volumes, some states had only one public library, and several but two or three. Eight hundred twenty-five questionnaires were sent out and two hundred ninety-five replies were received, or thirty-five per cent, a little above the one-third average that is usual for surveys. Seven states failed to send any answers, and we allow them the benefit of "Lost in the mails." Returns by state groups were as follows: Middlewest, returned 50 per cent of its quota. Central and South Atlantic, returned 36 per cent of its quota. Western, returned 36 per cent of its quota. Central and Southern, returned 34 per cent of its quota. ^ New England, returned 27 per cent of its quota. Each library was also graded; this was done so as to group them by size, etc. The following grades were chosen, as having similar needs, problems, and equipment: First grade, 100,000 vols. and over. Second grade, 50,000-100,000 vols. Third grade, 25,000- 50,000 vols. Fourth grade, 7,000- 25,000 vols. Below are given the number of libraries and percentage for each grade, and the number of replies in each grade with per- centages : First grade, 62 lib., 8% total lib. Replies 41, 66% of grade, or 14% of whole no. Second grade, 74 Ifb., 9% total lib. Replies 55, 74% of grade, or 19% of whole no. Third grade, 161 lib., 20% total lib. Replies 68, 42% of grade, or 23% of whole no. Fourth grade, 525 lib., 63% total lib. Re- plies 131, 25% of grade, or 44% of whole no. It will be noticed that the fourth class predominates; that is, the libraries con- taining between 7,000 and 25,000 vols. Therefore the replies represent, to a great extent, the problems of the smaller libra- ries, and give facts as to where there is the most need for help. Question 1: Is this a depository library? One hundred and five libraries reported as depositories of the Government. This differs from the list as given in the Bureau of Standards Publications of the Bureau of Standards for 1920, Supplement S, to Circular 24- This lists four hundred and forty-one depositories, of which one hun- dred and fifty-one are in public libraries, leaving two-thirds in university, college, special reference, normal and high school libraries. Question 2: Are books and documents kept separate? In depository libraries documents are usually kept separate. Sixty-five deposi- tories reported separate collections; six- teen together, twenty-three both methods, and one did not report. In other libraries documents are placed with regular circu- lating or reference collections. Some use both methods duplicates, state documents, monographs, cataloged and bound volumes are placed with circulating collections; series, uncataloged, U. S. documents, and pamphlets are filed separately. Question 3: Are documents cataloged? Circulating bound documents are usually cataloged; pamphlets not, depending upon the printed lists and indexes for subjects and references. Eighty-two libraries cat- alog all documents, one hundred nineteen catalog part of collection, sixty-five do not catalog at all. 188 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Some libraries reported getting collections formerly stored In basements, into shape and cataloging begun. Question 4: What classification is used for documents? (a) Is the Superintendent of Docu- ments (checklist) classification used? (b) Is it practical, economical? (c) What changes are suggested? While it would seem that documents are more frequently classified than cataloged, the returns show that the two are about equal in practice. The majority of libra- ries, large and small, use the Dewey Decimal Classification, if government publi- cations are classified. One hundred thirty- five reported using the Decimal Classifica- tion, placing documents with books. A growing number of libraries, both large and small, are using the Superintendent of Documents classification, some thirty in all, with eleven additional libraries using both the Decimal Classification and the Superin- tendent of Documents schemes, and fourteen libraries, not numbering their official publi- cations, are arranging them alphabetically by department and bureau, as shown in the Monthly Catalogue of V. 8. Public Docu- ments; in two cases alphabetical sequence by bureau or division, disregarding depart- ment relations, is followed, and the libra- rians have expressed themselves as satis- fied with this arrangement. Several libra- ries classify by subject and not by number representing subject, usually the custom for vertical flies. When duplicates are used as circulating documents, both classifications are used, e.g., reference documents in the Document Department by the Superintendent of Docu- ments classification, and the circulating by the Decimal Classification. Eleven libra- ries reported this combination, and three reported using the Cutter Expansive Classi- fication, while several spoke of purely local schemes. Indications are that the Superintendent of Documents Classification is liked, and has been found to be a practical and eco- nomical shelf arrangement, the "best avail- able" for the U. S. publications in large libraries; only one or two librarians spoke against the scheme. The changes sug- gested are few and indicate that a simpler number without "superior" figures or let- ters will be most acceptable. One librarian suggests "A permanent number for serials regardless of bureau or department changes, and some change in notation which would permit intercalation of new bureaus in alphabetical order." More than one librarian suggested new supplements to the Checklist and a subject index. Question 5: How are pamphlet documents kept? (On shelves, in boxes, in vertical files?) Pamphlet documents are kept in the three ways mentioned. One hundred eighty- one libraries reported "on shelves"; one hundred fifty-three in various "pamphlet boxes"; and one hundred three in "vertical files." Forty-four libraries combine all three methods, using vertical files for dupli- cates, "small" pamphlets, "newest" pam- phlets, and "odd" pamphlets. Various kinds of pamphlet boxes are in use, and for shelves binders, holders in great variety to hold the soft covered leaflets and bulletins. Bound volumes of pamphlets are arranged on shelves also. Several libraries have "pamphlet drawers" (not files), sev- eral find letter-box files convenient, and some simply store documents in the base- ment. In this last dark bit of information there is a ray of light for "they are coming up," evidently as the cost of library living goes "down," and "they" are being "sorted, classified and cataloged." It must be a ghostly matter doing library work with the consciousness of stacked bags and piles of unpacked volumes and pamphlets beneath one, entirely unusable, when every library worker needs all the printed help obtain- able these days! I don't wonder that one librarian said he would "like to set fire to the whole mass as the easiest way out" (and I presume he meant to add "and start all over again"). Question ^: Are documents circulated? (a) Are circulating documents kept separate from main collection of books or reference documents? PUBLIC DOCUMENTS ROUND TABLE 189 (b) How are copies obtained., for cir- culation? (c) How prepared for circulation (covers, pockets, etc.)? In response to this question one hundred fifty librarians reported that documents circulate; sixty-one additional reported limited circulation privileges; twenty-five more that "special documents" circulate upon "request." These reports make a total of two hundred thirty-six libraries with circulating privileges, or eighty per cent of libraries replying to the question- naires. In connection with this question a most interesting situation was brought to light, that only three librarians of depository libraries said definitely that they could not circulate because of the "law and contract" with the Government, and twelve simply reported that documents did not circulate. Other depository librarians said that bound volumes of interest went into the regular collection of circulating books upon being cataloged and classified; others reported circulating duplicates only, and "all not marked reference." It may be noted then that quite generally the law regarding the care of depository documents has been in- terpreted in the "spirit" and not the "letter," as demand and opportunity have come from the community. This is indeed an interesting situation, and brings up the fact with a good deal of emphasis, that the old law is practically obsolete, a "dead letter" and that it should be given "life" through being amended so as to conform to the spirit of the day and common prac- tice. Section a brings gut the fact that sixty-two libraries keep circulating documents sepa- rate. In most cases these are not circulat- ing collections by name, but material shelved separately because not classified, different classification, or filed in vertical files. One hundred forty-one libraries put circulating documents in regular circulat- ing collections; fourteen use both methods, usually bound volumes with circulating col- lections, pamphlets with reference files or pamphlet files, but circulating copies marked "circulating copy." Section b was the most misunderstood question of the eighteen asked, and re- ceived comparatively few replies. Many thought that it referred to the method of obtaining circulating copies by the bor- rower, instead of for the library. Seventy- five librarians mentioned requests to bu- reaus, or department mailing lists, as sources of material; thirty-five appeal to congressmen and senators; forty-three pur- chase additional copies if unobtainable as gifts; while eighteen reported "gifts," which I have interpreted as from indi- viduals and libraries, etc. One librarian with a sense of humor replied "Begged or bought, seldom stolen " Requests to bu- reaus^ and departments, appeals to con- gressmen and purchases are then the three principal ways of acquiring circulating material, other than the depository ship- ments from the Superintendent of Docu- ments. Only a few replies brought out the point in which I am particularly interested the salvage of circulating material from the community, e.g., the discarded copies of gift or purchase, duplicates or discarded material from libraries, business houses, newspaper offices, etc. I cannot help thinking that the few libraries which re- ported obtaining extra copies through "gifts" have many companions, but per- haps it is not "good form" to let it be known that we are using "cast offs!" How- ever it is a strong point, and I am a bit disappointed that this question did not re- veal more "savings" along this line, for behind it stretches an economic problem with strings leading not only to Govern- ment distribution, but also to the indi- vidual citizen and his relation as a donor to his library. Section c on the preparation of circulat- ing material offered the opportunity for a great variety of suggestions, methods and problems, and the exhibits sent gave evi- dence that emergency war days spelled efficiency in the interests of economy in money and time, in this also. Binders, Gaylord's or similar ones, are popular, but rather expensive, and are neat and wear fairly well; softer covers of manila and red rope, and even heavy wrapping 190 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE paper are also in use; backs of scratch pads and common twine have proved their worth, and old heavy envelopes used by the Government are carefully saved and used to hold a circulating pamphlet or two. Some material is bound, usually in the larger libraries; packets called "Package Libraries," simplify preparation, as does the placing of several bulletins on the same subject in the same binder. Pockets, book cards, dating slips, and stamping with the library name stamp, and "Circulating Copy," are usual. Many libraries, however, circulate without any preparation, and use a temporary charging slip, or an envelope prepared with a pocket and card on which is charged whatever pamphlet is issued, which is placed within the envelope for protection and record. The samples sent to the Committee for the exhibit expressed the use of much ingenuity and the utiliza- tion of common materials. Question 7: What changes in covers, printing, and decoration of covers would simplify and lessen cost of prep- aration for circulation? It is the consensus of opinion that heavier covers are needed for many pam- phlets, without digest or printed matter on inside of cover, placing this valuable in- formation where it can be readily used and not lost with the pasting in of pocket, etc. In addition the following suggestions have been offered by one or more librarians as conducive to saving the library's funds, and also adding an incentive to popular use of publications: That Dark covers require labeling and so add to expense of preparation. Bureau or department as well as bul- letin, series, and number should be placed on cover, if possible in a fixed location. Short attractive titles should be chosen for publications. Covers should be fastened securely to text with more than glue. Uniformity in size would be helpful. Farmers' Bulletins should have a uni- form place for official designation and title, placed near top where it can be seen in a vertical file, and a white space left on the covers for call number. More difference be made in color and decoration of covers of the publications of the Children's Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A short catch-title be put on back cover to be used when making out charging slips. The title be put on back of volume when size permits. More attractive and durable bindings be used for some bound volumes. Plain heavy covers be used, and re-in- forced. Series covers shall be uniform for same series. Number of the Superintendent of Docu- ments classification be printed in upper left-hand corner. "Some provision should be made in view of the increasing use of documents in libraries, so that libraries might receive their copies reinforced or in board covers, carrying on the outside front some such attractive design as is now being printed on Farmers' Bulletins." Several librarians testify that "publica- tions are very well as they are." Question 8: What people use circulating documents? The replies to this question indicate that high-school students (principally boys) lead as users of circulating documents, with business men a close second, and call attention to the fact that this forecasts a great increase in the demand to be made upon public libraries in the near future, when the boys of today have become the business men and active citizens of tomor- row. This makes necessary immediate preparation to meet the opportunities of this service, which will increase the prestige and widen the scope and influence of the community library. Among the users, varying according to locality, are: Club women, Mothers, Chemists, "Oil men," Cooks, School children, Farmers, Scientists, Housekeepers, Social workers, Inventors, Teachers, Lawyers, "Agricultural dream- Manufacturers, ers" (?) Mechanics, "Average readers," "Serious minded people of all sorts, prin- cipally men," 191 and a new class called "Irrigationists," and the subject is summed up briefly and pointedly by one librarian who wrote "Men dote upon them; most women hate them!" Question 9: What publicity methods are used to increase use of documents? Publicity methods narrow down to the following: Newspaper lists and notices of new or special documents. Bulletin boards. Special exhibits and displays. Annotated lists of new documents in the monthly or quarterly library bulletins. Document work or collections mentioned in annual reports. Personal recommendation through refer- ence work. Display on Reading Room tables or cases. Pamphlet cases at Loan Desk. "Enticing" posters picturing special sub- jects of circulating documents. Book lists. Document reviews at Branch Library "Book meetings." Documents on "open shelves." Free distribution of duplicates. Many libraries answered the question with, "treated just like books." One libra- rian said under this heading, "The Boston Public Library News Notes. Nearly all document reviews, and which is such a splendid help to all of us document workers." Question 10: What documents are needed in popular form? The answers to this question cover nearly the whole range of knowledge and as one librarian aptly summed it up, "All that can be of use to the average man or woman." Americanization material is espe- cially desired; various new editions; mate- rial for schools, and to supply the demand from the children of the grammar grades a most important field. A new note is struck by another when she says, "I would suggest that labor bulletins (free from sta- tistics and as friendly and suggestive as the farm bulletins) are needed to promote a friendly feeling among working people toward the government. The Government should talk directly and constantly to the class that the agitator meets." The answers sent in will be carefully tabulated for future use, as they consti- tute an exceedingly valuable key to the needs of libraries, and the requirements of various communities, and offer practical suggestions for forth-coming publications of the Government. Question 11: Distribution of Government publications to libraries (please give suggestions and criticisms). This question gave the opportunity for a wide range of suggestions, many of them asking for radical changes in present methods of distribution, and most of them of vital importance to progress in the popular use of documents by libraries. Many of these answers are from small libraries, depositories against their wills and overwhelmed by the mass of incoming material, with no system for assimilation. Such a situation is more than detrimental for it breeds antagonism to documents among the members of the staff, or, in the breast of the staff (of one member). On the other hand larger libraries complain that they do not receive "what they want" freely, without asking, and without appeal to congressmen or committee chairmen, such publications as hearings on popular bills, press releases, department publica- tions for official use only, reports of special commissions, Congressional Record (un- bound edition) slip laws, Senate and House documents and reports in slip form, and many other publications of great impor- tance to libraries but not of popular in- tent. Eighteen depository libraries suggest choosing publications according to the library's needs, eliminating those not use- ful to the community. Three almost wail that "many valuable ones are not sent" and they "want them." One suggests that depository libraries be cut down to four or five to a state and the Government pro- vide for the housing; one has an elaborate plan by which all Government documents with those of states and cities shall be housed, preferably in the state library, sub- ject to the call of any library in the state. I presume this refers largely to the sets 192 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE which are not popular but valuable, and which are kept for infrequent use, but which are often one of the most expensive problems of a library. "All libraries who subscribe to Readers' Guide should be on the free mailing list to receive all documents indexed." Twenty- five or more depositories request more "promptness" in delivery and "more fre- quent," with "protected invoice" accom- panying; one, that the serial number for the Congressional set and the volumes be received at the same time; another that it be printed on the backs of volumes as formerly. Several initimate that they had given up being depository libraries because of the volumes they received which were "not useful." One asked about the plan of the Superintendent of Documents, pro- posed several years ago, asking deposi- tories to check what they wanted, and in- quired as to what had become of the sug- gestion. One wishes that it were possible to obtain back numbers without purchase. .Sixteen suggest that distribution is "too liberal, really extravagant. Part of paper, time and money used might be better em- ployed." One suggests that depositories be divided into three grades to meet the needs of various size libraries: the first to receive all hearings, advance sheets, press releases, Congressional Record (un- bound), etc.; the second to receive all series now included which are popular; the third to be limited to the very popular sets and to a certain cost limit per year. Choice to be made by library. Non-depository libraries voice their prob- lems and suggestions as follows: "One central distributing agency with a special division for library service is needed," to eliminate the situation depicted by one librarian, who says, "Nothing could be more wasteful of time and energy or more haphazard than the present system by which a library which is not a depository now obtains documents by writing to the Bureau and possibly being referred to the Superintendent of Documents, or by writ- ing to representative or senator and asking as a favor for some pamphlet which should either be obtained directly, or, if necessary, paid for all this entails endless and use- less correspondence any simple, business- like method would be preferable." Evi- dently there is too much machinery about ordering, and this is strongly felt by those depositories which ask for duplicate copies for circulation, and it has been recom- mended that departments be allowed to send duplicate copies freely and promptly. Eight librarians voiced the sentiment, a growing one, that public libraries should be entitled to any document desired, free. Nine suggest department checklists for ordering (similar to those now issued by several departments, I presume); several speak of the helpfulness of ordering from the Monthly Catalogue of U. 8. Public Documents and the A. L. A. Booklist, One suggests that all public libraries be allowed charge accounts, as simpler and more con- venient to the library than the present sys- tem of coupons or cash, but this would en- tail much more work for the Superin- tendent of Documents Office. Four pro- test against the delay in answering re- quests. One suggests that publications should come in regular order; another, that publications on similar subjects should always be issued by the same bureau or department. Two are in favor of distri- bution by congressmen, as "They always get practically everything for us free of charge," but more librarians make a warm protest against this custom. Again the establishment of a bureau is asked for, which shall do what the U. S. Food Admin- istration and later, the Library Informa- tion Service under the Bureau of Educa- tion, did for the libraries of the country a service which shall "keep libraries in touch with useful material." One librarian suggests that some "medium sized library tell of documents of interest which are be- ing issued." (Does such a library volun- teer?) One sums up by saying, "We find useful, for the most part, the various books and pamphlets which are sent to us," another writes, "I do not wish to make this criticism without also recognizing the great amount of good work already accomplished by those in charge of the issue and distri- bution of U. S. documents;" and I believe PUBLIC DOCUMENTS ROUND TABLE 193 most librarians heartily second this state- ment. The feeling of the majority is voiced by another librarian who says, "All libra- ries need documents." Question 12: What have been the results to your library of the popular use of documents? This question brought in the following practical results, which have been grouped so as to bring out any financial phases: "They have been used as books on spe- cial topics at little cost to the library." "Releases book fund for other books on subjects not covered by up-to-date docu- ments. Stimulates interest in Government activities." "They are a tangible dividend from our Federal taxes." "Increased interest and appreciation of the library and its service to the communi- ty. Increased number of cards issued to business men, and general satisfaction that documentary material can be obtained for convenient use at the office, home and school. The results are gratifying but dif- ficult to enumerate, but it is felt that in advocating the popular use of government publications, the library has added in large measure to its own usefulness and popu- larity, and is filling a need but partially satisfied before." "Raises standard of library." - "Good advertising for the library." "Bringing some people to the library who would not come otherwise." "Our patrons are constantly using docu- ments in preference to other material." "We esteem them highly, find them of practical service and by means of them answer questions that would otherwise be unsatisfactorily treated." "Important adjunct to collection and steadily increasing in public apprecia- tion." "Gives public confidence and strengthens reference service." "Adds to our prestige as a source of information." "Fully one-half of our reference work is accomplished wth documents." "The public seems to be waking to the fact that the Government is printing good material on most subjects, and so expects more material than can be supplied. The use is increasing gradually, and the con- fidence that people place in Government publications is remarkable." "Enables us to furnish information on topics of current interest which are not adequately treated in books." "We couldn't keep house without the bulletins of the Bureau of Education, Fanners' Bulletins, etc." "Better service to the public." "Increased circulation." In closing this report there must be added a subject which is daily growing of more importance in document work, especially the popular phase of it, and which was introduced by several librarians into their replies, and that is the attitude of the library staff to the use of docu- ments. One librarian says, "Lack of en- thusiasm for documents among members of the staff is the greatest handicap. It ought not to be, of course." Another writes, "You have not touched upon one problem which, in four libraries that I know, is a serious handicap to the use of documents, that is the delay and re- luctance of assistants in deciding how each piece of material shall be treated, and hav- ing it recorded, reinforced or marked, and placed where the readers will actually be likely to use it." A third librarian sums up the subject briefly by saying, "Docu- ments can be made more useful if in the hands of some one who knows their value, than by any other means." These state- ments show the necessity of special train- ing for document work, not only for the technical knowledge of documents but more especially in the social use of them. No assistant who "dreads" a document and looks upon one with "horror" can do efficient work with them. Where is the blame? Is it not in some of the present methods of training, or rather, lack of training? Have we, ourselves, caught the real significance and basis of document work its relation to the welfare of the 194 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE nation and to the development of a loyal, intelligent citizenship? Have the assistants been inspired with belief in their own work? That must come first, the rest will follow. The personal interest must be aroused through personal help received from the governmental publications, and every bit of knowledge thus received must be used for another's need. That is the secret of interest in documents, and the foundation of their popular use. Respectfully submitted, SUB-COMMITTEE ON THE POPULAR USE OF DOCUMENTS, JESSIE M. WOODFOBD, Chairman, Following discussion of the above report the meeting adjourned. H. H. B. MEYER, Chairman. SCHOOL LIBRARIES SECTION First Session The first session of the School Libraries Section was called to order by the chair- man, Martha C. Pritchard, Teachers' Col- lege, Detroit, Michigan, who gave the open- ing words of welcome. The following com- mittees were then appointed: a Nominat- ing Committee and a Committee to Draft a Formal Statement of the Scope and Duties of the School Library Section. The secretary was instructed to read the formal statement entitled LIBRARIES IN EDUCATION, published in the A. L. A. Bulle- tin for May, 1921. (See also p. 166.) The section voted to send to the N. E. A. the endorsement of the School Libraries Sec- tion of this statement. HARRIET A. WOOD, chairman of the Educa- tional Committee, then explained the work which was being done generally to get co- operation between school and library authorities. At the conclusion of these remarks, the chairman spoke of the ad- visability of strengthening this contact by means of a recruiting committee for school librarians and for the training of such recruits. After open discussion it was voted that the chairman appoint such a committee. At a later meeting the follow- ing committee was appointed: Mabel Williams, Director of Work with Schools, Public Library, New York City; Mildred Pope, Supervisor High School Libraries, Seattle, Washington; Rachel Baldwin, Librarian, Deerfield Shields Township High School, Highland Park 111.; Jasmine Brit- ton, Librarian, Elementary School Library, Los Angeles, Calif.; Mary C. Richardson, Head of Library Department, State Normal School, Geneseo, N. Y. Winifred E. Skinner, librarian of Pasa- dena High School, read a paper on THE SCHOOL LIBRARIAN AS AN ADMINISTRATOR. MiSS Skinner emphasized the idea that the repu- tation of a school librarian depends largely upon her ability as an administrator and that as a foundation for this work she needs to be an eager student of education in all its newest developments. FurtHer. she should be an observer of such develop- ments in her own particular school sc that she can anticipate special needs and deal with them intelligently. In addition, she must exercise her imaginative powers continually and let idealism permeate her policies. The second paper, read by Dr. Sherman Williams of the New York State Educa tion Department was WHAT THE SCHOOL EXPECTS OF THE SCHOOL LIBBABIAN. Dr. Wil- liams felt that the dominant purpose of the school library should be to train boys and girls so that when they leave school they will continue their library usage in the public library, not only for pleasure reading but for serious study. A secondary purpose is to give life to formal textbooks by means of collateral and sup- plementary reading. Direction in the mat- ter of reading must not be left to the teacher, who is usually unfamiliar with books which should be recommended, but should be given by a librarian who learns to know the pupils individually and can select reading determined by the personal SCHOOL. LIBRARIES SECTION 195 interest, maturity of mind and environ- ment of each pupil. Dr. Williams' paper was printed in the August New York Li- braries, pp. 240-242. Samuel Thurber, head of the English Department of the Technical High School of Newton, Massachusetts, spoke inform- ally, from notes, of the work which was being done in the development of the li- brary of his own school. Anne M. Mulheron of Portland spoke of the work which had been done and was being done in connection with school li- braries in Portland. Marion Horton of Los Angeles gave a practical statement of methods she had used, as principal of the Library School of the Los Angeles Public Library, in giv- ing the students actual problems to work out for theoretical purposes. Miss Horton presented her findings in regard to the sub- jects taught in the representative library schools of this country and after some dis- cussion it was voted to draft this informa- tion into a permanent form such as could be published with the consent of all schools concerned. The meeting adjourned. Second Session The second session, arranged by the New England Convention of School Libraries, was called to order by the chairman, who introduced Clarence D. Kingsley, Super- visor of Secondary Education for Massa- chusetts, whose topic was THE LIBRARIAN POINTS THE WAY. He said that there will be an inter-relation between the new conception of education and the library. The old conception placed emphasis on the accumulation of facts while the new conception substitutes for knowledge other requisites. He named as requisites for the educated person of today knowledge, habits, powers, interests and ideals. He maintained that the library helps to utilize books more intelligently, provides real abiding interests, creates and establishes ideals. The library and school represent a much broader conception than the school alone. Mr. Kingsley enumerated seven objec- tives of a well-rounded education which are essential in the education of every boy and girl; namely, health, command of fundamental processes, worthy home membership, vocation, citizenship, worthy use of leisure and ethical character. He believed that all seven could be realized in high school if not in elementary school. He advocated the substitution for the old formal examination of a research problem to be worked out individually in the li- brary, using every available resource. He commended the idea of collective thinking and the conference room and recommended a teachers' reference room which might serve, not only for study and consultation of books, but for the purpose of training the teacher to use books to the best ad- vantage. Mr. Kingsley was followed by Adeline B. Zachert who discarded her formal paper and, after some personal reminiscence, emphasized a necessary change of attitude on the part of librarians who have harped too long on the word, "co-operation," will- ing to go only half way when they should go the whole way, sometimes, to secure the results for which they are working. She said in closing, "There must be a book- laboratory in the school, the public li- brary can not do the work; know the sell- ing points of your work; be ready for possible objections, then invade school authorities, if you must." The open discussion touched upon the subjects of separate libraries with full- time librarians in elementary schools; the relative importance of the librarian in the appointment of personnel for the faculty of a newly-organized school; the question of shared responsibility in the administra- tion of school libraries; and the outlook of the book business from a publisher's point of view. A count of those persons present at the meeting who were actively engaged in senior or junior high school library work showed a total of thirty-three. Miss Zachert was elected official repre- sentative of the School Libraries Section 196 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE of the A. L. A. to the Library Department of the N. E. A. Conference at DesMoines. Opportunity was given F. G. Melcher to speak of the Thomas Bailey Aldrich book- case model which was on exhibit, made from plans secured from Mrs. Aldrich. Mr. Melcher advocated the encouraging of boys in building similar cases in their school manual training classes; he contended that, given the cases, the matter of filling them with good books would soon be settled. The meeting adjourned. Third Session The last session was called to order by the chairman, who introduced Cora New- ton of the Bridgewater State Normal School, Massachusetts, whose subject was THE PLACE OF THE BOOK IN THE MODERN SCHOOL. Miss Newton traced the develop- ment of the art of reading from the time when it was fostered in the home of the early settler down to the time when private libraries began to spring up and text- books began to multiply. School children began to show discontent at reading only textbooks and, because there was no other means of gratifying their desire to read, they haunted the cheap bookstalls. Educa- tors recognized the trend of their reading and out of the survey that followed arose the recognition of the need for a school library. In closing, Miss Newton said "Present home conditions will give rise to a bookless generation unless the school library steps in and does for the commu- nity what the primary school did for the early settlers in the art of reading." Ethel E. Kimball, librarian of the State Normal School, Lowell, Massachusetts gave a demonstration of ways in which interest was aroused in her own library by means of attractive posters and lists. She intro- duced four normal school graduates who spoke informally of methods which they tested out in their own schools after their instruction in library usage under Miss Kimball. Mary E. Robbins conducted the dis- cussion, in the course of which Alvey Gor- don of East Orange exhibited some charts showing early processes in bookmaking and explained their use in connection with library instruction. The chairman called attention to the buckram picture holders which have been found most useful in cir- culating pictures in Los Angeles schools. The report of the Committee on Draft of Statement of Scope and Duties of School Libraries Section was received and adopted. The following officers were nominated for the coming year: Chairman, Marion Morton, Los Angeles, Cal.; Vice-Chairman, Jessie E. Tompkins, Detroit, Mich.; High School Representative, May Ingles, Omaha, Neb. ; Normal School Representative, Bertha Hatch, Cleveland, O.; Secretary and Treas- urer, Frances H. Kelly, Pittsburgh, Pa. It was voted that the secretary be in- structed to cast the vote for each of these officers and that they be duly notified of their election. The meeting adjourned. EDITH L. COOK, Secretary pro tern. SMALL LIBRARIES ROUND TABLE The first meeting of the Small Libraries Round Table was held Wednesday morning, June 22. There was a feeling on the part of many librarians that the special prob- lems of this group are not adequately dis- cussed in the general meetings, and that a section should be formed. The large number present and the inter- est shown both during and after the meet- ing make its organizers even more cer- tain that this should be added to the other special groups which meet during A. L. A. week. Grace Child of the Phoenix Life Insur- ance Co., Hartford, Conn., opened the meet- ing by calling upon Etta M. Roberts of Wheeling, W. Va., to explain the reason for the meeting. Barbara H. Smith, of Gard- SMALL LIBRARIES ROUND TABLE 197 ner, Mass., was then appointed temporary secretary and she and Miss Child were named to appoint a nominating committee for permanent officers. The discussion of appropriations and budget systems for small libraries was then opened by Edna H. Wilder of the Russell Memorial Library, Middletown, Conn. It was suggested that most library commissions have collected such data for their own localities but that some effort should be made to collect such material in one document and that the Bureau of Education already had made some attempts in this direction. It was moved that Miss Wilder as chairman should appoint a com- mittee of seven who should investigate present sources of information and possible means of collecting more. It was also moved that a sub-committee should be named to formulate a standard of good library work toward which small libraries might aim. The next topic discussed was time and money savers. W. K. Stetson of New Haven opened the discussion, followed by Grace E. Kingsland of the New Hampshire Library Commission. This was followed by a gen- eral discussion of cheap methods of library binding for magazines with especial empha- sis upon "Mr. Tisom's system at Maiden. The meeting closed with an informal ac- count by Mrs. May Lamberton Becker, edi- tor of the Readers' Guide Section of the New York Evening Post, of the work which she is doing and a cordial invita- tion from her to all librarians to investi- gate and use her department at any time. Flora B. Roberts, librarian, Kalamazoo Public Library, was elected chairman. TRAINING CLASS INSTRUCTORS ROUND TABLE The Round Table of Training Class In- structors met on Wednesday, June 22nd, at 2:30 P.M. in the Sun Parlor. The meet- ing was called to order by the Chairman, Julia A. Hopkins, Supervisor of Staff In- struction in the Brooklyn Public Library. Bertha R. Barden, Supervisor of Inventory Records and Apprentice Class in the Cleve- land Public Library, acted as secretary pro tern. The members of the committee appointed at the Asbury Park conference were Julia A. Hopkins, Principal, Training Class, Brooklyn Library, chairman, Adah F. Whit- comb, Director of the Training Class in the Chicago Public Library, and Lucy L. Morgan, Instructor of Apprentices in the Detroit Public Library. This committee was instructed to report on two matters: (1) a standardized course of training for apprentice classes; (2) a form of organi- zation for instructors of training and ap- prentice classes. Miss Hopkins presented the report which, summarized, was as follows. There are four agencies at present sur- veying the status of training and appren- tice classes; the A. L. A. Committee of Five, the A. L. A. Committee on National Certification and Training, the A. L. A. Committee on Library Training, and the Carnegie Corporation. With these four agencies already con- ducting investigations, the committee deems it inadvisable to start a separate questionnaire; especially as some of the members of the committee are furnishing the questionnaires far these other surveys, and will have access to the findings. If these surveys, especially those con- ducted by the A. L. A. Committee of Five and the A. L. A. Committee on National Certification, have practical results, the professional standards for training and ap- prentice classes will be, determined, and it will then be the task of each individual class to measure itself by those standards. In regard to this part of its assigned task, your committee refers you to the printed reports of the A. L. A. committees, and recommends that you continue a com- mittee to have in charge the matter of standardized courses; that this committee be instructed to keep in touch with all agencies working toward such courses, and report progress to the Round Table, or its 198 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE succeeding organization, at each meeting. In regard to a proposed form of organi- zation for instructors of training and ap- prentice classes, there are three possibil- ities before us: (1) To become a sub-section of the A. L. A. Professional Training Section. (2) To ask for a separate section of our own. (3) To form an independent organiza- tion. Your committee favors the independent organization, although it does not absolute- ly recommend that for adoption at this meeting. Our problems seem so different from those of the library schools and other forms of training, we need our own med- ium for the exchange of ideas, of methods, practice, policies, etc., and also for the collection and distribution of material. We want, first of all, a list of the lib- raries conducting training and apprentice classes. No such list is obtainable from any of the existing A. L. A. agencies interested in library training. We need a center where outlines, lists, etc. can be on file for consultation. There- fore, it seems as if we could procure these things more effectively as an independent organization, like that of the Association of American Library Schools. All persons and institutions interested in training and apprentice classes should be admitted to membership. The committee recommends that voting on questions of policy, or election of offi- cers, be done by mail, for two reasons, in order that all registered members will have a chance to express an opinion, and that the valuable time of the session will not be taken up with unnecessary business formalities and organization detail. The committee felt that the most im- portant piece of work was to obtain a list of the libraries conducting training and apprentice classes. Through notices sent to library periodicals and publications, and through correspondence with the state lib- rarians and secretaries of state library commissions, a list of fifty-four libraries has been obtained. The committee recommends that the new committee be instructed to draft a simple constitution for the organization, that a copy of this draft be sent to every library registered on our list for approval, crit- icism, suggestions or additions; that, from these suggestions, the committee work out the final draft, a copy of which must be sent to every person or library on the reg- istered list, for voting upon; that all votes be sent to the chairman of the committee at least two weeks before the next A. L. A. Conference, so that the result of the vote may be presented at the Round Table held in connection with that Conference. Motion that this report of the Committee be accepted was carried. Informal discussion followed. Miss Clat- worthy mentioned the individual instruc- tion given in small libraries. Mr. Rush pre- ferred the use of the word "training" to that of "apprentice." The Chairman said that a distinction between these two terms was needed; but that in the present condition of elementary training probably neither could be discarded. The question of membership was brought up; as to whether persons or institutions should constitute the membership. In re- gard to voting the consensus of opinion seemed to be in favor of the institution; but in regard to the payment of dues, there seemed to be a good deal of doubt as to whether the very small library would be able to pay even a small sum. Miss Rath- bone told of the practice of the Association of American Library Schools on this point; that the vote was by schools on policies and expenditures, and sometimes by indi- viduals where an expression of opinion was wanted. The Chairman called for nomination of members of the new committee. It was voted that the present committee be con- tinued for another year. Julia A. Hopkins is the chairman. The meeting adjourned. JULIA A. HOPKINS, Chairman. TRUSTEES SECTION 199 TRUSTEES SECTION Meeting of this section was held on Fri- day evening. In the absence of the chair- man, Mrs. Elizabeth Claypool Earl pre- sided. Mrs. Earl: It is with the keenest regret that I am called upon to preside in place of our chairman who has accomplished so much for the Trustees Section this year. Mr. Pettingell regrets as much as I am sure you all do his unavoidable absence from the Swampscott meeting, but he assures us he will be with us next year. We cannot find words to express our pleasure at seeing so large a number of trustees present. Everyone of you will go home from this most wonderful library meeting with a deeper sense of your ob- ligation, responsibility and opportunity for the development of the great educational problems before the world today. The need is for intelligent library boards of trustees who have an understanding of the educational value and problems of the library and can secure adequate pub- lic support and co-operation. Our Indiana Library Trustees Associa- tion is proving more and more its value to the library development of the state and we are anxious to see the good work spread to other states. J. Randolph Coolidge, Jr., of the Boston Athenaeum spoke on WHAT PROPORTION OF TOTAL PUBLIC EXPENDITURES SHOULD PUBLIC LIBRARY TRUSTEES CLAIM FOR THEIR LIBRA- RIES. His answer to the question was: One and a half per cent. The proportion of li- brary expenditures to total municipal levies was given for the following cities: Boston, 1.6% Salem, 1.55% Canton, 1.1% New Salem, just over y 2 of 1%. Brookline, 2% He said in conclusion: We are citizens as well as trustees. We ought to know, and we do know, the population, the valua- tion of the section served by our libraries, how many books we have, and we know all too well how many books we want and cannot get. In Massachusetts we have a high standard of service, and we must in- sist that that standard of service be main- tained by public appropriations unless the library is sufficiently endowed. It is not right as I found in a New Hampshire city to have a scale of payment for full time service in a library that is less than one-half what is paid a woman teacher in the high school in the same town. There is absolutely no justification for such neglect of the library as that, for the high school teachers usually are not over paid. So, if you will take the trouble to do some figuring on your own account in your own districts, you may reach the conclusion that the average expenditures in Massachusetts for library purposes, one and one-half per cent, is a minimum, at least, for your library, wherever it may be. The maxi- mum in figures, in amount and in appro- priation, you should always be trying to obtain. W. T. J. Lee, of the Public Library Board of Toronto, Canada, spoke on THE DUTIES OF A LIBRARY TRUSTEE. He urged that all trustees join the American Library Associa- tion and that every board of trustees send a delegate to each annual meeting of the Association. He spoke of the experience of the Toronto Library Board in compel- ling the City Council to make the necessary tax levies and of the development of the Toronto Public Library during the last several years. Clarence E. Bement, trustee of the Lan- sing, Michigan, Public Library, spoke on the topic FROM THE OUTSIDE IN. He em- phasized the service of the library to pro- vide a means of education for those who are no longer in school. He said: The building, book stacks, the card in- dexes and all the mechanical apparatus is the machinery, and the books are the raw material; but the important element is the patron and he is sometimes lost sight of just as the manufacturer has lost sight of his all important human element through keeping his eyes too closely fixed on the machinery and the raw ma- terial The statistics of circula- tion and reader attendance mean much to the librarian but very little to the general public, yet the community contains both your stockholders and your customers. Your weapon in lieu of competition is propaganda. You have something to sell to the community and publicity will sell it just as it will sell drygoods and groceries. Every library large enough to justify it should have an advertising department. If our education before twenty is important, is there any question that our education between twenty and thirty is vastly more important? 200 Henry W. Lamb, trustee of the Brook- line Public Library, spoke on the general theme of THE FUNCTION OF THE LIBRARY TRUSTEE. He compared the trustee's func- tions to those of a legislator, judge and a diplomat and gave especial attention to the trustee as a diplomat. He said that the trustee is able to tell the librarian or the board how a project is likely to strike that part of the outside public that does not use the library, and especially that part of it which has to be asked to make appropriations. He is like a diplomat who may be called upon to negotiate a treaty but finds it is his duty first to report upon the state of feeling that he is likely to encounter. He emphasized the need of having on every board some men who are men of af- fairs and of wide acquaintance in the com- munity rather than members of the schol- arly professions and he urged that men of business activity and social inclination serve as library trustees when the oppor- tunity was offered. Rev. Alexander Mann, president of the Boston Public Library Board, spoke on THE FUNCTION OF THE LIBRARY TRUSTEE. He said that a trustee should set an ex- ample to the library staff by his perfect confidence in the librarian. That he should not go into petty matters or go behind the man who Is in charge. The library must have the full confidence of the board. In trying to get appropriations the trustee must go at it in a human kind of way and must try to make the city council see how interesting and important the work of the library is. The last speaker was George H. Tripp, librarian of the New Bedford Public Library, on the theme THEY ALSO SERVE. He said that neither the librarian nor the trustee should be a specialist in any line. The library should be kept out of politics. The librarian should be unham- pered in administration. He suggested that a library board might be made up of one- third business men, one-third professional men and one-third men of leisure. Mr. Tripp's paper will appear in an early is- sue of Public Libraries. The report of the Committee on Pen- sions and Benefits for Librarians was pre- sented, but not read because of lack of time. The committee is composed of Mrs. Ora Thompson Ross, Rensselaer, Ind., chairman, Mrs. C. Henry Smith, Boulder, Colo., J. S. Carter, Milwaukee, Wis. The officers for 1920-21 continue for 1921-22: Chairman, F. H. Pettingill; Sec- retary, Mrs. Ora Thompson Ross. lONE P. OVEBFIELD, Secretary pro tern. WORK WITH NEGROES ROUND TABLE A round table discussion for workers among colored people was arranged for Wednesday morning in response to a con- siderable demand. Among others there were present Lloyd W. Josselyn from Bir- mingham, Ala., George T. Settle and Jen- nie M. Flexner from Louisville, Ky., Mary D. Pretlow and assistants from Norfolk, Va., Joseph F. Marion from Jacksonville, Fla., Mary U. Rothrock from Knoxville, Tenn., and Ernestine Rose from the New York Public Library. The discussion brought out different points of view, differing methods, and widely divergent conditions. Miss Rose opened the discussion by describing the work of the 135th Street Branch of the N. Y. P. L. which lies in the center of the largest negro city in the world, and where the experiment of a staff including both white and colored workers is being tried with apparent success. Mr. Settle and Miss Flexner told of the two colored branches in Louisville, and of the school for the instruction of their col- ored workers. In this school negro girls are beingtrained for various library positions throughout the country, but particularly in the South. At Norfolk, Va., a colored branch will be opened in July. Miss Rothrock, of Knoxville, spoke of WORK WITH NEGROES ROUND TABLE 201 the difficulties attending colored represen- tation on the governing board of the library. This subject was discussed some- what at length, several libraries believing in a less formal participation of colored opinion, for instance, in an advisory capac- ity only. In Jacksonville there is a room for the colored people in the main library, an ar- rangement far from satisfactory in Mr. Marion's opinion. The type of reading done by negroes, their capacity for intellectual development, the social status of colored workers on the staff, and the problems attending their position as co-workers with white assistants, were all discussed with lively interest and a spirit of generous service. It was interesting to note that the N. A. A. C. P., which is co-operating in a friendly manner with the work in New York, and is considered there a beneficial and moderate agency, where it stands out in opposition to more radical organizations, is viewed with distrust in the South, where its propaganda is particularly active. Quite as interesting, is the fact that Marcus Gar- vey's strikingly radical ideas for a back to Africa movement have gained little ground in the South, but apparently flourish better in the fertile soil of the developing race consciousness apparent in the North. Leonora E. Herron, librarian of Hamp- ton Institute, was present and contributed to the discussion by a description of her work in Hampton. Those present voted unanimously to es- tablish a permanent round table dealing with this work and its problems. ERNESTINE ROSE, Temporary Chairman. AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF LAW LIBRARIES The sixteenth annual meeting of the American Association of Law Libraries was held at the New Ocean House, Swampscott, Mass., from June 21st to 24th, with Presi- dent Frederick C. Hicks, of the Columbia University Law Library, presiding. The papers which were presented at the meeting were:* Address of welcome, Sumner Y. Wheeler, Secretary, Essex Bar Association; President's address, Frederick C. Hicks, printed in the Library Journal, July, 1921; The county law library system in Mas- sachusetts, by Howard L. Stebbins, Libra- rian, Social Law Library, Boston; John Himes Arnold, by Edward B. Adams, Librarian, Harvard Law School; Appreciation of Alexander H. R. Fraser, by E. E. Willever, Librarian, Cornell Uni- versity Law School; The bibliography of naval and military law, by Arthur C. Pulling, Librarian, Uni- versity of Minnesota Law School; The papers read at this meeting will ap- pear in Law Library Journal. Developments in state libraries, by George S. Godard, State Librarian, Con- necticut; Historical sketch of American legal periodicals, by Marion Brainerd, Maine State Library; Present problems of law publishing, by Burdett A. Rich, Lawyers Co-operative Pub- lishing Company; Famous and curious wills, by Mrs. Gladys Judd Day, Librarian, Hartford Bar Library. One of the sessions was a joint session with the National Association of State Libraries. The report of the Committee on New Members showed the addition of forty-four new members within the past year, and the committee was continued with its present membership. Franklin O. Poole gave a very thorough report on the work of the Committee on the Index to Legal Periodicals, and the com- mittee was directed to continue its negotia- 202 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE tions with the American Bar Association concerning the matter of co-operation in its publication. Another motion empowered the committee to rearrange the schedule of subscription prices on a service basis in order to meet or reduce the existing deficit. A committee was appointed to confer with a similar committee from the Na- tional Association of State Libraries on the question of closer co-operation between the two associations. Four amendments to the constitution were adopted. - The annual dues of the association were increased from two to three dollars. A. J. Small, Chairman of the Committee on Checklist of Bar Association Reports, submitted a tentative compilation of such works. Frank E. Chipman reported that when labor conditions were more settled his company would be willing to undertake the publication of the Checklist. The question of arranging for the printing of the Checklist was left to the Executive Committee with power to act. The following resolutions were presented and adopted unanimously: (1) Resolutions to send message of greeting to Mr. John Himes Arnold, who for forty-one years was law librarian of the Harvard Law School Library; (2) Resolutions of regret at the resignation of Mr. Elias J. Lien, for- merly State Librarian of Minnesota; and (3) Resolution concerning the death of Mr. Columbus Will Shaffer, formerly State Law Librarian of Washington. A joint resolution was adopted endorsing the early publication of a Supplement and index to the checklist of United States public documents. The report of the Joint Committee upon the National Information Service was ac- cepted, and the committee continued. Officers of the Association were elected as follows: President, Gilson G. Glasier, Librarian, Wisconsin State Library, Madi- son, Wisconsin; First Vice-President, An- drew H. Mettee, Library Company of the Baltimore Bar, Baltimore, Maryland; Second Vice-President, Mrs. Maud B. Cobb, State Librarian, Atlanta, Georgia; Secre tary, Mary S. Foote, Librarian, New Haven County Bar Library, New Haven, Connecticut; Treasurer, Anna M. Ryan, Buffalo Law Library, Buffalo, New York; Executive Committee, the above officers and Frederick C. Hicks, Librarian, Co- lumbia University Law Library, New York City; Luther E. Hewitt, Librarian, Law Association of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Howard L. Stebbins, Li- brarian, Social Law Library, Boston, Mas- sachusetts. MARY S. FOOTE, Secretary pro-tern. LEAGUE OF LIBRARY COMMISSIONS A meeting of the League of Library Com- missions was held in Swampscott, in con- nection with the A. L. A. The first session convened June 22 with the President, W. R. Watson, in the chair. As the annual meet- ing of the League occurs at the time of the mid-winter meetings, the time was devoted to papers and discussions. The first paper was on THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CENTRAL LIBRARY AND BRANCH LIBRARIES OF A COUNTY SYSTEM, by Sabra L. Nason, Librarian of the Umatilla County Library, Pendleton, Oregon. As Miss Nason was unable to be present the paper was read by W. ' J. Hamilton. To summarize Miss Nason says: It is taken for granted at the outset that the county unit of library administration upholds our slogan of "The best reading for the greatest number at the least cost" as has no other library system so far in- augurated. It makes possible the pooling of all the books of neighboring towns into an or- ganized collection which can give fresh material to each of the co-operating towns with only the cost of transportation to be considered. It furnishes the services of a trained LEAGUE OF LIBRARY COMMISSIONS 203 library staff to towns so small that such benefits would otherwise be out of ques- tion. Book funds used advisedly keep the ever changing collections fresh with first class new books. But best of all it reaches out to the farm homes and to thousands who had previ- ously been without the inspiration of a near-by library. Umatilla County Library was established in 1914 and ten branches were in working order before the year was over. From the very first year these outside districts have circulated more books than has the county seat, although Pendleton population is larger than all the branch towns to- gether and her readers are close to the central supply of books. From an 18,000 volume circulation in Pendleton the year before the county system started, it has grown to 68,000 in 1920', 40,000 of which is from the branches and rural schools. The county population by 1920 census is 25,898, of which Pendleton numbers 7,387 and the eleven smaller cities total 6,30'6. In the Umatilla County Library system only one county-city contract has so far been necessary and that is between the county and the city of Pendleton in which the central library is located. In this case, the first property to be used in common was the Pendleton library of nearly 5,000 volumes. The county soon after erected a central building and also purchased many books all to be used by city and county people alike. Hence a joint contract. The County Library Board of five members, three of whom are Pendleton residents, directs the general policies and also local matters at the central library. No other city contracts have so far been necessary as our smaller towns without li- braries to start with had no property to place in the common lot. However, a similar contract might suffice in case sep- arate city libraries changed ifito branches. Our form of contract was originally drawn up between the County Library Board and the Commercial Association of Pendleton which generously offered their Sturgis Fund Library and the future annual pur- chases from this substantial fund to be administered by the County Library and used freely throughout the county. This contract contains a clause which requires a minimum book fund of $2,000 annually from the county tax levy, for the Commercial Association did not intend to risk having some future county commis- sion economize on the library levy with the excuse that the Sturgis book fund would have to be sufficient. So our book fund is not flexible and cannot be dipped into to meet other seemingly important maintenance expenses. They also safe- guarded the standards of library service in the library fortunate enough to receive their splendid gift, by requiring a central library staff of at least three trained and experienced librarians. Later the Pendleton City Council en- dorsed the same feature in their contract which therefore serves equally well be- tween two publicly supported libraries and between a public and a privately owned library which is given over to public use. In giving as much authority as possible to local boards while still maintaining standards and uniform efficiency through- out the branches we have drawn up branch standardization requirements which, so far as we know, are the first of their kind and open to such improvement as experiment here and elsewhere may indicate. They were published in full in the January, 1921 number of Public Libraries. Miss Nason's paper is printed in full in the October 1921 Illinois Libraries. The second paper was A CHAPTER IN THE HISTOEY OF A SMALL CITY LIHRARY by Mrs. Elizabeth W. Blackall, Librarian of the Huntington Memorial Library, Oneonta, New York. Mrs. Blackall gave a very in- teresting account of her work in her own library and said in part: There is no need for detailing the many usual ways in which we all try to secure the growth of our libraries such as the story hour, the good book week, the pub- licity work both without and within its walls, including the use of slides at the movies. But as each library has its own person- ality the elusive something that makes the work constantly a thrilling adventure and seems to a librarian the significant fac- tor in that particular library's success; per- haps you wont mind my recapitulating the main formulas of aim and program, and adding briefly the few concrete lesser rules for our library behavior. (1) Make the library of use and a necessity to the entire community its in- dividuals, its schools, and all its organiza- tions for civic and social work, and to Its industrial organizations so far as its re- sources can be stretched to meet their needs. (2) Gradually work toward a well-or- ganized and standardized library technic. This is ultimately a necessity. It is second in importance and time only to the pre- ceding rule. (3) Do not dissipate the energies that should go into library service by assuming 204 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE outside work, however laudable that work. (4) Make the personal service, the in- stant, cheerful attention at the desk, the real interest and care in reference help, the main idea in daily work. (5) Active membership of the librarian in the communities clubs and library-and- book-talks before, various groups are a great help if not an essential in getting the town and its library acquainted. (6) Keep a homey atmosphere in the library, make it a place where people like to come for quiet reading as well as for study; and make the only basis for the quietness courteous regard for others' pleasure and rights no discipline except the discipline of good manners. (7) Cheerful, neat, well-ordered rooms, flowers, happy, unhurried service, are the daily watchwords, Of course these rules of action mean that the librarian will if necessity arises, build a furnace fire, sweep a floor, or in- troduce a president of the United States if he comes that way. Mrs. Blackall's paper was printed in New York Libraries, August, 1921, pp. 236-240. Fannie C. Rawson, Chairman of Publica- tions Committee, gave her report recom- mending certain changes in the uniform blank for traveling library statistics. The recommendations were accepted and the blanks ordered printed. Representatives from the different library commissions were called upon to report on library legislation. Most of the commissions reported substantial increases in their own appropriations. The Gov- ernors of New Jersey and Oklahoma even added to the amount asked for, telling the Commissions they were too modest in their requests. New Jersey has an annual appropriation of $45,500 and Oklahoma a biennial appropriation of $41,000. Generally these appropriations are made in a lump sum. Mrs. Earl pointed out that appropriations so allowed went much far- ther than when made on the budget plan. The consolidation of the library commis- sion with some other state department was brought up in several states. In Illinois the Commission was consolidated with the State Library and three divisions made mandatory, the state library division, the library extension division, and the archives division. In Maine the library commission was united with the state library and is called the Bureau of Library Extension. In Tennessee the Director of County Library Extension is under the supervision of the State Library. The question of consolidat- ing the commission with several other state departments of Oklahoma was discussed but no law was passed. As a matter of economy, the Michigan legislature elimi- nated the board of library commissions and the work formerly done by that commis- sion combined with the activities of the state library, but no adequate appropria- tion for the work was made. New York and Wisconsin both passed laws for certification of librarians. These laws have been printed in the bulletins of these states and other publications. County library laws were passed by Kansas, Missouri, New York and South Dakota. Indiana and Wiconsin amended their county library laws. An old county library law in Oklahoma was made feasible by a recent supreme court decision. Illinois and New Jersey reported an in- crease in the maximum tax levy rates al- lowed public libraries. Illinois' increase was from one and a third to one and eight tenths mills; New Jersey's from one-half to one mill. Many other states reported minor changes in library laws. The rest of the session was devoted to a round table on institution libraries: Can the State Library Commission Aid Their Development? The President asked Caroline Webster, Director of Hospital Service, American Library Association, to conduct this round table. Mrs. Rice was the first speaker and talked on the value of interesting the pub- lic in institutional legislation and require- ments. Mrs. Thayer's topic was the LIBRARY IN THE GENERAL HOSPITAL. She said that the library is a therapeutic essential to every hospital. People are not mentally sick through and through but are only sick in spots. The ill must have spiritual help 205 and this is gained fastest through books. The patients must not be separated from the usual things of life in a hospital but the surroundings should be made' up of all the happy and beautiful things with which they are usually familiar. The use made of books is not for their educational value but therapeutic value. Anna C. Jamme's paper on DEVELOPMENT OP LIBRARIES IN SCHOOLS OF NUBSINQ THROUGH EXISTING STATE AND COUNTY AGEN- CIES was read by Jean E. Graffen, Chief of the Periodical Department, Public Li- brary, Philadelphia. Kathleen Jones, formerly librarian of the McLean Hospital, Waverly, Massachu- setts, now General Secretary of the Massa- chusetts Commission, spoke on the Library Commission's responsibility to state and county hospitals. She said the library com- mission would have to get behind the hos- pital work. One way is to support legis- lation for this work. Most hospitals have books but the books are not selected with care. Friendly relations must be secured with the state hospital officials. Prisoners should be allowed to come to the library to select their books and to use it as a read- ing room. The session then, adjourned. A second session was held as a joint meeting with the American Library asso- ciation, Saturday morning June 25. (See p. 161.) The officers for 1921 are: President, Wm. R. Watson; first vice-president, Wm. J. Hamilton; second vice-president, Mary B. Palmer; secretary and treasurer, Anna May Price. ANNA MAY PRICE, Secretary. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE LIBRARIES The 24th Annual Meeting of the Na- tional Association of State Libraries was held at Swampscott, Massachusetts, June 21-24, 1921. First Session The first session was called to order by the president, Edward H. Redstone, libra- rian, Massachusetts State Library, who gave an address of welcome. ADDRESS OF WELCOME It is my pleasant duty to welcome you to Swampscott, Massachusetts. In the past an address of welcome has customarily been made by some one outside of the association, who has devoted his or her energies to extolling the whole average of brains and beauty extended by this body. I confess to a strong personal conviction on this subject but I feel that it would hardly become a member to enlarge upon it. In fact, though our feelings of welcome are warm, my words must be few for I am unwilling to detain you from the pro- gram that is to follow. I wish simply to express the great and sincere pleasure it gives to us of Massachusetts to welcome you to our state. The pride of Bostonians in their native city has almost become proverbial; you have doubtless heard countless witticisms on the subject perpetrated at our expense. Imagine for yourselves then, the delight we feel in initiating our best friends from every corner of the land into this para- dise, and if you find in any respect that it falls below our heavenly ideal, please be magnanimous, I beg you, conceal the fact as best you can and spare our images. Parkman, writing of a period a century and a half ago, in referring to our cold and disagreeable temperament, says "Then as now, New England was best known to her neighbors by her worst side." May this be a ray of comfort for you, therefore,, in the hope that on closer acquaintance you may find us not quite as bad as we seem. The last conference in this vicinity was at Magnolia, a few miles from here, in 1902. Since that time the association has met in various parts of the country, where it has enjoyed a generous and hearty welcome, but nowhere, I assure you, and I speak 206 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE for Swampscott, and I speak for Massachu- setts, is there in the hearts of librarians and people toward you and this associa- tion, a truer loyalty, a juster pride, or a more whole-hearted pleasure in your pres- ence than here in the old Bay State. We bid you cordial welcome. Second Session The second session was held in conjunc- tion with the second group meeting of the Special Libraries Association, Wednesday afternoon, June 22. Herbert O. Brigham, gave the address. INFORMATION SERVICES BY HERBEBT O. BBIGHAM, State Librarian, Rhode Island There are in this country over seventy- five organizations which render a research service for compensation. Some of these concerns perform this service by prepar- ing special data upon the request of a client, others by publishing annual vol- umes and supplementing these volumes by monthly, weekly and daily reports. Most of the services are of recent origin. Only nine of the entire number antedate this century and there is a long gap from the credit concerns, founded before 1850, to the two corporations organized in 1878 and 1879, then another long gap to the five services established during the last decade of the 19th century. I have made an attempt to divide the various services into groups, and while no two persons would agree regarding this grouping, it serves the purpose of placing under one head correlated activities. Many of these well-known names, such as Bradstreet or Dun, in common usage are often coupled, but other concerns that are changing their form of research defy classification. In addition many of the larger organizations render a wide va- riety of services and in order to consider these institutions by themselves I have made two groupings: General Research and Specific Research. In the latter group I have selected the following sub-divisions: 1. Credit Rating; 2. Digests of Business; 3. Economic Research; 4. Industry; 6. In- vestments; 6. Legislation and Taxation; 7. Research. General Research Under the head of General Research I have placed seven of the leading concerns of the country, each of which covers a wide range of information on several top- ics, as for example, investment, labor, building and foreign trade, and I have grouped these companies in the order of formation. Babson's Statistical Organization. One of the outstanding figures in the field of commercial research is that of Roger W. Babson. His life story has been told in a picturesque manner in the American Maga- zine for February, 1920, but the real test of his work is the institution at Wellesley Hills which has become a living monu- ment to one of the keenest statisticians in the country. Forced by illness to live away from the city, Mr. Babson sought the highlands near Boston and while fighting disease con- ceived the idea of preparing analyses for bankers. From this small beginning, he has built up the well-known service of the Babson organization and from his quar- ters outside the marts of business has de- veloped an organization which sweeps the country for facts concerning industry. Space will not permit further discus- sion of the man, but the Babson reports cover a wide range. Among the publica- tions may be noted a semi-monthly bul- letin on industry; a labor forecast; month ly publications entitled Advice to Buyers and Advise to Sellers; an investment bul- letin; a speculative bulletin for purchas- ers of securities and a key publication called Weekly Barometer Letter, which in- cludes the Compositplot of American Busi- ness Conditions. There is also maintained an advisory service which renders special reports on labor and production problems. In addition, the organization publishes a desk sheet which groups the basic barom- eters of business under twelve main heads, and various maps showing trade condi- tions. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE LIBRARIES 207 To secure suitable people for this spe- cial type of work, there has been organ- ised the Babson Institute which conducts courses in economics, finance, business methods, library methods, printing, adver- tising and other subjects. The library plays an important part in connection with the organization and makes a strong contribution to the educational work. The employes of the organization and students of the institute are known as co-operators and become identified with the corporation. The service is based upon the compila- tion of facts gathered from accurate sources and compiled with the principle that the element of chance may be re- moved by presenting clear-cut facts and figures. Corporation Trust Company. One of the older concerns engaged in information services is the Corporation Trust Company which, while primarily "a company for lawyers," maintains several services which keep track of legislation and taxes. Orig- inally created to assist attorneys in the organization of corporations, it has from time to time developed various depart- ments and services. The subject matter of this paper does not permit the discus- sion of its departments devoted to corpo- rations, trusts and transfer, but should consider the departments devoted to legis- lation and taxation. The company main- tains several services relating to the Fed- eral Income Tax and the Federal War Tax, a notification department which informs attorneys concerning the time to file cor- poration reports and to pay state taxes, and, in addition, a special service for the New York State Income Tax and another service for the reporting of official orders and rulings of the Federal Trade Com- missions. As part of its functions it has a Congressional legislative service which furnishes information concerning legisla- tive action by daily reports. Another service reports the Federal Reserve Act and official rulings thereon. The company issues numerous publica- tions, including the Corporation Journal, appearing ten times a year. The company has a long record of achievement and does not feature the individual, but makes the Corporation Trust Co. the outstanding ele- ment. Standard Statistics Company. One of the largest organizations of its kind in Amer- ica is the Standard Statistics Co. which vvas organized in 1906 to distribute accu- rate investment information. The com- pany maintains a comprehensive trade service, consisting of a daily survey and forecast, including the general business field and the various key industries; a weekly corporation and news digest relat- ing to finance, legislation, court decisions, labor and industry; a weekly foreign af- fairs section which is an interpretive di- gest of foreign economic conditions, and a monthly statistical bulletin containing figures and graphs of finance and business conditions. The company also furnishes a corporation card service which in succinct form presents the essential facts concern- ing a corporation; a bond card service of similar scope; a special card service for Canadian securities; a market service for inactive, unlisted and local securities; a daily corporation news service and spe- cial services relating to dividends, stock market securities, sinking funds and bonds. Other features are a weekly div- idend calendar, a weekly market review, and special reviews and prospectuses for corporations. The concern also issues an income tax manual, a loose-leaf income tax service and a list relating to the status of bonds in relation to taxes. This brief summary gives a small con- ception of the Standard Statistics organ- ization. Their sales manager in corre- spondence states: "We have always stood for the institution idea rather than ex- ploiting individuals or personnel," and even the letterhead does not contain the name of an individual. Brookmire Economic Service. A newer service which has recently entered into competition with the older concerns is the Brookmire Economic Service. Fourteen years ago J. H. Brookmire of St. Louis developed a barometric chart 208 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE and began research work which culminat- ed five years later in the organization of the Brookmire Service. In 1915 Mr. Brookmire severed his connection with the service and the organization removed to New York City with William H. Walker as president. The Brookmire Service is similar in scope to the Babson Service. It issues a comprehensive set of publications. Among the imprints are a weekly periodical en- titled The Forecaster, which discusses in the four issues of the month either finan- cial, manufacturing, business or transpor- tation conditions; a semi-monthly trade bulletin in two sections, one covering com- modity conditions and the other, sales and credit; a monthly financial bulletin; an investment opportunity bulletin issued monthly; a bi-weekly analyst which shows the intrinsic merit of securities and notes market policy; a monthly building bulle- tin; and a monthly sales and credit map. All these publications are supplemented by two barometer charts, one covering indus- trial stocks and commodity prices, the other, bonds and railroad stocks, and a twelve-month record of the New York se- curity market, entitled The Brookmire Trend Chart. Alexander Hamilton Institute. As part of the business courses conducted by the Alexander Hamilton Institute there has been established a Business Conditions Service which supplies the subscribers to the course with specific information on current business events. Four monthly bulletins are issued in weekly rotation. The bulletins cover business conditions, investment conditions, business progress and trade. In addition, modern business reports are prepared by the research and editorial division and the organization also extends the use of this service to non- subscribers. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Prentice-Hall, Inc., which came into existence in 1913, was primarily started to publish business lit- erature. Its first service was the Federal Tax Service which has expanded from a bound volume to loose-leaf form and, as the concern expresses it, "puts taxes on a business basis." The company also issues a special service for inheritance taxes. It covers the inheritance tax law of every state and of the Federal government with suitable references to court decisions and regulations. A new department inaugurated by the company, known as the Business Informa- tion Service, is similar in type to the Business Digest, with the addition of cer- tain interesting features. Business books are reviewed and digested and, in addition, any book digested is loaned to subscribers to the service and may be kept for a period of ten days, after which it may be returned or purchased at list price. The informa- tion service covers eight hundred publi- cations, including business magazines, trade journals and house organs. If a sub- scriber desires exhaustive information on a special subject, the services of the Re- search Department are at his disposal. It also offers the larger business organiza- tions what is termed a "double service" whereby the department heads are sup- plied with special binders containing data concerning their particular department. Prentice-Hall also publishes a number of business books and maintains an organ- ization of over one hundred people. The service is headed by Dr. Charles W. Ger- stenberg, head of the Finance Department of New York University, and the presi- dent of the organization is Richard P. Et- tinger, Asst. Professor of Finance of New York University. Commerce Clearing House. A new com- pany in the field of general research is the Commerce Clearing House which was es- tablished in 1917 by William KixMiller, a Chicago attorney. Originally planned to extend tax assistance to banking houses, the organization has undertaken more comprehensive duties and, in addition to an elaborate tax service consisting of pub- lications, tax guides, a Federal Tax bul- letin service, a Federal Tax return con- sultation service, and a tax law training course, it continues to render special serv- ice to banks, such as the publication of NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE LIBRARIES 209 syndicated pamphlets and booklets, includ- ing a business barometer issued as a monthly bulletin. In 1921 the organiza- tion began the issuance of a current busi- ness survey prepared by its Research De- partment, accompanied by a seven-volume set, entitled Modern business fundamen- tals, which is given as part of the service. The Clearing House also issues an Income and war tax guide and its Legal Depart- ment analyzes corporation accounts for tax purposes. The organization is divided into four departments, headed by the firm of KixMiller and Baar as counsel. While the title Commerce Clearing House would imply a wide range of activity, the strength of the organization is largely placed in taxation and special bank services. Specific Research In this group I have placed the concerns that are so organized that they confine themselves to a definite line of research or service. As time passes, many of the or- ganizations are changing their formation and adding services or abandoning serv- ices which do not pay. I have grouped the seven sub-divisions alphabetically, but have arranged the concerns thereunder in chronological order. Oddly enough, this arrangement places at the forefront of the organizations devoted to specific re- search, two of the oldest concerns in the country. 1. Credit Rating The outstanding names in the field of commerce are the mercantile agencies of Dun and Bradstreet. When concerns have rendered reliable service for upwards of seventy years, they have achieved a repu- tation and good will that are enviable. Dun and Bradstreet have been the signets for accurate information regarding busi- ness standing. Their very strength has prevented competition from less worthy concerns and both come within the field of information services. Dun's Mercantile Agency. The panic of 1837 was the indirect cause of the forma- tion of Dun's Mercantile Agency. The failure of the firm with which Lewis Tap- pan was connected caused Mr. Tappan to seek a more reliable method of securing information regarding the financial re- sources of those asking for credit than was then available, and on June 1, 1841, Mr. Tappan established in New York City a mercantile agency "for the protection and promotion of trade," the first institution of its kind in the world. Later Benjamin Douglas became identified with the firm and soon Lewis Tappan retired in favor of his brother, Arthur Tappan. In 1854 Robert Graham Dun became a partner. Mr. Douglas sold out his entire interest to Mr. Dun, and in 1864 the name became "R. G. Dun & Co." Branches were estab- lished in the principal cities and in 1921 Dun's Agency maintains two hundred and twenty-three branches in various trade centers throughout the world. Space will not permit a description of the elaborate system which enables the firm to ascertain the credit standing of anyone in the country. Credit is one of the essential factors of modern trade and the agency plays a strong part in stabiliz- ing business. Undoubtedly organizations of this type decrease the percentage of failures and prevent fraud. In addition to the bulky reference book which places a rating upon concerns throughout the country, special reports can be obtained by subscribers upon application. Bradstreet Company. A concern with an equally honorable record is that of the Bradstreet Company. Founded in 1849 by J. M. Bradstreet, it also has stood the test of time and has maintained a system of investigation, reporting and credit rating which stands for integrity and business honesty. Bradstreet has made a scientific investigation of the statistics of failures. The company publishes a rating book with statements concerning over two million names of persons and, in addition, a gazet- teer section containing a compendium of data concerning seventy-eight thousand places. Bradstreet's gives a mercantile report to subscribers which shows at a glimpse the character of the person, firm or corporation and renders an information 210 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE service of the highest value. Both Dun and Bradstreet's derive an income solely from the legitimate business of investiga- tion of credit and the dissemination of re- ports. Neither have undertaken any ac- tivities which extend beyond this function. 2. Digests of Business The literature of business has grown to such an extent that the reader is over- whelmed with the mass of material. For the convenience of the man in the world of industry and for the aid of the librarian, there have been established business di- gests which pass in swift review the lit- erature of the industrial world. Another group has a bibliographic function and an- alyzes reports and documents. As busi- ness touches so closely the field of public affairs, some of these publications have in- cluded the broader term and place business within the realm of public affairs. In this group I have noted in order of formation the Public Affairs Information Service, the Business Digest and the Business Data Bureau. Prentice-Hall, Inc., also publish- ing a digest, has been considered under General Research. Public Affairs Information Service. Twelve years ago the special librarians achieved an organization and soon the need of securing accurate bibliographic information for certain fugitive material caused an informal gathering at a library conference and the selection of John A. Lapp, then editor of Special Libraries, for the task of compiling the data. At first the material was mimeographed, then it was issued in printed form and later was placed in the hands of the H. W. Wilson Co. and for the past seven years has been conducted by that organization. It is a purely co-operative undertaking and the general conduct of the service is in charge of a publication committee elect- ed by the co-operators. Messrs. William- son, Godard, Lapp, Hicks and Wheeler are all familiar to you and the caliber of the committee indicates the close affiliation with the librarians. Mr. Williamson as chief has at his command the resources of the New York Public Library and the P. A. I. S. is the gainer thereby, as the publications flowing into the public library are garnered and gleaned for the rich ma- terial worthy of inclusion in the bulletin. A weekly bulletin is issued, a bi-monthly cumulation and an annual volume. The treatment is comprehensive and covers the entire field of public affairs; fugitive pam- phlets are noted; books and important fea- tures in newspapers are analyzed; and unpublished and typewritten material re- corded. Bibliographical data are prepared by the co-operators under usual routine, sent to the service as manuscript, duly listed and upon request of m'embers the service fur- nishes typewritten copies at cost. The Research Department is a feature of the organization and membership in the P. A. I. S. gives the co-operator the valuable facilities available in New York City. An important feature of this service is the furnishing of photostat copies of ma- terial listed in the bulletins. The service also makes bibliographical, statistical and general researches and digests, utilizing experienced bibliographers and research workers. The P. A. I. S. is a unique undertaking. Its chief strength lies in its function as a clearing house of bibliographic activities. It would well pay an investigator to write to the P. A. I. S. before undertaking a re- search in order to ascertain what has been previously accomplished on the subject. One cannot resist treating the P. A. I. S. in a friendly vein because it is near to the hearts of the librarians. Business Digest Service. The Business Digest is an expansion of a periodical into a service. Originally established as Infor- mation in the year 1915 by the R. R. Bow- ker Co. under the editorship of Fremont Rider, it had its initial conception in the Index to Dates, published at first as a part of the American Library Annual. In 1916 the publication had passed into the hands of new owners, but with the same editorial directorship. In 1917 it changed its title to the Business Digest and in that form NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OP STATE LIBRARIES 211 has been familiar to librarians for several years. In September, 1920, the Business Digest was entitled Business Digest Serv- ice and was divided into sections. These sections have been expanded from time to time and at present are grouped as fol- lows: Accounting and office methods; ad- vertising and sales promotion; banking and investment; executive management; foreign trade; manufacturing; and store management. Each section is printed on different colored paper and has appended thereto a special supplement called the Business Outlook. The service examines over one hundred and twenty trade and business publications and issues in total three hundred and nine- ty numbers of the Digest Service, includ- ing the weekly issues, seventy-two monthly cumulative issues and six annual bound volumes. Business Data Bureau. Indianapolis is the home of the Business Data Bureau with the sub-title National Clearing House of Business Information. The organiza- tion, established in 1917, publishes a weekly periodical entitled Business Data Weekly Review. This publication analyzes business magazines and the leading trade journals. Subscribers also receive a quar- terly cumulation of the digests that have appeared during each quarter and a re- search privilege is also extended to cli- ents. In concluding the subject of digests, we should include under this head the various bibliographies of the H. W. Wilson Co. The service rendered by this concern is so familiar to librarians that a statement regarding the various publications is al- most unnecessary. Yet, the bibliographic undertakings of this company should not pass unnoticed as they are truly a part of Information Services in the broadest sense. 3. Economic Research In addition to the large concerns, such as the Babson Statistical Organization, the Brookmire Economic Service and the Standard Statistics Co., there are several institutions and concerns which are en- gaged in economic research. Harvard University, Committee on Eco- nomic Research Statistical Service. In 1917 the university appointed a commit- tee, headed by Prof. Charles J. Bullock, to conduct investigations of various problems relating to current business affairs. As a result of its investigations, the committee decided to offer to business men for the year 1919 a forecasting service, based on certain new methods of statistical analysis. The service met with warm support from leading business men and is now publish- ing the following series: An index of busi- ness conditions, issued semi-monthly; also advance letters giving the earliest possible notice of the movement of the index; a monthly review; special supplements printed several times a year presenting economic investigations of special inter- est; and a quarterly summary of world statistics. The service has been especially fortunate in its accurate forecasting of commodity price movements, and under the editorship of Prof. Warren N. Persons, has developed an unusually valuable busi- ness publication which bears the stamp of the eminent university. Bankers Economic Service. The Bank- ers Economic Service publishes a Weekly Forecast similar in type to publications Is- sued by the various banks. In addition, the service issues bi-weekly charts and graphs, monthly analyses and quarterly statistical compilations. The service is in charge of H. F. Rawll, distributor, but I am unable to learn the history and devel- opment of the organization. International Statistical Service. F. H. Kenney, formerly editor of the World Al- manac, has established the International Statistical Service, and offers the facili- ties of his organization for the purpose of furnishing data upon commerce, finance, labor and production, and, in addition, un- dertakes research and prepares special re- ports. I have no further information re- garding the service. 212 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE If. Industry I have grouped under Industry organiza- tions covering a broad field of activities. The subdivision includes concerns inter- ested in building reports, exporting, sales, industrial relations, marketing territories, purchasing and traffic. F. W. Dodge Company. This organiza- tion, established in 1892 by Frederick W. Dodge, was the outcome of an undertaking by six Boston contractors to employ a man to gather news about proposed new build- ings. Mr. Dodge agreed to obtain clients and undertook the task. From this small beginning the Dodge Service has grown into a nationally known institution which extends from the Atlantic seaboard to the Mississippi Valley. The company pub- lishes a daily report on building and engi- neering operations, compiles a monthly record of construction activities, conducts a special inquiry service for subscribers and is the leading American authority on building records. The corporation also prints The American Contractor, The Ar- chitectural Record, The Real Estate Rec- ord and Guide and Sweet's Catalog. MacLean Building Reports, Ltd. An or- ganization which renders a building re- port service for the Dominion of Canada was organized by Hugh C. MacLean in 1911. The moving spirit in the organiza- tion is the general manager, A. R. Whitte- more, who has been with the concern since its formation. The corporation issues a monthly building review and a system of follow-up reports, beginning with an ad- vance information report, followed by sec- ond, third and fourth reports as data con- cerning certain new construction come to hand. These reports may continue until construction is actually begun and all sub- contracts awarded. They are sent out in multigraph form and supplemented in the manner stated. The MacLean organization also keeps closely in touch with construc- tion problems by the issuance of nine trade publications. American Export Manufacturers 1 Asso- ciation. The development of the American export market caused the creation in 1911 of this export association which is headed by William C. Redfield, formerly Secre- tary of Commerce, and has among its di- rectors prominent American manufactur- ers. The association publishes a weekly bul- letin, maintains a foreign credit service; a patent and trade mark bureau; and a translation bureau. Contact with foreign buyers is secured by cards of introduction which accredit the buyer to the New York office of the association. These cards are counter- signed by the American Consul and are presented to the association when the buyer reaches the country. The organization maintains a New York and a Washington office and affords a gen- eral advisory service to all its members. United States Corporation Company. The United States Corporation Co., estab- lished in 1911, maintains a service for law- yers. It issues a semi-monthly report serv- ice and prepares a corporation manual. The corporation has an extensive organ- ization with twelve branch offices. Architectural Service Bureau. This or- ganization was started in April, 1915, un- der the name of the Architectural Service Corporation and in June, 1921, assumed its present title under the exclusive con- trol of P. H. Wood of Philadelphia. The concern has two groups of clients: manu- facturers of building materials and spe- cialties; and secondly, actual engineers and builders. For the first class the cor- poration prepares service sheets which are in broadside and contain both drawings and specification. For the second class the services are issued in standardized form, and newly revised sheets, properly indexed, are sent out at quarterly intervals. An engineer or architect would, therefore, eventually build up a cumulative refer- ence collection of these various service sheets. Dartnell Corporation. A service organ- ized in 1915 and devoted to sales manage- ment is conducted by the Dartnell Corpo- ration of Chicago. The concern issues a weekly news bulletin for salesmen, a fort- NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE LIBRARIES 213 nightly confidential service letter for sales managers, a monthly issue of the Dartnell Sales Index, and a monthly report on some special investigation relating to salesman- ship. The corporation is headed by J. C. Aspley, president, and M. D. Aspley, vice- president and secretary. National Industrial Conference Board. Thirty national organizations identified with industry organized in May, 1916, the National Industrial Conference Board. One of the fundamental purposes of the board was to provide a bureau of scientific re- search and a clearing house of informa- tion, and with this intent the National In- dustrial Conference Board established a re- search department which has compiled over fifty research and special reports. The board, through these reports, keeps in con- tact with industrial movements and labor problems. A weekly publication, entitled The In- dustrial News Survey, digests industrial news as reported in reliable papers and there are in addition an annual book re- view, special leaflets and monographs. A weekly service letter is issued by the board exclusively for its members. The board maintains an industrial in- formation service which renders assist- ance to employers in the solution of indus- trial questions. The organization, through its affiliations, reaches fifty thousand manufacturing concerns employing over seven million men and women. Jewelers' Research Bureau was estab- lished in 1917 as an adjunct of the Amer- ican National Retail Jewelers' Association. Its purpose is to secure information re- lating to the cost of doing business. Stand- ard accounting terms have been adopted and a manual of operating accounts for re- tail jewelers has been prepared. A con- tract has been made with the Harvard Bu- reau of Business Research for the prep- aration of bulletins on the subject of jew- elry. Co-operative Data Exchange. The H. P. Gould Co., publishers of the efficiency magazine 100%, established in 1917 the Co-operative Data Exchange as an expan- sion of the service rendered by the maga- zine. It is also called the Gould Report Information Service and was organized by this company to investigate, compile and analyze selling data regarding equipment, combining Industrial engineering and cost accounting practice. Reports are made by investigators and these reports are after- wards reprinted in pamphlet form for use by salesmen. Pacific Coast Bureau of Employment Re- search. This organization, established in 1919 and located at San Francisco, con- ducts a service relating entirely to per- sonnel and management. The first pub- lication was entitled Employment Problems and was later replaced with information service bulletins. In 1921, a publication entitled Personnel Club Exchange was cre- ated which became the organ of the bu- reau maintained by the corporation. This bureau was operated in connection with the Personnel Club Exchange and acts as a central clearing house for information concerning personnel. This organization has created a point of contact for the vari- ous corporations interested in scientific personnel management. Industrial Service Bureau. For several years J. L. Tope of Kansas City has been making an intensive study of the economic worth of the various market centers, pre- paring the material in card form for cli- ents under the name of the Industrial Service Bureau. Recently the material thus filed was compiled In book form for the use of newspaper publishers and the volumes distributed in each market center. This book, entitled The sellers and the buy- ers, analyzes the various markets, and, in addition, contains a business analysis of the local city in which the newspaper is located. The organization confines itself to market analysis, but co-operates with newspapers by offering to prepare, in addi- tion to the analyses, such special letters as .the publisher may desire. Bloomfield's Labor Digest. Turning to another phase of industry, we find in Bos- ton, Meyer and David Bloomfield, who for twenty years have specialized on indus- 214 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE trial relations. They have organized a service which includes a publication en- titled Industrial Relations, containing nu- merous supplements concerning labor prob- lems. While styled as a service, it is more properly a publication devoted to one par- ticular field, supplemented by charts an- alyzing plans and methods in connection with industrial relations. Industrial Information Service, Inc. Boston is also the home of an organization known as the Industrial Information Serv- ice, Inc., which was established in Novem- ber, 1919, and which conducts an extensive service for industrial and mercantile es- tablishments. Its principal publication is a weekly report on various phases of in- dustry. In addition, it has a personal let- ter service, a consulting service and a de- partment relating to special research. The president of the organization is John Ko- ren; the vice-president is Professor Car- roll W. Doten, both well-known in the in- dustrial world. Tel-U-Where Company of America. The modern ramifications of industry have cre- ated a demand for purchasing information and caused the organization in 1920 of the Tel-U-Where Co. of America. Its home office is in Boston, but it is planning to open branch offices in the larger cities of the country. The organization primarily deals with advertised and trade-named goods, and keeps on file in each office a list of local dealers and articles adver- tised by subscribers. Listing catalogs are mailed to the subscribers from the local office and, in addition, the company fur- nishes a classified buying service, looking up dealers and manufacturers of any arti- cle from shoe strings to real estate. The corporation is headed by Earle G. Knight as President, Wesley E. Monk, Secretary, and J. Harold Drake, Treasurer. Bureau of Industrial Research was or- ganized at Washington in 1918 to study industrial relations. It was later moved to New York and courses in employment management organized. Its office library and information files are at the service of researchers and librarians. American Paper and Pulp Association maintains an Information Service which was established in April, 1921. The serv- ice distributes to members of the associa- tion information concerning conditions in the industry and prepares publicity ma- terial for the annual convention. The service is conducted without charge as an association function for members. National Machine Tool Builders' Asso- ciation conducts a statistical department for the purpose of supplying members of the association with information concern- ing market conditions in the industry. Old Colony Business Information Serv- ice, established 1920, is conducted exclu- sively for members of the Old Colony Club. The service answers questions on commer- cial and industrial subjects and for this purpose maintains a special section in the Old Colony Magazine. The National Bureau of Economic Re- search was formed in February, 1920, to conduct impartial investigations in the field of economic, social and industrial science. Dr. Edwin F. Gay is President of the Board of Directors. There are nine other directors at large and directors by appointment from national organizations of importance. The research staff is in charge of W. C. Mitchell. Whipple Technical Libraries conducted by George Francis Whipple, of Boston, is a co-operative service among technical manu- facturers for the purpose of supplying en- gineering literature. The Gas Age. The magazine entitled the Gas Age has recently established a re- port service for the purpose of furnishing data to manufacturers who are interested in the gas industry. Special reports have been prepared on various subjects relating to appliances, equipment and special ma- chinery. The service is rendered without charge to manufacturers. Society of Automotive Engineers. The Society of Automotive Engineers has re- cently organized a research department. It will not only create a laboratory, but also will work in harmony with other in- NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OP STATE LIBRARIES 215 dustrial laboratories and kindred depart- ments. International Library Service, located at Pittsburgh, maintains a reference li- brary dealing exclusively with labor and industrial matters, with special emphasis upon radical labor propaganda. The su- pervising director is Edgar B. Spear. The field of insurance has its own group of information services. The leading or- ganization in which all the fire insurance companies participate is the National Board of Fire Underwriters. The infor- mation furnished to members by the Na- tional Board includes summaries of fire losses, insurance laws, fraudulent insur- ance claims and arson. The A. M. Best Co. furnish a report service for insurance companies, including special bulletins and reports, insurance engineering, and tech- nical advice in fire protection. The Under- writers and Credit Bureau has conducted a special service since 1878. This service, while similar to a mercantile agency, spe- cializes on character information and pre- pares confidential reports for insurance companies. In concluding the subject of industry the Harvard Bureau of Business Research should be mentioned. Created to aid the business world and to establish standards of accounting and business practice, it has been of great service to the grocery trade, the boot and shoe industry and other trades. Bulletins have been issued at in- tervals presenting the results of field studies and investigations. 5. Investments The field of investments has caused the creation of many research bureaus to ad- vise clients regarding the value of secur- ities and in some cases to prognosticate market conditions. The Babson Statistical Organization, the Brookmire Economic Service and the Standard Statistics Co. all maintain departments which analyze the investment market. Poor's Publishing Company. The de- mand for information regarding railroad securities caused the creation of an an- alytical publication containing statistics on railways or tramways and in 1879 Hen- ry V. Poor issued his first volume entitled Poor's Manual o/ Railroads. Thirty years previous, Mr. Poor had become the editor of the American Railway Journal and had written copiously on the history of rail- roads in this country. In 1883 industrial corporations were added to the manual and this feature of the publication became so important that seven years later the data concerning industrials were placed in a separate volume called Poor's Handbook of Investment Securities. This latter volume was afterwards discontinued, but was re- vived in 1910 as a second volume to the Railroad Manual. In 1913, the Public Util- ities Manual was established, making three volumes in the series. Six years later the Moody Manual was merged with Poor's Manual and the consolidated manual is- sued by the Poor's Publishing Co. While this may not be clearly a part of service, I am sketching briefly the history and development of this publication to show the background of the organization. The grandson of the founder is the chair- man of the present company and the Poor family have been identified with railroad records for over seventy years. The daily digest service is a special fea- ture which, with frequent cumulations, keeps track of all corporation news. In addition thereto, daily dividend records, followed by weekly and monthly records, are a part of the service. The organiza- tion issues a weekly investment letter and a monthly Investment Outlook. The com- pany also prints a volume entitled Classi- fied Investment Holdings which gives valu- able information concerning the invest- ment holdings of banks, trust companies, insurance companies and other corpora- tions. In addition to the digest sheets, the company publishes weekly Recent Security Offerings, tables of defaulted interest and a call bond sheet. Moody's Investors Service. Wall Street for many years has been familiar with the personality of John Moody. He entered the "Street" in 1890 and became associated 216 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE with the banking house of Spencer, Trask & Co. During his connection with the con- cern, he organized a Statistical Depart- ment which then was a novelty in banking circles, but after ten years resigned and started the Moody Manual. Five years later the company was reorganized and called the Moody Manual Co., but Mr. Moody had withdrawn from the corpora- tion. Mr. Moody for many years had been making a special study of investment se- curity values and in 1909 worked out a rating system which was presented to the public under the title of Railway Invest- ments. From this small beginning which was entirely confined to the leading rail- roads, there has been developed a series of four rating books which constitute a valu- able reference series. Within these books the data are presented in clear-cut fash- ion, with strong captions, and include the history of a corporation, management, financial accounts and tables relating to bond and stock records. Fifty thousand securities are analyzed and rated and from time to time the rating changed as the in- vestment value changes. The Moody's In- vestors Service also issues various Invest- ment Letters relating to weekly review of financial conditions; new investment is- sues; bulletin of ratings; reports of earn- ings; and special analyses of certain cor- porations. The letters also contain month- ly analyses of business conditions and a special report service for subscribers. The publication has the unique feature of being free from advertising, and the organiza- tion exists solely to assist investors in problems relating to securities from an absolutely impartial source. Thomas Gibson. The need for ample and accurate information in the investment world has created a new profession, the stock specialist. Fourteen years ago, Thomas Gibson issued his first Market Let- ter and achieved success through the cor- rectness of the forecasting relating to the decline in security prices. Mr. Gibson now issues a Daily Letter; a Special Letter on basic conditions; a Weekly Market Letter which includes a monthly forecast of con- ditions. The service is largely devoted to the task of urging the speculator away from the ruinous practice of gambling on the quotations and operating on tips. Mr. Gibson has published several books on this subject which carry the same lines of thought. The United States Investor. The United States Investor, published by the Frank P. Bennett Co., Inc., maintains an invest- ment information service in cennection with the magazine. A department, en- titled Financial Inquiries, is maintained in each issue of the periodical and, in addi- tion, the corporation permits Chambers of Commerce to make such inquiries as may be desired and also prepares special in- vestigation reports for a nominal fee. The service was established in 1891 under per- sonal supervision of Frank P. Bennett, Jr. Magazine of Wall Street. The publish- ers of the well known periodical of that title conduct an investment and business service which has been in existence for ten years. This service was completely re- vised and improved in January, 1921, and as part of its service issues a weekly cir- cular divided into two sections under the heads of The Security Market and The Business Outlook. In addition to the weekly bulletins, special letters forecast- ing important changes in the market are published from time to time. The sub- scriber to the service is also entitled to free use of the inquiry department main- tained by the magazine. Richard D. Wyckoff Analytical Staff. A more complete service conducted by the editor of the Magazine of Wall Street, Richard D. Wyckoff, was established Au- gust 2, 1920. Mr. Wyckoff organized an ad- visory staff who are authorities on money, credit and investment conditions, experts in securities of railroads and public utili- ties, geologists, engineers and industrial leaders. Its clients are known as associate mem- bers and the consulting service consists of studies of investments held by members, recommendations in regard to securities, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE LIBRARIES 217 and to members who desire to engage in active trade, a trend letter trading serv- ice. In addition, the members receive per- sonal instruction of a confidential nature in regard to their investments and specu- lations. The membership is limited and the organization serves persons who re- quire fundamental knowledge concerning securities. Graphic Investment Service. In order to present in a clear manner the stock mar- ket changes, a group of men have organ- ized the Graphic Record Corporation, un- der the leadership of E. M. Zimmerman and G. C. Selden. This organization is- sues a weekly letter covering economic, financial and investment conditions; a monthly graphic record book showing in graphic form the price fluctuations and volume of sales for certain active stocks; a semi-weekly review of market condi- tions. In addition, special investment rec- ords are made and special opportunity telegrams are issued from time to time. Mr. Selden calls the analysis of security prices "The Stock Market Laboratory." Financial World Research Bureau. The magazine called The Financial World has recently organized a Research Bureau which makes reports on stock securities under a special service bureau in charge of Laurence Beech, an analyst of market values. Mr. Beech is assisted by the mem- bers of The Financial World staff, and in addition to making special reports on se- curities upon request, the concern from time to time issues analytical reports on selected active stocks. The Financial World also maintains an Investors' Serv- ice which furnishes to subscribers a se- ries of publications including a weekly letter on market conditions and various monthly pamphlets such as the Review of Basic Conditions, the Summary of Invest- ment Opportunities and Statistical Tables. As an added feature patrons may make in- quiries concerning securities and obtain stock market advice. American Institute of Finance. A com- bination of an investment service with an educational course was established at Bos- ton in November, 1919, under the name of the American Institute of Finance. The organization is headed by James R. Ban- croft as president and Byron W. Holt as chairman of the board. Among the staff contributors are Irving Fisher of Yale, Floyd W. Mundy, Prof. Persons of Har- vard and other well-known men. The service issues a Weekly Investment and Speculative Bulletin Service with advisory privileges and, in addition, an educational course on the "art of scientific investment and speculation." Mr. Bancroft was form- erly identified with the Babson Statistical Organization and is a lecturer on invest- ments at Boston University. These texts or lectures are prepared by the staff con- tributors and cover the field of invest- ments, business cycles, forecasting and economics. In concluding the subject of investments, one cannot fail to mention the Commercial and Financial Chronicle which for eighty years has been the standard financial jour- nal of the country. As a successor of Hunt's Merchants' Magazine, established in 1840, it has now reached its one hundred and twelfth volume and its accurate stock quotations are a mine of valuable informa- tion. It lacks the cumulative feature which characterizes the publications issued by Poor and Babson, but its Bankers' Gazette shows in compact form the weekly market report. The Commercial and Financial Chronicle also issues at monthly intervals a banking quotation section and at quar- terly intervals special sections relating to electric railways, railroad industrial securi- ties, and state and city bonds. These sup- plementary volumes summarize the data concerning securities and are a valuable adjunct. Fitch Publications. Another group of publications are the bond and stock books distributed by the Fitch Publishing Co. These include the Bond Book issued annu- ally which gives all details concerning bonds, a supplementary volume issued weekly called the Bond Revisions, a month- ly supplement divided into two sections, and a monthly earning section. In addi- 218 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE tion, there is published a Bond Record giv- ing the quotation on all bonds on the New York Stock Exchange and a Stock Record on one hundred and seventy-five of the more active issues. In addition, the con- cern publishes bi-monthly the Fitch List- ings of Investment Banks and Brokers, a supplementary loose-leaf service covering different parts of the country. While not strictly a feature of Invest- ment Services, a useful aid in the field of investments is the White & Kemble At- lases and Digests of Railroad Mortgages. The maps are so drawn by coloring and characterization that the line of road cov- ered by the mortgage and the character of the lien are clearly shown and, in addi- tion, there is inserted a bond table giving the number of miles covered and a digest of each mortgage with issuance features. Supplemental maps are published from time to time and are leased to subscribers subject to return of the discarded maps. The firm of A. W. Kimber Co. also is- sues an atlas of railroad mortgage maps in loose-leaf form and issues supplementary maps correcting data as occasion may de- termine. Another form of ^investment advice is furnished by concerns which prepare stockholders' lists. In 1911 William Jones of New York began selling lists of stock- holders and six years later incorporated under the name of William Jones, Audit- ors, Inc. Another concern which renders a similar service is the Stockholders' Serv- ice Corporation, which was established in 1915. The concern also prepares taxation data from the stockholders' lists. The or- ganization has as its president E. Went- worth Prescott and John F. Sherwood as vice-president. 6. Legislation and Taxation For many years legislation has been a special source of information, but the problem of obtaining this information has been made difficult by the great number of bills introduced in Congress and by the inadequate indexing facilities provided by that body. In addition, the problem of state legislation is rendered more acute by the fact that in one year forty-three legis- latures meet and in the following year one-third of that number. Fifteen thou- sand laws were placed on the statute books by the state legislatures of the United States during 1919 and forty-five thousand separate bills were introduced. This sub- ject is of great interest to the legislative reference bureaus and the state libraries. While many of us are able to follow with accuracy the proceedings of our own state, we find great difficulty in keeping track of legislation in other states. One of the earliest projects for compil- ing bibliographic material on state legis- lation was begun by the New York State Library in 1891 and for a period of nine- teen years that institution published an Index to Legislation, a Review of Legisla- tion and a Digest of Governor's Messages, These were later reissued in a volume called The Year Book of Legislation, but the destructive fire at Albany in March, 1911, forced the abandonment of this un- dertaking. Several years ago, a joint committee of the associations representing the state libraries, the law libraries and the spe- cial libraries was created under the title of Joint Committee on National Legisla- tive Information Service. This commit- tee, under the chairmanship of George S. Godard, State Librarian of Connecticut, has worked valiantly to obtain an adequate index to state legislation. The commit- tee, of which the writer is a member, held frequent conferences in New York with a firm that was undertaking this type of research and for several years a cumulative index to state legislation was compiled and published under the direction of the committee. The task was an expen- sive one and the concern did not consider it feasible to continue a project which was not a financial success. Loose Leaf Index to Legislation. There has been recently established by G. Elstner Woodard of the University of Michigan, an index to legislation which attempts to bridge over the period between the New York State Index to Legislation and the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE LIBRARIES 219 present time by the use of a card index to Statute Law from the latest compilation of each state to the date of the latest ses- sion. This material is listed by subject, with court decisions and valuable magazine references appended thereto. Citations are prepared simultaneously on sheets and also on cards so that the material may be kept in book form by subjects or the cards placed in a catalog. Law Reporting Company. The Law Re- porting Co., organized in 1904, began in 1906 a legislative service to meet the de- mand for a nation-wide report on state legislation and as a result of the experi- ence of fifteen years this organization is enabled to give a satisfactory service to its clients. The head of the Law Reporting Co. is F. W. Allen, who for many years has been identified with the stenographic reports of the Interstate Commerce Com- mission. Under Mr. Allen's leadership the concern has developed a legislative infor- mation service which covers the entire country. The system consists of an index card which contains essential facts regard- ing a bill and its progress through the legislature; a filing folder for vertical file with place for inserting a copy of the bill; report of legislative action on the bills affecting various interests sent out to cli- ents; a card index of legislative procedure and copies of laws as enacted, on loose- leaf sheets. Mr. Allen and the Law Re- porting Co. for a number of years have been associated with the joint committee previously noted and the committee fully appreciates the services rendered by Mr. Allen in attempting to perfect a satisfac- tory index to state legislation. Congressional Information Service. In 1897 there was organized the Congres- sional Information Service which maintains < a reference bureau on national affairs. It is managed by Claude N. Bennett and has absorbed the Bureau of General Informa- tion established in 1886 by Joseph B. Mar- vin. It operates a law department and re- search department an.d keeps its clients informed concerning matters of impor- tance in Washington. Federal Trade Information Service. The Federal Trade Information Service, under the name of the Bankers' Information Service, was organized in 1913 by experi- enced journalists in the District of Co- lumbia to furnish important information concerning the Federal Government. Short- ly afterwards a second service, known as the Federal Trade Information Service, was established. In 1917 the two services were consolidated and a leased wire se- cured for use between Washington and New York. The service consists of an eight-page re- port telegraphed from Washington, print- ed in New York and sent daily to clients. A cumulative index is issued fortnightly and again cumulated at quarterly intervals throughout the year. In addition, a spe- cial inquiry service by mail or wire upon ' matters of specific interest is furnished to subscribers. It includes the daily range of government activities, including bills pending in Congress, taxation, special re- ports, rulings and decisions. WJialey-Eaton Service. The Whaley- Eaton Service, which conducts an interna- tional news organization at Washington, was founded by Henry M. Eaton and P. H. Whaley in 1918. Messrs. Eaton and Whaley were formerly associated with the Phila- delphia Evening Ledger and employ as their European manager Ben K. Raleigh, also connected with that journal. Mr. Whaley states: "Our object is to perform a distinctly personal service for our pa- trons in the form of a comprehensive study of tendencies and movements as they relate to the formulation of policies." Their representatives are in close touch with people of importance and thus ascer- tain the pulse of sentiment. They decline in every way to perform the functions of lobbyists, confining themselves entirely to information. They keep in touch with European affairs, maintain a principal of- fice in Paris and correspondents in all of the important European capitals. They publish a series of letters describing points of interest at Washington, adminis- trative policies and congressional activi- 220 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE ties. They also furnish their clients with a series of foreign letters based upon in- formation supplied by their London and Continental bureaus. Much of the data contained therein is of great commercial value. The information concerning Euro- pean politics is well expressed and in- formative. The Whaley-Eaton Se'rvice is an unusual form of news gathering which is based upon confidence and the highest type of intelligent journalism. The con- cern does not advertise or solicit, but de- pends for growth entirely upon the com- mendation of its patrons. People's Legislative Service. A new de- velopment of publicity is the People's Leg- islative Service, established at Washing- ton, December, 1920. The organization, headed by Hon. Robert M. LaFollette as chairman, has created a Bureau of Re- search and Information with divisions de- voted to legislation, statistics and publi- city. The research work has been placed under the direction of Basil M. Manly, former Director of Research of the U. S. Commission on Industrial Relations. It is stated in the circular of information that "the service is not a lobby it is a fact service" and it is apparently organized to combat the action of lobbyists and the creation of bad legislation. The Traffic Law Service Corporation. A consultation service is rendered by this corporation in connection with its publica- tion The Loose Leaf Traffic Law Service. Transportation law and problems of rate making are the subjects of this consulta- tion service. National Bureau of Public Information. An organization, recently formed in Wash- ington, bears the title National Bureau of Public Information and Congressional In- dex and Service Bureau, Consolidated. This concern is publishing a Weekly Com- pendium and a Monthly Compendium and has apparently taken over the compendium publications issued by the United States House of Representatives Document Room by W. Ray Loomis. The mailing of this valuable government document to libra- rians was discontinued in March, 1921, and the National Bureau of Public Informa- tion promptly canvassed the field for sub- scribers to a weekly compendium and a monthly compendium. A query regarding the propriety of this procedure was noted in the Library Journal for May 15th by Carl B. Roden, librarian of the Chicago Public Library. Correspondence for this bureau is carried on under the name of Myrta B. Goodman, secretary, but the other officers or organizers are not given. The concern in their prospectus offer the compendium publications and a daily leg- islative supplement card service. There are several information services which are maintained in connection with the legislatures of the several states. Space will not permit the inclusion of the entire list, but I have selected for comment the service operated in Massachusetts. Legislative Information Service in Mas- sachusetts is edited by Elliot H. Paul, who is also editor of the Official Legislative Bul- letin. This service prepares typewritten copies of all bills by a classification sys- tem, printed copies of bills when ready, actions of committees, texts of amend- ments, reports of roll calls and final copies of enacted bills. There is also a New York service called the Legislative Index Publishing Co. The complicated government and state taxes have caused the creation of numer- ous tax services. Men formerly in the em- ploy of the Federal Government, or trained accountants, have formed consulting firms for the purpose of adjusting and preparing tax returns. The Commerce Clearing House, The Corporation Trust Co. and Prentice-Hall, Inc., have elaborate tax de- partments and, in addition, many of the more important accounting concerns have established special tax departments. The scope of this paper will not permit the enumeration of these organizations, but I will refer to the Massachusetts Tax Service as a typical example. It is a special serv- ice confined entirely to one state and is conducted by Frank A. North, Melville N. Johnson and David Greer. 221 7. Research Research covers a wide range of activity and I have grouped in this class eleven in- stitutions which conduct research services for a compensation. Considering the proj- ects in the order of organization the first named is the Searchlight Information Library. Under the device of a torch and "Ask Us" with the motto "Anything you want to know," the Searchlight, organized in 1895, fur- nishes a wide range of information. It has developed a special library and has col- lected a vast amount of material suitable for a general type of research work. Founded by Egbert Gilliss Handy in 1895, the Searchlight Library has accumulated an information library of classified knowl- edge and attempts to cover the entire field of research. It has various departments which conduct industrial, economic and general research; pamphlet and book pub- lishing; development of business histories; and preparation of special reports and manuscripts; also an information library, picture and clipping loan service and a photographic and art department. It makes a specialty of literary work, but also prepares industrial reports and busi- ness biographies. The editorial work is under the direction of Francis Trevelyan Miller, well known for his long association with The Journal of American History. The service in its scope is akin to the pub- lic library and utilizes to a large degree a library of general information. It has de- veloped a large number of book properties, among the most important being the Pho- tographic History of the Civil War and the History of the Great War in fourteen vol- umes. The Business Bourse. One of the first commercial research undertakings was es- tablished twelve years ago by J. George Frederick and Park Mathewson as the Business Bourse, Inc. This "clearing house of business information" has been successful in making analytical studies of specific industries. These industrial re- ports are made at the request of a client and some of these reports which are not confidential are afterwards placed on sale at a price ranging from fifty dollars up- wards. In addition to the industrial re- ports, the Bourse undertakes merchandis- ing surveys, making exhaustive industrial investigations. The Bourse also prepares local studies and investigations of dealer, jobber or consumer, prepares statistics on commercial subjects and acts as special counsel on sales organization and business finance. During its twelve years' experience, the Bourse has accumulated a library of facts en a wide range of industries. Mr. Fred- erick in a letter to the writer states: "An organization like ours supplements a library in the fact that business men as a rule desire information which is highly up-to-date, and which is highly specific, and of a nature which does not often get into books. We often consult a library in the preparation of our work. . . . "This institution was founded twelve years ago on the belief that if really prac- tical business people went into an informa- tion service it could be made of great value to business men. Heretofore, the only in- formation service, so-called, which had been in existence was in charge of people who knew very little about business and who knew therefore very little how to provide practical information." Lefax, Inc. Lefax, Inc., of Philadelphia, was founded by John Clinton Parker, a mechanical engineer, in response to the need for engineering facts in loose-leaf form. He had found the needed data bu- ried in books with a vast amount of dupli- cation and in buying new editions he dis- covered that he was duplicating the infor- mation which he had already obtained in a former edition. As a result, be devised loose-leaf sheets which he distributed to engineering friends. He coined the word "Lefax," a combination of "leaf" and "facts," and in 1912, assisted by S. C. Dela- mater and Bernard Dieckhaus, established a company under the name of the Stand- ard Corporation. Three years later the Lefax company was incorporated and has issued to date 2,500 data sheets. The con- 222 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE cern also prepares condensed catalog data, called Manufacturers' Catalog Sheets, and one hundred and fifty blank forms for busi- ness and engineering purposes. The Lefax Magazine was started in 1915 and a year later the organization established its own printing plant. A special department in the magazine is devoted to the interchange of ideas from business and professional in- terests. It may be interesting to librarians to note that the data are arranged by the Dewey classification, as well as the Lefax classification. Engineering Societies Library. An out- growth of a library activity which had passed beyond the realm of library routine and requires a fee to compensate for the labor involved, is the research work under- taken by the Engineering Societies Libra- ry. The Service Bureau of the Engineer- ing Societies Library was established by William P. Cutter in 1913, but prior to that time Dr. Charles Warren Hunt, Secre- tary of the American Society of Civil En- gineers, had undertaken bibliographic and other engineering research for members of that society. This work was conducted until the merger of the two societies in 1916 and at the present time is performed as a special function of the library by a special staff. Mr. Graver informs me that last year they handled 3,300 inquiries. This service fills a real need in engineer- ing circles and the clients come from all over the world. Chemical Catalog Company. The Chem- ical Catalog Co., F. W. Robinson, presi- dent, established in 1915 an information bureau to answer all sorts of questions concerning chemistry. The company is- sues a Chemical Engineering Catalog which is supervised by a committee from the leading chemical societies. This serv- ice furnishes information concerning manufacturers and sources of supply in the chemical industry; market informa- tion regarding the uses of chemicals; stat- istics of production; reports on the condi- tion of the chemical industry in any por- tion of the world; and general informa- tion concerning the location, personnel and products of any branch of industrial chem- istry. A useful little book distributed gratis by the corporation, An analysis, shows the use of engineering equipment in industries employing chemical processes. National Research Council. An organ- ization which has the sanction of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences cannot fail to merit attention. At the annual meeting of the Academy in April, 1916, a plan was put on foot to organize the scientific re- sources of educational and research insti- tutions in the interest of national pre- paredness. This offer, accepted by Presi- dent Wilson, led to the establishment of the National Research Council. The purpose of the organization is to bring into co-operation existing govern- mental, educational, industrial and other research organizations, and the member- ship of the Council is composed of leading American investigators and engineers. It operates through central committees deal- ing with various departments of science, selected after consultation with the officers of the national society in the specific field and, in addition, through local committees in universities, colleges and other institu- tions. At the outset an ambitious program was outlined and the organization began its work under the most favorable auspices. The officers and chairmen of divisions are affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution, the Carnegie Institution, the American Museum of Natural History, the larger uni- versities of the country and the scientific divisions of the United States Government. The permanent secretary is Vernon Kel- logg, formerly identified with the Food Administration. The head of the Research Information Service is Robert M. Yerkes and the head of the Division of Research Extension is H. E. Howe. Its work is divided into two groups, one of which has seven divisions devoted to science and technology, and the other six divisions to general relations concerning government, education, foreign affairs and research. The Council maintains two series of pub- NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE LIBRARIES 223 lications, one called Bulletins, the other, Reprints and Circulars. Its official organ is the Proceedings of the National Acad- emy of Sciences. It is supported in large degree by a gift of five million dollars from the Carnegie Corporation, part of which is to be devoted to the erection of a suitable building in Washington and the remainder to an en- dowment. Other gifts have been five hun- dred thousand dollars from the Rockefeller Foundation and other large amounts from the General Education Board, the Common- wealth Fund and several large corpora- tions. The Council is organized to encourage and develop American scientific endeavor and it plans to assist In some measure the vast problems of industrial science which depend for their solution on the co-opera- tion of many workers and several labora- tories, each striving for a particular end. It is not intended to duplicate work al- ready in existence or to dominate research activities in America. It is also planned to encourage the interest of universities and colleges in research work so that there will always be an output of well trained scientific talent in the country. Its work includes the establishment of special com- mittees for specific scientific subjects; the maintenance of university research fellow- ships; the publication of valuable scienti- fic papers^ the preparation of biblio- graphies and abstracts of current scienti- fic literature; the development of methods for the collection and distribution of in- formation on current research; the dis- semination of knowledge concerning re- search laboratories; and research person- nel. The council is also trying to link the industrial concerns interested in the de- velopment of mechanical processes and to urge these concerns to support special li- braries or institutes for this purpose. The Research Information Service, un- der the direction of Mr. Yerkes, is a clear- ing-house for scientific information. Its aim is to furnish all sorts of useful knowl- edge about scientific methods and results, and their practical applications in engi- neering, industry and education. For this purpose it co-operates with many informa- tional sources, libraries, laboratories, re- search institutions and individual special- ists. It obtains information about re- search problems, projects, methods, proces- ses and work in progress. It furnishes data concerning laboratories, equipment, apparatus, publications, funds and person- nel. It issues bulletins from time to time containing information about research lab- oratories, funds available for research and bibliographies on scientific subjects. No charge is made for replies to inquiries, but a special fee is required for data needing considerable research. The sub-committees of the organization also maintain information services, as for example, the Alloys Research Association, maintained by the Committee on Alloys Research which has organized a special in- formation service of its own, including an abstract service, a permanent library, a card encyclopedia and reproduction fa- cilities. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During the fall of 1919, the "Technology Plan" which was made a part of the En- dowment Fund campaign, was devised and contracts made with a large number of in- dustrial concerns for a special type of re- search. This plan in essence proposed an agree- ment between an industrial organization, called a "contractor," and the institute, whereby the industry was to pay an an- nual retaining fee to the institute under the following conditions: The material in the library and files was placed at the dis- posal of the industry and personnel files were to be maintained at the institute which would keep the industry informed regarding available persons for technical positions. Special technical problems re- quiring extended consultations, investiga- tions or tests, were presented to the insti- tute by the industry and plans made where- by the research could be undertaken to the best advantage within or without the institute. At the present time there are more than two hundred contractors who 224 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE have made this agreement with the insti- tute and many industrial enterprises which have extensive industrial facilities are presenting from time to_time problems on which the staff and equipment of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are able to render assistance. Chemists' Club Library. Another or- ganization which furnishes an extension library service to subscribers is the libra- ry of the Chemists' Club, which has its ref- erence work in charge of a trained chem- ist with research experience. For this pur- pose reports are made upon special topics, abstracts and bibliographies prepared, documents translated from foreign lan- guages and reproductions of any of the material in its collection are supplied. About fifty firms are subscribers to the service. Answerall Information Bureau. The An- swerall Information Bureau of New York, which claims to answer "anything you want to know," co-operates with Lefax of Philadelphia* Information is furnished on any question for the nominal sum of two dollars. The. organization is conducted by Joseph Calcaterra as manager. Nelson Loose Leaf Encyclopedia and Research Service Bureau. When the pub- lishing firm of Thomas Nelson & Sons de- cided to publish a loose-leaf encyclopedia in 1907, they instituted a research bureau for special information. The field of the bureau covers the entire range of research and the service is open only to purchasers of the encyclopedia. It is a valuable ad- junct to this useful series of volumes and the service is rendered without charge as long as the purchaser continues to be a subscriber. Industrial Survey and Research Service. The Industrial Survey and Research Serv- ice of Washington conducts research along a wide range of .subjects covering educa- tional, civic, commercial and industrial top- ics. The history and personnel of the serv- ice is unknown, but I understand that the concern has been in operation about three years and has built up a small organiza- tion. In concluding the subject of Research, I cannot help making a brief reference to the "Sponsors for Knowledge" plan devised by our fellow-librarian, George Winthrop Lee. For many years Eugene F. McPike of Chicago had promulgated the idea of an information clearing house for the entire United States, and inasmuch as the Amer- ican Library Association has given the "Sponsors for Knowledge" recognition by the appointment of a special committee, it has a natural place in this address. A careful study of the history and back- ground of these corporations clearly indi- cates the growth of demand for condensed statistical information, and the success of many of these organizations attests their worth and value to the country. Third Session The third session was a business meet- ing, called to order by President Redstone, Wednesday evening, June 22. The following Committee on Resolutions was appointed: Demarchus C. Brown, chairman; John P. Dullard; Herbert O. Brigham. Officers for the coming year were elected as follows: President, John M. Hitt; Vice- President, Mrs. Jessie P. Weber; Secre- tary-Treasurer, Herbert O. Brigham; Mem- ber Executive Committee, Edward H. Red- stone. Fourth Session The fourth session, called to order Fri- day, June 24, 2:30 r. M., was a joint ses- sion with the American Association of Law Libraries. President Redstone, of the National Association of State Libraries, presided during the first part of the pro- gram. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF AMERICAN LEGAL PERIODICALS, by Henry E. Dunnack, libra- rian, Maine State Library, was read by Alarion Brainerd, Maine State Library. Mr. Dunnack's paper was printed in the Proceedings of the American Association of Law Libraries. Mrs. W. F. Marshall, librarian, Mississip- pi State Library, read her paper next.* "This paper was printed in the Proceed ings of the National Association of Stat< Libraries. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE LIBRARIES 225 PUBLIC AND SCHOOL LIBRARIES OF SMALL TOWNS AND CONSOLIDATED SCHOOLS BY MRS. W. F. MARSHALL I realize that my subject is too broad, and presents too many difficulties in its practical accomplishment to admit of ex- haustive treatment within the limits of this paper. I shall, therefore, confine my- self mainly to the library situation as it obtains at present in my own state, and an attempt to outline the policy which is to be pursued during the next few years in establishing and maintaining public and school libraries of small towns and con- solidated schools. As a native-born Mississippian, and a former teacher in the public schools, I feel that I know more intimately the educa- tional needs of my own state, than of any other commonwealth, and hope that some phases of the situation in Mississippi will be found applicable to other sections of our country. Mississippi is almost entirely an ag- ricultural state. We are proud of our hill country and fertile valleys, rich prairies and sandy loam delta land which is sec- ond to none in the world in the produc- tion of cotton. We are proud of our pure Anglo-Saxon blood so little affected by for- eign immigration. Taking the advan- tages into consideration, we have a won- derful field for development in library work in Mississippi. But with all this, we must admit our backwardness in estab- lishing libraries accessible to the mass of children in the public schools of small towns and rural communities. Our educational forces are now awaken- ing to the necessity of the library as an adjunct to our educational system, and are getting a larger vision of the practi- cal and cultural value of a good library for daily use in every school. We have all felt the wave of social un- rest that has swept over the world. In the midst of this turmoil we as librarians must set ourselves to the task of educat- ing the masses through the public libra- ries. And nowhere can we find a point of contact so vital as in the consolidated rural school, the county agricultural high school or the town public school. In the main the small town is made up of country folk who have moved to town to gain better material advantages and also better educational advantages for their children. The library problem for them is much the same as for their coun- try neighbors, with the advantage of cen- tralized effort in favor of the small town community. We wonder why from sixty- five to seventy -five per cent of the rural population has drifted to the cities. There are many causes contributing to that end; the lure of the job that supplies ready money, and looks so easy at a distance, the craving for human companionship by the isolated country dweller, and the men- tal thirst to know and understand some- thing of the great world of humanity. The love for good books formed through use of an adequate school library would do much to render the people of these com- munities happy and content. Knowledge of the varied resources that lie all around them, awaiting development, would impel many to remain, to discover themselves, and the possibilities of their countryside. Every community needs a library not only for information but recreation and inspira- tion, and who needs this more than the rural communities with their isolated work and long hours of toil? The great numbers of children passing through the public schools fail to develop resources within themselves to supply the long intervals when mind and body are not occupied with regular work. Observe the crowds at the movies, on the streets, or at amusement parks, with the bored attitude of simply killing time. Good public and school libraries in culti- vating a taste for wholesome reading would go far to remedy this unhappy condition, this reckless waste of time and energy. The school is the place best fitted to de- velop a desire for good literature, under the guidance of the wise teacher and ca- pable librarian. Recognizing these conditions as they exist in small town and country communi- ties, our foremost educators, whether col- lege, high school or grade teachers, are giving enthusiastic support to every effort to establish school and public libraries. In the year 1916, Mr. Whitman Davis, the efficient librarian of the Mississippi Agri- cultural and Mechanical College, made a comprehensive survey entitled "The Li- brary Situation in Mississippi." From this report it was found that the library facili- ties of the small town and consolidated school were in most instances inadequate for modern educational methods. Recognizing the great need of libraries, the Mississippi State Teachers' Association of over one thousand members is taking an active interest in library work; the State Library Association is co-operating in every way possible; and parent-teacher associations and women's clubs are giving substantial aid. The 1921 session of the legislature passed a law giving each county with an assessed valuation of $18,000,000, the au- thority to establish and maintain a county 226 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE library. The State Board of Education has raised the standard of requirement for en- trance to the State Colleges. It has also adopted a fixed minimum standard for libraries in affiliated high schools. No high school can now be affiliated with our state colleges unless it maintains this standard. The result is that a widespread interest has been awakened in library work throughout the state. Eighty new school libraries have been established in 1920, and the other estab- lished libraries are being brought up to the required standard. As to the methods of finance some libraries in consolidated schools are supported out of the current school fund, some by gifts of individuals, others by donation from the clubs and parent-teacher associations. It makes no difference really what method is employed, if the library itself is an accomplished fact. A sentiment is rapidly developing, how- ever, in favor of supporting the library from public funds, just as any other equip- ment of the school is furnished, and of paying a salary to a trained librarian equal at least to the salary of a trained teacher. If these aims can be accomplished in the near future Mississippi will enter an era of prosperity along educational lines that we have not dared dream could come true. What is true of Mississippi is also true of every other rural community in other states. With the public and school library as an ally of the home and the school, we shall have a sane, useful and happy peo- ple. After the reading of Mrs. Marshall's paper, the meeting was given over to business. A Committee on Conference between State and Law Libraries was ap- pointed: for the N. A. S. L., Demarchus C. Brown, Indiana; Herbert O. Brigham, Rhode Island; John P. Dullard, New Jer- sey; for the A. A. L. L., George S. Godard, Connecticut; A. J. Small, Iowa; Howard L. Stebbins, Massachusetts. John P. Dullard, Chairman of Commit- tee on Resolutions of the N. A. S. L. offered the following resolutions: Whereas, Mr. Elias J. Lien of Minne- sota, member and former President of the National Association of State Libraries, has retired from active library duties to devote his energies to work in other fields, therefore be It Resolved, that we express our apprecia- tion of his splendid services rendered to this Association. Whereas, The National Association of State Libraries has learned with deep re- gret that death has removed from our ranks, on March 26, 1921, Dr. Charles Mc- Carthy, pioneer of the legislative refer- ence movement, valiant fighter for the cause of clean politics, exponent of univer- sity extension, and leader of men, who at call of country gave of his strength and power which eventually culminated in his death, and Whereas, Charles McCarthy with his rugged, forceful personality has aided us in our councils and deliberations for many years, therefore be it, Resolved, that we spread upon our rec- ords our profound regret for the loss of our colleague. Resolved, that the National Association of State Libraries extend to the Massa- chusetts Library Club heartfelt thanks for its thoughtfulness in bringing the libra- rians to the historic shores of New Eng- land; to the civic organizations of Lynn for their activities in aiding us to visual- ize the charm of the North Shore; to the management of the New Ocean House for their constant courtesies; to the trustees of the Boston Public Library and the Board of Free Public Library Commis- sions for their reception and entertain- ment; to the various institutions and clubs of the city of Boston who opened their doors to us and to the people of Mas- sachusetts for their hospitality in this year devoted to the memory of the Pil- grims. Frederick C. Hicks, President of the American Association of Law Libraries, presided during the second part of the program. DEVELOPING STATE LIBBABIES,* by George S. Godard, State Librarian, Connecticut, was read. Mr. Godard also presented the report of the Joint Committee of the National Leg- islative Information Service. The report was accepted and the Com- mittee continued. HERBERT 0. BRIGHAM, Secretary. *Printed In Proceedings of National Asso- ciation of State Libraries. SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION 227 SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION First Session The first session of the twelfth conven- tion of the Special Libraries Association was called to order by the President, Dor- sey W. Hyde, Jr., on Tuesday afternoon, June 21st, in the Ball Room of the New Ocean House, with about one hundred fifty present. As Mr. Hyde had addressed the general session of the A. L. A. that morn- ing (see page 154) he confined himself to a brief summary of the year's work. He spoke of the changed business condi- tions since the convention in April, 1920, and the trying effects upon business peo- ple in particular. The census report showed that the Association must organ- ize on a better basis and that every mem- ber must feel his obligations towards his professional duties. The membership cam- paign started in January was showing good results. The magazine Special Li- braries had changed hands four times dur ing the year until a permanent editor could be found. Adelaide R. Hasse became editor in November. The Census of Survey Com- mittee, under the chairmanship of W. F. Jacob had turned over all its data to Mr. Hyde who was now at work publishing the National directory of special libraries containing over 1,300 names. Mr. Hyde thanked the various members and commit- tees that had helped him during the year. The Secretary-Treasurer, Estelle L. Lieb- mann, read a brief report on the work of the secretary's office. She thanked the members who had helped her by contribut- ing their services and giving their co- operation. One hundred sixty-two new members have been added during the year making a total membership of six hun- dred one, including five hundred thirty- four subscribers to Special Libraries. Margaret C. Wells, the Assistant-Secretary- Treasurer, gave the financial report. Adelaide R. Hasse, editor of Special Libraries, asked for more co-operation from members, especially by sending her news and suggestions for the improvement of the magazine. No reports from committees were read. Mr. Hyde then introduced the first speaker, Dr. Edwin E. Slosson, Editor of Science Service. Dr. Slosson spoke of the lack of real information on science among the general public and the con- fusion that arose among scientists through lack of centralized informatioa on scien- tific research and the duplication of effort. He said: The War taught the necessity of co- ordinate effort. One of the 'war babies' was the National Research Council to pro- mote co-operative research in all branches of science and technology in America. The Information Service of the National Re- search Council aims to furnish any sort of scientific information needed by indi- vidual investigators, technical laboratories, industrial establishments and libraries. Science Service is an entirely independent organization endowed by Mr. Scripps of Miramar, California, for the purpose of disseminating scientific information to the public by means of the press, the platform and the motion picture. Leroy D. Peavey spoke on HOW BUSINESS MEN GET FACTS AND FIGURES. He described the methods of Babson's Statistical Organi- zation by means of a lengthy description and charts. He brought out the following points and elaborated upon them, Sources of Information, Analysis, Presentation and Need of a Broad Vision. Second Session The second session of the Special Libra- ries Association was called to order by President Hyde in the Children's Dining Room of the New Ocean House on Tues- day evening, June 21st, at 8:30 P.M. Dan- iel N. Handy spoke first on HOW BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL EXECUTIVES OBTAIN INFOB- MATION. Mr. Handy said that while the outlook for the special library as a rec- ognized factor in business and industry has never been better, the immediate conditions surrounding business and industrial libra- ries at present are depressing. Mr. Handy emphasized future possibilities more than present facts. Before the War the spe- cial librarian was still considered a cus- todian and collector of facts but with the 228 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE War came a vast expansion of ideas bring- ing with them new vision and new ambi- tion. As the librarian gets away from the conception of himself as a collector and custodian of information and conceives himself a master of information, he will, undoubtedly, be admitted into a larger share of the profitable responsibilities of business and industry. The increasing de- mand for information brings increasing opportunity and we may expect in the future to see more and more of the re- sponsible creative work of business and industry centering around the library. Mr. Hyde announced that Mr. Feiker, formerly of McGraw-Hill Company and now Assistant to Mr. Hoover, wished to have ideas for improving the publications of the Department of Commerce with a view to- wards making them more useful to the business man. A committee was appointed for the purpose. The rest of the evening was given over to a group meeting lead by Lewis A. Armistead on OBTAINING IN- FORMATION FOR THE LIBRARY. Miss Hasse spoke of the work of the War Industries Board and its files with its valuable information carefully arranged for future use. Miss Hasse emphasized anticipating wants and following carefully current ideas. Elsie L. Baechtold described the select- ing, ordering and acquiring of material, showing by means of a large chart the results of a questionnaire. Miss Welland, in charge of the New York Times Index, described this work and its value to special librarians. Helen E. Hemphill described the museum of the Western Electric Company in which one article of everything manufactured by the company was placed, making a valu- able historical collection of the telephone industry. Third Session The third session of the Special Li- braries Association was called to order by President Hyde, on Wednesday, June 22nd at 9:30 A. M. in the Ball Room of the New Ocean House. The first paper was by Charles C. Parlin, Research Manager of the Curtis Publishing Company. It was a very interesting and illuminating ac- count of methods of gathering informa- tion for research studies by means of all known sources, written reports, printed material and first hand information by men in the field. The second paper was by Dr. Frederick Hoffman, Third Vice-President of the Pru- dential Insurance Company but read by F. S. Crum. It described the library and material of the Prudential Insurance Com- pany and the way of handling it without a catalog. Fourth Session The fourth session of the Special Li- braries Association was called to order at 3:30 P.M., June 22nd in the Assembly Room. It was partly a joint meeting with the National Association of State Libra- ries and opened with a paper by Herbert 0. Brigham on INFORMATION SERVICES. Mr. Brigham described the field and value of various commercial services. George Winthrop Lee then took the chair as chairman of the group meeting on Or- ganizing Special Library Data. Edith Phail, the first speaker, said that the first duty of an industrial librarian was to become acquainted with the per- sonnel of the organization so as to be able to know the specialists in the concern who could be called upon for information. The second step was to know all sources of information in the town outside of the plant, such as the public and other li- braries, associations and agencies. Marguerite Burnett described graphic- ally and with examples the various forms in use in the library of the Federal Re- serve Bank of New York and was asked to exhibit them for the benefit of all. Guy E. Marion, formerly secretary and president of the S. L. A., spoke on the librarian's place in business and brought out some points to be kept in mind when organizing. Margaret C. Wells described methods in SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION 229 use In the library of the American Inter- national Corporation for reports, pam- phlets and current legislation. Estelle L. Liebmann explained by means of a chart the classification of books made for the library of the Ronald Press Com- pany. Representatives from various filing asso- ciations spoke, namely, Helen Craft of Phil- adelphia, Ruth E. Clement of Boston and Elizabeth MacDowell of New York. Fifth Session The fifth session of the Special Libraries Association was a joint meeting with the A. L. A. on Friday at 10:30 A. M. A full account will be found on p. 159. Miss Tyler resigned the chair in favor of Mr. Hyde. It was a most gratifying meeting as it brought out the essential differences and likenesses between public and special librarians and the need of one for the other. Sixth Session The sixth session of the Special Libraries Association was called to order by Presi- dent Hyde on June 24th at 2:30 p. M. in the Assembly Room of the New Ocean House. The first speaker was J. George Freder- ick on BUSINESS DATA METHODS AND SOUBCE8. H. V. Goes spoke on the DEPENDENCE OF THE BUSINESS EXECUTIVE UPON THE SPECIAL LIBRARIAN and the need for some central bureau where Information about informa- tion could be collected. Mrs. Jeanne B. Foster gave a paper on the work of the private investment banker. Frank E. Barrows gave an address with special reference to the problems of the patent lawyer and the patents on chem- istry, in which he specializes. He also emphasized the lack of bibliographical training given to students in professional schools and colleges which deficiency fol- lows them throughout their career. M. R. Winchell described information as found in trade journals and spoke of the Industrial Digest, the first number of which is to appear in September. In all these papers, emphasis was laid on accurate information of the right kind for the business man and its proper appli- cation. Seventh Session The seventh and last session of the Spe- cial Libraries Association was called to order by D. N. Handy, as presiding officer. Part of the evening was given to papers and addresses of representatives of local special library organizations. Mrs. Bertha V. Hartzell of Boston, Rebecca B. Rankin of New York, Helen M. Rankin of Phila- delphia and Alta B. Claflin of Cleveland described the work of the various associa- tions, giving a history and showing, in each instance, keen interest and activity. The meeting was interrupted by a short business meeting and continued as a group meeting on Selling Special Library Serv- ice, with Orrena Louise Evans as chair- man. The speakers were Edith Thomas, describing the Extension Division of the Library of the University of Michigan, Mae Taylor on the Library of the Phila- delphia Electric Company and Mary Louise Alexander of Barton, Durstine and Osborne on the library of an advertising agency. Business Meeting The only business meeting held was on Friday evening, June 24th, when the report of the Nominating Committee was read and the elections held. D. N. Handy, as a member of the committee, was the presid- ing officer. The officers elected for 1921- 1922 were as follows: President, Dorsey W. Hyde, Jr. (re-elected); First Vice-Pres- ident, Helen E. Hemphill (re-elected) ; Sec- ond Vice-President, Rebecca B. Rankin; Secretary-Treasurer, Orrena Louise Evans; Assistant-Secretary-Treasurer, Alfred B. Lindsay; Executive Board, the foregoing officers and Mrs. Bertha V. Hartzell and Edward H. Redstone. Most of the papers presented In the meet- ings of the Special Libraries Association, appear in Special Libraries for September and October, 1921. 230 NON-AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA The annual meeting of the Bibliographi- cal Society of America was held Wednesday afternoon June 22 at 2.30 in the Annex parlor. The meeting was an interesting and valuable contribution to the subject of the use of reproducing processes in biblio- graphical work. The chair was taken by Dr. C. L. Nichols. The President's Address, by George Wat- son Cole, gave a brief review of the work of the society and the reason for the im- portance of the general subject of the meeting. The paper by Dr. Lodewyk Ben- dikson, THE PHOTOSTAT A PHOTOGRAPHIC COPYING AND REPRODUCING APPARATUS, gave a careful account of the technic of the ap- paratus, together with some illustrations of its use. THE PHOTOSTAT IN BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND RE- SEARCH WORK A SYMPOSIUM, collected by George Watson Cole, summarized the work and results in different institutions. Among these were Harvard, Boston Public, Massa- chusetts Secretary of State where the photo- stat is used for copying many legal papers, Connecticut State, Yale, Columbia where considerable use has been made in copying Chinese books, Engineering Societies Library, New York State Department of Education, New York Public Library, from which Mr. Wilberforce Eames reported in detail on large enterprises and on costs, New York Historical Society, Cornell, Princeton, University of Minnesota, Library of Congress, University of Michi- gan, Hispanic Society. THE PHOTOSTAT AS A MEANS OF DISTRIBUT- ING COPIES OF UNIQUE OR VERY RARE WORKS, by Dr. Worthington Chauncey Ford, went into detail especially from the experience of the Massachusetts Historical Society on some of the subjects referred to in the sym- posium. The first division was of news- papers, with especial reference to the Bos- ton News Letter and Georgia Gazette, 96,- 000 papers of the former having been sent, and 1,480 of the latter; the second to broadsides of which over 300 reproductions have been distributed among 15 libraries; the third to the Americana series, of which 44 rare volumes have been reproduced and distributed to 10 selected libraries. THE PHOTOSTAT AND THE HUNTINGTON LIBRARY, by Chester March Gate, referred especially to the detectibn of bibliographi- cal difference in rarities by means of repro- ductions of copies in widely separate parts of the world. Comment followed. Dr. Steiner referred to the possibility of identifying documents owing to marginal notes or marks being reproduced from certain copies. He also spoke of the impossibility of reproducing mended copies where the text has been covered with silk. With reference to the acceptance in court of photostat copies where photographs are not accepted, Mr. Winship and others spoke of the possibility of altering or faking photostat copies. With regard to a question of Mr. Lydenberg's as to permanency of reproduced copies, Mr. Meyer said that naturally paper chemically treated would not have the life of other paper, but that so far the results had not proved unsatisfactory. A photostat copy of a card bibliography was exhibited by repre- sentatives of the Department of Agricul- ture. Mr. Winship brought up the proposition that large libraries could not afford to subscribe to all the reproduction projects proposed, partly from expense, especially since the cost is not appreciably lowered by number of copies, and partly from the im- possibility of finding room on the shelves for all such issues. Since negatives must always be made, he trusted that eventually a central clearing house could be estab- lished where negatives could be kept, and that upon demand by scholars and investi- gators, a library could borrow negatives or secure positives. The question came up whether repro- duced items were cataloged the same as THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 231 originals. The Department of Agriculture spoke of its practice of supplying copy to the Library of Congress for cards for all Such reproductions, and in such copy an- notations are made as to any additions or supplements. Mention was made of work on a new kind of paper, much quicker and cheaper, and not needing chemical treatment for devel- opment. The papers were referred to the Com- mittee on Publications. The Committee on Nominations, A. S. Root, Chairman, reported as follows: for President, W. W. Bishop, first Vice-Presi- dent, H. H. B. Meyer, Second Vice-Presi- dent, Victor H. Paltsits, Secretary, A. H. Shearer, Treasurer, F. W. Faxon, Coun- cillor for term commencing 1921, E. C. Richardson. Upon motion, one ballot was cast for these officers. The Treasurer reported a balance in all accounts, with provision for publication of the 1920 and 1921 Papers an'd Proceedings. He reported that bills had not been sent out for 1921 owing to the fact that no publication had been issued in 1920 and since there were so many institutional members, their membership was largely conditioned on that fact. Bills would be sent out with the next publication. This explanation will satisfy the question of many members. G. P. Winship for the Publication Com- mittee reported that the publications had been held up successively by questions about one or two papers, then by the cost of printing, then by strikes, but that the material was ready and would be published probably in two or three months. On motion, the meeting adjourned. A. H. SHEARER, Secretary. This Association is not affiliated with the A. L. A. but its report is printed here for the convenience of the members. LIBRARY WORKERS ASSOCIATION The second annual meeting of the Library Workers' Association was held at Swampscott, June 24 at 9:00 p. M. In the sun parlor of the New Ocean House, Cath- erine Van Dyne, a director, presiding. Miss Van Dyne opened the meeting with a few remarks regretting the absence through illness of the President, Mary G. Peters. The Secretary, Marian C. Manley, made a report showing how the Associa- tion had lived up to its claim of being a democratic and flexibly organized one. She announced that a more detailed written re- port would be made to the members and copies would be furnished to those wishing them. The discussion of library conditions and staff relations was opened by a paper on STANDARDS IN LIBRARIES by Emma Baldwin, which brought up for consideration the possibility of working out standards for the various library processes, thus afford- ing a real basis for criticism or approval, and also the adaptation of satisfactory schedules of salaries, such as those for teachers, where the library was new or in process of reorganization. Miss Alexander talked on the response given by assistants where they were al- lowed to go through one developing ex- perience after another rather than kept con- tinually in the same limited field of work. Mr. Cannon then spoke of the necessity of securing some permanence among junior assistants by affording them assurance that they will be able to advance to more In- teresting work and better salaries in pro- portion to their capacity and length of serv- ice. It should be possible by means of ex- perience gained in the library and by rem- edying defects in education and in tech- nical training, either ia or outside of library hours, for the junior assistant to advance within certain limits. He spoke of Dr. Williamson's pointing out in his investigation of standardization the two general classes of work, professional and clerical, and the various grades in each, 232 and said that the L. W. A. was now at- tempting to discover the best means of making possible advancement from the lower to higher grades, while realizing that Intellectual work can be over-standardized and that the question must be approached with caution as well as with confidence. In the general discussion following, Dr. Shearer spoke of the Grand Rapids system which allows a certain number of hours a week for college classes and Miss Manley spoke of the method of adding to the salary for each year of college or library school training, in effect at the same place. Mr. Root described somewhat similar methods practiced at Oberlin. He also told of the efforts made to adjust schedules to permit of work in the college. Following this came the main topic, . THE CORRELATION OF LIBRARY TRAINING COURSES This was first discussed by Mr. Sumner who emphasized the value a combination of courses leading to a library school diploma but available through correspondence, sum- mer and extension courses, would have for the librarian. He could with perfect justice require work toward a library school diploma, and make increases in salary to some extent dependent on this. Efforts along this line need not always mean the loss of a year or more of a valued as- sistant. Mr. McCombs then urged that such a correlation of courses be made but that the requirements for entrance to these courses be as strict and the ground covered as comprehensive as for a regular library school course. While advocating the es- tablishment of a system that would put the librarians' opportunities for advancement in training on a par with teachers, he was insistent that such a course meet the requirements of a recognized school. Following Mr. McCombs, Miss Manley talked of the effect such courses would have on many assistants who instead of putting summer after summer into sporadic ses- sions with no recognition could, instead, take them in a logical sequence leading to a definite goal. The individual courses would also be more satisfactory. For a reference librarian, the possibility of get- ting a comprehensive course in reference work instead of superficial instruction in half a dozen subjects would be stimulating to a degree and this would apply to other fields. In the general discussion Mr. Bliss ques- tioned the possibility of correlating these in a satisfactory manner and called to mind the fact that much that was vital would be lost by spreading the work over such a long time. As the acoustics were poor and the dis- cussion became animated, the meeting was transferred to the children's dining room and continued. Miss Downey contributed to the discussion accounts of her experi- ence along similar lines at Chautauqua. The question of credit for experience in certain fields came up, and Mr. Windsor described the method at Illinois for excus- ing students from classes in certain sub- jects when they had satisfied the entrance requirements for the library school and had passed satisfactory examinations in those subjects. Mr. Paine, Miss Smith, Miss Rathbone, and Miss Donnelly took part in the discussion. Officers elected for the coming year are: President, Catherine Van Dyne; Treasurer, Carl L. Cannon; Secretary, Marian C. Man- ley. . MARIAN C. MANLEY, Executive Secretary. This Association is not affiliated with the A. L. A. but its report Is printed here for the convenience of the members. ATTENDANCE SUMMARIES 233 ATTENDANCE SUMMARIES By Position and Sex New Mexico 1 Men Women Total New York 282 Trustees 35 27 62 North Carolina. . 4 Commission Workers 4 20 24 North Dakota. . . 1 Chief Librarians 138 350 488 Ohio 91 Head of Dept's and Oklahoma . 3 Branch Librarians 45 262 307 Oregon 2 Assistants 38 646 684 Pennsylvania . . 62 Library School Instructors 1 24 25 Rhode Island... 72 Library School Students.. 2 12 14 South Carolina. 1 Editors 2 5 7 South Dakota... 2 Commercial Agents 54 24 78 Tennessee 5 Others 44 166 210 Texas 1 Utah 3 363 1536 1899 Vermont 15 Virginia 10 282 Washington ... 3 West Virginia.. 4 Wisconsin 11 91 Wyoming 2 Canada 14 Hawaii : 2 62 Philippine Is- lands 1 Foreign: China 1 Norway 2 Sweden 1 By Geographical Sections 6 of the 6 New England States 1,053 5 " 5 North Atlantic States and District of Columbia 444 6 South Atlantic States 27 8 North Central States 286 6 South Central States 27 14 Western States 24 3 Pacific States 17 Canada . 14 6 8 5 11 3 Hawaii Philippine Islands. Foreign China Norway , Sweden . Total 1,899 By States Alabama 4 Kentucky 12 Arizona 1 Louisiana 2 California 12 Maine 28 Connecticut 64 Maryland 10 Delaware .... 8 Massachusetts . 846 District of Co- Michigan 44 lumbia 51 Minnesota Florida Georgia 4 Mississippi 18 4 4 Missouri 17 Illinois 70 Montana 1 Indiana 18 Nebraska 5 Iowa 17 New Hampshire 38 Kansas 4 New Jersey 31 Total 1,899 By Libraries Libraries having five or more represen- tatives: Boston Publfe Library 134 New York City Public Library 71 Cleveland Public Library 50 Providence Public Library 40 Harvard College Library 38 Somerville (Mass.) Public Library... 27 Worcester (Mass.) Public Library 23 Brooklyn Public Library 22 Cambridge (Mass.) Public Library 20 Detroit Public Library 18 Newton (Mass.) Public Library 18 Lynn (Mass.) Public Library 17 Maiden (Mass.) Public Library 16 Brookline (Mass.) Public Library 13 Massachusetts State Library 12 Pittsburgh Carnegie Library 12 Springfield (Mass.) City Library 12 Boston University 11 Simmons College Library 11 Fall River (Mass.) Public Library 10 Haverhill (Mass.) Public Library 10 Louisville (Ky.) Free Public Library. 10 New York State Library 10 New York State Library School 10 U. S. Department of Agriculture 10 Boston Athenaeum 9 Bridgeport (Conn.) Public Library... 9 Waltham (Mass.) Public Library 9 Washington (D. C.) Public Library... 9 234 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Library of Congress Parlin Memorial Library, Everett, Mass. ... t Salem (Mass.) Public Library Watertown (Mass.) Public Library... Medford (Mass.) Public Library Beverly (Mass.) Public Library Chicago Public Library Fitchburg (Mass.) Public Library.... Kansas City (Mo.) Public Library Melrose (Mass.) Public Library New Bedford (Mass.) Public Library.. St. Louis Public Library 8 Sawyer Free Library, Gloucester, Mass. 6 Western Reserve University 6 8 Woburn (Mass.) Public Library 6 8 American Library Association 5 8 Buffalo Public Library 5 7 Gary Memorial Library, Lexington, 6 Mass 6 6 East Orange Free Public Library 5 6 University of Illinois Library 5 6 John Crerar Library 5 6 Minneapolis Public Library 5 6 Pratt Institute Free Library, Brooklyn 5 6 Toronto (Ont, Canada) Public Library 5 ATTENDANCE REGISTER 235 ATTENDANCE REGISTER Abbot, Etheldred, asst. In. P. L., Brookline, Mass. Abbot, Gladys I., Boston, Mass. Abele, Lillian L.. asst child. In. P. L. Maiden, Mass. Ackley, Elizabeth, asst. In. Riverside Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Ackley, Gabriella, In. Yorkville Br. P. L., N. Y. City Adams, Edward B., In. Harvard Law Sch. L., Cambridge, Mass. Adams, Ellen Frances, supervisor Circ. Dept. Dartmouth Coll. L., Hanover, N. H. Adams, Florence A., child. In. Riverside Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Adams, Harriet A., Steep Falls, Me. Adams, Jessie French, In. F. P. L., Atlantic City, N. J. Adams, Leta E., head L. Supplies Dept., Gay- lord Bros., Syracuse, N. Y. Adams, Maude B., sr. asst. P. L,, Brooklyn, N. Y. Adams, Minnie F., asst. F. P. L., Worcester, Mass. Adshead, Mona, sr. asst. Quinsigamond Br. F. P. L., Worcester, Mass. Ahern, Mary Eileen, ed. Public Libraries, 6 No. Michigan Ave., Chicago. Aikenhead, Grace D., In. W. T. Grant Co. L., N. Y. City. Ainey, Kathleen, asst. In. Thomas Crane P. L., Quincy, Mass. Ains worth, Elizabeth, In. Hyde Park Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Albert, Katherine, 1st asst. Roxbury Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Alden, Bessie M., asst. Ref. Dept. P. L., Provi- dence, R. I. Aldrich, Florence B., P. L., Lynn, Mass. Alexander, Ruth, class, and head catlgr. Busi- ness Sch. L., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. Alford, Helena B., ref. In. P. L., Hartford, Conn. Allen, Abbie L., catlgr. Redwood L., Newport, R. I. Allen, Anita M., In. St. George Br. and Staten Island Extension Div. P. L., N. Y. City. Allen, Bertha, F. W. Faxon Co., Boston, Mass. Allen, Carrie S., In. P. L., Milton, Mass. Alley, Audrey H., 118 Front St., Marblehead, Mass. Ames, Mary E., In. Norfolk House Centre Br. Fellowes Athenaeum L., Roxbury, Mass. Ames, Sara Jane, catlgr. P. L., Cleveland, Ohio. Anderson, Almeda, asst. Circ. Dept. P. L., Providence, R. I. Anderson, Esther M., asst. Circ. Dept., P. L., Providence, R. I. Anderson, John R., bookseller, 31 W. 15th St., N. Y. City. Andrew, Mrs. Kate Deane, In. Steele Mem. L.. Elmira, N. Y. Andrews, Clement Walker, In. The John Cre- rar L., Chicago. Andrews, Gladys May, In. Stephenson P. L., Marinette, Wis. Andrews, Jennie G., In. Mem. L., Westbrook, Me. Andrews, Mrs. Mary L., 402 Walnut St., Three Rivers, Mich. Andrews, Winnifred, asst. P. L., Detroit, Mich. Angel, Catherine E., 234 Van Buren St., Brook- lyn, N. Y. Angell, Mrs. Margaret, asst. East Tech. High School L., Cleveland, Ohio. Annable, Dorothy, head Circ. Dept. P. L., Ma- son City, Iowa. Anthony, Irene B., head catlgr. P. L., Fall River, Mass. Armlstead, Lewis A., Boston Elevated Ry. Co., Boston, Mass. Armstrong, Dorothy W., asst. Circ. Dept. P. L., Providence, R. I. Arnold, Marion L., registrar P. L., Providence, R. I. Arnold, Sarah Louise, dean emerita Sim- mons Coll., Boston, Mass. Aserkoff, Ada, asst. Warren St. Br. P. L., Bos- ton, Mass. Ashley, Grace, sec'y to In. F. P. L., Newark, N. J. Ashley, May, In. P. L., Greenfield, Mass. Ashman, Katharine C., asst. In. N. J. Zinc Co., N. Y. City. Askew, Sarah B., In. N. J. P. L. Commission, Trenton, N. J. Avery, Harriet K., In. Keystone State Normal Sch. L., Kutztown, Pa. Avery, Matilda L., In. F. L., South Manchester, Conn. Avey, E. Gertrude, chief child. In. P. L.. Cin- cinnati, Ohio. Ayers, Louise, asst. In. Reuben H. Donnelly Corporation L., 652 S. State St., Chicago. Ayres, Mary Armstrong, P. L., Kansas City, Mo. Babcock, Charles E., In. Pan-American Union L., Washington, D. C. Baechtold, Elsie L., In. Irving National Bank, N. Y. City. Bailey, Arthur Low, In. Wilmington Inst F. L., Wilmington, Del. Bailey, Louis J., In. P. L., Gary, Ind. Bailey, Thomas D., Library Bureau, N. Y. City. Bailey, Mrs. Thomas D., trus. F. P. L., East Orange, N. J. Baker, Clara M., desk asst. P. L., Decatur, 111. Baker, Helen J., asst. In. Parlin L., Everett, Mass. Baker, Mary Ellen, head Catalog Dept.. Car- negie L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Balch, Ruth, asst. Univ. of Chicago L., Chicago. Bales, Bessie F., In. Wilton P. L., Wilton, N. H. Ball, Susan L., 9 Parkvale, Brookline, Mass. Bamford, Dorothy S., asst. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Bancroft, Edna H., In. Saratoga Br. P. L., Brooklyn, N. '. Bancroft, Jennie J., In. LIttlefield L., Tyngs- boro, Mass. Bancroft, Prlscilla, In. Deering High Sch. L., Portland, Me. Bangs, Helen Bigelow, 1st asst. and ref. In. P. L., Fitchburg, Mass. Barber, Edith L., acting In. L., Bernardston, Mass. Barden, Bertha R., supervisor of Inventory Records and Apprentice Class P. L., Cleve- land, Ohio. Barette, Lydia M., In. P. L,, Mason City, Iowa. Barickman, Mrs. Rena M., In. P. L., Joliet, 111. Barkhurst, Marjorie, child. In. South Br. P. L., Cleveland, Ohio. Barker, Sarah P.. In. P. L., Nashua, N. H. Barnes, Mrs. C. A., Coll. of Business Admin- istration, Boston Univ., Boston, Mass. Barnes, Charlotte, In. Greendale Br. P. L., Worcester, Mass. Barnes, Cornelia S., ref. asst. Dept. of Agric. Bureau of Markets L., Washington, D. C. Barnes, Mabel T., asst Delivery Dept Har- vard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Barnett, Claribel Ruth, In. Dept. of Agricul- ture L., Washington, D. C. Barnett, Helen, 32 Gushing St., Providence, R. I. Barney, Edward M., trus. P. L., Medford, Mass. Barnum, Mabel F., In. Boston Univ. Coll. of Liberal Arts L., Boston, Mass. 236 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Barr, Annie L., State L., Augusta, Me. Barr, Charles J., asst In. Yale Undv. L., New Haven, Conn. Barr, Elizabeth M., sec'y to In. State L., Provi- dence, R. I. Barroms, Frank E., attorney-at-law, N. Y. City. Barrows, Mrs. Frank E., Glen Ridge, N. J. Barry, Kathleen E., vice-pres. Chivers Book Binding Co., 911-13 Atlantic Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. Barry, Elizabeth G., Catalog Dept P. L., Bos- ton, Mass. Barry, Kathleen, Brooklyn, N. Y. Bartholomew. P. A., In. N. J. Zinc Co. of Pa. L., Palmerton. Pa. Bartlett, Beryl L, child. In. F. P. L., Water- town, Mass. Bartlett, Daisy M., Boston, Sch. of Filing, Somerville. Mass. Bartlett, Sarah R., In. F. P. L., Concord, Mass. Barton, Margaret S., 1st asst. Dorchester Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Bass, Katherine I., P. L., Maiden, Mass. Basset, William, trus. and treas. P. L., Lynn, Mass. Basso, Mary D., asst. Wanskuck Br. L., Provi- dence, R. I. Bates, Mary R., asst. In. Vermont Univ. L., Burlington, Vt. Baumer, Bertha A., ref. In. P. L., Omaha, Neb. Baxter. Charles N., In. James Blackstone Mem. L., Branford, Conn. Baxter, Mrs. Charles N., Branford, Conn. Bayer, Edna E., head of station Ls. Exten- sion Dept. P. L., Rochester, N. Y. Beale, Helen M., asst. In. Adelbert Coll. L., Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, Ohio. Bean, Ruth A., In. West Side Br. P. L., Evans- ville, Ind. Beatty, M. Irene, head Loan Dept. P. L., St. Joseph, Mo. Beck, Christine L., In. Associated Industries of Mass., Boston, Mass. Becker Mrs. May Lamberton, N. Y. Evening Post, N. Y. City. Beetle, Clara, asst. Ref. Dept P. L., N. Y. City. Belden, Charles F. D., In. P. L., Boston, Mass. Bell, Dorothy G., In. Jackson and Moreland Engineers L., 387 Washington St., Boston, Mass. Bell, Florence C., research asst. Bureau of Ef- ficiency, Washington, D. C. Bell, Harriette C.. In. McLean Hospital L., Waverly, Mass. Bell, Helen M., In. Roxbury Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Bell, Katherine S., head Circ. Dept. P. L., Holyoke, Mass. Bell, Louise B., asst East Boston Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Bell, Madelene, child. In. F. P. X... Worcester, Mass. Bell, Ruth, asst. F. P. L., Worcester, Mass. Bement Clarence E., Lansing, Mich. Bement, Constance, In. P. L., Port Huron, Mich. Benjamin, Anna, In. Butman-Fish Mem. L., Saginaw, W. S., Mich. Bennet, Dorothy W., asst Ref. Dept P. L., Providence, R. I. Bennett Jessie E., asst P. L., Somerville, Mass. Berkeley, Janet Carter, 1st asst. P. L., Nor- folk. Va. Berry, Mrs. Belle C., In. P. L., Gardiner, Me. Bethune, Florence M., In. West End Br. P. L., Boston. Mass. Bdckford, Lillian A., asst. In. East Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Biscoe, Walter Stanley, sr. In. N. Y. State L., Albany. N. Y. Bishop, Dorcas M., asst catlgr. Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Bishop, Vera E., catlgr. P. L., Maiden, Mass. Black, M. Linda, asst. State L., Boston, Mass. Blackall, Mrs. Elizabeth W., In. P. L., Oneonta, N. .Y. Blair, Mellicent F., In. Central Br. Y. W. C. A. L., N. Y. City. Blaisdell, Frank C.. chief Issue Dept. P. L., Boston, Mass. Blaisdell, Ruth, asst P. L., Chelsea, Mass. Blakeley, Bertha Elisa, In. Mount Holyoke Coll. L., South Hadley, Mass. Blanchard, Grace, In. P. L., Concord, N. H. Bliss, Robert P., chief L. Extension Div. State L. and Museum, Harrisburg, Pa. Blood, Emma F., In. P. L., Groton, Mass. Blunt, Florence T., instructor L. Science, Sim- mons Coll. L. Sch., Boston, Mass. Boardman, Clark, 33 Park Place, N. Y. City. Bogle, Sarah C. N., asst sec'y American Li- brary Assoc., Chicago. Boles, Mrs. Mary F., trus. Abbot P. L., Mar- blehead, Mass. Bondreau, Elizabeth B., asst. In. Orient Heights R. Rm. East Boston Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Bongartz, Harry, bookseller, Providence, R, I. Bongartz, Mrs. Harry, Providence, R. I. Bongartz, J. Harry, Law Book Publisher, Providence, R. I. Bonneville, J. H., representing Prentice-Hall, N. Y. City. Borden, Fanny, ref. In. Vassar Coll. L., Pough- keepsie, N. Y. Borresen, Lilly M. E., In. P. L., LaCrosse, Wis. Bostwick, Arthur Elmore, In. P. L., St. Louis, Mo. Bostwick, Mrs. Arthur Elmore, St. Louis, Mo. Bowerman, George F., In. P. L. of the District of Columbia, Washington, D. C. Bowler, Marion, In. P. L., West Springfield, Mass. Bowman, Florence M., In. P. L., Plainfield, N. J. Bowman, Marian, In. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., Boston, Mass. Boyd, Elmar T., In. P. L., Bangor, Me. Boyd, Suzanne H., asst. In. Wyoma Br. P. L., Lynn, Mass. Boyer, E. E., trus. P. L., Lynn, Mass. Boynton, Myra L., child. In. Forbes L., North- ampton, Mass. Brace, Marion, general asst P. L., Detroit, Mich. Bracebridge. Dorothy, catlgr. P. L. Haver- hill, Mass. Brackett, Marian W., In. Brighton Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Bradford, Mrs. Gamaliel, trus. F. L., Welles- ley, Mass. Bradford, Louise, Waltham, Mass. Brady, Grace C., asst South Br. P. L., So. Boston, Mass. Brainerd, Jessie F., In. Horace Mann Sch. for Boys L., N. Y. City. Brainerd, Marion, asst. In. Maine State L., Augusta, Me. Braley, Cora G., head of Open Shelf Dept P. L., Fall River, Mass. Bray, Dorothy A., asst. Circ. Dept P. L., De- troit, Mich. Brett, Clara Amelia, asst. In. P. L., Brockton, Mass. Brewer, Margaret E., In. High Sch. L., Attle- boro. Mass. Bridgman, W. Erminie, asst Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Briery, Harriet T., asst Athenaeum, Boston, Mass. Briggs, Clara Perry, catlgr. and classifier Har- vard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Briggs, Ethel N., child. In. Macon Br. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. ATTENDANCE REGISTER 237 Brlggs. Walter B., asst. In. Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Brlgham, Flora B., In. U. S. Naval Hospital L., Chelsea, Mass. Brlgham, Gwendolyn, asst. American Library Assoc., Chicago. Brigham, Herbert Olm, In. State L., Provi- dence, R. I. Brigham, Mrs. Herbert Olin, State L., Provi- dence, R. I. Brigham, Johnson, In. State L., Des Moines, Iowa. Brigham, Mrs. Johnson, 511 Franklin Ave., Des Moines, Iowa. Brightman, Mary F., chief catlgr. P. L., Worcester, Mass. Bristol, Irvinia E., 1st asst. Circ. Dept. P. L., Bridgeport, Conn. Brock, Genevra, In. State L., Cheyenne, Wyo. Bronk, C. Louise, asst. P. L., East Cleveland, Ohio. Brooker, Winifred E., 2nd asst. Webster Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Brookes, Marie L., stud. Simmons Coll. L. Sch., Boston, Mass. Brotherton, Nina A., principal Carnegie L. Sch., Pittsburgh, Pa. Brough, Mary M., P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Brown, Alice E., child. In. P. L., Cincinnati, Ohio. Brown, Alma, asst. P. L., Maiden, Mass. Brown, Bertha L., In. P. L., Reading, Mass. Brown, Bertha Maria, asst. Periodical Dept. P. L., Providence, R. I. Brown, C. R., Carswell and Company, Ltd., Toronto, Ont., Canada. Brown, Charles H., 1. specialist, New Navy Bldg., Bureau of Navigation, Sixth Div., Navy Dept., Washington. D. C. Brown, Clara, asst. East Boston P. L., Rox- bury, Mass. Brown, Demarchus C., In. Indiana State L., Indianapolis, Ind. Brown, Dorothy, asst. Ref. Dept. Carnegie L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Brown, Evelyn Lord, child. In. P. L., Auburn, Me. Brown, F. I., Brown-Howland Co., Boston, Mass. Brown, H. Beatrice, ref. In. Radcliffe Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Brown, Louise Fargo, Vassar Coll., Pough- keepsie, N. Y. Brown, Margaret W., 1207 W, 3rd St., Los Angeles, Calif. Brown, Marie T., In. Carnegie P. L., Conneaut, Ohio. Brown, Ruth L., sec'y Vt F. L. Commission, Montpelier, Vt. Brown, Walter L., In. P. L., Buffalo, N. Y. Browne, Nina Eliza, 44 Pinckney St., Boston, Mass. Browning, Earl W., In. P. L., Jackson, Mich. Brunot, Eugenie, in charge Soho Reading Rm., Pittsburgh, Pa. Buck, Albert F., In. P. L., Stoneham, Mass. Buck, Katharine, asst. Gary Mem. L., Lex- ington, Mass. Buckhous, M. Gertrude, In. Univ. of Mont. L., Mlssoula, Mont. Buckingham, Hesper M., asst. U. S. Army Ls., Honolulu, T. H. Buckley, Ethel L., Dennlson Mfg. Co., Fram- ingham, Maes. Buckley. Pierce E., P. L., Boston, Mass. Buker, Lucy M., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Al- bany, N. Y. Bull, Mrs. Louise P., asst In. Mott Haven Br. P. L.. N. Y. City. Bunker, Mabel E., P. L., Somerville, Mass. Burbank, Mrs. George E., In. Weston Mem. L., Sandwich. Mass. Burch, Mittle E., asst P. L., Washington, D. C, Burdett, Helen Ripley, In. Macon Br. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Burgess, Alexina P., Newton F. L., Newton- ville. Mass. Burgess, Helen M., 1st asst. Child. Dept P. L., Providence, R. I. Burkhardt .Esther H., asst. Circ. Dept. P. L., Washington, D. C. Burnet, Marguerite, In. Federal Reserve Bank L., N. Y. City. Burnett, Margery, asst. Mass. Agric. Coll. L., Amherst, Mass. Burnett, Marguerite, In. Federal Reserve Bank, N. Y. City. Burnham, Alice E., principal Loan Desk L. of Hawaii, Honolulu, T. H. Burnham, Mary, head of Loan Desk P. L., Buffalo. N. Y. Burnham, Mary B., child. In. Sawyer F. L., Gloucester, Mass. Burrage, Edith May, asst. Ref. Catalog Div. P. L., N. Y. City. Burrage, Elizabeth, sr. asst St. Agnes Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Burt, Frank H., Barristers Hall, Boston, Mass. Burton, Clara L., 56 S. 6th St., New Bradford, Mass. Butterfleld, David W., Boston, Mass. Butterfield, Kenyon L., pres. Mass. Agric. Coll., Amherst, Mass. Callahan, Gertrude F., br. In. Thomas Crane P. L., Quincy, Mass. Calnan, Margaret A., asst. South Boston Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Camp, Mildred H., asst. P. L., Watertown, Mass. Campbell, Clara Evelyn, child. In. P. L., Cleve- land, Ohio. Campbell, Donald K., Information Desk P. L., N. Y. City. Campbell, Frank W., trus. P. L., Melrose, Mass. Campbell, Ida B., Akron, Ohio. Campbell, J. Maud, dir. Work with Foreign- ers Div. of P. Ls., Dept. of Education, Bos- ton, Mass. Cannon, Carl L., chief of Order Div. P. L., N. Y. City. Carey, Miriam E., supervisor of Institution Ls. Minn. State Board of Control, St Paul, Minn. Carlen, Lillian W.. P. L., Providence, R. I. Carleton, Helen F., In. Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital, Towson, Md. Carlisle, Ruth H., asst. P. L., Woburn, Mass. Cartnody, Helen M., asst Catalog Dept P. L., Grand Rapids, Mich. Carney, Frank, supt of Wldener Mem. L. Bldg., Harvard Coll., Cambridge, Mass. Carpenter, Mary F.. asst. U. 8. Dept. of Agric. L., Washington, D. C. Carr, Alice H., asst Circ. Dept. P. L., Wash- ington, D. C. Carr, Henry J., In. P. L., Scranton, Pa. Carr, Mrs. Henry J., ex-ln., Scranton, Pa. Carroll, Josephine E., In. Far Rockaway Br. Queens Borough P. L., Far Rockaway. N. Y. Carroll, K. Beatrice, asst to manager, Shaw- Walker Co., N. Y. City. Carruthers, Martha C., Chelsea, Mass. Carson, Helen K.. In. McKinley High Sch. L.. Canton, Ohio. Carson. W. O., provincial supt of P. LB. of Ontario, Dept of Education, Toronto. Ont, Canada. Carstensen, Grace, In. National Aniline and Chemical Company L., N. Y. City. Carter, Julia C., In. Holland L., Alexandria Bay, N. Y k Carter, Julia F., child. In. Extension Div. P. L., N. Y. City. Cassidy, Margaret L., asst Special Ls. Dept P. L.. Boston. Mass. 238 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Catlin, Ruth Ford, Univ. of Vt. Extension Serv- ice, Burlington, Vt. Cavanaugh, Eleanor S., In. Standard Statis- tics Co. L., N. Y. City. Cawley, Reba S., head Catalog Dept. Prince- ton Univ. L., Princeton, N. J. Chamberlain, Mrs. Allen, 30 Pinckney St., Bos- ton, Mass. Chamberlain, H. Louise, asst. In. Athenaeum P. L., Boston, Mass. Chamberlain, Marguerite M., In. P. L., Lewis- ton, Me. Chandler, Alice Greene, advisory In. and trus. Town L., Lancaster, Mass. Chandler, Ellen M., head Catalog Dept. P. L., Buffalo, N. Y. Chapin, Ernest "W., In. First National Bank L., Boston, Mass. Chapin, Mary L., asst. F. L., Newton, Mass. Chapman, Atta, asst. Mich. State Normal Sch. L., Kalamazoo, Mich. Chapman, Lena, asst. Mass. Agric. Coll. L., Amherst, Mass. Chapman, Winnifred A., asst. catlgr. P. L., Lynn, Mass. Chartkoff, Edith, asst. Br. Dept. P. L., Boston, Mass. Chase, Frank H., ref. In. P. L, Boston, Mass. Chase, Frederick A., In. P. L., Lowell, Mass. Chase, Mildred F., P. L., Providence, R. I. Chase, Mrs. Mildred H., 73 Elm Road, Newton- ville, Mass. Chenery, Wlnthrop Holt, chief of Special Ls. P. L., Boston, Mass. Cheney, Nellie Mae, In. F. P. L., Ilion, N. Y. Chevalier, Samuel A., chief of Catalog and Shelf Dept. P. L., Boston, Mass. Chew, Clara, 4519 Iowa Ave., N. W., Washing- ton, D. C. Chick, Mrs. Eugenie, principal Sch. of Filing, Boston, Mass. Child, Grace A., In. Phoenix Mutual Life Ins. Co., Hartford. Conn. Childs, Fanny R., Art Dept. City L., Spring- field, Mass. Childs, Marjorie W., 500 Lexington St., Walt- ham, Mass. Childs, James Bennett, asst. Univ. of 111. L., Urbana, 111. Chipman, Frank E., president and treas. Bos- ton Book Co., Boston, Mass. Chutter, Marion L., asst. Radcliffe Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Church, Caroline M., asst. P. L., Fall River, Mass. Claflin, Alta B., In. Federal Reserve Bank L., Cleveland, Ohio. Claflin, Helen M., head catlgr. P. L., Brookline, Mass. Clapp, Alice B., In. Carnegie P. L., Sault-Ste- Marie, Mich. Clark, Ann, In. Scovell, Wellington & Co., Boston, Mass. Clark, Clara M., In. Bible Teachers' Training Sch., N. Y. City. Clark, Etta M., In. Howe L., Hanover, N. H. Clark, Mrs. Lida A., }n. Mem. L., Rockland, Mass. Clark, Margaret M., ref. asst. P. X,., Haverhill, Mass. Clark, Mary Eleanor, child In. P. L., Medford, Mass. Clark, Sarah E., asst. Selsby F. L., Charles- town, N. H. Clark, Theodora A., asst. catlgr. Business L., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Maes. Clarke, Elva E., In. Employers Assn. of De- troit L., Detroit, Mich. Clarke, George K., chairman of trustees of F. P. L., Needham, Mass. Clarke, Sara B., trus. Millicent L., Fairhaven, Mass. Clatworthy, Linda M., head catlgr. N. H. State L., Concord, N. H. Cleary, Margaret, asst. P. L., Leominster, Mass. Clement, Caroline B., asst. In. City L., Man- chester, N. H. Clement, Ina, catlgr. Municipal Ref. L., N. Y. City. Clement, Ruth E., office manager W. H. Bal- lard & Co., Inc., Boston, Mass. Clements, Mrs. Emma F., Edgewood, R. I. Cloues, Rev. William Jacob, In. Hills L. New- ton Theol. Inst., Newton Centre, Mass. Cobb, Edith H., asst. F. P. L., New Bedford, Mass. Coburn, Jeannie M., catlgr. Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Cochran, Jennie Owen, head of Stations and Extension Dept. F. P. L., Louisville, Ky. Cochrane, Charlotte, Business L. Harvard Coll., Cambridge, Mass. Coe, Mrs. Frances Rathbone, head Catalog Dept. Mass. State L., Boston, Mass. Goes, H. V., Ford, Bacon and Davis, N. Y. City. Coffin, Helen, legislative ref. In. Conn. State L., Hartford, Conn. Coker, Evelyn M., sec'y to In. Athenaeum L., Boston, Mass. Cole, Anna B., asst. Abbot P. L., Marblehead, Mass. Cole, Mrs. Emma, Winham, Mass. Cole, Olive, asst. P. L., Norwalk, Conn. Colt, Alice M., In. The Ferguson L., Stamford, Conn. Colvin, Mary P., In. P. L., Gilbertville, Mass. Colwell, Mrs. Mabel Emerson, In. Olneyville Br. P. L., Providence, R. I. Cone, Jessica G., 1st asst. Goodwyn Inst. L., Memphis, Tenn. Conklin, Dorothy G., 1st asst. Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Conley, Ellen F., asst. Brighton Br. P. L., Bos- ton, Mass. Connell, Gertrude L., In. Faneuil R. Rm. P. L., Boston, Mass. Connelly, Alice T., Port Br. P. L., Cambridge, Mass. Connolly, Francesca C., asst. Roxbury Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Connoly, M. J., trus. P. L., Waltham, Mass. Conroy, Michael J., asst. P. L., Boston, Mass. Conway, Margueretta J., asst. P. L., Woburn, Mass. Cook, Edith L., In. East Tech. High Sch. Br., P. L., Cleveland, Ohio. Cook, Grace L., catalog In. Columbia Univ. L., N. Y. City. Cook, Ruth V., In. Sch. of Architecture L. Har- vard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. Cook, Snow P. F., trus. Sawyer F. P. L., Gloucester, Mass. Cooke, Frank N., manager Shear Klean Grate Co., Chicago. Cooke, Marion A., 1st asst. catlgr. P. L., Provi- dence, R. I. Coolidge, Archibald Gary, dir. Harvard Univ. L., Cambridge, Mass. Coolidge, J. Randolph, Jr., trus. Boston Athe- naeum, Boston, Mass. Coombs, Ruth Crawford, In. Sprague House Br. P. L., Providence, R. I. Cooper, Helen S., P. L., Lynn, Mass. Copeland, Lora A., asst. P. L., Brockton, Mass. Corcoran, M. E., asst. catlgr. P. L., Fall River, Mass. Corcum, Mrs. Mabel Roberts, asst. In. Parlin Mem. L., Everett, Mass. Corning, Grover T., mgr. Boston L. Div. Li- brary Bureau, Boston, Mass. Cotter, Mary E., asst. at desk P. L., Cam- bridge, Mass. Cottrell, Annie Louise, asst. In. People's L., Newport, R. I. Cottrell, Florence L., 1st asst Alliance Br. P. L., Cleveland, Ohio. ATTENDANCE REGISTER 23d Couillard, Ada S., ref. asst. Municipal Ref. L., N. Y. City. Coalman, Edith K., High Sch., Quincy, Mass. Coward, Gretchen H., Philadelphia, Pa. Cox, Mary de J., In. American Telephone and Telegraph Co., N. Y. City. Crabb, Nellie I., asst. Catalog Dept. F. P. L.., Worcester, Mass. Craft, Helen Holden, Medical L. Henry Phipps Inst., Philadelphia, Pa. Cragin, Emma F., supt. of Cataloging Office, Circ. Dept. P. L., N. Y. City. Craig, Christina, asst. Hyde Park Br. P. L., Toronto, Ont., Canada. Craig, Helen M., asst. In. Engineering Dept. L., Western Electric Co., N. Y. City. Craig, Marion T., Simmons Coll., Boston, Mass. Grain, Ena M., Cheyenne, Wyo. Grain, Gladys L., br. In. P. L., Brookline, Mass. Crampton, Mrs. E. M., Concord, Mass. Crampton, Susan C., Concord, Mass. Crandle, Inez, In. P. L., Du Bois, Pa. Crane, Joshua Eddy, In. P. L., Taunton, Mass. Craver, Harrison Warwick, director L. of the United Engineering Societies, N. Y. City. Craver, Mrs. Harrison Warwick, In. Great Neck L., Great Neck, N. Y. Crenshaw, May V., University, Va. Crone, Albert, Library Journal, N. Yt City. Cronan, John J., Roxbury, Mass. Crcnan, Mrs. John J., Roxbury, Mass. Cronin, Con P., In. Arizona State L., Phoenix, Ariz. Crosby, May L., Catalog Dept. P. L., Boston, Mass. Cross, Laura M., In. East Boston Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Cross. Leora M., In. West High Sch. Br. P. L., Cleveland, Ohio. Crowley, Grace C., catlgr. Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Crum, Frederick S., asst. statistician Pruden- tial Ins. Co. of Am., Newark, N. J. Crumley, Susie Lee, asst. In. Carnegie L., chief instructor L. Sch., Atlanta, Ga. Cudworth, Warren H., Camp L., Camp Meade, Md. Cufflin, M. Florence, In. South Boston Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Cummings, Alice Twiss, asst. In. P. L., Hart- ford, Conn. Cummings, T. Harrison, In. P. L., Cambridge, Mass. ' Cunningham, Jesse, In. P. L., St. Joseph, Mo. Cunningham, Mrs. Jesse, St. Joseph, Mo. Curley, Mary F., asst. N. E. Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Currie, Katherine, asst. P. L., Minneapolis, Minn. Currier, Thomas Franklin, asst. In. Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Currin, Althea M., asst. Issue Dept. P. L., Brookline, Mass. Curry, Arthur R., Univ. of 111. L. Sch., Ur- bana, 111. Curtis, Catherine, Woburn, Mass. Curtis, Mrs. Genevieve Conant, trus. Carnegie 'P. L., Bradford. Pa. Curtis, Helen M., Anatomical L. Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, Mass. Curtis, Susan W., In. Town L., Framingham, Mass. Curtiss, Clara Louise, child. In. Brownsville Children's Br. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Gushing, Helen G., asst. P. L., Boston, Mass. Cushman, Esther C., P. L., Providence, R. I. Cutter, Annie Spencer, supervisor Sch. Ls. P. L., Cleveland, Ohio. Cutter, Marian, Children's Bookshop, N. Y. City, Cuyler, Linda C., child. In. P. L., Elyria, Ohio. Dale, Mrs. J. R., sec'y Oklahoma L. Commis- sion, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Dame, Katharine, ref. In. P. L., St Paul, Minn. Damon, Mrs. C. J., Aron Mass. Damon, Lalia May, .chief catlgr. National City Financial L., N. Y. City. Dana, John Cotton, In. F. P. L., Newark, N. J. Darlington, Genevieve, sr. asst. The John Cre- rar L., Chicago. Darwin, Gertrude, catlgr. Ref. Dept. P. L., N. Y. City. Datz, Harry R., Library Bureau, N. Y. City. Davenport, Harriet E., Morrill Mem. L., Nor- wood, Mass. Davidson, Adeline T., sec'y nd asst. to In. F. P. L., East Orange, N. J. Davis, Mrs. Robert A., Waltham, Mass. Davis, Bertha E., ref. In. P. L., Brookline, Mass. Davis, Eva B., head Circ. Dept. and supt. Branches P. L., Toronto, Ont., Canada. Davis, Georgia Sylvia, acting head Order Dept. P. L., Grand Rapids, Mich. Davis, Mary H., high sch. In. P. L., Brookline, Mass. Davis, Mary I., In. Lorain Br. P. L., Cleve- land, Ohio. Davis, Olin Sylvester, In. P. L., Laconia, N. H. Davis, Mrs. Olin Sylvester, Laconia, N. H. Davis, Orlando C., In. P. L., Waltham, Mass. Davis, Ruth A., asst. U. S. Dept. of Agric. L., Washington, D. C. Day, Carlos P., Hartford, Conn. Day, Mrs. Gladys Judd, In. Hartford Bar L., Hartford, Conn. Day, Marian E., child. In. P. L., Lynn, Mass. Day, Mary Bostwick, In. National Safety Coun- cil L., Chicago. Day, May E., In. J. V. Fletcher L., Westford, Mass. DeAngelis, Annina, head of Lending Dept. F. P. L., East Orange,- N. J. de Gogorza, Mrs. Flora, In. Brownsville 'Br. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. De Wire, Genevieve Catherine, ref. and cata- loging P. L., Cambridge, Mass. Dearborn, James M., chief Order Dept., Athe- naeum L., Boston, Mass. Deering, Helen, asst. P. L., Maiden, Mass. Deery, Delia Jean, P. L., Boston, Mass. Denio, Herbert Williams, In. Vt. Hist. Soc. L., Montpelier, Vt. Dewey, Melvil, ex-ln. Lake Placid Club, N. Y. Dice, J. Howard, In. Univ. of Pittsburgh L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Dickinson, Asa Don, In. Univ. of Pennsylva- nia L., Philadelphia, Pa. Dixon. Edna A., asst. br. In. Central Circ. P. L., N. Y. City. Doane, Stella T., instructor Syracuse Univ. L. Sch., Syracuse, N. Y, Dobbins, Elizabeth Vaughn, asst. dir. Soc. Ac- tion Dept., Nat'l Catholic Welfare Council, N. Y. City. Dobson, Valarie M., asst. P. L., Providence, R. I. Dodge, Agnes E., asst. Base L. 1st Corps Area U. S. A. Army Supply Base, Boston, Mass. Dodge, Jennie P., asst. P. L., Beverly, Mass. Dodge, Vera L., In. Kemp P. L., Wichita Falls, Tex. Doherty, Bessie L., asst. Br. Dept. P. L., Bos- ton, Mass. Dollinier, Edna. M., asst. Peabody Inst. L., Danvers, Mass. Doncourt, Amy E., in charge child, dept. P. L., Seattle, Wash. Donnelly, June Richardson, prof, of L. Science, dir. of Simmons Coll. L. Sch., and In. of Simons Coll., Boston, Mass. Doonan, Anna G., asst. Shelf Dept. P. L., Boston, Mass. Dougan, Alice M., head catlgr. Purdue Univ, L., Lafayette, Ind. 240 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Dougan, Grace A., Wcllesley Coll. L., Welles- ley, Mass. Dougherty, Harold T., In. P. L., Newton, Mass. Dougherty, Mrs. Harold T., Newton, Mass. Dougherty, Linsley, Newton, Mass. Dousman, Mary E., child. In. P. L., Milwaukee, WJB. Downes, Elizabeth S., Mass. Inst. of Tech. L., Cambridge, Mass. Downey, Mary Elizabeth, 1. sec'y and organ- izer Dept. of P. Instruction, Salt Lake City, Utah. Doyle, Agnes C., ref. In. P. L.. Boston, Mass. Doyle, Katherine, periodical In. Univ. of 111. L., Urbana, 111. Doyle, Mary V., asst. Child. Dept. P. L,., Bos- ton, Mass. Draper, Aimee F., child. In. P. L., Milton, Maes. Draper, Miriam S., In. Children's Museum L., Brooklyn Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. Drowns, Ruth L., P. L., Brockton, Mass. Drury, Charlotte H., catlgr. P. L., Maiden, Mass. Drury, Francis K. W., asst. In. Brown Univ. L., Providence, R. I. Drury. Mrs. Francis K. W., Providence, H. I. Drury, John B., Providence, R. I. Drury, Ruth L., catlgr. State L., Boston, Mass. DuBois, Isabel, asst. to Library Specialist Bu- reau of Navigation, 6th Div., New Navy Bldg., Navy Dept, Washington, D. C. Dudgeon, Matthew S., In. FT L., Milwaukee, Wls. Duffy, Mary C., asst. Tremont Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Dullard, John P., sec'y to In. State L., Tren- ton, N. J. Dunbar, Ralph M., 1. field rep. Bureau of Navi- gation, 6th Div., Navy Dept, Brooklyn, N. Y. Duncan, Barbara, custodian Music Dept. P. L., Boston, Mass. Duncan, Eleanor ffolliot, managing editor Li- brary Journal, N. Y. City. Duncan, Margaret Lilian, child. In. P. L., Birmingham, Ala, Dunham, Mary, In. Smith Coll. L., Northamp- ton, Mass. Dunn, Isabel L., asst. in preparation div. P. L., N. Y. City. Dunn, Roscoe Loring, In. Museum of Fine Arts L., Boston, Mass. Dunton, Florence E., In. P. L., Belfast, Me. Duprey, Addle I., sr. asst. U. S. Naval War Coll., Newport, R. I. Durgy, Alice, asst P. L., Bridgeport, Conn. Dustin, William K., trus. Sawyer Free L., Gloucester, Mass. Eames, Cora B., ref. In. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Eames, Dorothy, Milton Bradley Co., Boston, Mass. Earl, Mrs. Elizabeth Claypool, pres. Indiana P. L. Commission, Muncie, Ind. Earle, Ava G., attendant Open Shelf Dept. P. L., Fall River. Mass. Earsom, Mrs. E. M., Urbana, Ohio. Eastman, Edith L., In. P. L., East Cleveland, Ohio. Eastman, Linda A., In. P. L, Cleveland, Ohio. Eaton, C. C., Business L. Harvard Univ., Cam- bridge, Mass. Eaton, Katharine I., P. L., Somerville, Mass. Eaton, Mabel, asst. In. Bates Coll. L., Lewis- ton, Me. Eaton, Olive L., Beebe Town L., Wakefield, Mass. Echols, John Warnock, In. Camp L., Camp Gor- don, Ga. Echert. Edna L., jr. asst. E. 79th St. Br. P. L., Cleveland, O. Eckman, Emma, head Circ. Dept. Wilmington Inst F. L., Wilmington, Del. Eddy, C. Vernon, In. Handley L., Winchester, Va. Eddy Sarah S., child. In. P. L. p Hartford, Conn. Edgerton, Frederick William, In. P. L., New London, Conn. Edwards, Jean T., Information Bureau P. L., Boston, Mass. Edwards, Ruth P., asst. In. P. L., Beverly, Mass. Egan, Mary A., In. P. L., Clinton, la. Eggert Elizabeth M., catlgr. P. L., Bridge- port, Conn. Eldridge, Bessie L., In. N. Y. State Normal Sch. L., Oswego, N. Y. Ellery, Florence L., Wellesley Coll. L., Welles- ley, Mass. Ellis, Hannah C.. In. Hamilton Fish Park Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Emerson, Helen G., asst Washington Sq. Br. P. L., Haverhill, Mass. Emerson, Martha F., head catlgr. Dartmouth Coll. L., Hanover, N. H. Emery, Alice F., asst. F. L., Newton, Mass. Endioott, Grace, head child. Dept. Carnegie L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Endlcott, Edith, U. S. Dept. Agric. L., Wash- ington, D. C. Endicott, Enid E., child. In. P. L., Toronto, Ont. Canada. Engstfeld, Mrs. Caroline, head catlgr. P. L., Birmingham, Ala. Essex, Mary C., catlgr. P. L., Providence, R. I. Estabrook, Lillian O., In. F. L.. Newburgh, N. Y. Estey, Helen G., Dept. of Labor and Indus- tries, State House, Boston, Mass. Evans, Adelaide F., chief Catalog Dept P. L., Detroit, Mich. Evans, Mrs. Alice G., In. F. P. L., Decatur, 111. Evans, Elizabeth, asst Sprague House Br. P. L., Providence, R. I. Evans, George H., In. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Evans, Mrs. George H., Somerville, Mass. Evans, Margaret Hunt, head Child. Dept. P. L., Buffalo, N. Y. Evans, Orrena Louise, asst dir. of Exhibits American Red Cross, Washington, D. C. Ewing, Marian, child. In. P. L., Cleveland, O. Fairbanks, Cornelia T., In. St Johnsbury Athenaeum, St. Johnsbury, Vt Fairbanks, Frances, In. Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. Fairfax, Virginia, In. Carnation Milk Prod- ucts Company L., Chicago. Fales, Ruth S., asst. in charge Child. Rm. P. L., Attleborough, Mass. Fall, Florence J., trus. Parlin Mem. L., Ev- erett, Mass. Farr, M. Edna, Greenfield, Mass. Farr, Mary Parry, In. in charge Southwark Br. F. L-, Philadelphia, Pa. Farrar, Mrs. Arthur V., Dorchester, Mass. Farrar, Ida F., head Catalog Dept. City L., Springfield, Mass. Farrell, Harriette M., asst. In. P. L., Chelsea, Mass. Farris, Cecile K., asst. P. L., Salem, Mass. Faxon, Frederick Winthrop. proprietor F. W. Faxon Company, Boston, Mass. Faxon, Mrs. Frederick Winthrop, Rosllndale, Mass. Faxon, Mrs. Marcus, Boston, Mass. Fay, Helen A., In. P. L., Upton, Mass. Fay, Lucy E., In. Univ. of Tenn. L., Knox- ville, Tenn. Fearing, Wm. B., trus. P. L., Hingham, Mass. Feazel, E. A., In. Cleveland Law L., Cleveland, Ohio. ATTENDANCE REGISTER 241 Ferguson. Dorothy, child. In. P. L., Toronto, Ont., Canada. Fernald, Hannah Q., In. P. L., Portsmouth, N. H. Flnley, Florence Q., asst. In. Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Mass. Fisher, Marie E., 1st asst. Farm Management and Farm Economics L., Dept of Agric., Washington, D. C. Fisher, Marie L., In. Lawrencevllle Br. Car- negie L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Fiske, Abby E., P. L., Providence, R I. Flson, Herbert W., In. P. L., Maiden, Mass. Fitch, Edith O., In. Lenox L., Lenox, Mass. Fitzpatrtck, John T., law In. N. Y. State L., Albany. N. Y. Flack, Horace E., Dept. of Legislative Ref. City Hall. Baltimore, Md. Flanagan, Beatrice M., In. Neponset R. Rm. P. L., Boston, Mass. Flanagan, Gladys M., P. L., Washington, D. C. Flannery, Catherine E., acting In. Orient Heights R. Rm. P. L., Boston, Mass. Fletcher, Fanny B. trus. Fletcher Mem. L., Proctorsville, Vt. Flexner, Jennie M., head of Circ. Dept. F. P. L,, Louisville, Ky. Flickinger, Mrs. Caroline R., In. F. P. L., Dai- ton, Mass. Flournoy, Mary, Wlnthrop Coll., Rockhill, S. C. Follansbee, Alice C., In. P. L., Amesbury, Mass. Foote, Mary S., In. New Haven County Bar L., New Haven, Conn. Ford, Elizabeth C.. editor of Printed Card Work, Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Ford, Eva M., asst. sec'y American Library Assoc., Chicago. Forster, Margaret B., In. P. L., Walpole, Mass. Forsyth, Walter G., custodian Barton-Ticknor Dept. P. L., Boston, Mass. Fosdlck, Margaret W., asst. In. P. L., Fitch- burg, Mass. Foster, Elima A., head Philosophy and Re- ligion Div. P. L., Cleveland, O. Foster, Helen W., general asst F. P. L., New- ark, N. J. Foster, Mrs. Jeanne B., In. Kuhn, Loeb A Co., N. Y. City. Foster. Jennie W., 1st asst. State L.. Boston, Mass. Foster, William Eaton, In. P. L.. Providence, R I. Fowle, Priscilla H., ref. In. Athenaeum L., Boston. Mass. Fowler, Mrs. Eva M., acting In. State L., Springfield .111. Fowler, Harold N., prof. Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, O. Frank, Glen, Century Co., N. Y. City. Frantz, Cora. In. Gilbert M. Simmons L., Kenosha, Wis. Frebault, Marcelle, asst. P. L., Detroit, Mich. Fredenburgh, Theo, Houghton. Mifflin Co., Boston, Mass. Freidus. Abraham S.. chief Jewish Div. P. L., N. Y. City. French, Anna L., asst. In. Western State Nor. Sch. L., Kalamazoo, Mich. French, Leslie R, In. Aberthaw Construc- tion Co., Boston, Mass. Fretageot. Mrs. Nora C., New Harmony, Ind. Frinsdorff, Emily O., asst. Ord. Dept. P. L., Boston, Mass. Frost, Jennie C., asst. Simmons Coll. L., Boston, Mass. Frost. Mildred N., In. Sch. F. L,. Newton, Mass. Frost, Virginia D., general asst. P. L,, Brook- line, Mass. Frye, Louise A., Mass. Inst. of Tech. L., Cam- bridge. Mass. Fuller, Edith Davenport, In. Episcopal Theo- logical Sch. L., Cambridge, Mass. Fuller, George W.. In. P. L., Spokane, Wash. Fullerton, Caroline Q., ref. In. F. P. L., Louis- ville, Ky. Fulton, Mrs. Pryor, trus. P. L., Waltham, Mass. Funnel, Helen L., In. Eagle Sch. Br. P. L., Cleveland, O. Furbish, Alice C., In. P. L., Portland. Me. Furnas, Marcia M., chief Delivery Dept P. L., Indianapolis, Ind. Furnlss, Mabel E., In. Mt. Washington Br. Carnegie L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Furt, Mrs. Elizabeth H., In. Frederick E. Farlin Mem. L., Everett, Mass. Gandsey, Frances, child. In. P. L., Chlsholm, Minn. Ganser. Helen A., In. State Normal Sch. L., Millersville, Pa. Gardner, Mrs. C. C., Newport, R. I. Gardner, Eva S., asst. ref. In. P. L., Provi- dence, R. I. Gardner. Jane E., art ref. In. F. P. L,, New Bedford, Mass. Garey, Ethel, asst. P. L., Brookline, Mass. Garland, Caroline Harwood, In. P. L., Dover, N. H. Garritt, Mary C., child. In. P. L., BYooklyn, N. Y. Gates, Edith M.. clrc. In. F. P. L.. Worcester, Mass. Gavin, Winnifred, P. L,, Maiden, Mass. Gay, Anna J., 1st asst James E. Scripps Br. P. L.. Detroit. Mich. Gay, Eleanor Taft, asst. In. State L., Boston, Mass. Gay, H. Virginia, P. L., Woburn, Mass. Gaylord, H. J., Gaylord Bros., Library Sup- plies, Syracuse, N. Y. Gaylord, Mrs. H. J., Syracuse, N. Y. Gentles. Ruth, stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Al- bany. N. Y. George, C. A., In. F. P. L.. Elizabeth, N. J. Gerald, Helen T.. asst. Del. Dept Athenaeum, Boston. Mass. Gericke. Martha L., In. States Relation Serv- ice L., U. S. Dept of Agric., Washington, D. C. G-erlach, Rudolph F., chief catlgr. C. F. Lib- bie & Co.. Boston, Mass. Gibbons, Irene N., Old Colony Trust Co., Boston, Mass. Gibbons, Rosa M., asst In. P. L., Maiden, Mass. Gibbs, Laura Russel, in charge Research Dept The Tell-U-Where Co. of America, Boson, Mass. Gibbs, Ruth E., catlgr. Harvard Coll. L.. Cambridge. Mass. Gibson, Judith C., asst In. The Hadley L., Winchester. Va. Giffln, Beulah, Catalog Dept Univ. of Chi- cago L., Chicago. Gilmore, Sarah, asst. In. Fiske F. L.. Clare- mont, N. H. Ginsberg, Beatrice, asst. Dept. L. Extension P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Gleason, Olive W., child. In. East Somerville Br. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Glover, Abbie G., asst. In. Woman's Educa- tional and Industrial Union, Boston, Mass. Godard, George Seymour, In. Connecticut State L., Hartford. Conn. Godard, Mrs. George Seymour, Hartford. Conn. Goddard, Alice, 1364 E. 48th St, Chicago. Goddard. William Dean. In. Deborah Cook Sayles P. L., Pawtucket, R. I. Goeppinger, Eva C., 1st asst. and catlgr. P. L., South Norwalk, Conn. Gohlke, Mrs. G. H.. In. Goodnow F. P. L., South Sudbury, Mass. Gold, Louise B., In. U. S. Hospital L., Ports- mouth. Va. Goldberger, Herman, magazine subn. agt., Boston, Mass. 242 Golden, Mary, asst. Andrew Sq. R. Rm. P. L., Boston, Mass. Goldsbury, Dr. Paul W., trus. P. L., War- wick, Mass. Goldsmith, Peter H., dir. Inter-American Div. American Assoc. for International Con- ciliation, N. Y. City. Goldstein, Fanny, In. Tyler St. R. Rm. P. L., Boston. Mass. Gooch, Harriet Bell, instructor Sch. of L. Science, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. Goodrich, Nathaniel L., In. Dartmouth Coll. L., Hanover. N. H. Goodwin, Agnes J., In. P. L., Stockbridge, Mass. Gordon, Alys M., head ref. Dept. P. P. L., East Orange. N. J. Gorham, Katherine J., asst. Shelf Dept. P. L., Boston, Mass. Gormley, Mae L., asst. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Goss, Edna Lucy, head catlgr. Univ. of Minn. L., Minneapolis, Minn. Goss, Harriet, order asst. Adelbert Coll. L. Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, O. Gould, Ida W., Catlog Dept. P. L., Boston, Mass. Grabow, E. R,, Grabow & Co., Swampscott, Mass. Graffen, Jean E., chief Periodical Dept. F. L., Philadelphia. Pa. Graham, William F. A., Catalog Dept. P. L.., Boston, Mass. Grant, Esther M.. asst. West Fort St. Br. P. L., Detroit, Mich. Grauman, Edna, br. In. High Sch. Br. F. P. L., Louisville, Ky. Graves, A. L.. asst. In. P. L., Marblehead, Mass. Green, Charles R., In. Mass. Agricultural Coll. L., Amherst, Mass. Green, Ethel Averil, In. W. Va. Dept. of Archives and History L., Charleston, W. Va. Green, Henry S., dir. L. Sub-Section North- eastern Dept. U. S. Army, Boston, Mass. Green, Lola M. B., catlgr. Legal Dept. Ameri- can Telephone & Telegraph Co., N. Y. City. Green, Margaret C., asst. child. In. Parlin Mem. L., Everett, Mass. Greene, Gladys C., 1st asst. P. L., Plymouth, Mass. Greene, Sarah F., In. Forbush Mem. L., West- minster, Mass. Greenwood, Katherine E., catlgr. P. L., Wash- ington, D. C. Gregory, Elinor, asst. Athenaeum L., Boston, Mass. Gregory, Sarah E., In. Abbot P. L., Marble- head, Mass. Gregory, Winifred, asst. Tech. Dept., Car- negie L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Griffin, Mrs. E. C., Niles, Mich. Griffin, Jeanne, asst. In. P. L., Kalamazoo, Mich. Guerrier, Edith, supervisor of Circ. P. L., Boston, Mass. Gugel, Katherine L., asst. In. P. L., Colum- bus. O. Gustafson, Edith, asst. Warren St. Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Gustafson, Ethel, Quinsigamond Br. P. L., Worcester. Mass. Hagen, Florence M., asst. P. L., N. Y. City. Haigh, Elsie L., head Catalog Dept. P. L., Utica, N. Y. Haigh, Grace H., 2nd asst. P. L., Plymouth, Mass. Hale, Ralph Tracy, managing dir. The Medici Soc. of Am., Boston, Mass. Hall, Mrs. A. F., asst. P. L., Meredith. N. H. Hall, Albert H., publisher and bookseller, Hall's Book Shop, Boston. Mass. Hall, Mrs. Albert H., Boston, Mass. Hall, Anna G., organizer L. Extension Dlv. N. Y. State Dept. of Education, Albany, N. Y. Hall, Hattie D.. child. In. P. L., Melrose, Mass. Hall, Mary V., South Boston Br. P. L., So. Boston. Mass. Haller, Christine H., In. Board of Commerce Business Br. P. L.. Detroit, Mich. Halliday, Sara L., In. Public Health Div., Municipal Ref. L., N. Y. City. Hallsted, Sarah, In. Nat'l Bank of Commerce L., N. Y. City. Hamelin, Doris, asst. P. L., Maiden, Mass. Hamilton, Mrs. Olive D., chief Travel L. Dept. Queens Borough P. L., Jamaica, N. Y. Hamilton, William J., sec'y and state organ- izer Ind. P. L. Commission, Indianapolis, Ind. Hamlin, Doris, asst. P. L., Maiden, Mass. Hamlin, Winthrop A.. 6 Charles St., N. Y. City. Hamlin, Mrs. Winthrop A., C Charles St., N. Y. City. Hammond, Nellie, High Sch. L., Woburn, Mass. Hammond, Ruth, In. P. L., Muskogee, Okla. Hanagan, Gladys M., acting child. In. P. L., Washington. D. C. Hance, Emma, dir. of Ref. Work P. L. of the District of Columbia, Washington, D. C. Handerson, Juliet A., asst. P. L., Cleveland, Ohio. Handy, D. N., In. and treas. The Insurance L. Assn. of Boston, Boston, Mass. Hanna, Clara M., asst. In. P. L., Norwalk, Conn. Hannigan, Francis J., custodian Periodical Room P. L., Boston, Mass. Hanson, Alice E., asst. P. L., Watertown, Mass. Harcourt, Alfred, Harcourt, Brace & Co., N. Y. City. Hargraves, C. N., trus. P. L., Framingham, Mass. Harmon, W. M., Brown, Howland Co., Boston, Mass. Harney, John M., trus. P. L., Lynn, Mass. Harrington, Emma C., P. L., Cambridge, Mass. Harrington, Mildred P., sch. In. P. L., Cleve- land. O. Harris, Lucy W., sr. asst. West Br. L., West Somerville, Mass. Harrison, Joseph Le Roy, In. Forbes L., North- ampton, Mass. Harrison, Leussler, Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boston. Mass. Hart, J. L., Card Div. L. of Congress, Wash- ington, D. C. Hartwell, Edna L., jr. asst. Br. L., West Som- erville, Mass. Hartwell, Mary A., catlgr. P. Documents Of- fice, Washington, D. C. Hartzell, Mrs. Bertha V., In. Social Service L., Boston, Mass. Haskin, Gladys R., asst. Fine Arts Div. P. L., Cleveland, O. Haskin, Grace, 1st. asst. Quincy Br. P. L., Cleveland. O. Hasse, Adelaide R., Office of Asst. Sec'y of War, Statistics Br., Washington, D. C. Hassel, Cora M., sch. In. Sr. High School L.. Concord. N. H. Hassell, Christine, asst. Circ. Dept., P. L.. Providence, R. I. Hasting-s, C. H., chief Card Section L. of Congress, Washington, D. C. Hastings, Gladys B., child. In. P. L., Somer- ville, Mass. Hatch, Elsie M.. In. P. L, Melrose, Mass. Hatch, Emma, In. McArthur L., Biddeford, Me. ATTENDANCE REGISTER 243 Hatch, Grace Linn, asst. P. L., Haverhill, Mass. Hatch, Lucretia R, In. Thayer P. L., S. Brain- tree, Mass. Hatch, Marie L.. asst. F. P. L., Newton, Mass. Hatch, Mary E., asst. In. F. P. L.. Water- town, Mass. Hatch, Ruth W., ref. In. P. L., New Bedford, Mass. Hathaway, C. Eveleen, asst. N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y. Haupt, Lura L., br. In. P. L,., Cleveland, O. Havender, Florence M., sr. asst. Tremont Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Hawes, Clara S., Allegheny Carnegie L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Hawes, Mrs. Marion Emsley, In. Sprague House Br. P. L.. Providence, H. I. Hawkes, Caira D., ref. In. P. L., Cambridge, Mass. Hawkins. Dorothy Lawson, asst. In. Dela- ware Coll. L., Wilmington. Del. Hawley, E. J. Roswell, 147 Sigourney St., Hartford, Conn. Hawley, Helen P., In. East Bridgeport Br. P. L., Bridgeport, Conn. Hayes, Christine, asst. Order Dept. P. L., Bos- ton, Mass. Hayes, Edith Bancroft, asst. In. Town L., Framingtiam, Mass. Hayes, Ellen M., asst. Br. L.. Cambridge, Mass. Hayes, Ethel Munroe, In. Tufts Coll. L., Tufts College, Mass. Hayes, Frances J., In. P. L., Holliston, Mass. Hayes, Mary, head Ref. Dept. National City Financial Library, N. Y. City. Hayes. Ruth M., asst. Tyler St. R. Rm. P. L., Boston, Mass. Haynes, Alice, asst. P. L., N. Y. City Haynes, Frances E., asst. In. Mt. Holyoke Coll L., South Hadley, Mass. Hayward, Mrs. Arthur W., 5418 Blackstone Ave., Chicago. Hayward, Mabel, sr. asst. John Crerar L., Chicago. Hazeltine, Alice L, supervisor child, work P. L., St. Louis, Mo. Hazelwood, Ethel M., catlgr. P. L., Boston, Mass. Healy, Mrs. M. A., Boston, Mass. Heath, Ethel J., In. Sheppard L. Mass. Coll. of Pharmacy, Boston, Mass. Hedden, Ruth G., State L., Boston, Mass. Hedrick, Ellen A., classifier Univ. of Cali- fornia L., Berkeley, Calif. Hedrick, S. Blanche, In. and dir, N. D. P. L. Commission, Bismarck, N. D. Heimbecker, Beatrice Witherspoon, asst. Ex- tension Div. P. L., N. Y. City. Hemphill, Helen E., In. Engineering L. Western Electric Co., N. Y. City. Henderson, Marie E., catlgr, P. L., Waltham, Mass. Henderson, Mary, In. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Henderson, Robert William, chief of Stacks P. L., N. Y. City. Herndon, Maude, acting In. P. L., Akron, O. Herr, Norma, asst. Jefferson Br. P. L., Cleve- land, Ohio. Herring, Hollis W., In. Missionary Research L., N. 'Y. City. Herron, Leonora E., In. Hampton Inst. L., Hampton, Va. Herron, Winnifred A., Dedham, Mass. Hertell, Helen D., asst. In. Coll. of Business Administration, Boston Univ., Boston, Mass. Hervey, Mary A., In. Triaclelphia District High Sch. L., Oak Park, Wheeling, W. Va. Hess, Mildred J., asst P. L., Somerville, Mass. Hession, Veronica S., asst. P. L., Boston, Mass. Hewett, Jane A., In. Morrill Mem. L., Nor- wood, Mass. Hewitt, Luther E., In. Law Assn. of Phila., Philadelphia, Pa. Hewitt, Margaret, Philadelphia. Pa. Hewins, Caroline M., In. P. L., Hartford, Conn. Hicks, Frederick C., law In. Columbia Univ. L., N. Y. City. Hicks, Mrs. Frederick C., N. Y. City. Higgins, Alice G., classifier Boston Athenae- um, Boston, Mass. Hildrath, Eugene W., law publisher, Boston, Mass. Hill, Dorothy A., asst. East 79th St. Br. P. L., Cleveland, Ohio. Hill, Edith M., In. Central High Sch. Br. P. L., Cleveland, Ohio. Hill, Frank Pierce, In. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Hill, Mrs. Frank P., Brooklyn, N. Y. Hill, Galen W., In. Millicent L., Falrhaven, Mass. Hill, Mrs. Galen W., Millicent L., Fairhaven, Mass. Hill, Grace, head Catalog Dept. P. L., Kan- sas City, Mo. Hill, Loretta A., F. W. Faxon Co., Boston, Mass. Hill, Marion, cataloging asst. P. L., Provi- dence, R. I. Hills, Dora W., In. P. L., Milton, Mass. Hilton, Helen M., asst. Br. Dept. P. L., Bos- ton, Mass. Himmelwright, Susan M., In. F. L., Wood- lawn, Pa. Hincher, Madge E., child. In. Brownsville Children's Br. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Hinckley, George Lyman, In. Redwood L., Newport, R. I. Hinkley, Ora A., In. F. P. L., Hyannis, Mass. Hinman, Katharine D., stud. N. Y. P. L. L. Sch., N. Y. City. Hinsdale, Louise G., In. F. P. L., East Orange, N. J. Hirano, Chic, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Mass. Hitt, J. M., In. State L., Olympia, Wash. Hobart, Frances, In. Gilbert Sch. L., Winsted, Conn. Hobbs, Margaret P., L. Graduate Sch. of Busi- ness Administration, Harvard Univ., Cam- bridge, Mass. Hodge, Marie A., In. P. L., Plymouth, N. H. Hodges, Nathaniel Dana Carlisle, In. P. L., Cincinnati, Ohio. Hoffman, Frederick L., Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., Newark, N. J. Hogan, Isabel S.. asst. In. Girls High Sch. Br F. P. L., Louisville, Ky. Hogan, Percy A., In. Univ. of Mo. Law L., Columbia, Mo. Holbrook, Alice A., asst. In. Thayer L., So. Braintree, Mass. Holden, Hazel N., Law Office of Guy W. Cur- rier, Esq., Boston, Mass. Hollidge, Beulah, East Milton, Mass. Holmes, Elizabeth G., State Normal Sch., Oswego, N. Yu Holt, Anna, Harvard Medical Sch. L., Bos- ton, Mass. Holt, Cora C, asst. F. L., Newton, Mass. Hooper, Blanche H., asst. In. Tmfts Coll. L., Tufts College, Mass. Hoover, Mary E., In. Superior Br. P. L., Cleve- land, Ohio. Hopkins, Alice L., asst. In. Simmons Coll. and prof. Sch. of L. Science, Boston, Mass. Hopkins, Julia Anna, prin. Training Class P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Hopper, Clara F., In. P. L., White Plains, N. Y. Hopper, Franklin F., chief of Circ. Div. P. L., N. Y. City. Home, Lulu, In. Lincoln City L., Lincoln, Neb. Horton, Eleanor, acting In. Willard L., Battle Creek, Mich. Horton, Mabel T., catlgr. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Horton, Marion L., principal L. Sch. P. L.. Los Angeles, Calif. 244 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Houghton, Cecile F., In. Qulnslgamond Br. F. P. L., Worcester, Mass. Howard, Ethel B., Marshall Jones and Co., Boston, Mass. Howe, Ernestine P., Watertown, Mass. Howe, Harriet E., asst. prof. L. Science, Sim- mons Coll. L. Sch., Boston, Mass. Hubbard, Anna G., order In. P. L., Cleveland, Ohio. Hubbell, Jane P., In. P. L., Rockford, 111. Hubbert, Frances, 1st asst. Yorkville Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Hughes, Howard L., In. F. P. L., Trenton, N. J. Hull, Carl W., asst. dir. L,. Sub-Section Hq. 1st Corps Area U. S. Army, Boston. Mass. Hull, Edna M., In. East Jr. High Sch. L., Warren, Ohio. Hunkins, Grace H., asst P. L., Haverhill Mass. Hunt, Clara Whitehill, supt. Child. Dept. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Huntington, Cornelia E., supervisor of H. L. Boston Child. Aid. Soc., Boston, Mass. Hunting, Henry R., bookseller, Springfield Mass. Hurlbert, Dorothy, In. P. L., Hibbing, Minn. Hutchins, Margaret, ref. In. and lecturer in L. Sch. Univ. of Illinois L., Urbana, 111. Hutchinson, Susan A., In. and curator of prints Brooklyn Inst. of Arts and Science Museum L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Hyde, Dorsey W., Jr., asst. manager Civic Development Dept. U. S. Chamber of Com- merce, Washington, D. C. Hyde, Mary E. instructor N. Y. State L. Sch., . Albany, N. Y. Hynes, Kathleen, asst. P. L.. Minneapolis, Minn. Ide, Mrs. Mary S., In. Fiske F. L., Claremont, N. H. Ingham, Roena A., In. P. L., Lakewood, Ohio. Ingles, May, In. High Sch. of Commerce L., Omaha, Neb. Irwin. Marie, Boston Sch. of Filing, Roxbury, Mass. Jacob, William F., In. Main L. General Elec- tric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Jacobs, Katharine, catlgr. Dept of Agric. L., Washington, D. C. James, Margaret, In. Townsend Harris Hall High Sch. L., N. Y. City. James, Susan H., In. High Sch. L., Manchester, N. H. Jamme, Anna C., dir. Bureau Registration for Nurses, State Bd. of Health, San Francisco, Calif. Jaques, Mildred N., Mt. Holyoke Coll. L., South Hadley, Mass. Jarvis, Margaret, Toledo. Ohio. Jeffers, i>eRoy. mgr. Book Order Office P. L., New York City. Jenkins, Beatrice M. G., asst. In. P. L., Dover, N. H. Jenkins, Emma M., child. In. P. L., Westmount, P. Q., Canada. Jenkins, Herbert F., Little Brown and Co., Boston, Mass. Jennings, F. W., Framingham. Mass. Jennings, Jennie Thornburg, asst. In. P. L., 8t Paul, Minn. Jeseup, W. 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McDermott, Mary E., In. White and Case, N. Y. City. MacDonald, Anna A., consulting In. L. Ex- tension Div. State L. and Museum, Harris- burg, Pa, MacDonald, Irene K., asst. P. L., Watertown, Mass. MacDonald, Jean, 4th asst. Issue Dept. P. L., Washington, D. C. MacDonough, Ann, asst. to supervisor of Branches Queens Borough P. L., N. Y. City. McDowell, Mrs. J. R., Knoxville, Tenn. McDuffee, Ruth A., asst. P. L., Somerville, Mass. McFarland, Helen M., catlgr. Kansas State Hist. Soc. L., Topeka, Kan. McGee, Fanny M., asst. Waban Br. F. L., Newton, Mass. MacGibbcn, Jean A., 1352 Beacon St., Brook- line, Mass. McGirr. Alice T., asst. ref. In. Carnegie L., Pittsburgh, Pa. McGovern, Margaret I., asst. Charlestown Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Maclnnes, William J., trus. Sawyer F. L., Gloucester, Mass. Mclntire, Elizabeth H., in charge delivery desk P. L., Salem, Mass. Maclntire, Marjorie, asst. West Roxbury Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Mackenzie. H. Gladys, Woburn, Mass. McKim, Gertrude Whiting, 25 Circle St., Marblehead, Mass. MacKinnon, E. C., 66 Sycamore Ave., Brock- ton, Mass. MacKinnon, Margaret Hunt, 1. asst. Athe- naeum L., Boston, Mass. McLaughlin, Dorothy, asst. Charlestown Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. McLaughlin, Elizabeth M., asst. P. L., Cam- bridge, Mass. McLauthlen, Jennie F., In. Frederic C. Adams P. L., Kingston, Mass. MacLean, Alberta S., child. In. P. L., Brook- lyn, N. Y. McLean, Jennie M., In. P. L., Ayer, Mass. McManis, Rumana K., Corps Area .In., Ft. McPherson, Ga. McManus, Florence E., asst. Brighton Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. McMillan, Dorothy M., catlgr. The Morris- town L., Morristown, N. J. McMillen, James A;, In. Washington Univ. L., St. Louis, Mo. McNally, Katherine, Juvenile Dept. P. L., Cambridge, Mass. McNamara, H. Katharine, Bradford Academy L., Bradford, Mass. McNiece, Mrs. Jessie Sargent, chief Circ. Dept. P. L., St. Louis, Mo. MacPherson, Ruth E., Boston Sch. of Filing, Watertown, Mass. McShane, Elizabeth H., asst. Codman Sq. Br. P. L.. Boston, Mass. McShane, Ellen C., asst. South End Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Mack, Abby C., Inst. F. L., Wilmington, Del. Mackenzie, Gladys, asst. P. L., Woburn, Mass. Macrum, Adeline, In. Tuberculosis League L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Macurdy, Theodosia Endicott, chief Ord. Dept. P. L., Boston, Mass. Maguire, Beatrice C., In. Warren St. Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Mahady, Charles Augustus, supt. of R, Rm. Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge. Mass. Mahoney, Bertha E., Bookshop for Boys and Girls, Boston, Mass. Maiden, Elizabeth, 235 Hawley Ave., Bridge- port, Conn. Maiden, Grace,, In. North End Br, P. L., Bridgeport, Conn. Maiden, Robert H., Bridgeport, Conn. ATTENDANCE REGISTER 247 Maier, Joseph A., asst. Registry Dept. P. L., Boston, Mass. Maiers, William C., Jr.. P. L., Boston, Mass. Makechine, Mabel W., br. In. P. L., Maiden, Mass. Malone, Marcella, br. In. Queens Borough P. L., Jamacia, N. Y. Manley, Marlon C.. head of Ref. Dept., P. L., Sioux City, Iowa. Mann, Alexander, pres. Board of Trus. P. L., Boston, Mass. Mann, Margaret, chief catlgr. Engineering Societies L., N. Y. City. Manning, Anna L., asst. Child. Dept. P. L., Boston, Mass. Mansur, Helene B., general asst. P. L., Man- chester, N. H. Marion, Guy E., 63 Oakwood Ave., Upper Montclair, N. J. Marple, Alice, In. Hist. Dept. of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa. Marquand, Fanny E., Ref. Catalog Dept. P. L., N. Y. City. Marron, Joseph F., In. F. P. L., Jacksonville, Fla. Marsh, Mrs. Arthur W., trus. P. L., Wor- cester, Mass. Marshall, Mabel G., asst. Foreign Dept. P. L., Providence, R. I. Marshall, Mrs. W. F., In. Mississippi State L., Jackson, Miss. Marsters, Helen L., trus. Mass. L. Club, Beverly. Mass. Martel, Charles, chief of Catalog Div. L. of Congress, Washington, D. C. Martin, Julia, asst. Ref. Dept. Syracuse Univ. L., Syracuse, N. Y. Marvin, Helen D., stud. Coll. for Women, Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, Ohio. Marx, Henry F., In. P. L., Easton, Pa. Mason, Julia A., In. P. L., Franklin, Ind. Mason, Pearl L., In. P. L., Athol, Mass. Mason, Rose E., asst. ref. In. Woodstock Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Massee, May, editor The Booklist, Chicago. Masters, Lydia W., In. P. L., Watertown, Mass. Masterson, F. Adele, 1st asst. child. In., Brownsville Child. Br. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Matheson, Orpha B., asst. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Mathews, Harry W., asst. P. L., Boston, Mass. Mathewson, Hope S., asst. Sprague House Br. P. L... Providence, R. I. Matson, Charlotte, asst. Circ. Dept. P. L., Minneapolis, Minn. Matson, Francis, asst. P. L., Minneapolis, Minn. Matthews, Etta L., asst. In. U. S. Forests Products Laboratory L., Madison Wis. Mauser, Marian, In. P. L., Bloomsburg, Pa. Maxwell, Sadie A., asst. Coll. of Bus. Ail- ministration L., Boston Univ., Boston, Mass. Mayes, Olive, In. U. S. P. Health Servico Hospital No. 49 L., Philadelphia, Pa. Mayhew, Esther M., In. West Somerville Br. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Maynard, George S., tech. In. P. L., Boston, Mass. Maynard, Mrs. Katherine, 42 Peterborough St., Boston, Mass. Meade, Charlotte H., In. St. Agnes Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Meade, Walter R., asst. Bancroft Mem. L., Hopedale, Mass. Medlicott, Mary, ref. In. City L., Spring-field, Mass. Meisel, Max, 1593 President St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Melcher, Frederic G., vice-president R. R. Bowker Co., N. Y. City. Merrick, Mrs. Catherine B., In. Wanskuck Br. P. L., Providence, R. I. Merrill, Bertha H., 23 Oak Ave., Belmont, Mass. Merrill, E. Carolyn, catlgr. P. L,., Boston, Mass. Merrill, William Stetson, head of Ref. Serv- ice Div. Newberry L., Chicago. Merritt, Ruth E., asst. F. L., Newton, Mass. Meserve, Marion J., asst. P. L,., Somerville, Mass. Messinger, Mrs. R. W., catlgr. Athenaeum L., Boston, Mass. Metcalf, Helen G., stud. Pratt Inst. Sch. of L. Science, Brooklyn, N. Y. Mettee. Andrew H., In. L. Company of Balti- more Bar, Baltimore, Md. Meyer, Herman H. B., chief bibliographer L. of Congress, Washington, D. C. Meyer, Mrs. Herman H. B., Washington, D. C. Milam, Carl H., sec'y American Library As- soc., Chicago. Miller, Edmund W., In. F. P. L., Jersey City, N. J. Miller, Mrs. Edmund W., Jersey City, N. J. Miller, Edyth L., In. Rockefeller Founda- tion, N. Y. City. Miller, Grace, In. D. A. Wells Econ. L., City L., Springfield, Mass. Miller, Mabel H., asst. P. L., Haverhill, Mass. Miller, Mary M., asst. F. L. Newton, Mass. Miller. Zana K., In. Library Bureau, Chicago. Mitchel, Alma C., In. Technical L. N. J. Pub- lic Service Corporation, Newark, N. J. Mitchell, Maud, In. Milwaukee-Downer Coll. L., Milwaukee, Wis. Moe, Gudrun, stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Al- bany, N. Y. Mohun, Anna R., stenographer L. of Con- gress, Washington, D. C. Molleson, Susan M., sr. asst. P. L., N. Y. City. Monchow, Carlina Mavis, In. F. L., Dunkirk, N. Y. Monnier, Laura L., catlgr. P. L., Attleboro, Mass. Monrad, Anna M., head catlgr. Yale Univ. L., New Haven, Conn. Moore, Alice K., ref. asst. City L., Spring- field, Mass. Moore, Eleanor L., 470 Main St., Waltham, Mass. Moore, Grace H., asst. Ref. Dept. F. P. L., Worcester, Mass. Moore, Mabel L., In. F. L., Adams, Mass. Morey, Jane, asst. P. L., Sedalia, Mo. Morse, Alice W., In. F. P. L., Edgewood, R. Morse, Carrie L., In. West Roxbury Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Morse, Helen B., asst. Radcliffe Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Morse, L. P., dir. of Research Babson Sta- tistical Organization, Wellesley Hills, Mass. Morse, Mrs. L. P., Natick, Mass. Morse, Lilla N., br. In. Coolidge Corner Br. P. L., Brookline. Maps. Morse, Stella M., asst. Ref. Dept. P. L., Kala- mazoo. Mich. Morse, Vivian J., asst. P. L., Somerville, Masa. Morton, Nellie, In. Brandywlne Br. Wilming- ton Inst. F. L., Wilmington, Del. Blotter, Murry Gait, dir. L. Service U. S. P. H. S., Washing-ton, D. C. Moulton, Mrs. GUmnn L., York Harbor, Me. Mountain, Dorothy L., asst. E. Boston Br. P. L., Boston, Mats. Mowry, Clara B., asst. In. Athenaeum L., Providence, R. I. Mudpott, Caroline, W., trus. P. L., Plymouth, N. II. Mucser, Emilie, Catalog. Dept. United Engi- neering Societies L., N. Y. City. 248 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Mulr, Dorothy D., asst Delivery Dept Har- vard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Muldoon, Mrs. John P., trus. P. L.. Melrose, Mass. Muldoon, Katherlne F., In. Allston R. Rm. P. L., Boston, Mass. Mulheron, Anne Morton, In. L. Association, Portland, Ore. Mullaney, William J., asst. P. L.. Boston, Mass. Mulvaney, Mary E., asst. P. L., Boston, Mass. Murdoch. John. 1st asst. Catalog Dept. P. L.. Boston. Mass. Murdoch, Mrs. John, Boston, Mass. Murkland, Mabelle M., In. Wyoma Br. P. L., Lynn, Mass. Murphy, Madalyn E., In. South Br. P. L., Waltham, Mass. Murray. Grace L. In. Roslindale Br. P. L., Boston. Mass. Murray, Grace M., faculty asst. Univ. of 111. L. Sen., Urbana. 111. Murry. Katherlne M., sch. In. F. P. L., Wor- cester, Mass. Musso, Florence G., P. L., Lynn, Mass. Muzxey, Helen E., 1st asst. In. Cary Mem. L., Lexington, Mass. Myrick, Virginia, F. L., Wellesley, Mass. Nachman, Selma, reviser Chicago Univ. L., Chicago. Naiman, Rachel, asst. Charlestown Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Nauer, Bertha F., F. W. Faxon Co., Boston, Mass. Nazzaro, Cecelia M., asst. North End Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Needham, Helen R., asst. West End Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Needham, Lillian M., asst. West Roxbury Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Nellis, Margaret, 2nd asst. Superior Br. P. L., Cleveland, O. Nelson, Ada M., In. Knox Coll. L.. Galesburg, 111. Nelson, Bessie E., catlgr. Yale Law Sch. L., Tale Univ., New Haven, Conn. Newcombe, Mrs. E. E., asst. P. L., Cam- bridge, Mass. Newton, Cora, State Normal Sch., Bridge- water, Mass. Newton, Elizabeth J., In. Robbins L., Arling- ton, Mass. Nichols, Albert Rodman, asst. In. P. L., Providence, R. I. Nichols, Charles L., 38 Cedar St., Worcester, Mass. Nichols, Jessie M., trus. P. L., Auburn, Mass. Nicholson, Myrtle, asst. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Nickerson, Edith R., In. Boylston Station R. Rm. P. L., Boston, Mass. Nlmms, Mary A., child. In. Superior Br. P. L., Cleveland, O. Norlie, O. M., In. Ref. L. of Lutheran Bureau, N. Y. City. Noyes. Charlotte G., Jackson Laboratory L., E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Wil- mington, Del. Noyes, Lois P., In. Peabody L., Georgetown, Mass. Noyes, Sara E., asst. Mass. State L., Boston, Mass. Nute Ethel M., asst. Simmons Coll. L., Bos- ton, Mass. Nutting, George E., In. P. L.. Fitchburg, Mass. Nutting, Raymond E., 93 Payson St., Fitch- burg, Mass. Nylen, Astrid, Greendale Br. P. L., Worces- ter, Mass. Nylen, Viola A., Jr. asst. Greendale Br. P. L., Worcester, Mass. Oakley, Sylvia, asst. Deposits Dept. P. L., Chicago. Oberly, Eunice Rockwood, In. Bureau of Plant Industry, Dept. of Agric., Washing- ton, D. C. O'Connor. Rose A., hospital In. F. L., Sioux City, la. O'Donaghue, Marie E., sr. asst. P. L., N. Y. City. O'Keefe, Mary C., asst. P. L., Chelsea, Mass. Olcott, Emma McElroy, In. Prospect Br. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Oldham. Annie J., asst General Ref. Dept. P. L., Cleveland, Ohio. Oliver, Elsey G., Greendale Br. P. L., Wor- cester, Mass. Orcutt Alice B., asst. Jamaica Plain Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Osborn, Lyman P., trus. Peabody Inst. L., Peabody, Mass. Osborn, Mrs. Lyman P., member L. Com- mittee Peabody Institute L., Peabody, Mass. Osborne, Florence M., head catlgr. P. L., Lynn, Mass. Osborne, Lucy Eugenia, head catlgr. Williams Coll. L., Williamstown, Mass. Osborne, Ruth E., asst In. P. L., Amesbury, Mass. O'Sullivan, Mary I., head catlgr. Bryn Mawr Coll. L., Bryn Mawr, Pa, Overfield, Mrs. C. P. dir. L. Board P. L,, Salt Lake City, Utah. Overton, Florence, supervisor of branches P. L., N. Y. City. Owens, Alpha L., prof, of French, Baker Univ. Baldwin City, Kan. Packard, Hope, asst. Morrlll Mem. L., Nor- wood, Mass. Paine, Fantlne, asst. Child. Dept. P. L., Provi- dence, R. I. Paine, Paul M., In. P. L., Syracuse, N. Y. Palmer, Alice W., trus. P. L., Holliston, Mas?. Palmer, E. Lucille, ref. asst. Adelbert Coll. L., Cleveland, O. Palmer, Mrs. Harriet L., asst In. and catlgr. James Blackstone Mem. L., Branford, Conn. Palmer, M. E., 344 West 72nd St, N. Y. City. Palmer, Mary Bell, sec'y and treas. N. C. L. Commission, Raleigh, N. C. Pancoast, Edith F., P. L., Bridgeport, Conn. Paramino, Adeline, asst Uphams Corner Br. P. L.. Boston, Mass. Parham, Nellie E., In. Withers P. L., Bloom- ington. 111. Parker, Mrs. E. W., asst. P. L., Maiden, Mass. Parker, Glen, mgr. L. Dept. Baker and Tay- lor Co., N. Y. City. Parker, Mrs. Glen, N. Y. City. Parker, Grace H., In. Middlesex Law L. Assn., Cambridge, Mass. Parker, John, In. Peabody Inst., Baltimore, Md. Parker, Julia P., asst. Child. Rm. P. L., Brook- line, Mass. Parker, Mary C., chief of Files Div., Federal Reserve Bank, N. Y. City. Parker, Phebe, catlgr. Brown Univ. L., Provi- dence, R. I. Parlin, Charles C., research mgr. Curtis Pub. Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Parsons, John D., In. P. L., Newburyport Mass. Partch, Isa L., In. Osius Br. P. L., Detroit Mich. Partenhemer, Louise S., In. Carnegie P. L., Turners Falls, Mass. Partridge, Blanche E.,. teacher, Boston Sch. of Filing, Boston, Mass. Patrick, Maud Irene, asst. P. L., Norfolk, Va. Patterson, Edith, In. F. P. L., Pottsville, Pa. Paulmier, Hilah, sr. asst. Tremont Br. P. L., N. Y. City. ATTENDANCE REGISTER 249 Payne, Esther Brooks, eupt Primary and Jr. Sunday Sch. Work First Congregational Church, Cambridge, Mass. Peacock, Mabel H., In. Carnegie L., Oklahoma City, Okla. Pearson, Mary Keeling, In. Sterling Br. P. L., Cleveland, O. Peaslee, Mildred J., asst. In. P. L., Franklin, N. H. Peavey, Leroy D., Vice Pres. Babson Statistical Organization, Wellesley Hills, Mass. Peck, Hilda C. 8., In. Boston Psychopathic Hospital L., Boston, Mass. Peers, Esther, asst. Ref. Dept. Univ. of Mich. L., Ann Arbor, Mich. Pendleton, Edith F.. In. Andrew Sq. R, Rm. P. L., Boston, Mass. Perkins, Elizabeth, asst Hough Br. P. L., Cleveland, O. Perkins, May W., In. P. I*, Nahant, Mass. Perley, Bertha, In. P. L., Boxford, Mass. Perrine, Mrs. E. C., asst. P. L,., Somerville, Mass. Perry, Everett Robbins, In. P. L.., Los Angeles, Calif. Perry, Gertrude, Mass. Inst. of Tech., Cam- bridge, Mass. Pert, Minnie W., asst. State L., Boston, Mass. Peterkin, Gertrude D., In. Legal Dept. Am. Telephone and Telegraph Co. L., N. Y. City. Peters.Louise M., catlgr. Irving Nat'l Bank L., N Y. City. Pettee, * Juliaj head catlgr. Union Theological Sem. L., N. Y. City. Petterson, Esther L., sr. asst. Gray Br. P. L., Detroit Mich. Peugh, Mrs. J. Winfield, trus. P. L., Waltham, Mass. Phail, Edith, In. Scovill Mfg. Co. L., Water- bury, Conn. Phelan, Jonn F., chief of Branches P. L., Chicago. Phelan, John, Jr., Chicago. Phillips, LeRoy, publisher, Boston, Mass. Phillips, Mary L. S., 2316 Ave. J., Brooklyn, N. Y. Phinney, Alice Preston, asst. In. Frost P. L., Winthrop, Mass. Phipps, Gertrude, catlgr. Univ. of Calif. L., Berkeley, Calif. Pickett, Amelia T., In. Dimmick Mem. L., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Pierce, Anne, In. Carnegie L., Charlotte, N. C. Pierce. Marian Marshall, Tampa, Fla. Pierce, T. Raymond, trus. F. L., Wellesley, Mass. Pillsbury, Mary B., catlgr. Vassar Coll. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Pillsbury, Mary M., In. General Theological L., Boston, Mass. Piper, Grace W., 77 Broomfield St., Boston, Mass. Plaisted, Jessie M., asst. Roslindale Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Plasman, Helen L., head Shelf Div. P. L., Cleveland, O. Plummer, Alice R., br. In. P. L., Salem, Mass. Pockman, Eleanor A., sr. asst. Tompkins. Sq. Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Pokrul, A., Sch. of Filing, Boston, Mass. Poland, Myra, In. Osterhout F. L., Wilkes Barre, Pa. Pollock, Mary H., ref. In. P. L., Salem, Mass. Pomeroy, Elizabeth, In. U. S. P. H. S. Hos- pital L., Chicago. Pomeroy, Phebe G., In. Lakewood High Sch., Lakewood, O. Pond, Elizabeth Maltby, In. Stevens Mem. L., North Andover, Mass. Pond, Martha T., Br. In. P. L., Salem, Mass. Poole, Franklin Osborne, In. Assoc. of the Bar L.. N. Y. City. Pope, Ethel M., asst. F. L., Newton, Mass. Post, Orpha L., child. In. Carnegie West Br. P. L., Cleveland, O. Potter, Mrs. Frederick W., In. Mills Coll. L., Mills College P. O., Calif. Potts, Marian E., Corps In. Third Corps Area, Fort Howard, Md. Power, Erne L., head Child. Dept P. L., Cleveland, O. Power, Leonore, In. in charge Central Child. Rm. P. L., N. Y. City. Powers, Charles A., 43 Federal St., Boston, Mass. Powers, William H., In. So. Dak. Agric. Coll. L., Brookings, S. D. Pratt, Adelene J., In. Manual Training High Sch. L., Kansas City, Mo. Pratt, Anne S., sr. asst Univ. of Calif. L., Berkeley, Calif. Pratt, Mary B., br. In. F. P. L., Louisville, Ky. Preston, Charles H., trus. Peabody Inst., Dan- vers, Mass. Pretlow, Mary Denson, In. and sec'y P. L., Norfolk, Va. Price, Anna M., sec'y 111. L. Extension Com., Springfield, 111. Price, Christine, In. in charge of Williams Coll. L., Williamstown, Mass. Price, Franklin H., Binding and Exchanges F. L., Philadelphia, Pa. Prim, Mary Elizabeth, asst. P. L., Boston, Mass. Pritchard, Martha C., head of L. Dept. Detroit, Teachers' Coll., Detroit, Mich. Proctor, Lucy B., In. Gilbert Sch. L., Win- sted. Conn. Prouty, Edythe A., supervisor L. Stations P. L., Cleveland, O. Prouty, Gratia L., acting In. Western Elec- tric Co., N. Y. City. Prouty, Louise, In. Main Bldg. P. L., Cleve- land, O. Pulling, Arthur C., In. Univ. of Minn. Law Sch., Minneapolis, Minn. Pulsifer, Pauline F., catlgr. P. L., Haverhill, Mass. Putnam, Bernice F., general asst. P. L., Walt- ham, Mass. Putnam, Elizabeth G., child In. P. L., Salem, Mass. Putnam, Herbert, In. L. of Congress, Wash- ington, D. C. Quimby, Cora A., In. P. L., Winchester, Mass. Quinn, Gertrude M., asst P. L., Chelsea, Mass. Rabardy, Etta L., Manchester, Mass. Racine, Angeline M., jr. asst. P. L. Worcester, Mass. Rae, Robina, In. Am. Red Cross L., Washing- ton, D. C., Ramsdell, Mrs. Sherman R., Milton, Mass. Ranck, Samuel H., In. P. L., Grand Rapids, Mich. Randall, Eleanor A., jr. asst P. L., Somer- ville, Mass. P.aney, M. L., In. Johns Hopkins Univ. L., Baltimore, Md. Rankin, George W. In. P. L., Fall River, Mass. Rankin, Helen M., chief Municipal Ref. Div. F. L., Philadelphia, Pa. Rankin, Lois, child. In. P. L., Maiden, Mass. Rankin, Rebecca B., In. Municipal Ref. L., N. Y. City. Rathbone, Georgia W., In. Y. W. C. A. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Rathbone, Josephine A., vice-director Sch. of L. Science Pratt Inst., Brooklyn, N. Y. Rawlins, Mary S., 1st asst Hamilton Grange Br. P. L., N. Y. City. 250 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Rawson, Fannie C., sec'y Ky. L. Commission, Frankfort, Ky. Raymond, Marita W., P. L., Lynn, Mass. Read, Carrie E., In. Barre Town L., Barre, Mass. Read, Jennie M., child. In. City L., Manchester, N. H. Reardon, John H., information office P. L., Boston, Mass. Redstone, Edward H., In. State L., Boston, Mass. Reece, Ernest J., principal L. Sch. of the N. Y. P. L., N. Y. City. Reed, Bessie J., In. Fairmont High Sch. L., Fairmont, W. Va. Reed, Mrs. Elizabeth T., In. Dorchester Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Reed, Elizabeth W, child. In. Thomas Crane P. L., Quincy, Mass. Reed, Jennie M., br. In. Carnegie L., Pitts- burgh, Pa. Reed, Jessie E., In. Sheridan Br. P. L., Chi- cago. Reed, Lois A., In. Bryn Mawr Coll. L., Bryn Mawr, Pa. Reed, Margaret, P. L., Fitchburg, Mass. Reich, Pauline, In. Carnegie West Br. P. L., Cleveland, O. Reid, Margaret H., In. Mt. Pleasant R. Rm. P. L., Boston, Mass. Reinhbehl, Irene, Sch. of Filing, Boston, Mass. Reis, Annie, asst. Codman Sq. Br. P. L., Bos- ton, Mass. Reissman, Gertrude, In. Eastman Kodak Co. L., Rochester, N. Y. Reiter, Eudora C., Miamisburg, O. Reiter, Miriam B., trus. P. L., Miamisburg, O. Reque, Anna C., In. American Scandinavian Foundation L., N. Y. City. Rex, Ethel M., asst. P. L., Watertown, Mass. Reynolds, Alice, asst. Harvard Coll. L., Cam- bridge, Mass. Reynolds, Marion E., br. In. P. L., Kalamazoo, Mich. Rhodes, Annah L., P. L., Lynn, Mass. Rhodes, Isabella K., ref. asst. N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y. Rice, Edith C., child. In. Rabbins L., Arling- ton, Mass. Rice, Ella P. M., 45 Harrison St., Pawtucket, R. I. Rice, Mrs. George T., State Reformatory for Women, Framingham, Mass. Rice, John W., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Al- bany, N. Y. Rice, Paul North, chief Preparation Div. Ref. Dept. P. L., N. Y. City. Rich, Burdett A., Lawyers Co-op. Pub. Co., Rochester, N. Y. Richards, Elizabeth M., 1st asst. Coll. for Women L., Western Reserve Univ., Cleve- land, O. Richards, Mrs. Helen M., asst. Vt. F. P. L. Commission, Montpelier, Vt. Richardson, Aleita A., enterer, Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Richardson, Elizabeth, asst. State L., Boston, Mass. Richmond, Lucy C., head Del. Dept. City L. Assoc., Springfield, Mass. Richmond, Sylvia B., Chelsea, Mass. Ries, Donna L, classifier P. L., Cleveland, O. Riggs, Henrietta 6., head catlgr. Card Div. L. of Congress, Washington, D. C. Riggs, Mary E., 131 Maryland Ave,. N. E., Washington, D. C. Riley, Mary E., asst. West End Br. P. L., Bos- ton, Mass. Ripley, Helen M., asst. P. L., Boston, Mass. Rippier, Maude, In. Operations L. Federal Power Commission, Interior Bldg., Washing- ton, D. C. Rltter. Clement V., bookseller, Chicago. Robbins, Jessie A., Jr. asst. Catalog Dept. P. L., Cleveland, O. Robbins, Mary Esther, principal L. Instruction R. I. Coll. of Education L., Providence, R. I. Robbins, Pamelia F., Fal mouth, Mass. Roberts, Blanche C., vice and child. In. P. L., Columbus. O. Roberts, Mrs. Blanche W., In. Bates Coll. L., Lewlston, Me. Roberts, Ethel D., In. Wellesley Coll. L., Wellesley, Mass. Roberts, Etta M., In. P. L., Wheeling, W. Va. Roberts, Flora B., In. P. L., Kalamazoo, Mich.' Robertson, Cora D., In. Class Journal Co. L., N. Y. City. Robertson, Florence R., In. of Branches P. L., Hartford, Conn. Robinson, Emily, ref. In. P. L., Maiden, Mass. Robinson, Florence A., asst. In. P. L., Middle- boro. Mass. Robinson, Gertrude H., volunteer City Hos- pital L., Boston, Mass. Robinson, Helen P.. Antrim, N. H. Robinson, Julia A., sec'y Iowa L. Commission, Des Moines, Iowa. Robinson, L. M., In. Philadelphia Divinity Sch., Philadelphia, Pa. Robinson, Marguerite, In. State Normal Sch. L., Cortland, N. Y. Robinson, Emily, In. State Normal Sch. L., Bloomsburg, Pa. Robson, Gertrude E., asst. In. John Carter Brown L., Providence, R. I. Rock, Katharine H., asst. In. Skidmore Sch. of Arts L., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Rockwell, Helen E., organizer L. Extension Div. State L. and Museum, Harrlsburg, Pa. Roeder, Alice E., In. P. L., Wyomissing, Pa. Roehrig, Ruth, asst. F. P. L., Pottsville, Pa. Rogan, Katherine S., In. Charlestown Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Rogers, A. Frances, asst. P. L., Boston, Mass. Rogers, Katharine B., ref. In. N. J. State L., Trenton, N. J. Rolland, Anna P., In. P. L., Dedham, Mass. Rollins, Mary H., catlgr. P. L., Boston, Mass. Ronan, Elizabeth C., asst P. L., Bridgeport, Conn. Rooney, Margaret V., asst. Brighton Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Roos, Jean C., In. Rice Jr. High Sch. L., Cleve- land, O. Root, Azariah Smith, In. Oberlin Coll. L., Ober- lln, O. Root, Gertrude Fison, Maiden, Mass. Root, Marion Metcalf, asst. Ref. Catalog Div. P. L., N. Y. City. Root, Mrs. Mary E. S., child. In. P. L., Provi- dence, R. I. Roper, Eleanor, 63 Jamaica Ave., Flushing, N. Y. Ropes, Bessie P., In. Peabody Inst. L., Dan- vers, Mass. Rose, Alice L., In. Nat'l City Financial L., N. Y. City. Rose, Ernestine, In. 135th St. Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Rose, Grace Delphlne, In. P. L., Des Moines, la. Ross, Cecil A., Harvard Univ. L., Cambridge, Mass. Ross, Elizabeth P., In. Codman Sq. Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Ross, Marjorie, In. Western XJniv. L., London, Ont, Canada. Rothrock, Mary U., In. Lawson McGhee L., Knoxville, Tenn. Rowe, Alice T., ref. In. P. L., Bridgeport, Conn. Rowe, Helen A., catlgr. Coll. L., Tufts Col- lege, Mass. Rowe, Mlltanna, head In. Md. State Coll. L., College Park, Md. Rowell, Warren C., vice-pres. The H. W. Wil- son Co., N. Y. City. Rowell, Mrs. Warren C.. N. Y. City. ATTENDANCE REGISTER 251 Ruckteshler. N. Louise, In. Guernsey Mem. L. and David N. Follett Mem. Law L., Nor- wich, N. Y. Rugg, Harold Goddard, asst. In. Dartmouth Coll. L.. Hanover, N. H. Runner. Emma A., asst Cornell Univ. L., Ithaca, N. Y, Rupp, Julia, In. LaSalle Extension Univ. L., Chicago. Rush, Charles E., In. P. L., Indianapolis, Ind. Russel, C. A., trus. Sawyer F. L., Gloucester, Mass. Russell, Etta Lois, asst. In. P. L., Cambridge, Mass. Russell, Florence, ref. In. F. P. L., New Haven, Conn. Russell, Mary E., child. In. Walker Br. P. L., Minneapolis, Minn. Rust, Marion S., asst. Preparation Div. P. L., N. Y. City. Ryan, Anna M., asst. In. Supreme Court Law L., Buffalo. N. Y. Ryan, Frances V., 153 Normal Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. Ryder, Godfrey, pres. trus. P. L., Maiden, Mass. Ryder, Mabel H., In. Upper Falls Br. L., New- ton, Mass. Rymer, Mrs. Anne J., Rivington St. Br. P. L., N. Y. City. St. Clalr, Alma G., In. Jefferson Br. F. P. L., Louisville, Ky. Sampson, Harold R., Library Bureau, Chi- cago. Sanborn, Alice Evelyn, In. "Wells Coll. L., Aurora, N. Y. Sanborn, Bernice S. ( Worcester, Mass. Sanborn, Henry Nichols, In. P. L., Bridgeport, Conn. Sanborn, William F., In. P. L., Cadillac, Mich. Sanders, Nannie G., catlgr. Nat'l City Finan- cial L., N. Y, City. Sanderson, Edna M., vice dir. N. Y. State L. Sch.. Albany, N. Y. Sanderson, Fannie A., trus. P. L., Littleton, Mass. Sanford, Alexandra R., child. In. P. L., Brook- line, Mass. SanJel, Isidoro, asst Bureau of Science L., Ma- nila, P. I. Sargent, Abby L., In. P. L., Medford, Mass. Sather, Katrina M., In.' Roxbury Crossing R. Rm. P. L., Boston, Mass. Sather, Ruth B., asst Codman Sq. Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Saunders, Ella M., In. Eckhardt Park Br. P. L., Chicago. Saville, Catherine, br. In. Thomas Crane P. L., Quincy, Mass. Sawyer, Annie F., in charge Bradford Br. P. L.. Haverhill, Mass. Sawyer, Elizabeth M., asst. to supervisor of Smaller Branches and High Sch. Ls., P. L., Cleveland, O. Sawyer, Mrs. Harriet P., principal St Louis L. Sch. P. L., St. Louis, Mo. Sawyer, Rollin A., Jr., P. L., N. Y. City. Saxe, Mary S., In. P. L., Westmount, P. Q., Canada Saxton, Mary Lucina, In. P. L., Keene, N. H. Sayers, Alfred H. P., P. L., Cleveland, O. Sayre, Ethel F., catlgr. Rochester Theological Sem. L., Rochester, N. Y. Schwab, Marion F., child. In. DeKalb Br. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Schwamb, Amy E., catlgr. Simmons Coll. L., Boston, Mass. Scoff, Theodora B., asst. Tyler St R. Rm. P. L., Boston, Mass. Scott, Lillian C., asst. Cambridge Field Br. P. L., Cambridge, Mass. Sears, George B., trus, Peabody Inst, Dan- vers. Maes. Seaver, William N., In. P. L.. Woburn, Mass. Secombe, Annabell C., In. F. L., Milford, N. H. Seibel, Edith, asst. Coll. of Liberal Arts L., Boston, Univ., Boston, Mass. Selden, Elizabeth C., br. In. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Service, Marion R., In. Henry M. Utley Br. P. L., Detroit, Mich. Settle, George Thomas, In. F. P. L., Louisville, Ky. Settle, Mrs. George T., care F. P. L., Louis- ville, Ky. Sewall, Florence, 99 Emerson St, Melrose, Mass. Sharp, Dallas Lore, Boston Univ., Boston, Mass. Sharp, Mrs. Dallas Lore, Boston, Mass. Shattuck, Helen B., In. Vt. Univ. L., Burling- ton, Vt. Shattuck, Ruth, child. In. F. P. L., Newton, Mass. Shattuck, Willard I., Boston Univ., Boston, Mass. Shaw, Charles B., N. C. Coll. for Women, Greensboro, N. C. Shaw, Gertrude M., asst. Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Shaw, Robert K., In. F. P. L., Worcester. Mass. Shaw, Mrs. Robert K., F. P. L., Worcester, Mass. Shearer, Augustus H., In. Grosvenor L., Buf- falo. N. Y. Shedd, Mary M., asst. Ord. Div. P. L., N. Y. City. Sheldon, Louise E., 1st asst. P. L., Melrose, Mass. Shellenberger, Grace, In. P. L., Davenport, la. Shepard, Alice, asst. In. City L., Springfield, Mass. Sheridan, Anna K., P. L., Hopkinton, Mass. Sheridan, Margaret A., In. South End Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Sheridan, Mary C., asst. P. L., Boston, Mass. Sherman, Mrs. B. B. H., Newport, R. I. Sherman, Edith E., Catalog Dept P. L., Cam- bridge, Mass. Sherman, Susan H., child. In. People's L., New- port, R. I. Sherrard, Mary C., In. League Island Naval Hospital L., U. S. Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pa. Shields, Ethel A., Eastman Kodak Co., Roches- ter, N. Y. Shirley, Elizabeth, Harvard Univ. Business L., Cambridge, Mass. Shoemaker, Charles C., manager Penn. Pub- lishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Sholtz, Mary L., child. In. F. P. L., Newton, Mass. Shore, Mrs. Edwin W., asst. F. P. L., Newton, Mass. Shuler, Clara, In. P. L., Miamisburg, O. Shute, Abby B., In. F. P. L., Auburn, Mass. Signor, Nelle M., In. Hist and Political Sci- ence L. Univ. of 111., Urbana, 111. Sill, Nellie G., catlgr. Museum of Arts L., Cleveland, O. Simpson, Medora, Chelsea, Maes. Sinclair, Margaret E., asst. P. L., Boston. Mass. Singer, Clara A., tech. In. Edison Lamp Works, Harrison, N. J. Singleton, Mabel A., In. Newton Highlands, Br. P. L., Newton, Mass. Singley, Louise, In. U. S. P. Health Service Hospital, Fort Bayard, N. Mex. Sippelf, Margaret, asst. Extension Dept P. L., Rochester, N. Y. Skinner, Winnifred E., In. High Sch. L., Pasa- dena, Calif. Slocun, E. B., trus. L., Everett, Mass. Sloog, Maurice (correspondent of the Biblio- thgque d'Art et d'Archeologie, Paris, France), N. Y. City. 252 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Sloog, Mrs. Maurice, N. T. City. ' Slosson, Edwin E., editor, Science Service, Washington, D. C. Small, A. J., law and legislative ref. In. la. State L., Des Moines, la. Smith. Mrs. A. F. W., br. In. Bancroft Mem. L., So. Hopedale, Mass. Smith, Barbara H., In. Lev! Heywood L., Gardner, Mass. Smith, Bessie Sargeant, supervisor of Branches P. L., Cleveland, O. Smith, Charles D., trus. P. L,., Haverhill, Mass. Smith, Claribel H., In. Hampden County Law L., Springfield, Mass. Smith, Edith H., child. In. P. L., Dedham, Mass. Smith, Edith L., asst. In. Mbrristown L., Mor- ristown, N. J. Smith, Elizabeth M., head Ord. Sec. N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y. Smith, Elva S., catlgr. and annotator of Child. Books, Carnegie L., and instructor in Car- negie L. Sen., Pittsburgh, Pa. Smith, Esther A., head catlgr. Univ. of Mich. L., Ann Arbor, Mich. Smith, Faith Edith, principal Sch. and Teach- ers' Dept. P. L., Los Angeles, Calif. Smith, George Dana, In. Fletcher F. L., Bur- lington, Vt. Smith, Gladys Sands, 1334 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass. Smith, Jennie M., In. P. L., Waterville, Me. Smith, Jessamine M., In. P. L., South Man- chester, Conn. Smith, Lida M., Wellsville, O. Smith, Lillian H., head Child. Dept. P. L., Toronto, Ont., Canada. Smith, M. Pansy, L. Dept. Ginn & Co., Bos- ton, Mass. Smith, Martha Putnam, In. P. L., Beverly, Mass. Smith, Mellie Morris, In. Toledo Univ. L., To- ledo, O. Smith, Nellie M., asst. In. Dyer L., Saco, Me. Smith, Raymah H., 1st asst. P. L.. Waltham, Mass. Snodgrass, Isabella Stirling, In. in charge Mu- sic Dept. L., H. Sophie Newcomb Coll., New Orleans, La. Snook, Vera J., In. Reddick's L., Ottawa, 111. Snow, Edith N., asst. Coll. of Liberal Arts, Boston, Univ., Boston, Mass. Snow, Kathleen M., In. Mem. L., Millinocket, Me. Snushall, Mrs. Mary McL., P. L., Lynn, Mass. Snyder, Abraham, curator Pub. Catalog P. L., Boston. Mass. Snyder, Fanny, In. P. L., Peru, 111. Snyder, Mary B., Bethlehem Ship Building Corp., Ltd., Bethlehem, Pa. Sohier, Elizabeth P., trus. P. L., and member Mass. F. P. L. Com., Beverly, Mass. Solberg, Thorvald, register of Copyrights, L. of Congress, Washington, D. C. Sornbarger, Harriet B., In. Bancroft Mem. L., Hopedale, Mass. Spaulding, Jean, child. In. P. L. Leomuister, Mass. Spear, Dorothy B., In. East Somerville Br. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Spence, Mary A., trus. Mem. L., Rockland, Mass. Sperry, Helen, In. Silas Bronson L., Wlater- bury, Conn. Spofford, Mrs. Edith F., In. Bureau of Mines L., Washington, D. C. Spofford, Mrs. Lucinda Field, In. P. L., At- tleboro, Mass. Spofford, Walter R., In. Univ. Club L.. Chi- cago. Sprague, Mrs. Beatrice Putnam, In. F. P. L., Uxbridge, Mass. Spring, Chester C., trus. L., Wellesley, Mass. Springall, Lizzie S., In. Town L., Dexter. Me. Stanford, Kathryne M., acting In. Agric. L. Pennsylvania State Coll., State College, Pa. Stearns, Helen H., Harvard Coll. L., Cam- bridge, Mass. Stebbins, Howard L., In. Social Law L., Bos- ton, Mass. Stebbins, Mary F., In. Empire Jr. High Sch. L., Cleveland, O. Stechert, F. C., pres. F. C. Stechert Co., Inc. booksellers, N. Y. City. Steele, Elizabeth K., In. F. P. L., Loraln, O. Steiner, Bernard C., In. Enoch Pratt F. L., Baltimore, Md. Stelle, Helen Virginia, In. P. L., Tampa, Fla. Stephens, Ruth E., Branford, Conn. Stephenson, Albert L., In. P. L., Hingham, Mass. Sterling, Paul, trus. P. L., Melrose, Mass. Stetson, Willis Kimball, In. F. P. L., New Haven, Conn. Stevens, Alice V., asst. P. L., Boston, Mass. Stevens, W. H., 30 Federal St., Boston, Mass. Stewart, Charlotte E., P. L., Cambridge, Mass. Stewart, Edna Stowe, instructor, Syracuse Univ. L. Sch., Syracuse, N. Y. Stewart, Irene, ref. In. Carnegie L., Pitts- burgh, Pa. Stewart,- Kate L, In. Lawrence Mem. L., Bristol, Vt. Stewart, Lavina, catlgr. Grinnell Coll. L., Grinnell, la. Stickney, Marion, Nat'l Child Welfare Assn., N. Y. City. Stingley, Grace, In. P. L., Rochester, Ind. Stokeley, Hattie E., asst. In. Washington Heights Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Stone, Esther M., P. L., N. Y. City. Stone, Nellie A., asst Hyde Park Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Stowell, Muriel D., Page West Br. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Stratton, M. Louise, In. Social L., Hollis, N. H. Stratton, Ruth H., Woburn, Mass. Streight, Laura A., asst. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Strohm, Adam, In. P. L., Detroit, Mich. Stuart, Mrs. Charles B., LaFayette, Ind. Stuart, Louise, Newton, Mass. Stuart, Theresa C., 1. organizer Me. L. Com., Augusta, Me. Stuart, Mrs. Thomas Arthur, LaFayette, Ind. Sullivan, Alice, asst Northeast Br. P. L., Kansas City, Mo. Sullivan, Loraine A., Somerville, Mass. Sullivan, S. E., Art Metal Construction Co., Boston, Mass. Sumner, Clarence W., In. P. L., Sioux City, la. Sutherland, Vernette, catlgr. P. L., N. Y. City. Sutliff, Mary Louisa, instructor L. Sch. of the N. Y. P. L., N. Y. City. Svedberg, Vera G., asst. Greendale Br. P. L., Worcester, Mass. Swain, Mary P., In. Jamaica Plain Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Swallow, Archie W., Dunstable, Mass. Swallow, Lizzie A., In. P. L., Dunstable, Mass. Sweet, Blanche G., In. General Electric Co. L., Boston Mass. Sweet, Maud C., In. Horatio Lyon Mem. L., Monson. Mass. Sweetser, Anna M., Worcester, Mass. Swett, Ruth L., child. In. West Somerville Br. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Swift Lindsay, editor Library Publications, P. L., Boston, Mass. Sydnor, Nancy W., Richmond, Va. Sykes, W. J., chief In. Carnegie P. L., Ottawa, Canada. Symonds, Mildred E., asst. P. L., Salem, Mass. ATTENDANCE REGISTER 253 Taggart Anne Van Cleve, In. The Bennett Sch., Millbrook, N. Y. Tanck, Lisette, asst. Warren St. Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Taylor, Alice M., chief Periodical Dept. L. Assoc., Portland, Ore. Taylor. E. Mae, In. Philadelphia Electric Co. L,., Philadelphia, Pa. Taylor, Jennie C., Brookline, Mass. Taylor, Jessie M., In. Parkland Br. F. P. L., Louisville, Ky. Taylor, Mrs. Laura A., In. P. L., Saugus, Mass. Taylor, Louise M., Essex Inst, Salem, Mass. Taylor, Lucien Edward, Catalog Dept. P. L., Boston, Mass. Teal, William, supt. of Delivery John Crerar L., Chicago. Temple, Truman R., In. Thomas Crane P. L., Quincy, Mass. Tenney, Mary A., Catalog Dept. P. L., Boston Mass. Terry, Marion C., asst. Hamilton Fish Park Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Thacker, Marjorle E., In. P. L., Littleton, Mass. Thayer, Edna, In. North End Br. P. L., Providence, R. I. Thayer, Gordon W., In. John G. White Col- lection P. L., Cleveland, O. Thayer, Helen M., Ord. Dept. P. L., Brook- line, Mass. Thomas, Edith, in charge L. Extension Serv- ice Univ. of Mich. General L., Ann Arbor, Mich. Thomas, Josephine H., supervisor, Child. Work F. P. L., New Haven, Conn. Thompson, Anna E., head Extension and Lending Dept. P. L., Syracuse, N. Y. Thompson, C. Seymour, In. P. L., Savannah, Ga. Thompson, Dorothy Avery, asst. Parliament Bldgs. Br. P. L., Toronto, Ont., Canada. Thompson, Elizabeth H., 1st asst. Catalog Dept P. L., Toledo. O. Thompson, Grace W., F. P. L., Needham, Mass. Thome, Elizabeth G., asst. In. Syracuse Univ. L., Syracuse, N. Y. Thornton, Mildred L., asst. Wanskuck Br. P. L., Providence, R. I. Thuman, Jane Ellis, child. In. F. P. L., New Bedford, Mass. Thurber, Samuel, English Dept. Newton Tech. High Sch., Newtonville, Mass. Thureton, Elizabeth Peabody, West Newton, Mass. Thurston, Elsie R., asst. P. L., Brockton, Mass. Thurston, Mary Davis, In. and trus., P. L., Leicester, Mass. Tllden, Edith S., asst. P. L., Milton. Mass. Tilton, Edward L., architect, 62 Vanderbilt Ave., N. Y. City. Tilton, Mrs. Edward L., 113 S. Third, Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Timmerman, Hazel B., child. In. P. L., Kansas City, Mo. Tint, Virginia M., asst. Boylston St. R. Rm. P. L., Boston, Mass. Titcomb, Mary Lemist, In. Washington Coun- ty F. L., Hagerstown, Md. Titus, Ella A., supervisor in Catalog Dept. Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Tobias, Ella F., 1st asst. Catalog Dept. P. L., Cleveland, O. Tobin, Anna E., asst. Mt. Pleasant R. Rm. P. L., Boston, Mass. Tobitt, Edith, In. P. L,, Omaha, Neb. Toohy, Margaret L., asst. P. L., Cambridge, Mass. Torrance, Mary, In. P. L., Muncie, Ind. Tourtellot, Harriet A., P. L., Providence, R. Towle, Olive E., F. L., Newton, Mass. Towner, Hon. H. M., congressman from Iowa, Washington, D. C. Toy, Mary C., child. In. P. L., Boston, Mass. Tracy, Angle E., asst. In. Parlin Mem. L., Everett, Mass. Tracy, Doris M., F. L., Newton, Mass. Tracy, Eleanor F., asst In. Hampton Inst L., Hampton, Va. Tripp, George H., In. F. P. L., New Bedford, Mass. Trull, Bertha P., Mass. Inst of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. Tuck, Alice C., P. L., Lynn, Mass. Tucker, Ethelyn, In. Arnold Arbortum L., Jamaica Plain, Mass. Tucker, Martha H., In. Steep Falls L., Steep Falls, Me. Tucker, Mildred M., in charge cataloging Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Tufts, Percy H., asst. Harvard Coll. L., Cam- bridge, Mass. Turner. Elizabeth T., 1st asst. Extension Div. N. Y. P. L., Staten Island Office, Thomp- kinsville, S. I. Turner, Ethel M., catlgr. Mass. State L., Boston, Mass. Turner, F. E., Museum Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. Turner, Harriet P., In. P. L., Kewanee, 111. Turner, Isabel McC., In. F. L., Allentown, Pa. Turvill, Helen, instructor Univ. of Wis. L. Sch.. Madison, Wis. Tutt, Virginia M., In. P. L., South Bend. Ind. Tuttle, Winifred, in charge open shelf room, City L., Manchester, N. H. Tweedell, Edward D., asst. In. John Crerar L., Chicago. Tweedell, Mrs. Edward D., Chicago. Tyler, Alice S., dir. Western Reserve Univ. L. Sch., Cleveland, O. Udln, Sophie A., asst Foreign Br. Tremont Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Ulrich, Carolyn F., acting head, Central Circ. Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Underbill, Adelaide, assoc. In. Vassar Coll. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Underbill, Caroline M., In. P. L., Utica, N. Y. Underbill, Emily, asst. In. P. L., White Plains, N. Y. Upton, Eleanor S., catlgr. Brown Univ. L., Providence, R. I. Utley, George B., In. Newberry L., Chicago. Utley, Mrs. George B., Chicago. Van Cleef, Antoinette W., asst. Ref. Catalog Dlv. P. L., N. Y. City. Van Dyne, Catherine, Nat'l Compensation Workmen's Bureau L., N. Y. City. Van Hoesen, Henry B., asst In. Princeton Univ. L., Princeton, N. J. Van Home, Irene, child. In. Chauncy Hurlbut Br. P. L., Detroit, Mich. Van Patten, Nathan, asst. In. Mass. Inst. of Technology L., Cambridge, Mass. Vaughan, Hazel S., asst. In. High Sch. L., Quincy, Mass. Vaughan, Mrs. W. W., trus. L., Northeast Harbor, Me. Vickery, Elsie M., br. In. Thomas Crane P. L., Quincy, Mass. Viele, Grace, teacher-ln. State Normal Sch. Ref. L., Buffalo, N. Y. Viles, Mrs. D. L., Boston, Mass. Voerg, Anna C., In. P. L., Saugerties, N. Y. Wade, Elizabeth W., acting child. In. Hamil- ton Grange Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Wadlelgh, Mrs. Lillian, In. P. L., Meredith, N. H. Wadlln, Horace Q., In. emeritus P. L., Boston, Mass. 254 SWAMPSCOTT CONFERENCE Wadlin, M. Frances, asst. In. Dyer L., Saco, Me. Wadsworth, Mildred W., asst. Grinnell Coll. L., Grinnell, la. Wait, M. Hannah, catlgr. Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Waite, Frank A., chief Information Div. P. L., N. T. City. Waite, Inez M., L. Book House, Springfield, Mass. Wakefield. Nellie, 1st asst. Athenaeum L., St. Johnsbury, Vt. Walbridge, Earle F., Harvard Club L., N. Y. City. Walker, Belle M., bookseller, N. Y. City. Wlalkley, Anna N., general asst. P. L., Cleve- land, O. Walkley, Raymond L., In. Univ. of Me. L., Orono, Me. Wall, Mary V., asst. S. Boston Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Walsh, Elizabeth H., asst. P. L., Cambridge, Mass. Walton, Addie E., Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Walton, Ella A., Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Ward, Ama Howard, In. Harris Inst. L., Woon- socket, R. I. Ward, Helen M., chief of Circ. P. L., Detroit, Mich. Ward, Langdon L., supervisor of Branches P. L., Boston, Mass. Warner, Nannie M., sr. asst. F. P. L., New Haven, Conn. Warren, Katherine, asst. Yale Univ. L., New Haven, Conn. Warren, Miriam E., Coll. of Liberal Arts, Boston Univ., Boston, Mass. Waterman, Lucy D., P. L., Providence, R. I. Watrous, Richard B., Union Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C. Watson, Geneva, asst. West End Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Watson, William R., chief L. Extension Div. N. Y. State Educational Dept, Albany, N. :r. Watt, Bernice L., asst. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Weaver, Mrs. Elsie A., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y. Webb, William, P. L., Detroit, Mich. Webber, Anna Louise, In. Silsby F. L., Charles- town, N. H. Webber, Rachel Sawyer, In. Sawyer F. L., Gloucester, Mass. Weber, Mrs. Jessie Palmer, In. 111. State Hist. Soc. L., Springfield, 111. Webster, Caroline, A. L. A. Hospital Dept., N. Y. City. Webster, Mary F., In. U. S. P. H. S. Hospital No. 38 L., N. Y. City. Wedgewood, Mary H., asst. F. P. L., New Haven, Conn. Weeks, Laura F., asst. Art. L. Athenaeum L., Boston, Mass. Weibel, Beatrice N., In. Nevins Mem. L., Methuen, Mass. Weibezahl, Anna F., 1st asst. Loan Dept. F. P. L., East Orange, N. J. Weidinger, Enid M., asst. Geneology and Local Hist. Div. P. L., N. Y. City. Weinstein, Minnie, 1st asst. Child. Rm. Hamil- ton Fish Park Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Welch, Alice C., asst. P. L., Cambridge, Mass. Welch, Mrs. Clayton, asst P. L., Waltham, Mass. Welch, Mrs. Lina H., financial sec'y P. L., Lynn, Mass. Welland, Jennie, In. N. Y. Times L. and editor N. Y. Times Index, N. Y. City. Wellman, Hiller Crowell, In. City L. Assn., Springfield, Mass. Wellman, Ruth, In. Tompkins Sq. Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Weils, Margaret C., In. Am. Internat'l Corp. L., N. Y, City. Wennerstrum, Winnifred, stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y. Wentworth, Dorothy B., asst. Cary Mem. L., Lexington, Mass. Wesby, Maude Earle, sr. asst. Ref. Dept. F. P. L., Worcester, Mass. Wescoat, Lulu M., auditor of Board of Direc- tors P. L., St. Louis, Mo. West, Sarah Louise, In. P. L., Chilmark, Mass. Wetherell, Alice M., jr. asst. P. L., Attleboro, Mass. Wetherbee, Marjorie, asst. to In. P. L., Fall River, Mass. Wetherell, Dorothea K., Circ. Dept. P. L., Medford, Mass. Wetmore, Marguerite R-, Foreign Dept. P. L., Providence, R. I. Wetzell, B. S., catlgr. L. Co. of Phila., Phila- delphia, Pa. Wetzell, Isabel, Philadelphia, Pa. Wetzell, M., Philadelphia, Pa. Wheeler, Florence Ethel, In. P. L., Leominster, Mass. Wheeler, Horace L., head Dept. of Statistics and Documents P. L., and In. of American Statistical Assoc., Boston, Mass. Wheeler, Margaret E., In. ,F. L., Wayland, Mass. Whipple, George F., compiling In. Catalog Studies, Boston, Mass. Whipple, Mrs. George F., Boston, Mass. Whipple, Nellie M., asst. In. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Whitaker, Mrs. May C., Cleveland, O. Whitcomb, Adah Frances, dir. Training Class P. L.. Chicago. White, Agnes B.. P. L.. White Plains, N. Y. White, Ann D., In. for W. A. Gilchrist, Chi- cago. White, Josephine M., child. In. Tort Wash- ington Br. P. L., N. Y. City. White, Mildred L., 1st asst. Mem. Sq. Br. City L., Springfield, Mass. White, Myra, In. Northeastern Coll. L., Bos- ton, Mass. White, W. Keppel, salesman, Grolier Boc., Boston, Mass. Whitman, Frances N. A., Harvard Medical Sch. L., Boston, Mass. Whitmore, Frank Hayden, In. P. L., Brock- ton, Mass. Whittaker, Stella Elizabeth. In. Hope St. High Sch. L., Providence, R. L Whittemore, Edith A., asst. In. Robbins L., Arlington, Mass. Whittemore, Elizabeth H., asst. P. L., Fitch- burg, Mass. Whittemore, Mrs. Everard, In. P. L., Hudson, Mass. Whittemore, Gertrude, In. U. S. P. Health Service Hospital L., New Haven, Conn. Wieder, Callie, In. P. L., Marshalltown, la, Wight, Ethel M., Wm. H. Wise & Co., N. Y. City. Wilbur, Amey C., dir. of Circ. P. L., Provi- dence, R. I. Wilcox, Gertrude G., catlgr. Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Wilcox, L. Gertrude, asst. F. P. L., New Bed- ford, Mass. Wilcox, Ruth, head Fine Arts Div. P. L., Cleveland, O. Wilde Alice Boyd, supervisor Continuation Section Catalog Dept. Harvard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Wilder, Edna Hinman, In. Russel L., Middle- town, Conn. Wilder, Mary E., Athenaeum L., Boston, Mass. ATTENDANCE REGISTER 255 Wlldman, Gertrude, 107 Mt. Vernon St., Bos- ton, Mass. Wildman, Linda F., 107 Mt. Vernon St. Bos- ton, Mass. Wilkin, Ralph H., In. Supreme Court L., Springfield, 111. Wilkins, Lydia K., chief Periodical Dlv. U. S. Dept. of Agrrlc. L., Washington, D. C. Willever, E. E., In. Cornell Univ. Law Sch. L., Ithaca. N. T. Williams, Agnes R., acting In. Univ. of Tenn. L., Knoxville, Tenn. Williams, Carrie L., In. U. S. P. Health Serv- ice Hospital L., Boston, Mass. Williams, Elizabeth T.. In. P. L., Southing- ton, Conn. Williams, Mabel, in charge Work with Schools P. L.. N. Y. City. Williams, Margaret Stuart, instructor N. T. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y. Williams, Sherman, chief Sch. Ls. Div. N. Y. State Education Dept., Albany, N. Y. Williamson. C. C., dir. Div. of Information Service, Rockefeller Foundation, N. Y. City. Williamson, Julia W., supervisor of Story- telling and Club Work F. L., Philadelphia, Pa, Willis, Rebecca E., asst. West Roxbury Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Wilson, Halsey W., publisher, H. W. Wil- son Co., N. Y. City. Wilson, Mrs. Halsey W., JK>8 Univ. Ave., N. Y. City. Wilson, Rev. John M., trus. Gary Mem. L.. Lexington, Mass. Wilson, Louis Round, In. Univ. of North Carolina L., Chapel Hill, N. C. Wilson, Martha, In. Lincoln L., Springfield, Wilson, Mary H., ref. In, P. L., Syracuse, N. Y. Winchell, F. Mabel. In. City L., Manchester, N. H. Windsor, Phineas Lawrence, In. Univ. of 111. L., Urbana, 111. Wing, Alice M., asst. East Boston Br. P. L., Boston, Mass. Winn, Mina L., sch. In. P, L., Somerville, Mass. Winser, Beatrice, asst. In. F. P. L., Newark, N. J. Winship, William .H., trus. P. L., Maiden, Mass. Winship. Mrs. William H., Maiden, Mass. Winslow, Amy, chief Tech. and Publication Dept. P. L., Indianapolis, Ind. Winslow, Clara E., child. In. Louis George Br. P. L.. Kansas City, Mo. Wire, G. E., deputy In. Worcester Co. Law L.. Worcester, Mass. Wire, Mrs. G. E., Worcester. Mass. Wise, Flora E., classifier, Wellesley Coll. L., Wellesley, Mass. Witham, Eliza, In. Greenpolnt Br. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Withington, Margaret, sr. stud. Simmons Coll. Sch. of L. Science, Boston, Mass. Wolcott, John D., In. U. S. Bureau of Edu- cation L., Washington, D. C. Wolter, Peter, mgr. L. Dept. A. C. McClurg and Co., Chicago. Womrath, Frederick H., mgr. P. L. Dept. A. R. Womrath, Inc., N. Y. City. Wood, Bertha E., catlgr. Middlebury Coll. L., Middlebury, Vt. Wood. Dorothy, In. Hobart Br. Gary P. L., Hobart, Ind. Wood, Eliza M., child. In. P. L., Cleveland, O. Wood. Grace W.. ref. In. F. P. L., Worcester, Mass. Wood, Harriet Ann, supervisor Sch. Ls. L. Div,. Minn. Dept. of Education, St. Paul, Minn. Wood, Mabel, In. West Tech. High Sch. Br. P. L., Cleveland^ O. Wood, Margaret O., asst. Simmons Coll. L. Sch., Boston, Mass. Wood, Marlorie P., catlgr. and classifier, Har- vard Coll. L., Cambridge, Mass. Wood, Mrs. N. S., St. Paul, Minn. Woodberry, Dr. George Edward, Beverly, Mass. Woodbury, Elsie K., child. In. P. L., Beverly, Mass. Woodbury, Elsie P., asst. P. L., Beverly, Mass. Woodbury, George W., trus. Sawyer F. L., Gloucester, Mass. Woodford, Jessie M., head asst. in charge of Documents P. L., Chicago. Woodman, Dorothy, catlgr. P. L., Haverhill, Mass. Woodman, Mary S., asst. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Woodward. Annie C., Somerville, Mass. Woodward, Anita L., asst. P. L., Medford, Mass. Woodward, Frank Ernest, Wellesley Hills, Mass. Worthen, Alice G., br. In. P. L., Somerville, Mass. Wright, Ethel Connett, dir. of Child. Work P. L., Toledo, O. Wright, Ida F., In. P. L., Evanston, 111. Wright, Jasper H., member Vt. F. P. L, Com., Townshend, Vt. Wright, Purd B., In. P, L., Kansas City, Mo. Wuchter, Sue M., In. Continental and Com- mercial Nat'l Bank L., Chicago. Wurtzbach, Helen Marie, curator of Book- Stacks, Inst. of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. Wyer, James Ingersoll, dir. N. Y. State L. and N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y. Wyer, Malcolm Glenn, In. Neb. Univ. L., Lincoln, Neb. Wyeth, Ola M., Charleston, 111. Wykes; Sadie P., catlgr. P. L., Grand Rapids, Mich. Wyss, Bertha M., sr. asst. Tremont Br. P. L., N. Y. City. Yager, Pauline, In. Fairmount Jr. Higrh Sch. Br. P. L., Cleveland, O. Yerxa, Catharine M., asst. P. L., Watertown, Mass. Young, Iva M., In. Rockingham F. P. L., Bellows Falls, Vt. Young, Laura A., head Circ. Dept. McGill Univ. L., Montreal, P. Q., Canada. Young, Malcolm O., ref. In. Amherst Coll. L:, Amherst, Mass. Young. May A., asst. P. L., Providence, R. I. Yust, William Frederick, In. P. L., Rochester, N. Y. Zachert, Adeline B., supervisor of Ls. Dept. of Education, Harrisburg^ Pa, Ziegler, Jane K., sr. asst. Catalog Div. P. L., St. Paul, Minn. INDEX Adams, Edward B., "John Himes Arnold," 201. "Adult e d u c a t i o n," by Dr. Charles W. Eliot, 116. "Adventures among catalogs," by Louise F. Brown, 171. Agricultural libraries section, pro- ceedings, 170. "Agricultural publications in Can- ada," by Jacquetta Gardiner, 170. Ahern, M. E., chrmn. com. on Li- brary co-operation with other countries, a.r. 51; chrmn. com. on reciprocal relations with other national organizations, 91; discussion, 168, 169. Alexander, M. L., spoke on li- brary of advertising agency, 229; discussion, 232. A. L. A. bookbinding committee, a.r. 21. council, 167. election, rpt. of tellers of, 165. executive board, 166. general sessions, 153. finance committee, a.r. 106. joint committee cxf seven, a.r. 33, 47. proceedings, 153. report of sec'y (Milam), a.r. 1. treasurer's report, Jan. 1 to May 31, 1921, a.r. 111. trustees of endowment fund, rpt., a.r. 107. committee on affiliation with Library workers ass'n., a.r. 30. civil service relations, a.r. 32. constitution and by-laws, a.r. 35. decimal classification, a.r. 35. education, a.r. 36. federal and state relations, a.r. 37. foreign publications, a.r. 33. institutional libraries, a.r. 44. international relations, a.r. 44. international bibliography of humanistic literature, a.r. 33. investigation of manner in which municipalities are meet- ing obligations to donors, a.r. 33, 45. legislation, 133; a.r. 48. library administration, a.r. 48. library co-operation with other countries, o.r. 34. library training, discussion of work of, 183. membership, a.r. 78. national certification and training, a.r. 34, 78. preparation of bibliography of humanistic literature, a.r. 89. publishing board, a.r. 15. reciprocal relations with other national organizations, a.r. 34, 89. recruiting for library serv- ice, discussion of, 183; a.r. 34, 92. Page numbers preceded by a.r. indicate Annual Reports, which are indexed with Proceedings. revision of C. K. Adams' Manual of historical literature, a.r. 35, 96. service to traveling sales- men, a.r. 35, 97. special, a.r. 32. sponsorship for knowledge, a.r. 35, 97. standardization of libraries, a.r. 35, 98. transfer of library war service, a.r. 35. union' list, a.r. 35. ventilation and lighting, a.r. 35, 99. work with the blind, a.r. 99. work with the foreign born, a.r. 35, 104. American association of law li- braries, proceedings. 201. Andrews, Clement W., discus- sion, 167, 175 ; chrmn. decimal classification advsry. com., a.r. 35. Andrews, Gladys M., 158. Appleton, W. W., trus. Carnegie and endowment funds, a.r. 107. Appreciation of Alexander H. R. Eraser, by E. E. Willever, 201. Armistead, Lewis A., led group meeting on "Obtaining infor- mation for the library, 228. Arnold, Sarah L.. "Greeting to the Association, 103. "Attendance at the A. L. A.," by Mary B. Day, 174. Avey, Gertrude E., elected vice- chrmn. section, Children's 174. librarians Babcock. C. E., Latin-American official agricultural magazines, 170. Baechtold, Elsie L., 228. Bailey, A. L., 182. Baker, Mary E.. 171. Baldwin, Rachel, 194. Ba]dwin, Emma, "Standards in libraries," 231. Barden, Bertha R., secy, pro tem, Training class instructors round table, 197. Barnett, Claribel R., elected sec- ond vice-pres., A. L. A., 166. Barr, C. J., elected chrmn. Col- lege and reference section, 176. Barrows, F. E., read paper on "Problems of patent lawyer and patents on chemistry," 229. Becker, Mrs. M. L., account of Readers' Guide section of N. Y. Evening Post, 197. Belden, C. F. D., "The public libraries and the special libra- ries," 108; chrmn. com. on Sponsorship for knowledge, a.r. 98; 160. Bement, C. E., "From the out- side in," 199. Bendikson, Dr. Lodewyk, "The photostat a photographic copy- ing and reproducing appara- tus," 230. Bibliographical society of Amer- ica, proceedings, 230. "Bibliography o! naval and mili- tary law," by Arthur C. Pull- ing, 201. Bishop, W. W., elected pres. Bibliographical society of Amer- ica, 231; chrmn. com. on prep- aration of a bibliography of humanistic literature, a.r. 69', chrmn. cataloging com., a.r. 25. Blackall, Mrs. E. W., "Chapter in the history of a small city library," 203. Blind. See Work with blind, rpt. of com. on. Bookbinding, rpt. of com., a.r. 21; a.r. 29. Book buying, rpt. of com., a.r. 21; a.r. 30 Booklist committee, rpt. of read and accepted, 174. Book production committee, rpt. presented by Alice M. Jordan, 173. "Bookseller's point of view," by Bertha E. Mahoney, 173. Bostwick, A. E., "The city's leadership in book distribution." 161 ; "The church and the li- brary," 180; discussion, 160; chrmn. com. of five on library service, a.r. 66; chrmn. pub- lishing board, a.r. 17_. Bowker, R. R.. "Special libraries and general libraries," 111. Bowerman, George F., 160; 167. Brainerd, Marion, "Historical sketch of American legal pe- riodicals. 201. Briggs, Clara P., 172. Brigham. H. O., presented plans ol information section of Na- tional Research Council, 175; "Information services," 206 ; elected treas., N. A. S. L., 224 ; appointed to com. on reso- lutions N. A. S. L., 224 ; com. on conference between state and law libraries, 226, 228. Britton, Jasmine, 194. Brotherton, Nina C., "Yalue and importance of training for story-telling to children, 174. Brown, Demarchus C., com. on conference between state and law libraries, 226 ; chrmn. com. on resolutions, N. A. S. L., 224. Brown, Louise F., "Adventures among catalogs," 171. Brown, Walter L., 176. Burnett, Marguerite, 229. "Business data methods and sources," by J. G. Frederick, 229. Butterfield, Kenyon L., "T h e rural library and rural life," 163; discus*sion, 163. By-laws, discussion of revision. 159. Cannon, C. L., elected treas., Li- brary workers ass'n, 232. Carey, Miriam E., chrmn. insti- tutional libraries com., a.r. 41. Carnegie corporation, 169. Carr, Mrs. H. J., 159, 164. Carson, Jessie, report of com. work of past year, read by Ju- lia Carter, 155. Carson, W. O., "The Ontario public library rate," 126; 167; 169. Cataloging, report of com. on, a.r. 24, 30. INDEX 257 Catalog section presents sugges- tion to A. L. A. council, 168; proceedings, 170. Gate, C. M., "The photostat and the Huntingdon library," 230. Chandler. Ellen M., presided meet- ing Catalog section, 171; chrmn. catalog section, 172. "Chapter in the history of a small city library," by Mrs. Elizabeth W. Blackall, 203. Child, Grace, opened meeting of Small libraries round table, 196. "Children's book week a national movement," by Frederic G. Melcher, 172. "Children's librarian of today and tomorrow, the," by Erne L. Power, 173. "Children's librarians section,' proceedings, 172. "Children's libraries in the devas- tated regions of France, cine- ma, shown at Special Session, 155. "Children's work in other coun- tries," rent of sub-corn., 142. Chipman, F. E., 202. "Church and the library, the," by A. E. Bostwick, 180. "City's leadership in book distri- bution," by A. E. Bostwick, 161. Civil service relations, rpt. of com. a.r. 25. Claflin, Alta B., 229. Clatworthy, Linda, M., 198. Clement, Caroline B., represented New Hampshire library asso- ciation at A. L. A. general ses- sions, 156. Clement, Ruth E., 229. Cobb, Mrs. M. B., elected second vice-pres. A. A. L. L., 202. Coe, Mrs. Frances Rathbone, "Making the dry side of cata- loging interesting," 171. Coes, H. V., "Dependence of the business executive on the spe- cial librarian," 229. Cole, George W., "The photostat in bibliographical and research work, a symposium," 230. Colegrove, Mrs. M. E., elected sec'y, Libraries of religion and theology round table, 181. College and reference section, pro- ceedings, 174. Committee on committees, rpt., a.r. 25. Cook, Edith L., sec'y pro tern. School libraries section, 196. Coolidge, Archibald Gary, "Ob- jects of cataloging." 171. Coolidge. J. Randolph, discussion, 161 ; elected trustee endowment fund, A. L. A., 166; "What proportion of total public ex- penditures should public library trustees claim for their libra- ries," 199. Countryman, Gratia A., member executive board, A. L. A., 166; chrmn. com. on membership, a.r. 78. "County law library system in Massachusetts," by H. L. Steb- bins, 201. Craft. Helen, 229. Currier, Thos. R., 171. Cutter, Marian, 173. Day, Mrs. Gladys J., "Famous and curious wills." 201. Day, Mary B., "Attendance at the A. L. A.. 1 174. Decimal classification advisory com., a.r. 35. "Dependence of the business ex- ecutive on the special libra- rian," by H. V. Coes, 229. "Developing state libraries," by G. S. Godard, 201. "Development of libraries in schools of nursing through ex- isting state and county agen- cies, by Anna C. Jamme, 205. Donnelly, June R., "Library training for the special libra- rian," 113; discussion, 160, 168, 169. 232. Dougherty, Harold T., represent- ed Massachusetts library club, 156. Downey, Mary E., represented Utah library ass'n, 157; discus- sion, 167, 168, 232. Doyle, Agnes C., "Necessity for a co-operative index of coats-d- ams," 176. Drury, F. K. W., appointed on committee on Questionnaire for college and reference libraries, 177. Dudgeon, M. S., 154. Dullard, John P., on com. on res- olutions, N. A. S. L., 224; com. on conference between state and law libraries. 226. Dunnack, H. E., "Historical sketch of American legal period- icals," 224. Earl, Mrs. E. C., presided meet- ing trustees section, 199. Education, rpt. of com. on, a.r. 30. Eliot, Charles W., "Adult educa- tion," 116; discussion, 160. Endicott, Grace, sec'y Children's librarians section, 174. Evans, Adelaide F., 171. Evans, Orrena L., conducted group meeting on Selling spe- cial library service, 229 ; elected sec'y-treas. S. L. A., 229. "Famous and Curious Wills," by Mrs. Gladys J. Day, 201. Faxon, F. W., elected treas. Bib- liographical society of America, 231. Fay, Lucy E., elected chrmn. Ag- ricultural libraries section, 170. Federal and state relations, rpt. of com. a.r. 30. Flexner. Jennie M., 201.- Foote, Mary S., elected sec'y A. A. L. L., 202. Ford, Dr. W. C., "The photostat as a means of distributing cop- ies of unique or very rare works," 230. Foster, Elmina A., "The need of adequate representation of re- ligious thought in the public library," 180. Foster, Mrs. Jeanne B., talk on work of private investment broker, 229. Frank, Glenn, "The new temper of the reading public," 163. Frederick, G. T. George, "Business data methods and sources," 229. "From the outside in," by Clar- ence E. Bement, 199. Gardiner, Jacquetta, "Agricul- tural publications in Canada," 170. Gerould, James T., appointed chrmn. com. on questionnaire for college and reference libra- ries. 177. Gillis, Mabel R., chrmn. com. on work with the blind, a.r. 103. Glasier, Gilson G., elected pres. A. A. L. L., 202. Godard, George S'., "Develop- ments in state libraries," 201 ; "Developing state libraries," 227 : member executive board, A. L. A., 166; 226. * , Goddard. W. D., 167. Gooch, Harriet B., 171. Goodrich, N. L., 175. Graffen, Jean E., 205. Guerrier, Edith, 184. Hamilton, W. J., "Should public library boards have the power to levy the library tax," 130; 153, 167; first vice-pres., League of library commissions, 205. Hance, Emma O., 184. Handy, D. N., "How business and technical executives obtain in- formation," 227; 160;229. Harcourt, Alfred, "Ferment and fact," 163. Hart well, Mary A., 176. HarUell. Mrs. Bertha V., 229; elected to executive board S. L. A., 229. Hasse, Adelaide R., 227; 228. Hatch, Bertha, elected normal school representative, School libraries section, 196. Hazeltine, Alice I., chrmn. Chil- dren's librarians section, 172. Hemphill, Helen E., described museum of Western Electric Company, 228; re-elected first- vice-pres. S. L. A.. 229. Henry, W. E., member council, A. L. A., 166; on com., College and reference section, 177. Hepburn, Wm. M., "Study of ag- ricultural library buildings of various types," 170. Hering, Holfis W., 180. Herron, Leonore E., 201. Hewitt, Luther E., elected to ex- ecutive com. A. A. L. L., 202. Hicks, Frederick C., represented A. A. L. L., 154; on com. on resolutions, 165; presided, meet- ing of A. A. L. L., 201: elected to executive com., A. A. L. L. 202. Hill, Frank P., 167. Hinckley, G. L., represented Rhode Island library associa- tion, 156. "Historical sketch of American legal periodicals," discussion, by Marion Brainerd, 201. "Historical sketch of American legal periodicals," discussion of by Henry E. Dunnack, 225. Hitt, John M., elected pres., N. A. S. L., 224. Hoffman, Dr. Frederick, paper de- scribing library and material of Prudential Insurance Co., 228. Hopkins, Julia A., presented rpt of com. on standardized course of training for apprentice classes, 197. Hopper, Franklin F., chrmn. com. on library administration, 175; 177; a.r. 48. 258 INDEX Horton, Marion L., elected chrmn. School libraries section, 196. Hospital librarians round table, proceedings, 177. "How business and technical exec- utives obtain information.," by D. N. Handy, 227. "How business men get facts and figures," by Leroy D. Peavey, 227. Hubbell, Jane P., 184. Hull, Edna M., elected secy. Professional training section, 184. Hunt, Clara W., "Children's book week from the librarian's point of view," 172; elected chrmn. Children's librarians section, 174. Hyde, Dorsey W., Jr., represented Special libraries association at general session of A. L .A., 154; presided at joint session A. L. A. and S. L. A., 160; presided meeting S. L. A., 227; re-elected pres. S. L. A., 229. Hyde, Mary E., 171. "Information services," by H. O. Brigham, 206. Ingles, May, elected high school representative, School libraries section, 196. International relations, rpt. of com., a.r. 31. Jamm^ ' Anna C., "Development of libraries in schools of nurs- ing through existing state and county agencies," 205. Jenkins, Herbert F., "The Na- tion's fiction appetite," 163. Jennings, Mrs. Jennie T., "How the Library of Congress classi- fication works out in a public library; 171; elected chrmn. Catalog section. 172; 183. Jerome, Janet, 174. "John Himes Arnold," by Ed- ward B. Adams, 201. Johnston, W. Dawson, discussion, 169; chrmn. com., Civil service relations, a.r. 25. Jones, E. Kathleen, chrmn., Hos- pital librarians round table. 177. Jordan, Alice M., presented rpt. of book production com., 173. Joselyn, L. W., 162. Kelly, Frances H., elected secy- treas., School libraries section, 196. Keogh, Andrew, elected pres., Li- braries of religion and theology round table, 181. Kimball, Ethel E., 196. Kingsley, Clarence D., "The li- brarian points the way," 195. Krause, Louise B., vice-pres. A. L. A. 160. Lacy, Mary G., elected secy. Ag- ricultural libraries section, 170. Lamb, Henry W., 200. Lansden, Erne A., 158. League of library commissions, proceedings, 202. Ledbetter, Eleanor E., chrmn. com. on work with foreign born a.r 106. Lee. W. T. J., "The duties of a library trustee," 199. Leslie, Eva G., secy, pro tern Professional training section, 184. Lewis, F. G., 181. "Librarian points the way, the," by C. D. Kingsley, 195. Librarians of scientific research institutions round table, 179. Librarians of small libraries round table, communication from, read by Pres. Tyler, 169. Libraries of religion and theology round table, proceedings, 180. Library administration, rpt. of com. a.r. 31. Library buildings round table, pro- ceedings, 181. Library department National Ed- ucation Association, statement of approved by A. L. A., 166. "Library in the general hospital," by Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer, 204. Library service, (com. of five) a.r. 64. Library service, resolution on adopted, 164, 168. "Library training for the special librarian," by June R. Don- nelly, 113. Library training, rpt. of com., a.r. Library workers association, pro- ceedings, 231. Liebmann, Estelle L., 229. Lindsay, Alfred B., elected ass't. sec'y-treas.. S. L. A., 229. Linstedt. Hilda, 171. Lock, George H., member coun- cil A. L. A., 166. Long, Harriet, 162. Loring, Katherine P., 176. Lowe, John A., elected chrmn. Lending section, 179. Lydenberg, H. M., chrmn. com. on foreign periodicals of the war period, 176; 230; a.r. 44. MacDonald, Anna A., chrmn. com. on investigation of manner in which municipalities are meet- ing obligations to donors, a.r. 47. MacDowell, Elizabeth, 229. McNiece, Mrs. Jessie S., "When is my book due," 179. Mahoney, Bertha E., "The Book- seller's point of view," 172. "Making the dry side of catalog- ing interesting," by Frances R. Coe, 171. Manley, Marian C., secy, rpt., Li- brary workers association, 231; elected secy., Library workers association, 232. Mann, Alexander, discussed func- tion library trustee, 200. Mann. Margaret, member council, A. L. A., 166; chrmn. sub-corn. on_ cataloging. 171. Marion, Guy E., spoke on libra- rian's place in business, 228. Marion', Joseph F., 200. Marshall, Mrs. W. F., "Public and school libraries of small towns and consolidated schools," 225. Martel, Charles, member council, A. L. A., 166; discussion; 171. Marvin, Cornelia, member coun- cil, A. L A., 166. Melcher, Frederic G., "Next steps in extending the use of books," 119_; "Children's book week a national movement," 172; 181. Merrill, W. S., 176. Mettee, Andrew H., elected first vice-pres. A. A. L. L., 202. Meyer, H. H. B., first vice-pres., presided sixth general session, 163, member e-xecutive board. 166; elected first vice-pres. Bib- liographical society of America, 231 ; chrmn. com. on transfer ef library war service activi- ties, a.r. 99. Miller, Zana K., 171. Mitchell, Sidney B., elected chrmn. Professional training section, 184. Monrad, Anna M., 171. Morgan, Lucy L., ejected vice- chrmn. Professional training sec- tion, 184; on com., 197. Mulheron, Anne M., 195. Nason, Sabra L., "Relationship be- tween the central library and branch libraries of' a county system, 202. National archives building, resolu- tion on, 165, 168. National association of book pub- lishers, resolution on, 165, 168. National association of state li- braries, proceedings, 205. National information service, com. rpt. accepted, 202. "Nation's fiction appetite, the," by Herbert F. Jenkins, 163. "Necessity for co-operative index of coats-of-arms," by Agnes C. Doyle, 176. "Need of adequate representation of religious thought in the pub- lic library," by Elmina A. Fos- ter, 180. "New temper of the reading pub- lic, the/' by Glenn Frank, 163. Newton, Cora, "The place of the book in modern ^school," 196. Nichols, C. L., presided at meat- ing, Bibliographical society of America, 230. Oberly, Eunice R., "Contribution of librarians to agricultural his- tory and research, 170; chrmn., Librarians of scientific research institutions, 180. "Objects of cataloging," by Archi- bald C. Coolidge, 170. "Ontario public library rate," by W. O. Carson, 126. Overfield, lone P., secy, pro tern, Trustees section, 200. Paine, Paul M., 168, 232. Palmer, Mary B., second vice- pres., League of library com- missions, 205. Paltsits, Victor H., elected second vice-pres., Bibliographical soci- ety of America, 231. Parlin, Charles C, 228. Parsons, Mary Prescott, "Can li- brarians read/| 178. Peavey, Leroy D., "How business :nen get facts and figures," 227. Pensions and benefits, rpt. of com. on, 200. Perry, Everett R., chrmn. com. on resolutions, 165. Pettingill, F. H., chrmn. Trustees section, 200. Phail, Edith, 228. "Photostat and the Huntington li- brary, the," by Chester March Gate, 230. "Photostat as a means of dis- tributing copies of unique or very rare works," by W. C. Ford, 230. "Photostat in bibliographical and research work, the," by George Watson Cole, 230. INDEX '"Photostat, the, a photographic copying and reproducing appar- atus," by Lodewyk Bendickson, 230. "Place of the book in the modern school," by Cora Newton, 196. Poland, Myra, 171. Poole, -Franklin O., rpt. of work of com. on index to legal peri- odicals, 201. Pope, Mildred, 194. Power, Effie L., "The children's librarian of today and tomor- row," 173. Power, Leitore St. John, 173; elected secy. Children's libra- rians section, 174. "Present problems of law pub- lishing," by Burdett A. Rich, 201. "Present status of foreign book- buying, by M. L. Raney, 174. Price, Anna May, secy and treas. League of library commissions, 205. Pritchard, Martha C., chrmn. School libraries section, 194. Professional training section, pro- cee_dings, 183. "Project problem and reserve books," by Jean C. Roos, 173. Prouty, Louise, "Staff unity through leadership, 177. "Public and school libraries of small towns and consolidated schools," by Mrs. W. F. Mar- shall, 225. Public documents round table, proceedings, 184. Public documents, rpt. of com., a.r. 31. "Public libraries and the special libraries," by Charles F. D. Bel- den, 108. Publicity comm., rpt. of, 141; 142; a.r. 32. Pulling. Arthur C., "The biblio- graphy of naval and military law," 201. Putnam, Herbert, introduction of Hon. H. M. Towner, 157; chrmn. international relations com., a.r. 45. Pyne, M. Taylor, trustee, Car- negie and Endowment funds, a.r. 107. Ranck, Samuel H., The Ontario library law and American li- braries," 128; elected first vice-pres. A. L. A. 165; 167; chrmn. com. on ventilation and lighting of public library build- ings, a.r. 99. Raney, M. L., "Present status of foreign book-buying," 174; 167; 169; chrmn. book -buying com., a.r. 24. Rankin, Helen M., 229. Rankin, Rebecca B., elected sec- ond vice-pres. S. L. A., 22V. Rathbone, Josephine Adams, 168, 171, 183, 198. Rawson, Fannie C., member coun- cil, A. L. A. 166, chrmn. pub- lications com., 204. "Reading for credit," by Marion F. Schwab, 174. R classification of government service, resolution on adopted, 164, 168. Recruiting committee tor school librarians appointed, 194. Redstone, Edward H., represents National association of state li- braries at general sessions A. L. A., 153; presided meeting N. A. S. L., 205; address of welcome, 205; elected to executive board, S. L. A., 229. Reduction of armament, motion on, 169. Recce, E. J., "The aims and pur; poses of recruiting committee," 183; chrmn. Professional train- ing section, 183. "Relationship between the central library and branches of a county system," by Sabra L. Nason, 202. Resolutions, rpt. of com., 164. Rice, Mrs. George L., 204. Rich, Burdett A., "Present prob- lems of law publishing," 201. Richardson, E. C.. elected coun- cillor, Bibliographical society of America, 231. Richardson, Mary C., 194. Robbins, Mary E., 196. Roberts, Flora B., elected chrmn. Small libraries round table, 197. Robinson, Julia A., "State wide library service," 117; member council A. L. A., 166. Roden, C. B., member executive board, A. L. A., 166; chrmn. committee on committees, a.r. Roos, Jean C., "Project problem and reserve books," 173. Root, Azariah H., elected pres. A. L. A., 165; 168; 180; chrmn. com. on nominations, Biblio- graphical society of America, 231. Rose, Ernestine, temporary chrmn. Work with negroes round table, 201. Rosholt, Ruth, elected sec. Cat- alog section, 171. Ross, Mrs. Ora Thompson, secy., Trustees section, 200; chrmn. com. on pensions and benefits, 200. Rothrock, Mary U., elected secy- treas. Lending section, 179; 201. ,., "Rural library and rural life, the," by Kenyon L. Butterfield, 162. Rush, Charles E., 198. Ryan, Anna M., elected treas., A. A. L. L., 202. Sanborn, Henry N., chrmn. com. on constitution and by-laws, conducted business session, A. L. A., 154; 159; 160; 167; 168; 169. Saxe, Mary S., 165. "School librarian as an admini- strator," by Winifred E. Skin- ner, 194. School libraries section, proceed- ings, 194. Schwab, Marion F., "Reading for credit," 174. Settle, George T., 200. Sharp, Dallas Lore, "The prophet and the poet," 1S3. Shattuck, Willard I., 180. Shaw, Robert K., member coun- cil, A. L. A. 166. Shearer, A. H., elected secy. Bib- liographical society of America, 231; chrmn. com. on revision of C. K. Adams' manual of historical literature, a.r. 97. Sheldon, Edward W., trustee, Car- negie and Endowment funds, a.r. 107. Skinner, Winifred E., "The school librarian as an administrator," 194. Slosson, Edwin E., 227. Small, A. J., chrmn. com. on checklist of bar association re- ports, 202; 226. Small libraries round table, pro- ceedings, 196. Smith, Barbara H., appointed tem- porary secy., Small libraries round table, 1%. Smith, Elva S., "Some present day problems in book selection," 173. Smith, Laura, member council, A. L. A., 166. Smith, Lillian, 174. "Some present day problems In book selection," by Elva S. Smith, 173. Special libraries association, pro- ceedings, 227. "Staff unity through leadership, by Louise Prouty, 177. "Standards in libraries," by Emm* Baldwin. 231. Stebbins, Howard L., "The county law library system in Massa- chusetts," 201 ; elected to exec- utive com. A. A. L. L., 202; 226. Steiner, Bernard C., 155, 181, 230. Stetson, Willis K., presided at meeting of Library buildings round table, 181; 197. Stiles, Gertrude, chrmn. book- binding com., a.r. 21. "Story-telling and club work," by Lillian Smith, 174. Strohm, Adam, member council, A. L. A., 166. Sumner, C. W., represented Iowa library association, 157; 232. Taylor, Mae, 229. Tellers of election, rpt. of, 165. Thayer, Mrs. Nathaniel, "Library in the general hospital," 205. "They also serve," by George H. Tnpp, 200. Thomas, Edith, 229. Thurber, Samuel, 195. Tilton, Edward L., addressed meeting of Library buildings round table, 181. Titcomb, Mary L., represented general federation of women's clubs, 163. Tobbitt, Edith, pres. Library work- ers association, 168. Tompkins, Jessie E., elected vice- chrmn. School libraries sec- tion, 196. Torrance, Mary, 1 58. Towner, H. M., "Libraries and the nation." 106; 158. Towner-Sterling bill, resolution on, 164, 168. Training class instructors round table, proceedings, 197. Tripp, George H., "They also serve," 200. Trustees section, proceedings, 199. Tweedell, Edward D., re-elected treasurer, A. L. A., 165; mo- tion, 176; co