sll^^li- ' fdfrjtfjf ' r^* W^^^fe^^^^^ ^m^^4^ ? :> . 'wS.^^ THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS T T"R"P A T? V L/li5Jx/\rx I v/-* -v^,>-<- ; - ^r' W ; ^ ^*'\ ' -^ ' ' ' -' ' ^ . 5 % *' ''"! P>Jr2L-a 2$RV3y J/^5* / J, . ^S^- ... ( * &'"*fy& W ,3 I \%^^'J 3 ! ^?i^^v'::- tijjjjSs- Pra K | ^1 ^^'jiP^S ' ^>P ^^ ^V! ^iif^' ; ) i: ^i^ ^^M^P ^^I'w^^f^^ {: ^ ^ ?*?rS4.j x_ ** >*' W. Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. University of Illinois Library M&> V-'-m? .".- J"' - W&jl Ot. ^719 \ 4 SEP V71 973 1 \ ! , -, ' 1 ? ayj\V-D\v A SEP 1 7 1! 173 \ a I j M , .^ j^ i i 1 j * * / 1 VK1 L161 H41 A--vm^ ' ^- ' s^^^>r^v^ ; .^: ,*^>,-r:'^ far & m : ,-;,* " / - '^' i >^^ 1 k o,& K\ PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH GENERAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION HELD AT CHICAGO, ILL. JULY 13-22 PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 1893 CONTENTS. - PAGE First Session 1-5 Secretary's report 1-2 Treasurer's report 2-4 Necrological addenda 3-4 Receipts 4 Expenditures 4 Committees . . . . 4-5 Second Session 5-10 Libraries in relation to schools 5-8 Attendance list 8-9 Lectures, museums, and art galleries 9-10 Third Session 10-23 Proprietary libraries and their relation to public libraries 10-11 Access to shelves 11-15 Book annotation 15-18 Adaptation of libraries to constituencies . . . 18-22 The broad lines on which a large reference library should be organized 22 Bookbinding 23 Miscellaneous business 23 Fourth Session 23-31 Fires, protection, insurance 23-26 Branches and deliveries 26-28 Light, heat, and ventilation 28-30 Fixtures, furniture, and fittings 30-3' Tally-ho drive 31 Fifth Session 31-46 Government, constitution, by-laws, and trustees . 31-34 Service : librarian and assistants, hours, vaca- tions, titles, duties, salaries, and rules for staff . 34-44 Civil service rules in a public library 44 Hours of opening : evening, Sunday, holiday, and vacation opening 44-46 Sixth Session 46-58 Accession department 46-52 Report of public documents committee .... 52-53 Endowment fund 53 PAGE Constitution 53-56 Election of officers 56-58 Seventh Session 58-68 Fiction 58 Reading of the young 58-61 Remarks of Dr. H: Barnard 61-62 Reference-books 62-63 Growth of libraries 63 Executive department : General supervision, in- cluding buildings, finances, etc 63-65 World's Columbian Exposition committee . . . 65-66 Pamphlets 66-67 Report of committee on next meeting .... 67-68 Eighth Session 68-87 Report of the co-operation committee, 1893 . . 68-74 Fourth recommendation of co-operative commit- tee 74-75 Report of library school committee 75 Cataloging 75-79 Report of the committee on an index to subject headings 79-82 Report of auditing committee 82 Binding and repair 82-83 Shelf department 83-84 A. L. A. badge 84-85 Printing proceedings 85 Next meeting 85 Life insurance 85 State and law sections 85 Report of the resolutions committee 86 Adjournment 87 Summary of votes 88 New York Library Association 88 Association of State Librarians 89 Publishing Section 90 College Library Section 90-9 1 Attendance register 91-95 Attendance summaries 96 List of the Members of the A. L. A 97 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS. CHICAGO. JULY 13-22, 1893. THE PROCEEDINGS. FIRST SESSION. (Ar ART PALACE, THURSDAY, JULY 13.) THE Association was called to order at 10 o'clock A.M. by the president, MKLVIL DEWEY, who said he would make no formal report and would defer any extended remarks. The proceedings of the last conference as published in the Library journal were ap- proved. Secretary HILL made extemporaneously his SECRETARY'S REPORT. The Model Library prepared by the A. L. A. will probably interest more members than will any other exhibit at the fair, and the secretary will therefore confine his report to some of the details of the work of the committee having in hand the matter of installation details which would not be brought out by the chairman of the committee. My excuse, if any be needed, is that the exhibit is of such importance that it deserves to stand out as one of the prominent features of this year's conference. The work of the A. L. A. Exhibit Committee began in September last. It was carried on very hurriedly and very well, and all the credit belongs to the chairman of the committee7 who has in reality made the plan for the large com- mittee, appointed sub-committees, and arranged the work for those committees. She. has at- tended to all details with the Bureau of Educa- tion, which has very kindly printed the catalog for us, about which you will hear when she makes her report. Some differences have arisen from time to time, all of which have been set- tled by the chairman of the committee. Since the ist of September she has written 610 official letters, besides letters to individual members of the committee and to others of the Association interested in the subject. When the committee found that there would not be enough money to carry out the plans of the committee unless outside assistance was re- ceived, it was the chairman of the committee who started the subscription paper and who raised a fund sufficient to carry on the work at a time when it seemed as though failure was to be our portion. The money which she raised has not all been spent. There is a surplus, I am glad to say a result which, I very much fear, would not have been obtained had a man had the spending of the money. Those of you who have been here for a few days and who have seen this exhibit will understand what a large amount of headwork has been required to get it into good working order. For the last week or 10 days the chairman of the committee, in company with an assistant, Mr. Burns, of the State Library, Albany, has been at Washington reading proof constantly. They have worked day and night, and worked faithfully in getting out the catalog, a copy of which we hope to show you this week. That part of the work she will tell you about when she makes her report for the committee. The general plan of the work will be ex- plained by the chairman in her report, but I he references after the titles of papers read are to the pages of the Library journal for July, which con- tained abstracts of those papers. 334936 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. wish to have the members realize that the credit for this great work belongs, almost entirely, to the chairman of the committee, Miss Mary S. Cutler. She is with us to-day or rather she is in the city, to enjoy with us the good which will come from the preparation of this catalog and this work, and I know that you will appre- ciate what she has done for the A. L. A. WESTON FLINT. I move a vote of thanks to Miss Cutler, chairman of the committee on li- brary exhibit, for her efficient work. Referred to the committee on resolutions. W: I. FLETCHER. I wish to introduce to the Association the Hon. Henry Barnard, of Con- necticut, who was in the first convention of li- brarians in 1853. He and Dr. W. F. Poole are the only men here who were in that meeting. TREASURER'S REPORT. H : J. CARR read his report, which was referred to the finance committee. HENRY J. CARR, Treasurer, in account with the AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. 1892. May 13. DR. To balance (Lakewood Conference, p. 25) . . May 13, 1892, to July 8, 1893. To fees from Annual mem- berships, at $2.00 each : For 1891, 4 For 1892, 191 . For 1893, 93 . $8 oo 382 oo 1 86 oo To fees of Fellows addi- tional, at $3.00 each : For 1892, 38 . . $114 oo For 1893, 3 . . 9 oo To fees from Library mem- berships, at $5.00 each : For 1892, 18 . . $90 oo For 1893, 7 . . 35 oo To sale of 20 Proceedings, viz.: 5 of 1886 ; 4 of 1887 ; 3 of 1889 ; 3 of 1890 ; 3 of 1891 ; 2 of 1892 . . . To 4 Life memberships, viz.: Geo. Watson Cole ; Fred. . M. Crunden ; E. C. Ho- vey ; Henry M. Utley . To I Life membership, in- creased to Life fellow- ship, viz.: Samuel S. Green . . . To interest on deposits 1892, and 6 months 1893. $99 8 1 576 oo 123 oo 125 oo 15 oo 5 48 Brought forward $1,119 29 To special deposit of 1889 at Grand Rapids Savings Bank, withdrawn for transfer to A. L. A. En- dowment fund . . . 400 oo To accrued interest on same, 2 years and 10 months 47 47 Total $1,566 76 1892. CR. May 1 7. By Lakewood Times ; for 250 lists of persons at- tending Conference . . May 22. By Frank P. Hill ; ex- pense of Secretary's of- fice, February i to May 13, 1892 June 6. By Grover Brothers, New- ark, bill of March 16 ; announcements and en- velopes for Secretary . June 6. By Citizen Newspaper Co., Lowell, bill of May 4 ; 500 reports of Com. on . World's Fair Exhibit . June 16. By Wm. I. Fletcher, Am- herst, bill of May 31 ; expense in Presidency, Lakewood Conference . July 7. By Library Bureau, bill of May 31 ; circulars, pro- grams, etc. , preliminary to Lakewood Conference July 23. By Frank T. Boland, stenographer, bill of July 16 ; expenses and reporting Lakewood Conference . . , . . July 27. By A. L. A. Endowment Fund ; transferred to E. C. Hovey, Treas., the special deposit of Au- gust, 1889 ($400.00), with accrued interest, as per vote of the Association at Lakewood Confer- ence, for permanent in- vestment July 27. By Same ; amount of three Life memberships (Cole, Hovey, Utley), at $25.00 each Aug. 19. By Same', amount of one Life membership (Crun- den), $25.00, and bal- ance of one Life Fellow- ship (Green), $75.00 . . By Library Bureau, bill of June 29 ; 500 envelopes for Secretary .... By Josephine Stansbury, bill of June 30 ; type- writing for Secretary . Sept. 3." 75 oo Sept. 5. $4 oo 35 7 50 8 oo 5 05 138 67 69 50 447 47 75 oo I 55 Carried forward $1,119 29 Carried forward $870 09 FIRST SESSION. Brought forward ..... $870 eg Sept. 5. By C. F. Williams Print- ing Co., Albany, bill of Aug. i ; printing 1,000 circulars for Dewey, Aug. 18, 1890 .... Sept. 6. By Same, bill of July 13 ; printing for Constitution Committee, April i to July 13, 1892 .... Oct. 6. By Library Bureau, bill of Aug. 23 ; 3,000 letter- heads for officers . . . Oct. 6. By Am. Printing and Eng. Co., Boston, bill of Aug. 5 ; 1,275 copies Papers and Proceedings, Lake- wood Conf. (106 p.), (475 for A. L. A., 800 for Li- brary journal) .... Oct. 6. By Same, bills of Aug. 15 and 22 ; wrappers, ad- dressing and postage on 436 Proceedings . . . By Mary S. Cutler, Albany, bill of July 30 ; badges for Lakewood Conf. . . By Melvil Dewey, bill of Aug. i ; for postage, etc. , on L. A. U. K. Proc. and correspondence . . Dec. 3. By Trunk Line Ass'n, bill of Nov. 16 ; attendance of special agent at Lake- wood Conference . . . Dec. 15. By Boston Book Co., bill of John Wilson & Son, Nov. 30 ; printing 2,000 circulars for W. F. sub- corn, on Architecture . 1893. Jan. 28. By Publisher i Weekly, bill of July, 1892 ; 9 reams of paper for Proceedings May 22. By Citizen Newspaper Co. , Lowell, bill of May 6 ; printing for Secretary . May 22. By Grover Brothers, New- ark, bill of May 15 ; 2,000 circulars, Secre- tary May 22. By Library Bureau, bill of May 12 ; addressing and postage on circulars . . June 12. By Grover Brothers, New- ark, bill of May 15 ; 100 postals printed for Sec- retary June 14. By Boston Book Co., bill of April 25 ; expenses of W. F. sub-corn, on Architecture .... July 3. By Grover Brothers, bill of June 14 ; cards for Secretary July 7. By Library Bureau, bill of June 23 ; directing and postage on circulars . . 2 35 37 93 24 oo 249 79 27 30 21 07 20 oo 17 oo 10 95 23 40 3 50 20 OO 11.09 2 OO 18 25 i 75 12 07 Carried forward $1,372 54 Brought forward $1,372 54 July 8. By Treasurer's office ; cur- rent expenses, May 13, 1892, to June 30, 1893, per detailed voucher . 12 50 Aggregate payments . $1,385 04 July 8. Balance on deposit at Scranton Savings Bank . 181 72 Total $1,566 76 A. Membership status July 8, 1893, is as follows: Life fellowships I Life memberships 27 Annual fellowships paid for 1892 ... 38 Annual memberships paid for 1892 . . 371 Library memberships paid for 1892 . . 18 Total . 455 It is not to be expected that all who paid dues for 1892 will continue in 1893. Allowing for temporary members, and those who drop out for one reason and another, we must count upon a moderate shrinkage in numbers. On the other hand new members come in each year, many of whom remain with us. Such is apt to be the case even more than usual at the present meeting ; for, of the 93 who have already paid fees for 1893, 57 are new member- ships, and the same is true as to 6 out of the 7 Library Memberships thus far paid for the year 1893. Hence it may be said that the Association has now a fairly sure average of about 450 members. The treasurer has Papers and Proceedings of prior years now remaining on hand, as follows : 6 copies of Milwaukee Conference (1886). 36 " " Thousand Islands Conference (1887). 85 " " St. Louis Conference (1889). 24 " " White Mts. Conference (1890). 32 " " San Francisco Conference (1891). 10 " " Lakewood Conference (1892). Necrological addenda. Five deaths are known to the treasurer, for note at this time ; one of which occurred in the period covered by his previous report, but was not communicated to us until later. Dr. Robert W. Wood, a life member (regis- tration No. 242), died at Jamaica Plains, Boston, Jan. 2, 1892. Mrs. (Ellen M.) John Edmands, of Philadel- phia (registration No. 866), died July 4, 1892. She was an associate member in 1890 and 1892, and attended the meetings of those years. Daniel S. Durrie, librarian of the Wisconsin State Historical Society (registration No. 539), CHICAGO CONFERENCE. died August 31, 1892, aged 73. He had not been a member since 1886. Miss Charlotte Zimmerman (registration No. 776), an esteemed assistant at the Newberry Li- brary, died at Chicago, April 27, 1893. She be- came a member in 1890, and attended the White Mountains and Lakewood meetings. Miss Harriet E. Green (registration No. 367) died June 26, 1893, at Oakland, Cal. She was originally a member for 1879 only, and attended the Boston conference. Rejoining again in 1890, she continued as a regular member till her death, and was present at both the White Mountains and Lakewood meetings. Following the latter she accepted a cataloging engagement at the University of California. Miss Green was a recognized authority in the matter of dictionary cataloging, and had long experience at the Boston Athenaeum and the Boston Public Library. She was, therefore, a valued special instructor for the Library School at both Columbia College and Albany. Her pleasant countenance and voice, as well as her sound practical contributions upon library topics, will be missed by many at this and future A. L. A. gatherings, and their absence felt as a personal loss. B. The A. L. A. had its commencement at and dates from the Centennial Exposition at Phila- delphia, in 1876. We are now gathered at the time of another great occasion of a like nature, and it would seem to be a fitting thing for the treasurer to present a consolidated statement of the financial doings of the Association from the beginning. In one sense its operations may be said to be gauged by its numbers, its income, and its ex- penditures ; and its steady growth is indicated thereby if we cannot with equal certainty point out other results of its work, or measure its widespread influence for good, which has like- wise increased from year to year. The membership of the A. L. A. has been given a successive registration numbering in order of accession from the beginning. The treasurer's record of same closes at the date of this report with No. 1,145 ; being the total num- ber of persons or institutions which have joined since 1876, including temporary (or associate) memberships. Each is counted but once, though rejoining, perhaps, at later intervals. By calendar years the same may be summed up as follows : In 1876, 69; 1877, 53; 1878, 74; 1879, 185 1880, 16; 1881, 16; 1882, 41; 1883, 16; 1884, 6; 1885, 37; 1886, 81; 1887, 106; 1888, 25; 1889,46; 1890, 113; 1891, 55; 1892, 144; 1893 (half year), 62. Total, 1,145. A summary of the receipts and expenditures of the Association for the same period, grouped in general classes, gives the following result : RECEIPTS (Sept., 1876, to July, 1893). Membership fees $7,678 74 Gifts, etc 68 40 Interest 179 78 Proceedings sold 58 67 Total receipts $7,985 59 EXPENDITURES. Reports and Proceedings .... $4,721 25 Other expenses 2,460 15 Invested 622 47 Total payments 7,803 87 Balance in Treasury 181 72 Total $7,985 59 The same moneys summed up in order of col- lection and disbursement, are also shown in the following statement : Receipts. Payments. Frederick Jackson re- ported as Treasurer from September, 1876, to June 20, 1878 . . $673 oo $732 63 Melvil Dewey, June 30, 1878, to Feb. 8, 1881 . 569 30 73 68 Finance Committee, Feb. 8, 1881, to Sept. 6, 1882 578 85 657 34 James L. Whitney. Sept. 9, 1882, to Oct. 5,1886 1,708 82 1.484 99 Henry J. Carr, Oct. 10, 1886, to July 8, 1893 . 4,455 62 4,855 23 Balance, July 8, 1893 181 72 Total $7.985 59 $7,985 59 R: R. BOWKER announced that 200 extra copies of the Library journal with abstracts of the papers had been printed for the use of the conference, and that members who could not secure these at the desk would find the supple- ment consisting of diagrams showing location of book exhibits at the fair. COMMITTEES. Upon request, an extension of time for report was granted to the co-operation committee and also to the committee on Library School. The PRESIDENT announced the following com- mittees : SECOND SESSION. On resolutions. F: M. Crunden, R: R. Bow- ker, S: S. Green, W: C. Lane, Theresa West. On next meeting. C: A. Cutter, Miss E. M. Coe, G: W. Cole, James Bain, Mrs. Mary H. Miller. Adjourned until Saturday morning, to give way to the meeting of the World's Congress of Librarians. SECOND SESSION. (Ax ART PALACE, SATURDAY MORNING, JULY 15.) Pres. DEWEY called "the meeting to order at 9 A.M. LIBRARIES IN RELATION TO SCHOOLS. Miss HANNAH P. JAMES was to have read a paper on this subject, but as she was detained at home by the serious illness of her nephew, Pres. Dewey submitted the points of her paper as printed in the Library journal, p. 213, and took charge of the discussion. zd point, Co-operation of school authorities. Miss C. M. HEWINS. We have tried having one or more principals of the public schools on the library board and have found it very suc- cessful. Miss T. L. KELSO. We find that to have the teachers join the library club and meet with the librarians has done more good than any- thing else. A. L. PECK. The city superintendent is one of our trustees. The librarian has an invita- tion to go to any school at any time to see the teachers and the students. I believe in having the librarian meet the teachers. S: S. GREEN. Those things are all excellent. We must interest the teacher and have the superintendent on our side. We should also get the school board on our side. Miss THERESA WEST. President of the school board and members of the board are members of our library committee. E: FARQUHAR. The Columbian University of Washington City has a little guide showing the distance of the university from each library in the city, and gives an idea to every one con- cerned of the location and character of the different libraries. I think if the universities were encouraged to follow that example it would add much to the usefulness of the libraries. Sec. HILL. The state law of New Jersey makes the superintendent of public instruction a trustee of the public library, so that the schools and libraiies work in close connection throughout the state. Those cities that have adopted the plan favor it. We must have very good superintendents, because the plan works successfully in the cities where it has been tried.. Treas. CARR. The personal characteristics of the man are ten times more important than any official connection. In ex-officio connections you oftentimes get good men, but the chances are equally great of getting a man that you do not want. A. W. TYLER. The statement of Mr. Hill should be slightly modified. The law of New Jersey is not compulsory. There are at least three different library laws there. My library at Plainfield was not organized under that law, and the superintendent had nothing to do with the library. In Indianapolis both the super- intendent and members of the school board were on the library committee. Sec. HILL. This law is known as the law of 1884, and it is of no effect unless adopted by a city. Any city adopting that law must put the superintendent on the board of trustees. There are other laws relating to libraries in which nothing is said about the superintendent, but if this particular law, known as the law of 1884, is adopted the superintendent must go on. This law has been adopted by Jersey City, Paterson, Newark, Hoboken, and Passaic. JAS. K. HOSMER. In Minneapolis the library gains great strength from the fact that the president of the State University and the super- intendent of schools are both ex-officio members of the board. They are both excellent men and give the board great strength. I believe under all circumstances it would be so, because no men would be in those positions who are not men of a kind likely to give strength to the board. EDMUND M. BARTON. It is a great privilege with us to have the president of Clark University and the superintendent of our free public library on our council. Miss T. L. KELSO. I think it would be a de- plorable thing if we had to accept a person for our board on account of holding a certain office. What we want is people fit for the place, and not people who happen to be superintendents of schools. Pres. DEWEY. If the superintendent of schools not only has the responsibility of the education of our children, but also aids in the library work, are not the chances increased that you will get it out of politics? Are we not bound to work with the schools, and is not the CHICAGO CONFERENCE. best way to cure the difficulty to get right men for superintendents? . Treas. CARR. If a man is a good man you can get him to take an interest without com- pelling him to take an ex-officio position. If he is the right man you can get him. I believe in reaching the schools by personal action and personal interest. $th point, Grades, S: S. GREEN. You ought to begin to educate the taste as soon as possible. Begin by supply- ing good books to young children and continue to supply them as the scholars grow up. The sentiment of the meeting was that we ought to begin in the kindergarten to educate readers in the schools. ^th point, No. volumes loaned. Miss C. M. HEWINS. We find the no limit rule works satisfactorily. A teacher may send for 50 books at a time if she likes. Miss THERESA WEST. We make no limit to the number of books drawn by the teacher. We limit to one or two books for the class use only. A teacher can have any number of books for her own use. G: W. COLE. In Jersey City we have in- duced the teachers to make a canvass of the schools and get as many scholars as possible to take out individual cards, which perhaps answers the same purpose as the Milwaukee allowance of one book to each pupil. S: S. GREEN. We give six books to every teacher for his own use, and 12 for the use of pupils, but the teacher can have any number by asking for them. I like the idea of having a limit, and then, if it is found that the teachers really need more, letting them have as many as they want. The head of the department in the circulating library is instructed not to let the teacher have more than one novel and to look out very care- fully that the books for pupils are for some kind of study or elevating occupation. It is not necessary that they should be for the exact studies of the school, but something that will promote study. The teacher must make care- ful selections in regard to the children. A teacher may have six books for her own use and 12 more for her pupils. Then we have a separate blue card on which we give out books to any child of any age where we think it advisable, but the officers of the library are instructed to be very careful that the book is adapted to the age of the child. Each teacher may have 18 books. If there are three teachers in one room they have 54 books regularly, and they not infrequently have 100. Pres. DEWEY. A few years ago a college librarian went to the president and asked that the students should no longer be allowed to read the Encyclopaedia Britannica on a certain subject, because the volumes were not wearing uniformly. That is the kind of librarian that says, " We have had that book 10 years, and it is just as clean and nice as it was when we bought it." We now should be ashamed of this. .The modern librarian with the A. L. A. spirit is as anxious to get his books used by the public as are the Chicagoans to get people into their fair. G: W. COLE. Is not the Milwaukee plan similar to that pursued at Cleveland, where 100 books are sent in a box to the school and dis- tributed to the pupils by the teacher, forming a sort of delivery agency ? Miss THERESA WEST. I think the Cleveland system has been copied from Milwaukee. The teacher comes to the library and selects the books. Then they are distributed as through an agency, and the teacher is responsible for the safe return of the books. G: W. COLE. Through the solicitation of a school principal, who is a member of our board of trustees, we tried a plan in the last two months of sending about 40 copies of a single book to our schools. They are what is known as the " Classics for children." They are dis- tributed by the teachers so that the scholars can all be reading on one topic under the teacher's direction. We find it very successful. 1th point, Special libraries. ANNIE B. JACKSON. We could use 200 copies, but not having money enough we buy three ; one for use in the regular way, one for the teachers, and one to be kept in the building. G. M. JONES. In Salem we asked the master of the high school to suggest books that he would have duplicated. He gave us a list ranging from two to 12 copies. We immediately added the whole list to the library, but I regret to say he was not careful in his choice, and many of those books have not been used at all. We cannot always safely follow a teacher's suggestions. S: S. GREEN. In some places the school committees are willing to buy numbers of dupli- cate books themselves. This kind of books is bought in Boston by the school committee. There they get a very wise selection. It may SECOND SESSION. be that frequently libraries need not go to that expense, but the school committee will. Mrs. M. A. SANDERS. We get recommenda- tions from the teachers of books that are re- quired. We have $200 from the state to spend in this way. Pres. DEWEY. By our New York law passed last year we get besides $25,000 a year for the travelling libraries $55,000 for school libraries. Any school receiving a portion of this public money must raise an equal amount from local sources. The New York district libraries were never school libraries. They were public libra- ries, and they were confused in public estima- tion with school libraries because for convenience of administration they were kept in school- houses. That law was repealed last year and an appropriation of $55,000 was granted dis- tinctly for books as a part of the school appa- ratus. The law forbids their use for general circulation. Miss T. L. KELSO. That is our law in Cali- fornia. We have in Los Angeles $5,555 for books for schools. Usually we spend this mon- ey for duplicates, as we give the use of the whole library to the schools in return for hav- ing this school money each year to spend on extra books. 8tA point, Duplicates. F: M. CRUNDEN. You will readily see from your own experience what an added interest it has given to the reading of any book to have other members of the family, or friends with whom you come in frequent contact, read the same book at the same time. It intensifies the enjoyment very much. The same thing is ap- plicable to schools. A roomful of children will get a great deal more out of a given book if all read that book at the same time than if different ones are reading different books. I think, therefore, that it is a great advantage to send to schools 20 copies of the same book, or if there are large rooms, 40 or 50 copies, so that all may read the same book and talk about it. It intensifies the interest and leaves a better impression on their minds. H : M. UTLEY. This fact has been borne out very distinctly in my experience. We have in some instances as many as 50 copies of a book in a school at the same time. All the children in a given class are reading it at once. They discuss it among themselves. Sometimes the teacher discusses it with them and they write essays or summaries of the points of the book which have struck them as most important. Much more good is got from that way of read- ing than in any other. gtk point, Fiction. S: S. GREEN. Good stories can be read by young people often to the best advantage. It depends largely on the age of the children and their intellectual advancement. I should dislike to have the thing restricted in any way. Miss C. M. HEWINS. A teacher often sends us a note like this : " Please send us 50 books ; 10 on popular science, 10 on interesting history, 10 on interesting biography suitable for pupils of common-school age. For the other 20 send as good stories as you can pick out, or anything you think they would like to read." We send them good stories, interesting poetry, good novels, and anything in which we think they take the slightest interest. The children are allowed to take them home, and the teachers speak in favor of the effect that those books have had in bringing books to the children's notice that they would not otherwise have chosen. G: W. COLE. We have a restriction In regard to this. I have had some applications, and in every case where the book was in the line of the studies pursued in the school I have let it go. S: S. GREEN. There must be some personal judgment used. We do not want to have noth- ing read but fiction. Our aim is not wholly to entertain a pupil. To secure an elevating in- fluence you must make a very considerable use of the better kind of stories, and while you are exerting whatever influence these stories exert you are also cultivating a taste for the better kinds of stories. Mrs. M. A. SANDERS. In our library every school child irrespective of age has a card. There is no limitation. A card is seldom asked for under eight. If these children come into the library they are shown -where the children's books are placed. They are also encouraged to go to the librarian. Miss Hewins knows that a great many children are ready to do that. We make no restrictions in regard to fiction, but we do restrict the number of books taken out by a child. We do not allow more than two works of fiction taken out during one week. W: I. FLETCHER. I desire that when this dis- cussion goes out to the world it shall go with a strong protest against the assumption that there is any line to be drawn between fiction and CHICAGO CONFERENCE. other kinds of books. We heard yesterday of the great value of fiction as an educator of young people, and I should as soon think of having the teachers informed that in reading the Scriptures in school they must never read the parables as that there must be a line drawn between fiction and other kinds of literature used educationally. lOtA point, Time limit and care. S: S. GREEN. I only hold a teacher to rea- sonable care, and if I feel that she has used it I remit the fine instantly. The fine is imposed as a matter of discipline. It is sometimes a great advantage for a teacher to be able to keep books for a whole term ; for that she must get special permission. G. M. JONES. I was disposed to question the condition in which the books came back to the public library, but on consulting with the teach- ers I found that the books were not so badly used as the books belonging to the city used in school. I have never but once charged any- thing for injuries. In that case ink had been upset on the book. I \th point, Influence on pupils. Miss THERESA WEST. Our superintendent of circulation goes to the schools to talk with the children there and advise with them. We find the plan admirable. A. L. PECK. Beginning 12 years ago I visit- ed every school every month. I have now 55 teachers to visit ; 12 years ago I had but 18. I visit now every school once every term. Then I have three reading classes. One is under the regents, one -is primary, and one is in a grammar room. In this manner I meet the schools almost every month. I find that the library has grown not only in usefulness and in popularity, but that to-day the schools would not be without the library. S: S. GREEN. It is a good thing to invite the children to the library. Miss C. M. HEWINS. I find that it is a very good thing to go to the schools once a year. The children in our schools keep a record of what they have read for six months, what books they like best, why they like them best, and what characters they have found in every book with whom they would like to make friends if they were living people. I write in red ink suggestions sometimes like this : "Your list is a good one, but you are reading too many books of one kind ; " or, " This is a good all- around list," etc. If I find that a pupil is read- ing a book of which I am specially fond, one by John Burroughs for instance, I write: " I like to have you read John Burroughs." I pick out the books that are best. Miss James and I have both tried having the children write to us what they think of the public library. We get some very interesting letters in that way. T. S. PARVIN. We offered a premium for the best description of a library. I received a number of papers. To farther increase the in- terest I added from time to time objects in natural history and science. We sent an invi- tation first to one teacher and then to another to bring in the whole primary class. In that way we got the interest of all the children, and through the children the teachers'. Mrs. M. A. SANDERS. I have not asked for letters from children at all, but I keep in touch with the superintendent's work and the pupils are sent to me for whatever assistance I can give them. I do not ask for letters, but they send me reviews of the books that have been read. I2//4 point, Reference use. S: S. GREEN. I bring the teachers as well as the pupils to the library. Through the winter we had one class from the high school study- ing Caesar, another class studying English lit- erature, paying particular attention to Chaucer. \$th point, Class-rooms. S: S. GREEN. We have a room for each sub- ject. A. L. PECK. We take the classes in the librarian's office. Mrs. M . A. SANDERS. For lack of a suitable place we have used the toilet-room for a class of 50 and a teacher. ATTENDANCE LIST. T: S. PARVIN. I have been in correspond- ence with the leading librarians of the country for a quarter of a century. I came here at this time expecting great pleasure in meeting many of those with whom I had corresponded and making the acquaintance of others. I have been here all the week. The first thing I heard from the desk was that librarians should be modest, and so I was mum. I did not even introduce myself to anybody except the presi- dent, and he introduced me to the treasurer so that he might get my money. Then I intro- duced myself to the young lady in charge of the book and registered. If I had a list of those who are present, I could take that list and throw aside my modesty and go up to Mr. SECOND SESSION. A B and Mr. C D and hand him my card and say " Who are you?" I think we could trans- act a good deal more business a good deal more successfully if we knew each other than if we come here strangers and remain strangers. I move that the secretary prepare for use on Monday a printed list of those present, with city address. Voted. F: M. CRUNDEN was called to the chair and presided for the remainder of the session. Prcs. DEWEY introduced PETER COWELL, libra- rian of the Liverpool (England) Free Library, who read a paper on Lectures, Museums, Art- Galleries, prefacing his paper as follows : " I have not been at any meeting of the Library Association of the United Kingdom where there were so many ladies present as there are here. It is very evident that in this country ladies are a force, and in library work I believe a very strong force indeed. Therefore it is with very great pleasure that I see so many of the fairer sex before me. " I presume most of you see me, yet when I looked in the mirror this morning I thought I was fast melting away. We are not used to this kind of weather in England nor to such immense journeys. I have an idea that I should be allowed to go home at a reduced rate. I am still able to speak, however, and am gradu- ally learning your language. I can at least ex- press my very great pleasure and gratification at what I have seen since I came here. " Liverpool is a very old city; its charter dates back to the time of King John. We stood still for a number of centuries. Until within the last 100 years we were a village, comparatively speaking. Now we are up to the times at least we think we are, and we are going ahead. No doubt the influence of American cities and the intercourse with Americans has had much to do with keeping us up to time." Mr. COWELL then read his paper on LECTURES, MUSEUMS AND ART-GALLERIES. Moved, that a vote of thanks be extended by the Association to Mr. Cowell for his excellent paper. Voted. JAMES BAIN, JR., of the Toronto Public Libra- ry, read an abstract of his paper on the same subject. (See p. 214.) W: T. PEOPLES. The paper of Mr. Bain covers this subject pretty thoroughly. Any- thing that will attract the people should be en- couraged, but the success of the art-galleries and museums depends very largely upon the community and the situation of the library. In the early history of the Mercantile Library of New York it was thought wise to establish a lecture department and a museum of natural history. Our lectures were given from about 1830 to 1875. It was one of the rules in estab- lishing the lecture bureau that the library should incur no loss. In case any profits ac- crued from giving the lectures they were to go to the library fund, but in case of any loss the members of the board of direction were to bear it. Some years as many as 24 to 30 lectures were given. Lectures were given on commer- cial law, literature, and other topics, and they proved very successful. For many years the Mercantile Library lecture course was looked for- ward to by a certain class of people as one of the main sources of instruction. When the Amer- ican Museum of Natural History, of New York, established a lecture course free to all, the in- terest in our lectures lagged, and as it was a mat- ter of business on our part we were compelled to suspend, the patronage not being sufficient to pay the expenses. Had there been a fund to draw upon in case of loss, these lectures could have been continued, but ceasing to be a source of revenue, and becoming each year a heavier burden to carry it became a necessity to dis- continue them. It was the same way with our natural history museum. We also gave instruction in book-keeping, stenography, and the various languages. These proved at first very successful, but when the night schools be- gan this instruction free, of course we could get few scholars, and had to suspend. I say that anything of this kind should be encouraged where it is possible and where it does not draw from the library funds. For instance, it would be exceedingly foolish for the Chicago Public Li- brary in view of this magnificent institute here to attempt to establish an art-gallery. It is the same with us. We cannot compete with the Metropolitan Museum of Art or with the Museum of Natural History ; therefore we are compelled to devote our energies to the collec- tion of books and literature alone. I am in favor, where it is possible., of all libraries estab- lishing a lecture department, if it can be done without crippling other "work, and giving talks, among other subjects, on books and good read- ing. Where they can have these lectures given from time to time, it is an exceedingly wise thing and very fortunate for the library. PETER COWELL. In reference to our museum 10 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. and art gallery, I must say that each of those institutions is ruled by a separate head. There is a head for the museum and a head for the art-gallery, and I have charge of the library. We have adopted for our museum what I think now is a little more than an experiment travel- ling museums. They are very much the same as your travelling libraries. A number of boxes are made up of shells, sponges, and other natural history specimens that are calculated to be interesting to classes of public schools, and the teachers and masters have an oppor- tunity of bringing some particular shell, beauti- ful in color or form, before the pupils to whom they are lecturing, the lecture, of course, being doubly interesting on account of having the specimens in view. This plan has been ex- tremely successful, and a very large number of boxes are now sent around to the schools in England. From the art-gallery side : Every autumn we have what is called an autumn ex- hibition. The profits of this exhibition are always given to the purchase of pictures. This has been going on now for many years, and the result is that we have a very valuable collection. There is one thing always to be said about the possession of good buildings, and that is that they are successful in obtaining gifts. Put up a creditable building, whether it is for library, museum, or art-gallery, and it is as- tonishing how much people are influenced by a place where their gifts will be taken care of and, as they believe, thoroughly appreciated, and where possibly their names will be append- ed to their gift. Voted that hereafter meetings begin at 9 o'clock A.M., instead of 10. Recess until Monday morning. THIRD SESSION. (MONDAY MORNING, JULY 17.) Held by invitation of Pres. HARPER in Cobb Hall, Chicago University. The meeting was called to order at 9 A.M., Vice-President S: S. GREEN presiding. PROPRIETARY LIBRARIES AND THEIR RELATIONS TO PUBLIC LIBRARIES. (See p. 247.) C: A. CUTTER. My paper may be condensed into two clauses. The proprietary libraries were the predecessors and in some degree the progenitors of the public libraries in this country, and the son is now engaged in devour- ing the father. The first is a mere matter of history about which it is not necessary to say anything. As to the second, that the public libraries are absorbing the proprietary libraries, you all know; that they must absorb them in the nature of things you may question. I believe that when a proprietary library is unendowed the certain end of it is either to be taken into the public library or to die. So far as I know, certainly in several cases, the result of such a proprietary library attempting to compete with a public library has been simply that it gets into debt, that it makes frantic appeals to every one interested in it for funds, that it does not succeed in getting them, that it finally gets more and more into debt, and is at last brought to the auctioneer's hands. The reason is obvi- ous. People will not pay for what they can get for nothing. Of course the proprietary library does furnish something which the pub- lic library does not furnish generally in the same degree ; viz., comfort and attention. But the number of people who can pay for those luxuries is limited. There are not enough to pay the running expenses of any library that is to do good work. And if a library without endowment attempts to do such work it is sure to overrun its funds. If it is endowed, however, the case is entirely different. Then the library can remain, will remain, and is like- ly to grow in strength. It does good work, gets the regard of the people of the town, and does not make any longer unanswered appeals for help. It is a good thing for a city to have both a public library and a proprietary library. The proprietary library can do something which the public library finds it difficult to do ; it can ad- mit all its readers to the shelves, an enormous advantage. It can give the readers more per- sonal attention than can the public library; it will relieve the public library of a good deal of pressure in the matter of circulation and of a good many people who are apt to be captious. If the public library has funds enough to do all that it can, or all that it wants to do, then I be- lieve it is well for the public library to under- take to supply everybody, to cater to everybody, not merely to the poor or the ignorant, but also to the rich and the scholarly. If, however, the public library has any deficiency of funds and is obliged to choose what it will do among many possible ways of serving the public, it seems to me that it ought to leave to the proprietary library the duty of ministering to scholarly THIRD SESSION. wants and to specially devote its funds to the care of those who cannot afford to procure literature for themselves, and more particularly to those who need to be brought into the fold, to the ignorant, the uneducated. In other words, a public library which is able to parallel the kindergarten, the primary school, the high school, the college, and the university, ought to do so, but if it cannot parallel them all it ought to rather attempt to parallel the kindergarten, the common school, and the high school than to attempt to parallel the university. It ought not to build a magnificent building at the cost of leaving its branch libraries unventilated. It ought not to provide books specially for the most advanced scholars and not provide suffi- cient for the common people with all those aids personal and other which will make the common people use their books well. J. K. HOSMER. The Minneapolis proprietary library the Athenaeum, which dates back to the foundation of the city has become absorbed in the public library, and the relation between the two is a very happy one. The public library is sustained by taxation. We have from that source some $60,000 or $70,000 a year. Beside that the Athenaeum has funds, to the amount of something like $200,000. The income from that is appropriated to beautiful art-books and expensive scientific and other costly works. The purchases of the city library are of a popular kind for the most part, and they are supplemented from the funds of the Athenae- um. The experience of Minneapolis is one Eolution of the problem, and I think a happy one. A. L. PECK. In New York the proprietary library takes the place of the public library; it receives aid from the community without becoming the property of the community. For the Gloversville Library the city authorities provide at present $2,000 annually, while the association, or corporation if you wish to call it so, provides the balance of the expenses. This, I believe, is a new feature of the proprietary library. B. C. STEINER. The new Mercantile Library of Baltimore is a good example of the way in which proprietary libraries can supplement and occupy a different field from the public library. The old Mercantile Library of Baltimore for a good number of years languished, rarely meet- ing its annual expenses and only kept alive by the generosity of its president. After he became tired of contributing to it the library was closed. 'Soon after the opening of the Pratt Library, and largely I believe in consequence of it, the people of the class who desire access to the shelves and a longer period for drawing books, formed the new Mercantile Library, and it has been success- ful ever since. It relieves us considerably from the necessity of buying many copies of new books which would be useless after a few months, as we can say to all persons complain- ing because we have not more copies, that if they desire they can pay the fee of the Mer- cantile and obtain the books there. ACCESS TO SHELVES. (Seep. 216.) J. K. HOSMER. Usually readers want ac- cess to shelves. Librarians are willing to grant it in varying degrees, some approving of a wide access and thinking it feasible, and oth- ers not. As regards readers taking up room in alcoves and among books, and so embarrassing the work of attendants, libraries may be con- structed in such a way as to give room. No American citizen is willing to admit that he can be served by an attendant better than he can be served by himself. Whatever may be said about newspaper reading as producing super- ficiality and tending to low aims and distrac- tion, no one can deny that it imparts a vastly comprehensive knowledge if it is superficial, and that it sharpens the mind. Men and women who have had that training do not want to have anybody else select for them ; they want to do the selecting themselves. Paternalism is an exceedingly unpopular idea, and pater- nalism in the library is as unpopular as pater- nalism in politics. We do not want to be directed and to have it pointed out to us what is good and what is bad. We want to choose for ourselves. A VOICE. What is the danger from theft and mutilation ? W: H. BRETT. In Cleveland there is more danger from mutilation than from theft. The mutilation of books in the circulating library un- doubtedly occurs outside of the library, and I do not see how the question of access to shelves can affect it at all. It does not matter how the books are drawn from the library. The mutila- tion occurs at home, and it is one of the most difficult problems with which we have to deal. For more than thrte years we have given ab- solutely free admission to all shelves in the circulating department, during which time the CHICAGO CONFERENCE. circulation has increased about 60 %, from less than 200,000 to nearly 350,000, and we have lost very few books indeed. I think the actual loss would not exceed 300 volumes a year, and those mostly from the cheaper class of books fiction and juvenile. The result has been that we are saving not less than four salaries, perhaps $2,000, and losing perhaps $300 worth of books. R. B. POOLE. Two months ago a Greek stu- dent who had access to the shelves stole books from the Astor and sold them to Columbia Col- lege, and stole from the Columbia College Li- brary and sold them, and was caught in the act and arrested. A few months ago books were drawn from the library I represent and the leaves and plates were taken out. Our practice is to have the valuable books placed near the desks where they can be seen. Mrs. M. A. SANDERS. We have given abso- lutely free access to our shelves for 14 years. Up to two years ago we lost comparatively nothing three books out of our reference de- partment, but not of very great value. About two years ago I began to miss books occasion- ally from the shelves. I reported it at once to my trustees, and they said, " Be vigilant and wait." A year and a half passed, and then we began to miss books three and four at a time. By and by books began to go by sets almost under our very eyes. At last we employed a detective. The books still went with detectives watching. Finally we let the detectives go and took the case into our own hands. We were finally led to suspect a woman who spent nearly all her time in the library. She was there by special per- mit. We watched her and found that she wus the one Who had been taking the books. We had trusted her thoroughly, even to taking charge of the library for a short time. She was arrested. They searched her and found three books on her. Then the chief of police and I went to her home and we found 400 books. I had a list of them. They were packed in closets. We brought them home and did not lose a single book. Perhaps you will ask what became of the woman. She was a refined, cultured woman. I made up my mind that she was not a common thief. I talked with the trustees and we went to the attorney-general and asked that the penalty be made just as large as it possibly could be without sending her to the house of correction, which was done. The woman is at large. I tell this experience that you may see that it is the trusted ones that take the books and not the common people. We have few books that have been mutilated by readers going to the shelves, for books are mutilated rather at home. With this one exception books have not been carried off. I should say we do not lose 10 volumes a year from the shelves. J. K. HOSMER. We lose very few books, no more than Mrs. Sanders. Our circulation this year will come up close to 400,000, and the per- centage of loss will certainly be very small. That includes the losses at home as well as the losses from the shelves. I find very little muti- lation. H: M. UTLEY. I have had an experience that is possibly peculiar. In our library there is access to the books of reference as well as those on art and architecture, etc. We noticed at one time that some of our books of reference mysteriously disappeared, and that after a time they just as mysteriously appeared again. The fact was, I think, that people borrowed these books without permission, and took them home without our knowledge or consent, and when through with them returned them again. C: A. CUTTER. The Boston Athenaeum has had a similar experience of illicit borrowing and ultimate return. Miss T. L. KELSO. We have in our reference- room about 4000 volumes of the best books in the library absolutely free of access. As a plan of prevention we notify every second- hand book-dealer of our private marks and that if they buy or sell any of our books we shall prosecute them. Then we notify the dealers the moment we lose books. We tell the people that the books are theirs and that the librarians are simply in charge of them. Through the newspapers we say to the people that we are taking every precaution against loss and that every person found guilty of theft will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. We have found that there is little or no loss. ARTHUR CUNNINGHAM. In the Indiana State Normal School full and free access is given to the shelves. We have lost very few books, some dozen volumes a year, and we find that the books that are lost are chiefly those for which there is a special demand at a certain time. We have books of two characters : the books that may be taken out for a period of two weeks, and other books that may be taken out only over night ; books for which there is a spe- cial demand and books that are properly refer- ence-books. It is the books of this latter THIRD SESSION. character that we lose most, but not in sufficient number to compel any restraint on their use. A VOICE. Are such books brought back after the demand is over ? Mr. CUNNINGHAM. Most of them are brought back. We lost about 100 books in a circulation of 100 ooo. G: W. HARRIS. At Cornell we have a refer- ence library of 5,000 or 6,000 volumes absolutely free of access. The other books in the stacks are called for at the delivery-desk, but a student pursuing special study can get a ticket giving him admission to the shelves in the stacks and all the books that he needs. From books in the reference library we lose perhaps four or five volumes a year absolutely, and occasionally a volume is taken out and returned quietly. Frequently volumes in demand by certain class- es we find hidden Jbehind other books on the shelves for an hour or two, and sometimes it has been found necessary to take those from the reference library and put them behind the delivery-desk and give them out only by ticket. Generally the students are not allowed in the stacks without ticket. We have not noticed any losses in the stacks. Pres. DEWEY. It occurs to me that this loss of books in a library is like the loss of fruit from different gardens. In the same locality with the same constituency of boys one man loses his fruit and another does not. A great deal of this depends on the librarian. The librarian who is most generous is sometimes most skilful and prompt In punishing offenders. We come into convention here and are unani- mous apparently on some questions, and yet people go home and do exactly the opposite thing. They say : " My constituency is so differ- ent." Constituencies in my opinion are wonder- fully alike, and after all it is chiefly the personal equation of the librarian. Most of you re- member the case where a thief had removed so many books and was detected by the skill of one of the guards who noticed as he passed out on a windy day that his coat did not blow and went up to him and found that his coat was lined with books. In spite of all precautions the ingenuity with which books will be stolen is usually quite as great as the skill in detecting it. I fancy that sometimes where great precau- tions are taken a book-thief feels that he is on his mettle to prove whether he is shrewd enough to steal a book out of the library with- out being caught, when, if trusted freely, he would not abuse the confidence. J. K. HOSMER. Before the discussion closes I for one am exceedingly anxious to hear a statement from somebody who advocates a re- strictive policy, and from some one who does not favor free access. PETER COWELL. I have received a grain of comfort with what I have heard already as to theft in American libraries. I thought this was confined to the old country, but I find that human nature is very much the same here as it is in England. You go on for a while very nicely and you fancy that all your readers are so honest and good that they will go straight to heaven without any hindrance whatever. But the black sheep does get in, and then you suffer. You put your heads together and say something must be done. I must tell you what we have done in England in the Liverpool Library on the principle that prevention is better than cure. Every person who enters the reference-room receives from the janitor an application form. As a rule we find that a person does not want more than a dozen books. The names of the books are entered on this slip, which is dated. He presents it to an attendant and he gets the books he wants. The slip is handed to him again, and when he leaves the room he is to produce the slip and all the books that are writ- ten thereon. In this way we stop theft. We do not care how many black sheep get in, we do not lose our books. MissT. L. KELSO. We ask absolutely noth- ing, not even the name. Sometimes a hurried business man will come in for an atlas or dic- tionary. He will rush in and stay one minute and rush out again. The moment you ask them to sign their names you are losing the best people that come into the library. I would rather that such a man should steal the dic- tionary outiight than that he should fail to get the service he requires from the library. PETER COWELL. So far as the large volumes are concerned they are not pocketable, and you can scarcely hide them under your arm. It is the small books for which we are afraid. So far as signature is concerned no one who is going to thieve will put down his right name and ad- dress anyway. I think there is no hindrance to any person coming into the room. We do not care what they put down, but we stop theft. Miss JESSIE ALLAN. We had in our reference- room last year some 8000 volumes and used up- wards of 40,000 volumes in that room. There were no attendants and there was not a volume taken. Our experience is that instead of trust- CHICAGO CONFERENCE. ing second-hand dealers too much they are the ones that should be watched. The only volumes that we have lost we found were stolen at the instigation of the second-hand dealers and were sent out of the city two hours after the theft. Mrs. M. A. SANDERS. After our theft people said, " Now you will close your shelves, won't you We asked the trustees if we should. They said : " No, not if twice 400 books had been taken." This was merely one single case of misplaced confidence. Miss THERESA WEST. We throw our ref- erence shelves open entirely. We have some 6,000 volumes there. We have lost six volumes in ten years. Miss C. M. HEWINS. The Hartford Library has since its opening last September adopted a middle course. We keep on the shelves nearest the desk all the new books. We have another large case where we keep good novels, not neces- sarily new. We have another one of good books for children. People are perfectly free to handle those books. It saves writing out charging- slips and also the time of one attendant. As to access to shelves, we are perfectly willing to give it to people looking up special subjects. W: H. BRETT. I certainly regard this sub- ject as one of the most important of the unset- tled questions before us. I regret the statement made in the first remarks to which we listened this morning by a gentleman whose experience so far exceeds my own that I fear it is presump- tuous to differ with him, on the subject of pro prietary libraries, in which he said that the pro- prietary library could do that which the public library finds it difficult to do ; viz. : it could grant access to shelves. If this is true there must be some reason for it. First, in the character of the books in the public library. Accepting the limitation which the gentleman makes of the scope of the public library, that it should corre- spond to that grade of education from the kin- dergarten up to the high school and should not attempt to cover the field of the university li- brary, it is very clear that the books contained in the public library would not be of such a valuable nature as to render it more difficult to permit access to them than those in the pro- prietary libraries. If it is not in the books, is it in the class of people who use the public li- braries as compared to those who use the pro- prietary libraries ? To this we can emphatically say no. It is very clear from the statements made on the floor this morning that if there is any difference between the classes, it is the dangerous classes who are admitted to the pro- prietary libraries. It is the book-fancier, the one who is most likely to visit the proprietary library, who is most to be feared. I said that mutilations were done at home. There are exceptions to this, and we had one only a few weeks ago, in which a series of plates were stolen. After three or four weeks the thief was detected and found to be a gradu- ate of the high school, a thorough gentleman in his appearance. His room was searched and we recovered everything that bad been taken. There is one objection to permitting access to shelves; that is the amount of room which it re- quires. Does it take more room to so arrange a library as to permit the public to examine the books on the shelves than it does to store them in another way? I presume it does, but not so much more as would be thought. I do not think there is any library which could not store about the walls and in shallow alcoves all of its working books in a room which is necessary for the use of the public. If I were planning a li- brary I should certainly build a stack in con- nection with it, and in that stack I would put every book that nobody ever wants. I would put in it all the surplus duplicates, obsolete editions, and less-used books. Out of every much-used public library a small portion of the entire collection can be selected as in constant demand. Those I would certainly place where they could be accessible. As to the others it makes less difference how you store them. A stack accessible from the public room would be most convenient. Chairman GREEN. I easily understand how Minneapolis and Cleveland with their young li- braries can get along very well admitting people among all their books. But take a library like the Astor, or a library even like the one which I have, and I do not think it is wholly practi- cable. We have got together in Worcester a very valuable reference library. We keep the books separate. My plan is this: When anybody really wants to see all the books on a given subject I send an attendant with him and let him stay while he wants to, and then I have an attendant take him to a study-room and in that way try to meet all his wants. But I am not going to admit him among the very valu- able books which have been collected at im- mense expense, sets of books which cost us thousands of dollars, and very valuable single volumes. I do not think that it is wise to allow everybody to go in there. THIRD SESSION. JAMES BAIN. When I first joined the Ameri- can Library Association all members were unani- mous in insisting that books should not be kept in cages. It seems to me that the question divides itself into large and small libraries. In a large library I question whether it would be successful to admit strangers to the shelves. A certain portion of it might be thrown open the novels, for instance. In a reference library matters are entirely different from what they are in a circulating library. You say that many of our better and larger libraries contain very valuable books. I fancy that if we take the model of the British Museum and pick out a certain proportion of our books, all our diction- aries and cyclopaedias, and put these within con- venient reach of readers, we can answer all practical purposes and the valuable books may be obtained without any difficulty through the attendants. Miss T. L. KELSO. I think access to the shelves absolutely essential. The circulation of the libraries is growing very rapidly. I have a circulation of 300,000 books. Every charging system in existence absolutely breaks down at 250 books an hour. We shall be compelled to allow access to the shelves. If we do not every attendant must know all the books so as to be able instantly to get them. There is not a librarian here who does not find that he cannot handle a crowd of 300 people in an hour and re- ceive the books. People are not going to put up with delay. This is not a question for us to decide. We shall be compelled to let people go to the books and to devote the time of the at- tendants to giving and receiving. Access to the shelves is one of the plans by which we can render the library more convenient to the public. BOOK ANNOTATION. (Seep. 217.) G: ILES. At the Lake wood meeting I brought up the proposal that books should be annotated by experts. In the small model library which has been gathered for us in the U. S. government building I have had small collections on electricity, photography, American government, and general political economy an- notated by experts in these subjects. The notes are printed in small separate pamphlets. That really is the main point that I have to bring be- fore you, and I may say as to indexing current literature, Mr. C. Wellman Parks and others associated with him propose, beginning with January, 1894, to issue a weekly index to peri- odical literature which after the first number till the 1 3th number of each quarter shall re- capitulate week by week the titles under appro- priate heads astronomy, electricity, photog- raphy, education, and so on. At the end of the sixth, ninth, and twelfth months a special number will recapitulate all the titles from the commencement of a year. This publication is rendered possible by the linotype machine, which casts a title as a line. It is hoped that this index will have the support not only of the librarians of the country but of the specialists, the electri- cians, architects, railroad engineers, and others who to-day find it exceedingly difficult to keep up with the literature of their professions. What I should lite to have discussed, however, is the scheme of expert annotation It is intended that from a central bureau, to be operated either by the Association or under its authority and super- vision, there shall be an organized plan whereby the literature of education, and perhaps other literature, may be annotated so that the notes may go forth to all the public libraries of the country who subscribe to the scheme in an accessible catalog, whether it be the Rudolph indexer or the card catalog. First of all we must premise that the catalog shall be accessible to the people, then that in addition to the bare title they be told briefly what the book is and what its merit is. In short, that the reader be enabled to select the book fittest for his need on the counsel of a man upon whom we may rely, a man of character and of knowledge, who will append his name and position, and tell us, if he be a teacher, in what college or other in- stitution he teaches. A year ago it was thought that we could not get annotators to sign their notes. Before I could find four gentlemen willing to make the notes presented in the A. L. A. model library, I had, of course, to make more than four applications, and in no case was it offered as an objection that I wished signatures to be appended. I do not imagine that there will be any difficulty on this point. Chairman GREEN. It is estimated that the expense will be $100,000 for a catalog of 10,000 books, and if 500 libraries would sub- scribe $200 that would pay for the expense. Can that $100,000 be raised, and then can $10,- ooo a year be raised in order to keep the work up to date ? That is the question for discussion. WESTON FLINT. The thing can be done, but the difficulty is to get the right people to do it. I should object to a good many of those notes, even on scientific questions. In the sub- i6 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. ject of electricity, for instance, there are differ- ent views on the subject and an annotator will perhaps be biassed by his views. This is a very serious question. The question of expense is also serious. I have sometimes thought that if the matter could be brought into a reasonable form the Bureau of Education might do some- thing. I believe this is practical, but there is difficulty in the management of the annotations. There are annotators and annotators, and you have to look out for them very carefully. J. K. HOSMER. I am struck very forcibly by what has been just said. What is the matter with the way Mr. Cutter has pursued ? It has been his practice in the case of the Athenaeum lists to publish in connection with book-titles selections from the great literary authorities, papers like the London Spectator in England and the Nation and Tribune in this country. I think we should get better results from some- thing such as that rather than by employing at great expense the professional annotator. Pres. DEWEY. In pointing out the danger from personal equations in annotators, Col. Flint has given the strongest argument for this plan. Every objection he urges applies to all the reviews and criticisms we get at the present time. Unless we have a bureau or something of this kind I see no way by which we can avoid this difficulty. If the Bureau of Educa- tion undertakes this work the work of the ex- pert in charge would be largely to look out for those books where there were different inter- ests and to see that both sides were represented. It does not matter so much whether the notes were written by a protectionist or free trader as that we should know whether they were by an advocate or opponent. Here is the strong reason for this systematic review system. We can then have experts in charge so that when the books come to us we shall know how much to trust the notes. This is an expensive work. I believe we could find plenty of libraries all over the coun- try who would be willing to give the beggarly sum of $20 a year for this work. All over the United States individual librarians work them- selves pale and thin sitting up nights over work of this kind, and when it is done it is not done half as well as that which could be done at one- fiftieth of the expense. The very watchword of this Association has been co-operation. We have co-operated, and we have achieved ad- mirable results. Mr. lies put before us last year a practical scheme and we want faith enough to take hold of it, and above all things we want the United States government in Washington to co-operate. It should reach out not only to Ihe 500 libraries suggested as being able to contribute but to all the 5,000 libraries in the United States. It should go also to the colleges and academies just as this new catalog of our A. L. A. Library goes not alone to the members of the A. L. A. but to every library and high school in the country. Miss T. L. KELSO. The principal thing is not that this should be a critical annotation, but that when a book comes out, for instance on electricity, there shall be some one in au- thority who can say that this book supplements such and such works. The principal value would be to the purchasing committees all over the United States. There are thousands of dollars wasted every year by people far away from book centres. I am 3,000 miles away from a book centre. I do not care whether the notes be written by a protectionist or a free trader ; what we want is a man who can say that this book covers a certain point left uncovered by such and such a book. It will be a guidance in buying books. On that plan the Bureau of Education is much more likely to listen to our plea than any other. I think it belongs prop- erly to the Bureau of Education, and as such a guide it will save every town in this country money from year to year. B: PICKMAN MANN. For a number of years I edited a magazine, the principal part of which was bibliographical record. In that I gave the titles of articles, followed with two to 10 lines of annotation. Although myself and one other person prepared a vast majority of the annota- tions, still I was able to get a book annotated by a specialist whenever I asked him to do so and could get him to sign his name to it, so that it was possible to tell something about the value of the annotation. The work was not done very promptly. I do not believe it is best to be in haste to buy a book just issued. If I were to endow a library I should endow it with a provision that it should not buy a book till it is one or two years old. People are in too great hurry for a book immediately when is- sued. They should wait till it is settled as to whether it is a good book or not. The ques- tion of cost was not a very large one. I never had to pay anything for annotation. I only had to pay the printer. My own labor was given gratuitously. The magazine was a tech- nical one and had a small circulation, but I did THIRD SESSION. not fall short more than $100 a year in ex- penses. I think with a more popular magazine or one edited by persons of greater ability that the circulation might be large enough to pay the cost. I think the thing can be gotten up for an expense of $3 or $4 a year to each library if the periodical were sold at $2 a year. Such a work giving the titles and annotations of the books as they are issued, could easily be circu- lated for very small cost. G. M. JONES. I wish to speak of the plan proposed by a special committee of the Massa- chusetts Library Club. We felt the burden specially in buying fiction. This is the most difficult class of books to buy, as they must be bought promptly and the reviews do not cover the important point, which is that of morality. We planned to form a committee like the La- dies' Commission on Sunday-School Books. The most serious difficulty would be in getting the books for examination. We consulted with the Library Bureau, who we learn had a plan for printing catalog cards of new books as pub- lished, and found them very willing to give us the books after they were cataloged. But as the Library Bureau has not yet begun this work, we are balked for the present. The ex- pense would not be great, being only express- age, postage, and stationery. By appointing a large committee and insisting on promptness, we think that so far as fiction, at least, is con- cerned we could do what is needed. W: C. LANK. The form in which this should be done, it seems to me, admits of farther dis- cussion. Mr. lies' plan is to furnish titles and notes in the form of cards to be inserted in a catalog. It seems to me that the work can be done more promptly and more cheaply in some other form. The catalog is a permanent record and these notes necessarily go out of date in a few years. They can be done better in a pamphlet which can be issued in new editions. WESTON FLINT. There seems to be a ques- tion whether these annotations are to be for new books or are to go back to old books. This is a plan for helping libraries in making selections of good books. They should have the notes given as promptly as possible to afford such help. We are not to have a censor over the books at all. If you should write to the Bureau of Education and ask which is the best library in the United States they could not tell you. Nobody in a public position can give an opinion on such a question. It should first be settled as to whether there is to be an annotation in regard to new books, or whether books pub- lished some years ago are to be included. G: ILES. From the reader's point of view what we want is a comparative note, specially prepared for the reader, so that when a professor writes a book on taxation that book shall be com- pared with other books, new and old. A cita- tion of a review from the Nation, Spectator, or London Academy would not help us much. If the ladies and gentlemen present will be good enough to look at the summary of my paper they will see that for books on moot questions protection, socialism, homoeopathy, for ex- ample I propose that we should have at least two annotators. I should like to see a book on free trade annotated, not only by a man from the free trade side, but, say, by Prof. Robert Thompson, and vice versa. I have canvassed this question during the past year with a good many people and I do not think there will arise any practical difficulty in having university pro- fessors write the notes proposed, and I think that it will be to the university professor that we must make our first appeal. We shall run no great risk of there being a commercial bias in his mind. We know that no university pro- fessor any more than anybody else is infallible, but I would much sooner have any- university professor's opinion, if he be a man of some dis- tinction in his line, than none. In entering a new field of reading do not we all highly value the word of a friend familiar with that field, al- though he may be very far from either emi- nence or authority ? This scheme will endeavor to get a word of direction from the very fittest man in the country, and put that word before every reader in the United States. The signa- ture of the annotator avouches his responsibility, and gives the reader a warrant for a reasonable measure of trust in the proffered guidance, WESTON FLINT. In looking over a list some time ago it seemed that there was but one view given. Some on a scientific subject I thought would not pass current as a fair criticism. I should have a note signed by a homoeopath and then one signed by an allopath in each case. C: A. CUTTER. I agree with Mr. lies in re- pudiating the idea of selected notes. I selected notes for the lists of the Boston Athenaeum, be- cause it was all that it was possible to get, and also because the object of those notes was not so much to give a description of the books for criticism as to make the list of books enter- taining to readers, so that they would look at it and not throw it into the waste-basket. CHICAGO CONFERENCE. G: W. COLE. I would ask whether Mr. lies would think it practicable to have the critical journals give the names of the writers of their reviews. It is well known that many of the journals employ experts to write their criticisms. Would not the same object be attained by hav- ing these articles signed by the writers? G: ILES. I should think that quite imprac- ticable. If this information were disclosed it would give rise to all manner of jealousies. Miss T. L. KELSO. Mr. lies wants 500 li- braries to subscribe $20 a year. There are probably 10 libraries that have money enough to buy more than five books on electricity during a year, and the other 590 would like to have some more definite plan before them. As a new book comes out other books in its line will be referred to. What good will it do us after we have purchased a book to be told that it is not worth having? I do not want a book that is not the best. If it is in order I move that a committee be appointed to discuss this matter thoroughly and to present it to the Bureau of Education. I think it belongs there. Chairman GREEN. Any matter of this kind goes before the new council. No important ac- tion of this kind can be taken by the Association without action first by the council. In the case of a library with a well trained constituency I think we can wait a while before we buy book?. We never put a novel on the shelves till we know that it is first-rate. P: PICKMAN MANN. I second Miss Kelso's motion so that it may go to the council for con- sideration. Miss T. L. KELSO. I do not care anything about these notes except as a guidance. ADAPTATION OF LIBRARIES TO CONSTITUENCIES. (Seep. 219.) Chairman GREEN. A gentleman from one of the little towns came to me as a member of the Massachusetts commission and asked my in- fluence to have the $100 worth of books to be bought for that town books on the early history of Massachusetts which were then out of print. The impropriety of such a purchase is obvious. There is another gentleman in Massachusetts who promises that at his death he will give to the library of his little native town one of the most valuable libraries in the state on the early history of Massachusetts. I submit that that library will be entirely out of place in that town, and would be much better put in a county-seat, with a provision that there should be free access to it and that any resident of the county should under proper regulations be permitted to take books out. The matter in my paper that needs discussion is the Quincy plan. Qu'ncy has about 20,000 inhabitants, and the trustees have come to the conclusion that a library of 15, coo volumes will answer very well the purposes of the town. It is not intended that the library shall be con- tinued as a reference library. It is within 20 miles or so of Boston, and it is thought that any person wishing to make investigations should go to Cambridge or Boston. They have weeded out books, like many of the public documents, such only being retained as are of special importance to such a town; books passed out of date, books that never ought to have been in the library, and other books which it seemed best to withdraw. These have either been given to other libraries or sent to auction- rooms or old book-stores to be sold, in order that they may get where they are wanted. What are the advantages and what are the objections to this system ? It is said that the representative of my district in Congress a gocd many years ago proposed, when Mr. Spofford wanted a new building, that they should weed out the Congressional Library and throw away all the books that were of little importance. Of course that is the silliest proposition that could be made. We want a national llibrary in this country like that of the British Museum, and in that library should be found every book pub- lished in the United States and a good portion of those published elsewhere. How is it with small libraries ? It is true that in most libraries of this kind there are many books which would be much better elsewhere. If you weed out your library you do not have to build additions to store these books when the library grows. It does not cost you so much to manage it. To catalog and keep a small library in order is comparatively inexpensive. I do not think so much of the saving of money in this matter. It is a part of the plan that the money saved on buildings, cataloging, etc., shall be spent to the advantage of the con- stituency of the library, that the catalogs shall be made better and issued oftener, that special lists of books shall be issued, and that the cata- log and lists shall be distributed at a nominal price throughout the homes of the town. I sup- pose a good many of you will say at once that you are sorry that this question has been started THIRD SESSION. at all. The question is started, and it is better that the people who know about such things should express their opinions in regard to them. It is important that the library, if it is to be weeded out, should be weeded out carefully. You ought to employ an expert to select the li- brary when it is being started, and you ought to be sure that the books are selected by per- sons who know how to select. There are ex- perts who do that. Can there not be experts who will take charge of this weeding out of the library ? It is not in every place you can find a man who could wisely do it. In regard to this matter of reference. What are you going to do about the boys and men and woncen who have not money and leisure to go even 20 miles to consult reference-books? If this plan is adopted I should say that the greatest pains ought to be taken by the libra- rian and trustees to see to it that if any bright person appears and wants to make an investiga- tion on a subject, that person should be aided in every way to make that investigat'on; that books should be bought or borrowed for him, or that his fare should be paid to the town where the books can be found, and if necessary his time paid for. It would be a part of this plan that if you had a book that was not adapted to your own library you give it to some other li- b'ary, some large reference or special library in the neighborhood. A good feeling would thus be established and one library would be willing to lend to another. Some large libraries lend now. I am borrowing constantly from Har- vard Col'ege Library and from other libraries where I can find books which my constituents need. That plan is already in existence in many of the best libraries. So far we have been, as has been said, accumu- lating books in this country. Has not our ac- cumulation of books been somewhat promis- cuous ? Is not the word for the hour differen- tiation, one library attending to one department of knowledge, another to another ? The State Library looks cut that it has all kinds of public documents ; a little town library devotes itself en- tirely to getting together the documents of that town, and that should be the one place in which everything relating to the town is to be found, and if a person wants to study anything in re- gard to that town he ought to find everything there. A general library must consider care- fully its constituency. The word for the hour, then, is look out carefully to see that every li- brary has what its constituency wants and establishes the best relations with other libra- ries. W: C. LANE. I suspect the trustees of the Quincy Library have not considered that they will not save anything in expenses, but rather increase their expenses. They will save room, but otherwise they will not save. They do not propose to have fewer books. The work of selecting the books to throw away will be just as great as selecting the books to add. All the books selected to throw away must be can- celled on shelf-lists, catalogs, and everywhere else. There is a considerable addition of ex- pense attending that plan. Pres. DEWEY. When a librarian goes through his collection and selects the books that he thinks will be no longer useful it will happen that the very nxt week perhaps some man will come in and want that very book that has been thrown away. Perhaps this man's grandmother placed that book there. Packing the books in close stacks, it seems to me, would be more economical than the new plan. The theory sounds beautifully. In carrying it out I am afraid you will not only fail to save money but will cause an amount of criticism that will make it very undesirable. It is bad enough to stand the critics who complain that a book they wish has not been bought. You can always fall back on lack of funds. But it is a rash libra- rian who would like to tell one of these gentry that he had recently thrown that very book away. It is a nice question to determine what to add. To decide what to reject after it is^ re- ceived, paid for, and cataloged is infinitely more difficult. I do, however, believe that small li- braries are justified in taking from their shelves books needed in special collections and not otherwise obtainable. This is very different. The book is gone, not because you counted it worthless here, but because it was more needed elsewhere. F: M. CRUNDEN. I was much attracted by this idea till I l-egan thinking how it could be carried out in detail. Then the objections be- came apparent. " Useless as last year's alma- nac " is a proverb, but as an illustration of how hard it would be to decide what books would net be useful I can cite this instance. About a year ago a friend of our library in clearing out her attic asked me to accept some books, among which was a lot of New England almanacs, running away back into the last century. That was not a very likely thing to be wanted, but it happened that in not more than two or three 20 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. weeks somebody called for it. I smiled when I heard the call, and thought of course it had been cataloged and that attention had been called to it in that way. But to my surprise I found it had not been cataloged. Here within a few weeks from the time that book came to us, which seemed to be an unlikely thing to be in demand, there was a call for old New England almanacs. G. M. JONES. In places where the library depends entirely on a card catalog or any kind of a written catalog there are no difficulties about throwing books away, but where we pub- lish finding-lists, bulletins, reading-lists, and all that sort of thing, we are going to be faced by a great difficulty. It is very inconvenient to have a book on your catalog and have some- body come along and ask for it and have to say we withdrew that book because nobody wanted it. Chairman GREEN. The plan is to issue new catalogs frequently and at a nominal price. Pres. DEWEY. In studying the record of library progress in this country I have been struck by the fact that from the time of the first library conference, 40 years ago, there was a period of a quarter of a century where one man stood in America as, more than any one else, the distinct apostle of the library movement. That man was at the conference in 1853, is at the conference to-day, and we hope will be at the A. L. A. conference at the time of the next world's fair, Dr. William F. Poole, of the New- berry Library. May we not hear from Dr. Poole on this question ? W: F. POOLB. It was my misfortune to come in very late and I am not sure that I know the subject which is up for discussion. I heard, however, the last of Brother Green's remarks, and I am afraid he has been uttering heresy. He thinks that the libraries in towns are get- ting to be too large and that the collections ought to be weeded out. This to me is a new idea, and I will frankly say I do not accept it. I have been in library work for 45 years, and the scheme of weeding libraries in order to prevent them from growing I first heard of about six months ago. A proposal somewhat like it was made at the International Confer- ence of Librarians in London, in 1877 that a public cremator be employed to go through the libraries and burn up the trash. The absurd suggestion was passed over with some sportive comments on the meaning of the word trash .and the qualifications required in the cremator. Our libraries are not too large, or in danger of becoming so. They are altogether too small, and the aim of us all should be to increase them. I do not understand the principle on which this weeding process is to be conducted. Weeding is the elimination of weeds. A weed is a plant of which some ignorant person does not know the name, the properties, or the use. Perhaps the weeder raises cabbages exclusively, and there is the limit of his botanical knowledge. Everything which is not a cabbage-plant or a cabbage-head he roots up. I think our profes- sion has got beyond that status of information in bibliography. Some of us know that there are other books besides those in the A. L. A. collection at the World's Fair which are good for something. In science there are no weeds. If a book has come into a library, there was doubtless some reason for its coming, and it should be kept there. I know of no person who is competent to go through a library and perform the function of weeder. I have read the printed abstract of Mr. Green's paper, and wholly disagree with his theory and his method. He admits that the weeder must be a very wise person ; but he must consider that no wise per- son would accept such a duty, and if he did, he would discard nothing from the library. It is a fool's mission, and no one but a fool can per- form its functions. Such a weeder would be likely to relieve the library of its most valuable books. If he should go through my private library I am sure he would weed out all the books which I most value ; for I am not much interested in common books like those in the A. L. A. collection. I like uncommon books, rare books, yes, and foolish books. I have taken delight in collecting and working in some of these specialties, one of which is witchcraft. Was there ever a more absurd and foolish thing in this world than witchcraft? Was there one that has ever been a greater curse to humanity ? lam sure that our ideal weeder like the curate, the barber, the housekeeper, and niece, who went through Don Quixote's library would pitch out into the area all my books relating to witchcraft and knight-errantry, because they are absurd and useless to him. Foolish themes have their place in literature and history. I am only one of many persons who are interested in that class of subjects, and they have rights even in a public library. Witchcraft has been a weird psychological phenomenon since the earliest dawn of history, and exists in our day in the form of hypnotism, mesmerism, spiritualism, etc. THIRD SESSION. 21 Its solution has thus far baffled philosophical investigation. Is it to be understood that town libraries are to have no books which will interest persons with an intellectual range above that of clod-hoppers and market-gardeners? What in- ducement will there be for benevolent donors to place scholarly books in town libraries if they are to be weeded out, in years to come, after this fashion? I have seen in the "Printed Abstracts of Papers " to be read at this confer- ence, the following sentence : " It has been estimated by the American Library Association that books of importance do not exceed 10,000 in number." I am sure that the Library Asso- ciation never made such an estimate, or put forth any such absurd statement. Assertions of this sort are the stock in trade and the justi- fication of those who are advocating the weed- ing of libraries. Mr. Green on the next page says that the trustees of Thomas Crane Public Library, of Quincy, Mass., have decided " that a working library of 15,000 volumes is all that is needed to supply the general wants of a city of 20,000 residents." The idea of weeding libra- ries had its origin in this same town of Quin- cy, Mass. Its author was Mr. Charles Fran- cis Adams. Mr. Adams, we all know, be- longs to a very distinguished family, and is one of the ablest men of the State. He is a man of ingenuity and resources, a man of many devices and hobbies some of them wise, and some of them otherwise. He has a way of chang- ing his mind and going back on his own devices. Many years ago, as a trustee of the Quincy Public Library, he made an annotated finding- libt of the library, which was an admirable work, and the principle of it was incorporated in the finding-lists of the Boston Public Library. He has since, I have understood, withdrawn his approval of the plan, on the ground that the advantages of the scheme did not compensate for the labor and expense of making it. Just 10 years ago he delivered at Cambridge the Phi- Beta-Kappa address, which he entitled " A Col- lege Fetich." It was a vigorous attack on the study of the Greek language ; but the " Fetich " still flourishes at Harvard, and is studied with more zeal than ever. The idea of weeding li- braries came to Mr. Adams in this way : A beautiful building was erected Some years ago for the Quincy Public Library, which was named, in honor of the donor, " The Thomas Crane Library." It was a gem, or might more accurately be called an artistic bird-cage. Pict- ures of it were in the magazines of the time, and it was greatly admired as a specimen of beautiful architecture. Its practical use as a library was ignored. That has been the fault with all library buildings of the past. They have been built as architectural monuments, and not as library structures. As the number of books increase, the time comes when the building must be enlarged. An addition can- not be made to the Quincy Library without spoil- ing it. It is a gem. We cannot add to a gem. We can improve its form by grinding, and its brilliancy by polishing, its facets ; but we cannot add to its mass. A library building, when it is full, requires an addition, and the Quincy gem did not admit of one. Something had to be done in that emergency, and Mr. Adams' expedient was to weed out the books it had and make space on the shelves for accessions. I enter my protest against such a scheme. Very likely some of the books to be weeded out were given by friends of the library, and have manu- script notes or personal associations which the weeder would not discover. Pamphlets and un- bound tracts would have a poor show. Here is a pile of such matter ; and the one which lies on the top is Notion's Literary Register for 1854. " Why should such a waif be kept?" We can tell our weeder : " Because it contains the pro- ceedings of the first ' Conference of Librarians ' held in New York in 1853, and the matter can be found nowhere else." Mr. Green tells us what books should not be in a town library, and among them he mentions United States dccu- ments. Why not ? Those books contain valu- able and interesting matter not to be found elsewhere. They are printed at great expense and are distributed gratuitously by the govern- ment for the information of the people. I have observed that the people live in towns as well as in cities, and want the same sort of informa- tion. I have found them quite as intelligent on matters of public interest and sometimes a little more so, for they have more time to read. Mr. Green advises town libraries to send their pamphlets to libraries in cities and county- seats. City libraries, in his view, seem to need everything, and town libraries very little. Would he apply this principle to public-school education? No printed matter is usually re- garded as so worthless as old school-books, and our weeder would turn them out of course. A collection of school-books used in the town schools for a long period would be a most valu- able feature in a town library; and in any li- brary a large collection of old text-books used CHICAGO CONFERENCE. in the schools and colleges of the country would be invaluable. I have been trying for the past three months to ascertain what Latin grammar was first used in Harvard College. I have had the assistance of the Latin professors, and of Dr. Winsor, and they cannot ascertain the fact. A gentleman who lately died in Chicago began many years ago to make a collection of English grammars and dictionaries, and it numbers 5,000 volumes. The wecder would turn all these old books out of the Quincy Library and send them to the paper-mill, unless he were told that they were worth from $6,000 to $7.000, and that the Bureau of Education was trying to buy them. The path of success for our American town libraries lies not in the policy of weeding out the books they have, but in adding the books which elevate the literary and historical taste of the public, in meeting, so far as they are able, the wants of scholarly readers, and not neglecting to provide the books for the young and the less educated class. I feel a personal interest in Brother Green's ideal weeder, and would like to have his pict- ure. I would like to know his height, breadth, and weight, where he picked up his education, and what he knows. He is just the person to be watched, for fear that he may get into some library. Chairman GREEN. Bear this one thing in mind. Those school-books of which Mr. Poole speaks would be given to the Bureau of Educa- tion according to the new plan, or to the New- berry Library. Instead of putting them in the Worcester Public Library, for instance, we should send them to the library of the American Antiquarian Society. This is not a new idea. Of course it would be the silliest thing in the world to weed out the Newberry Library, or for Mr. Crunden to refuse almanacs in St. Louis, on the contrary the New- berry Library wants to get everything it can. When John Adams, the second president of the United States, came home from Europe he brought books which he afterwards gave with the rest of his library to the Adams Academy which he founded in Quincy. He had collected a great many books abroad and there were books in it which scholars need, but Mr. Charles Francis Adams said in my presence recently that that library, in so far as he knew, has only been used once, and on that occasion he used it himself. For the scholars of Quincy it is much more convenient to use the libraries of Boston and Cambridge than that in Quincy. Miss M. E. AHERN. As a State librarian I believe I should be an advocate of the weeding- out process if we could get those people who ate not entitled to public documents to give them up. T: S. PARVIN. Some years ago I had the pleasure of making an address before a meeting, and when I get through a good brother was called upon. He said, " All I have to say is, Amen." I wish to say amen, and most emphati- cally, to the remarks made by Mr. Poole, because I can indorse them fully. Some 10 years ago my directors erected a library building, a large and fine one, which they said wouM answer for loo years. I said, " No, it might answer for 25 years." We have occupied it for 10 years and it is now full. I called upon the directors for means to erect an addition to it, and they said, " No, we are not prepared just now to erect an addition, but can you not weed the library?" I have never thrown a book away in my life. I never gave one away that I do not regret, be- cause I afterward wanted it. I am opposed to the weeding process. I believe in holding all we have got and getting what we can, because there will be some one in the community who will be anxious to consult those books. Dr. W: F. POOLE read an abstract of his pa- per on THE BROAD LINES ON WHICH A LARGE REFERENCE LIBRARY SHOULD BE ORGANIZED. B: PICKMAN MANN. I think that Dr. Poole's paper illustrates the conclusion to which we should come in regard to the preceding paper. Every one apparently agrees that books should not be weeded out of a public library, which I think means that they should not be put out of reach of persons who want them. The kind of weeding out which is a desirable thing is that if one library has a book on genealogy, for in- stance, and some other library has a genealogi- cal collection, the genealogical books shall go to where the collection is. I think that that also coincides with the remark I made some time previously, and which did not seem to receive much acceptance, that you should not buy books in too much of a hurry. The matter of weeding out libraries resolves itself into these two points : One is, do not buy a book wh'ch your readers can get somewhere else, unless you can afford to spend money recklessly ; the other is, if you have a book which will be of more use in some other library, and still not be out of reach of your students, weed it out of FOURTH SESSION. your library and put it where it will do the most service. BOOKBINDING. Pres. DEWEY. Two years ago when I went by your direction to England to invite the L. A. U. K. to come here, Mr. Cedric Chivers, of Bath, was one of the first to accept and prom- ised us a paper on bookbinding. It happens over there as with us, that when people ask who are the most active and efficient librarians we are almost sure to name two or three men who are not librarians at all ; for instance, R: R. Bowker and C: C. Soule. While Mr. Chiveis is not a librarian, he occupies the same relation to the L. A. U. K. that Mr. Soule does to the A. L. A. At our invitation he has brought with him many admirable illustrations of his paper, which are grouped here in the room and will be open for inspection at the close of the session. Mr. CEDRIC CHIVERS was then introduced by Chairman Green and read his paper on BOOK- BINDING. MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS. On motion of G: T. LITTLE his paper on COLLEGE AND SCHOOL LIBRARIES AND THEIR RELATION TO PUBLIC LIBRARIES, prepared for this meeting, was referred to the college sec- tion. Business was temporarily suspended to lis- ten to Dr. W. R. HARPER, president of the Chicago University, who welcomed the Associ- ation. Pres. DEWEY moved that the constitution as approved last year and printed in the year-book be adopted. Mr. CRUNDEN called attention to the fact that sections 8 and 10, relating to the method of electing officers, were not fully agreed to last year, and he moved an amendment to Mr. Dewey's motion that those two sections be laid over and be made a special order for Thursday morning. Mr. DEWEY accepted the amendment and his motion as thus amended was carried. Treas. CARR moved a reconsideration of the vote passed on Saturday by which he was in- structed to print a list of members registered. He explained that the finances would not justify the expense. The vote was reconsidered and the whole mat- ter laid on the table. Recess until Tuesday morning. FOURTH SESSION. (AT NEWBERRY LIBRARY, TUESDAY MORNING, JULY 18.) The meeting was called to order at 9:15 A.M., Vice President W: I. FLETCHER presiding. Pres. DEWEY announced that the first paper on the program, BUILDINGS, by C: C. SOULE, would not be read, as, at the last moment, Mr. Soule had been forbidden by his physician to come on to the meeting or to finish his paper. FIRES, PROTECTION, INSURANCE. (See p. 223.) R. B. POOLE. I think this subject has never bien presented to us in the form of a paper, but only incidentally, and it seemed to me when I first took hold of the subject not very in- teresting, but the more I studied it the more I felt its importance to libraries and library in- terests. In preparing my paper I wrote to some of the leading insurance companies of New York City and sent out about 65 circulars. In response to them I received 56 answers. I wish to thank those who so generously re- sponded to my circular, for I know that you must have been pretty well wearied with ques- tions. -The libraries from which I receired answers represent 6,000,000 volumes and 10 or n million dollars in value, though I only received a state- ment of value from about half of the libraries. Many were not able to give it. Of these 56 libraries only five occupy rented buildings. The statistics of the Bureau of Education show that there are about 1,000 library buildings and some 4,000 libraries having over 1,000 volumes. We have represented here in these figures about one-fifth of all the libraries of the country hav- ing over 1,000 volumes. Only five or six libraries which I have addressed have less than 25,000 volumes. Librarians regard it as wise policy to carry an insurance. There are 33 libraries out of 56 insured ; 10 have no .insurance, 15 not stated. A number of those who do not insure are State libraries, which carry their own insurance, like the Library of Congress. As a rule libraries in- sure, but I should estimate that they were in- sured for less than 50 %, which is too small a ratio. Insurance varies from 33 % to 75 %. As to records. Nearly all libraries keep an inventory of their books. Accession catalogs are inventories and exceedingly valuable for CHICAGO CONFERENCE. the purpose of insurance, as we have there a de- tailed statement of the books and the cost price. How far do we keep these records in a safe place? They should be kept outside of the building, a safe deposit is best. Opinions among insurance companies were almost unanimous to that effect. Most library fires have occurred on account of bad construction, and it is only within 20 years that libraries have begun to be built on fire- proof principles. In the first place a library should be fire-proof outside. It should be con- structed with proper material, and of those materials brick is considered one of the best, and granite one of the poorest. The Boston fire demonstrated that granite crumbles to sand in a fire when water is thrown on it. Iron had been considered a fire-proof material till recent years, but now it is not thought as good as wood unless protected by fire- proof brick. Iron beams and columns should be completely cov- ered. [Mr. Poole exhibited a series of plates, which he explained, showing different methods of fire-proof construction.] One form of wood construction shows a hol- low floor, but it is protected by wire lathing, and both sides of the wire lathing are protected by cement and plaster, so that there is no chance for draft. The great trouble from fire comes from drafts in the partitions, floors, and roofs, and one of the greatest and first principles in fire-proof construction is to prevent these drafts. Sec. HILL. In our library at Newark, which is lighted by electricity, some of the wires run up through the elevator shaft. On one occasion the wires crossed. In about a half a minute that whole shaft was afire. Fortunately we had Babcock fire-extinguishers there and quickly put it out, just because we were present at that moment. Pres. DEWEY. I have been burned out two or three times, and still hold to my original view that the only people who can really afford to in- sure are those who have their eggs all in one basket and who might be ruined by a fire, and those people who constantly worry. The man who when he hears a fire-bell immediately jumps out of bed to study the location ought to insure. It is perfectly obvious that we must pay the insurance company the total amount of the risk, and also all their heavy running ex- penses and profits, and also all the many extra losses paid which would not have occurred ex- cept for carelessness or fraud due to full insurance. For a general principle I believe thoroughly in fire insurance for all people who work on borrowed capital and cannot afford to risk everything in a single fire, and for people who worry about fires. Wise business men with scattered interests find it much more eco- nomical to be their own fire insurance company by saving premiums and standing the occa- sional losses. For a state or rich city it seems to me utter nonsense to insure its library or other property, for the state or city neither wor- ries nor is in danger of bankruptcy because of a fire. Even in smaller and poorer towns this principle might well be carried farther than is now common. A building that is not insured will be much better protected against fire. I feel very strongly on this, for we all know of too many cases where fires have been caused by the friction of $10,000 policies on $5,000 risks. Many a man will carelessly leave his building and rest easy if it is insured for the whole value. If a flue is defective or the furnace running rather too strong he says, " It is well insured and I guess will be all right." But if the policy had run out the week before he would turn back and see that all was safe. After many years' study of this question I feel that great mischief has been done the public by people who, having their own property insured to full value, have grown careless, and as a result it has burned and car- ried with it their neighbor's not so well insured. In the larger towns if $200 or $300 a year is paid for fire insurance it is just so much taken out of your appropriation which could be used for running expenses. If the library is burned up the city can and will afford to rebuild and replace the books. We can get just as large an appropriation when an insurance is not carried, and it is economically wiser. As the library belongs to the community no one man is worry- ing about it, and the community's eggs are not all in one basket. None of the good reasons for insuring property hold good in a library which is owned by the state, city, or town. But in case of an endowed or college library, dependent on gifts to replace any loss, the case is very differ- ent, for it is like the man with all staked on a single risk. Unless the non-insurance course has been deliberately agreed upon by the trus- tees and representatives of the alumni, they will be accused, in case of fire, of having been grossly negligent. The tendency is also to in- sure for more than is wise. Few fires destroy enough so that the entire amount of the policy can be collected. J: W. RICH. I agree essentially with the re- FOURTH SESSION. marks just made. A library supported by public funds ought not to be insured. The public is the best possible insurance company in either a state or a city. Chairman FLETCHER. Are public school- houses not insured in most cases? Treas. CARR. Generally, I think. Chairman FLETCHER. Discontinuing the in- surance on school-houses in my town has been frequently talked of, but it has not been done. I think none differ with the general principle Mr. Dewey has laid down in regard to the large in- stitutions. In the case of the property of city and state governments and the government of the United States, for instance, if the buildings are reasonably safe from fire it would seem unwise and unnecessary to insure. Pres. DEWEY. It is still worse when it is not reasonably safe, because the insurance com- pany will put up the rates more than the extra risk. H: M. UTLEY. In Detroit the school board did not insure school-houses. A high school building, which cost something like $100000, burned last January, and there was very great public indignation when it was discov- ered that there was no insurance on the build- ing. T: S. PARVIN. So far as I know a very large majority of the high school buildings are in- sured. In our cities it has not been the policy to insure the ordinary school-houses, as they cost very much less than high school buildings, but I do not know of an instance where the high school building is not insured. The library of which I have charge is insured with a num- ber of policies. The West is somewhat famous for getting up first-class cyclones, and we have a cyclone policy and a lightning policy as well as a fire insurance policy. So far as I am con- cerned I am in favor of insuring all costly buildings. G: W. COLE. We do not own the buildings in which we are. They are of fire-proof con- struction, yet our trustees keep the books well insured, feeling that in case the library should be destroyed they would be accused of negli- gence. Chairman FLETCHER. It should not be over- looked that while it may be just as expensive for a community to insure its library or school- house in the long run as to have them burn and pay the loss, the community cannot be made to feel that it is as easy to stand up and pay $100,000 outright for a new building as to pay $100,000 in instalments for insurance. You have to deal with the community as it is. As to the amount of insurance. Mr. Chase, of Lowell, has had some experience which goes against Mr. Poole's statement that the insurance ought to be nearly up to full value. His library was nominally destroyed by fire, and when they went to work with the money they got from the insurance company and took the old books and had them repaired, they found that they had been gainers by the fire. Books burn very slowly and suffer most on the outside, while they are still good on the inside, and if taken in hand by a skilful person a one-third loss can be made out of what seemed to be a full loss. Sec. HILL. The Lowell Library had some good bookmen for appraisers, and that is the reason they got their full amount of money. ARTHUR CUNNINGHAM. In the Indiana State Normal School we had a library of 5,000 volumes burnt about five years ago. It took 15 years to collect it. We now have a library of 10,000 volumes collected in five years. Pres. DEWEY. This is the same theory used in buying subscription-books at high prices and paying for them in small instalments. I should not advise any library to omit insuring before putting the question fairly before the town meeting, and getting full authority for the more economical way. I think you can carry any town meeting if the fact is fairly put before the voters and they can carry the risk themselves for half what they must pay the insurance com- panies. As for insurance against cyclones and lightning, you might also get insurance against breaking windows, explosion of dynamite, and 100 other kinds of insurance, you paying only a trifle for each, but when you get through with all the trifles you have nothing left for running expenses. I believe we are too easily scared in regard to these dangers, and that we too easily take on " little items" of expense. Miss JESSIE ALLAN. In looking through the abstract I do not see any reference made to in- suring books at the bindery. We had about 400 books destroyed last winter. We were able to collect the insurance on them, but the company said they would never pay such a claim again. So we immediately took out an insurance on the books at .the bindery. R. B. POOLE. I have had some experience in regard to distributing books for our lectures. In order to cover that I took out a policy of $2,000, which was called a floating insurance. B. C. STEINER. In Baltimore our bindery 26 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. burned out about a year and a half ago. We suffered no loss, but fearing that the thing might happen again we told the binder we should want him to take out a full insurance on what- ever we had down there. He did so at his own expense to the amount of $600, and we are so protected to that amount, and generally take care not to send books there of a value exceed- ing that. Sec. HILL. Is not the binder usually re- sponsible for the books sent there ? Our binders understand it that way. G: W. COLE. We carry a full insurance. The binder has turned the policy over to us, and in that way we get the benefit of it. R. B. POOLE. After I had prepared my questions I was asked whether I had asked li- brarians if they insured their card catalogs. That was thought an important item. Treas. CARR. I have heard of inquiries more directly as regards scraps and clippings. The general answer has been that the articles are not deemed insurable on account of the diffi- culty of fixing any tangible valuation in case of loss. There are very valuable documents of this kind in this country, but insurance com- panies will not insure them. The same applies to card catalogs. Miss JESSIE ALLAN. Our card catalog has a special insurance of $5,000. Miss M. A. SANDERS. The Pawtucket Li- brary is insured on furnishings as well as books. W: H. BRETT. In reply to Mr. Hill's ques- tion we find that the bindery is not responsible for books burned there. We lost 200 or 300 volumes and found that we could not collect anything. In regard to insuring the card cat- alog, it never appeared to me that it was worth while to insure separately. If the library is burnt I do not see what value the catalog would be. Pres. DEWEY. I would suggest that it would be a good deal more valuable to insure the life of its librarian than to insure the books and some of the catalogs. I know one library where the chief librarian told me confidentially that he wished lightning would strike the card catalog and give him a chance to make a bet- ter one. G: W. COLE read an abstract of his paper on BRANCHES AND DELIVERIES. (Seep. 220.) W: H. BRETT. Our books are placed in the schools and are issued to pupils by the teacher, and of course they make an effective branch of the library simply for the group of families represented in that school. There have been during the past year something over 100 of those libraries in different parts of the city. In addition to that, however, we have in Cleve- land one branch library on the west side which has been in operation 16 months, and I think may properly be regarded as successful. We placed there in the beginning about 5,000 volumes and have now increased to 7,000. I think the work of the present year will amount to nearly 100,000 volumes issued for home use. We also make that a delivery station, placing the catalogs of the main library in that branch and encouraging people to select books from the catalog which are not contained in the branch. The question whether it is wise to establish branches seems to be wholly a local one. In a city which covers an extensive territory it seems to me that there can be no doubt about it. Where a great part of the inhabitants are from two to four or five miles from the main library these remote residents are practically deprived of the use of the main library. There are in such cities centres of population where those in the vicinity look for supplies and other things, and where they would naturally use the li- brary. As to its being a disadvantage in any way to duplicate, of course in the main library to meet any popular demand for books we must duplicate immensely. It is net a matter of any particular importance whether having 50 copies of a popular book 40 are in the main library and 10 in a branch, or the 50 in the main library. B. C. STEINER. I think that Mr. Cole's criti- cism of our system is based on a misinterpreta- tion. The motto of our association is "The best reading, for the largest number, at the least cost." The motto as he expresses it would be "The most reading, for the largest number, at the least cost." If we are to fulfil the proper functions of a library we are not merely to give books and create reading, but to direct reading. Directing reading cannot be done without having suitable persons in charge of branches. I do not wish to attack delivery stations, for I believe in them, but if a library has money enough to have branches it has no excuse for not having them. I would have a number of branches in different sections of the city, each to contain about 10,000 books, and have them so controlled that the reading in the FOURTH SESSION. 27 neighborhood can be directed. We are able to do this in one of the poorest parts of the city. In that section there is more solid reading than in any other branch. We have five branches from a mile and a half to five miles from the library, each containing 7,000 to 10,000 volumes. I think the circulation from them is as valuable as any. I would also add to them the delivery system. If you have a delivery system in con- nection with branches I think you have the ideal plan. The reading-rooms are extremely valuable. When mechanics get through work at half past six they are not coming up to the main library to read. We cannot get them to come up-town to register. I have an ar- rangement now by which we send a registra- tion-book around twice a year to each of the branches. We are thus enabled to have regis- tration in each branch. W: F. POOLE. The branches in Chicago are simply delivery stations. Recently in the pub- lic library they have increased the number. All books for home reading are drawn from the main library. Books are not kept at these sta- tions. The people come to the delivery stations and leave their orders and the books are brought. G: W. COLE. The essential principle of de- livery stations is to have them scattered about the city where the residents of a given neigh- borhood can come and leave their books with an order for a new book, and the agent can see that those books are collected and taken back to the main library and the orders filled. The branch library involves the principle of having a collection of books at that point, which is a small library. In most cases, except in large cities like Baltimore, Boston, and Chicago, it seems to me that the principle of the delivery station, except for the point that Dr. Steiner has made of guiding the reading of the neigh- borhood, exerts a wider influence and does more good at a less cost than the branch libra- ry. I do not agree with the point that the de- livery station caters to the amount of reading at the expense of the class of reading. The class of reading must be determined by the care with which your main library is selected, and the catalog will tell the readers what to draw from the library. A VOICE. As I understand it, in the Balti- more system the branches are independent en- tirely of the main library and do not circulate books from the main library at all. B. C. STEINER. As yet books circulate from each separate station. They are not in- dependently managed. The custodians of branches report every week what has happened at the branches. J. K. HOSMER. In Minneapolis we have four branches and four delivery stations beside the branches. The branches are not independ- ent. Each branch has a library of its own, but at the same time it circulates books from the central library. It works very well indeed. Chairman FLETCHER. I would say a word very strongly in favor of the branch library, in so far as it represents a centre for the missionary work of the library, the directing of readers. If it is only a delivery the work of directing the reading is very largely overlooked. Residents who use the delivery lose all those advantages of which we are now making so much. S: S. GREEN. I believe very much in having branch libraries and making each one a centre of educational influence, and I think also they ought to be connected by telephone with the main li- brary and the resources of the whole main library made available for each one of the branches. I should hope that the telephone would be used often, and that as every question came up there would be some accomplished person at the cen- tral library whose business it would be to an- swer those questions, select the book, and have it sent to the branch at the earliest possible mo- ment. F: M. CRUNDEN. That introduces new terrors into library work. I should hate to be that ac- complished person. S. H. BERRY. While all 6f us agree as to the advisability of having branch libraries, in- stead of delivery stations, we ought not to em- phasize it to such an extent as to discourage any one from establishing a branch station. There are many communities that can be made much more useful if some one interested who sells school-books, etc., would handle a delivery sta- tion for us. We could also have that person direct the reading to a certain extent. Perhaps this would form a nucleus for a future branch library In that neighborhood. J: F. DAVIES. The point has been made that somebody at the general library could be had to direct the reading. All libraries do not have competent assistants to spare for the branch li- brary. While I was in St. Louis we had some experience in that direction, and I always felt that if one of the head assistants could go to a branch library and explain all of the problems the branch would be a success. There are very 28 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. few libraries that have assistants that can be spared. On the whole it seems to me that the delivery station with a large reading-room is the solution of the problem for most places. W: N. BARRINGER, Trustee Newark P. L. Some dozen or fifteen years ago in our city I found three or four old school libraries of 300 or 400 volumes each. They were mostly In the upper story in some corner of the room locked up very carefully. Some of the teachers and principals said that the books were in just as good order after 15 or 20 years' storage as when purchased. I changed all this, broke up these libraries, and established class libraries in each of the school-rooms, which became simply branch libraries from the central library of the school. To-day we have from 12,000 to 15,000 volumes in the public schools, and many of the teachers and principals have gone to the expense them- selves to furnish class-rooms, and table and ref- erence rooms, and they have raised money by contribution and entertainments and have bought cyclopaedias. The great question now is what effect will this library business have on the education of the country ? If it is for education, then bring your libraries just as near the people as you can. We have been pouring country people into the cities and now the electric railways, the great trans- portation facilities, are returning them again to the country. You ought as librarians to have your eyes open. If you want to educate human- ity you must establish libraries and delivery sta- tions and do not be so afraid of a little expense. I have heard nothing since I came here except " It costs so much." We do not want cheap men or cheap women or cheap libraries or a cheap humanity or a cheap country. We want one that is worth all it costs and a great deal more. Be educators, and you are doing more than you are aware of. I have been a student of educa- tion for 50 years, and have now 30,000 children and 500 teachers under my care. If you want to know what you are about, you are changing the entire method of education from the old recita- tion method of merely committing to memory by paragraph, sitting down with a book before you to see whether the answer is right or not, and asking the child to stand up for "verbal vomit- ing," I call it, so that they can be graduated with a white dress and blue ribbon. You have a mis- sion to perform that is far above your entertain- ment reading, which means Zjla's novels and stock of that sort. (Cries of No, no, no !) You are going to teach these children how to use books, and the whole method is to be changed, and our pupils will be taught to go to the sources of knowlege and find out what the world has re- corded and know where and when and how to find it and what to do with it after they have found it. God help you to understand what your duties are and then go ahead and do not be afraid of a little expense. Pres. M. DEWEY. I promise Mr. Barringer that the members of this Association will spend wisely all the money that the trustees will give us. W: N. BARRINGER. The trustees will spend all the money the people will furnish. You take care of Jhe education of the people and we will take care of the money. Pres. M. DEWEY. That is just it, the trus- tees too often do take care of the money with a vengeance. Some of our very best librarians are paid half what they could get in other pro- fessions. We are profoundly thankful for just such a message as this, and we want all the other trustees to hear it. The librarian may be willing to make $i do the work of $2, but he cannot make it do the work of $5. We are ready to spend all the money we can get wisely and economically. I hope all librarians will circulate Mr. Barringer's speech among their trustees, and that when the trustees and the public behind the trustees ask us for all these admirable things which cost money, we shall say that we can do with a very little, but we cannot make good bricks unless we have at least an occasional straw. W: N. BARRINGER. You will have the straw, and we want you to have it before it is threshed too. Do not be worried about the salary. Our librarian got worried a little while ago and we gave him $500 more and he is doing the work all right. The grandest soul that ever lived in this country and established the first institution of its kind was Mary Lyon, who established Mt. Holyoke Seminary for the higher education of women. She raised $30,000 and opened that school, and the world has been blessed by it. I want to say to you people who are afraid of your salaries that the largest salary that that noble woman, who now is in heaven praising God around the great white throne, ever received was $200 a year. ' NORMAND S. PATTON, architect, read an ab- stract of his paper on LIGHT, HEAT, AND VENTILATION. Lighting. J. K. HOSMER. What can be said of the effect of gas upon bindings ? FOURTH SESSION. 29 HORACE KEPHART. I have had no direct experience with gas, but much with the soot from the large furnaces in our vicinity. That is decidedly worse than gas. There is a good deal of sulphur in the atmosphere in St. Louis. F: M. CRUNDEN. We may introduce elec- tricity in our buildings, but we cannot escape the soot from the outside. In our libraries we have janitors going around every day gathering up soot by the shovelful. A. W. TYLER. Dr. Poole described the effect of gas and heat on books very thoroughly at the meeting in 1881 in Washington, and the matter will be found fully discussed in the Library journal f or 1881. Chairman FLETCHER. The question of day- light is one to which I have given a great deal of attention. I have become very well satisfied that one proposition may be laid down as an axiom, and that is, that no great dependence is to be placed upon lateral light in a library. You may have as many windows as you please, but the win- dow-light cannot be depended upon to travel any great distance. Where in the alcoves it strikes sidewise on the back of the books it is a per- plexing light. My experience with the stacks supplied with very large and numerous win- dows has led me to the conclusion that the lat- eral light is of almost no va'ue. I should like to know what has been the experience of others about it, as compared with the light recommended by Mr. Patton. Pres. DEWEY. There is a little device for lighting stack aisles in the comparative ex- hibit. It is the Frink reflector to throw light from an electric lamp down the aisle. Mr. Frink also makes a daylight reflector which, in tall buildings with an open court between, is hung out on an angle from the window so that it takes the daylight from the sky overhead and throws it at right angles into the room horizontally. This gives promise of great practical usefulness, specially in crowded cities. In the New York State Library wherever we can we hide the lamp so that the direct rays will not fall on the eyes. In the arcades we put the lights behind an arch and close to the wall as is com- mon in lighting church chancels. We did the same thing in Columbia College Library. We try always to put the lamps in such a position as to throw the light as much as possible on the backs of the books for reading titles and as little as possible where direct rays can reach the reader's eyes. Behind beams of galleries and similar places we bend the lamp up with a sharp angle so that it will be horizontal instead of per- pendicular and will be hidden by the horizon- tal beam. The result is that the backs of the books are lighted as with a reflector. Instead of meeting the sharp glare of the electric lamp the light in the room is soft and restful to the eyes, while the book titles are all in plain sight. It is a wide application of the hooded pulpit reading lamp principle. G. M. JONES. There is one point in which I think the electric-light engineers make a mistake, and that is in constructing the globes of reflectors. They should be made plain. I have found that when working at a desk with one reflector where it was partly ground and partly smooth glass a mottled effect is produced. It does not matter in the reading-room, where you get your light from a number of different lamps, but it is a very im- portant thing when you use only one lamp. C: A. CUTTER. I was lately in the British Museum. Having had arc lights in the ceiling they were going to put in incandescent table lamps. These they made about seven feet high. So whenever a person glances up he will have the full light in his eyes. I urged them to make their lights, first, so that they could beraise.d and lowered to suit different persons ; second, so that they could turn around, bringing the light over any part of the table, and third, so that the reflector could be turned in order to enable one to graduate the intensity of the light, or to throw it upon any part of large books (newspapers, for example, standing upon the table). Heating. F: M. CRUNDEN. We have a thermostat and it has worked perfectly. When the thermometer goes above 70 the thermostat shuts off the heat. When it falls below, steam is turned on. Our experience is in marked contrast to the experi- ence we had in the old building, where we never had anything like an even temperature. C: A. CUTTER. I want to confirm what Mr. Crunden has said about the thermostat, which has been used in the Athenaeum ever since it was invented. G. M. JONES. Our first regulator at Salem did not work well ; but since we procured the Spencer regulator we have had no difficulty. The janitor sets it in the morning and the steam is kept even all day. W: C. LANE. It is quite essential not to put the thermostat where the sun shines on it. C. W. ANDREWS. I have had my attention called to a rather novel method of construction. 3 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. It is an arch construction. It is the inventor's theory that by passing the hot air through the floor he can get better ventilation than in the ordinary way. The construction itself has the great merit of cheapness. It is probably the cheapest fire-proof construction known. Our architect examined it and was very well pleased with it. A. W. WHELPLEY. We used to heat our library through the floor, but we have given it up. The trouble with us was that we got too much heat that way. It is expensive and is a very bad way. H: M. UTLEY. Heaters under the floor are bad in every respect. They are not only in- convenient of access if any trouble with them occurs, but they are very uncomfortable to all persons compelled to stand or walk constantly on the floor. Heaters ought never to be put in such a position. H: J. CARR read an abstract of his paper on FIXTURES, FURNITURE, AND FITTINGS. (5^ p. 225.) Shelving. F: M. CRUNDEN. I have been guilty of here- sy in making my shelves 8^ instead of 7^ feet high. To begin with I need not use more than 7^. At present I am not using it. When I need that space it seems to me that it will be very easy to step up on one of the shelf brackets 12 inches from the floor and by means of a little handle reach the top shelf, which can be done by the shortest assistant in the library. It will be easier than to climb a stairway to the second tier of stacks and stoop down and get your book from the bottom shelf. As a choice between having one more shelf above the or- thodox height and another tier of stacks above that, it seems to me there is no question. Of course there is the alternative of having more floor space, but there again comes the question of economy of space. By having my stack that much higher I have without much difficulty got another row of shelving all over the library. G. M. JONES. My shelving is 8 feet high, and I have made up my mind that seven shelves of 10 inches each is as high as one ought to go. With the bracket-step one hand only is at liberty and it is often the case that you want to get three or four volumes. Assistants are likely to be either short women or boys from the high school who cannot reach high shelves. Pres. DEWEY. It is very important to adopt one or two lengths and have a standard shelf all over the library. In nearly all our libraries there will be perhaps 20 lengths of shelves, for most architects will simply divide the available space between each pair of window or door openings into aliquot parts. Much study has led us to adopt 75 cm. as the best for storage, and 93 cm. or 36% in. where the shelf may be needed for standard size files and pigeon-holes. Galleries. Pres. DEWEY. I take exception to the com- mon but too sweeping statement that the gallery is to be abjured under all circumstances. We must guard against these extreme theories. In many cases a gallery is the best solution. I have yet to hear a satisfactory reason for throw- ing the gallery out entirely. If you have a little reading-room 15 feet high you can put a light gallery around it and shelve the walls to the ceiling, and thus utilize your space much better than by climbing tall ladders. I ought to say in regard to these abstracts of papers that at the last minute Dr. Harris notified me that it would be impossible for the Bureau of Education to print them. Mr. Bowker most generously came to our rescue and printed and got these here on very short notice, but in his office was compelled to make some modifications and condensations forwhich the committee were not responsible. So we must be very generous in criticising. Stacks. W: C. LANE. I suppose Mr. Carr gives his reasons for condemning the stack system in his full paper. I was surprised at it, especially for public circulating libraries rather than for ref- erence or college libraries where the books are to be used at the shelves. It is certainly the most economical plan so far as that element is concerned, and it is the quickest way by which to get books. Pres. DEWEY. I agree with Mr. Lane en- tirely in this. I understand Mr. Carr to say that the stack of several stories is a very bad thing to use, and to favor the floor-stack. What we want is the judgment of the people who have tried both kinds as to whether they would recommend people in building a library to build only one story high and build over ter- ritory enough.'or to build a stack of two, three, or more stories. H: J. CARR. In a one-story building you get plenty of light, and it is not so with the stack system. FIFTH SESSION. It appeared by show of hands that eight had used both systems and the number favoring each was equally divided. E: FARQUHAR. It makes a difference who goes to the shelves. If the librarian goes he does his whole duty and gets what he seeks. If the public go to the shelves experience shows that they will not go where there is any difficulty in getting about, and as a result there will be a vast number of books that will not be of much use. C. W. ANDREWS. If you arrange your books chronologically your old books will go at the top of the stack and you avoid to some extent the evils of having some of the books out of reach. N. S. PATTON. I am at present working on plans for the construction of a college library. They have decided that they want a stack three stories high, the middle story to be on a level with the main floor, one story in the basement and one story above. I should like to have the opinion of the Library Association as to that arrangement for a college library. I am not aware whether the students are to have access to the shelves or not. How many stories is it advisable to have ? Two stories will certainly be much easier to light than three or four. H: J. CARR. That depends very much on local circumstances. I think it would be almost impossible to get an opinion that would be really of any aid to you. Chairs. W: I. FLETCHER. I found a very comfort- able chair in Williams College, and now have it at Amherst. It is Sinclair's common-sense din- ing-chair. It is made in New York State. You can find out about it from the Library Bureau. It costs $1.50. It is really a very pretty chair, very light, and has no arms. You can get it with arms if you want them. We have had these chairs now for three years, and they are an admirable thing. We put rubber tips on the legs. H: J. CARR. We find the rubber feet in this country very practical, but on the other side of the water they melt and stick and have to be thrown away. Floor covering, JAMES BAIN. The best material we have found for covering our floors is called corticene. It is about half an inch thick. It has worn now for three years. It costs laid down $1.05 per square yard. G: W. HARRIS. I have had the same thing in use for two years, and it is admirable. Mr. Lamed has had it in use for seven years, and it does not wear out even at the delivery-desk. Even ink-stains disappear. Dictionary-holder. S. H. BERRY. I have seen a little device during the past year which is both econom- ical and useful. It is Mr. Lambie's dictionary- holder, for which he has made a simple iron foot which can be screwed fast to a table or counter in the reference department. With it dictiona- ries, gazetteers, and kindred books of reference can be put where you can find and conveniently use them. We have four In use and consider them indispensable. They cost, I believe, $2.62 each. Recess till Wednesday. TALLY-HO DRIVE. After adjournment the members present, by invitation of the Chicago Library Club, pro- ceeded to the new building of the Newberry Library, where lunch was served, after which all were taken on tally-ho coaches for a drive through Lincoln Park, and then by the cele- brated Lake shore drive and the Michigan and Drexel boulevards through the most attractive residence portions of the city. The drive ended near the exposition grounds, whence the entire party was escorted by their hosts to the Buffalo Bill Wild West Show, where seats had already been reserved for them. FIFTH SESSION. (AT THE CITY HALL, WEDNESDAY MORNING, JULY 19.) Held by invitation of the city authorities in the city council chamber, adjoining the Chicago Public Library. The meeting was called to order at 9:15 A.M. by Pres. DEWEY. GOVERNMENT, CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS, AND TRUSTEES. (See' p. 225.) H: M. UTLEY. There are only two or three points that require attention. Upon these I have had an opportunity since coming to Chicago to consult the statistics gathered by the New York State Library for the comparative exhibit. CHICAGO CONFERENCE. Number of trustees. I find that for free public libraries the number varies considerably from Denver's two to the 16 of St. Louis and of Minneapolis. In the case of the two last mentioned the large number is probably due to the fact that they are mixed up somewhat with libraries previously established. The favorite number of trustees is three, five, seven, or nine. Of 63 libraries reporting statis- tics, 18 have nine trustees, n have six, 9 have five. Generally speaking, the small board is the best for administrative purposes. Term of office of trustees, Of the 61 libraries reporting statistics 33, or more than half, have a three-year term. Those are mostly New England libraries, which elect their trustees by popular vote and under a general law as to the term'of office. There are seven which have a two-year term, six a four- year term, six a five-year term, two a six-year term, three a seven-year term, and one public li- brary, that of Providence, R. I., elects for life. Manner of election. Of 64 libraries reporting, in 37 the trustees are appointed by the mayor, or mayor and com- mon council, or by the city council alone ; 16 are elected by the people directly, and those, I think, are all New England libraries. The tend- ency among the Western libraries organized under general laws is to have the trustees ap- pointed by nomination of the mayor and con- firmation by the council, or by the council direct. One library reports trustees appointed by the board itself. Influence of politics in the selection of trustees. Of 58 libraries reporting, 44 say positively that politics has no influence whatever, seven say that it has, and seven say that it has to some extent. If there is any one thing to be avoided in the management of a public library it is par- tisan politics, and it is very gratifying to observe that so far libraries have been enabled so largely to keep clear of this annoying and unprofitable influence. Government of state libraries. This is perhaps the most important point. In those institutions, I think, politics has been more troublesome than in other forms of libraries. There are some I do not know how many which are governed by trustees in a way similar to the free public libraries, but as a general rule state libraries are under the control practically of the governor of the state, who nominates a librarian to the Senate. As the librarian is his appointee that office is likely to be controlled to a greater or less extent by the governor himself, and his friends are to be looked after and his interests are to be considered, politically and otherwise. Then, when one governor goes out and a new one comes in, he has his friends to take care of, especially if the new man does not train in the same political ranks with the former incumbent. In some States this has proved to be a very seri- ous matter with the library, resulting in obvious demoralization. Some movement should be made to improve the service of our State libraries in the direction of changing their con- trol and placing it, if possible, entirely outside the field of political partisanship. Manifestly this could best be done if their government could be placed in the hands of trustees ap- pointed by the legislature or by the supreme court of the State. Miss M: E. AHERN. I do not believe a board of trustees appointed by a legislature would remove the State Library very far from politics. The people begin to learn politics as soon as they begin to eat. I want to put our state (In- diana) on record. The last legislature took the State Library out of politics. There were several persons who applied for the position of state librarian. Some of the politicians said, "We must have a state librarian who can help us in political fields," but it took a majority of 55 to elect a librarian, and there were a very handsome number who voted in favor of a non-political librarian, only 17 voting for a librarian on po- litiral grounds. Pres. DEWEY. As to the theory that trustees would be liable to be controlled by political in- fluence the experience in New York has been quite the other way. 109 years ago the re- gents of the university were established, and during this entire period I have failed in five years' study to find any trace of politics con- nected in any way with the administration of their trust. For 50 years they have been trustees of the State Library, and the older regents tell me that it is an unheard-of thing ever to inquire as to the politics of a librarian, and it has hap- pened in the case of employees who have been with them for 20 years that not one trustee had a ghost of an idea to which political party they belonged. H: M. UTLEY. City councils are as much controlled by politics as state legislatures, and while they elect library trustees generally of FIFTH SESSION. 33 the dominant party it appears by the statistics quoted that these trustees are rarely, if at all, controlled by political influences. If members of boards are elected to serve for a considerable term, and only one, two, or three are elected at one time, the opportunities to accomplish polit- ical ends must be uncertain. Pres. DEWEY. It is a very common method in endowed libraries to appoint their own trus- tees. The tendency of late years is to the election of college trustees by the alumni. The old tradition was to fill their own vacancy. In our law we have a distinct provision that sex shall be no bar to election as a trustee. Much of the best work is done by women, and I be- lieve it would be a good thing if we were to have more women on our boards of trustees. Bonds of librarian, Pres. DEWEY. Mr. Utley says the librarian is required to give a bond. How many pres- ent are required to give bonds ? [A majority were not required to give bonds.] If the chief librarian is required to give bonds I think it dignifies his position, entitles him to more consideration, because he is put on a plane in this respect with the important state or city officers, and is a check and a safeguard against annoying criticism that may come up, specially if there is any feeling that somebody in the other political party ought to be in the position. S: S. GREEN. The most disagreeable thing a man has to do is to ask somebody else to go on his bond. If the directors are ready to be your bondsmen it is w*;ll, but the best of all is for the directors to insure the librarian in some company. Sec. HILL. What object is to be attained by requiring the librarian to give a bond ? He handles very little money, probably not more than $100 to $150 a month. Usually bonds are required to protect the institution over which the person presides. I do not see that it adds any dignity to the position. Miss T. L. KELSO. I have $20,000 to $30,- ooo pass through my hands every year. Every other city official gives heavy bonds. I asked my trustees as a personal favor that I be put under bond, for the very purpose of which Mr. Dewey speaks. In the eyes of the city council and politicians it seemed at once to present the position of librarian in altogether a new light, and for the first time they lookedupon the office as a part of the city government. I think that is a very advantageous thing to do. J. W. RICH. I am opposed to bonds of all kinds, on business principles. I take the ground that when the public employs a person to perform a public act the public should take the responsibility. The public is the best pos- sible bondsman. It is a delicate matter to ask a personal friend to go on your bond. It is a thing I should never do. Unless I could get a bond company as surety I would never accept a position where I was required to give anything beyond my personal bond. I have had experience in this line and am thoroughly convinced that it is no trouble to keep an officer straight if other officers whose duty it is to overlook his business will do their duty. I think public officers who are required to look after the business of other officials are the ones that should be required to give bonds. Pres. DEWEY. If we take the position that the librarian is a bookman rather than an ad- ministrative man, then you may go without your bond, but if you take the position of some of us that the librarian ought to be the admin- istrative officer, and ought to keep as much as possible in his hands the control of his staff and all that work, it will be necessary to give a bond in order to be entrusted with this work by the authorities. I had the same experience of which Miss Kelso speaks. I went to Albany and found that no bond had been given. The first thing that I asked was that I be put under bonds and oath of office, the same as other prominent state officials. The result has been that certain things that used to go through a great amount of red-tape are now done in a more simple way, and are in my charge as the administrative officer. And now I am able to buy my books cheaper and my supplies cheaper because I am enabled to give any dealer cash, when if it were not for the official bond and having the director the executive officer on the same plane as the financial officer of the state, we would have to go through a large amount of red-tape. This is an impor- tant thing which we ought not to forget. Librarian's term of office. H: M. UTLEY. An indefinite term is de- cidedly preferable. Where the term is for a definite period if there is any pressure from the outside for the position it is likely to be made on the trustees at the time of the expiration of the term, and the librarian naturally feels un- comfortable, not knowing what his standing may be with his board or what influence may 34 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. be brought to bear upon them to supplant him. His enthusiasm in his profession is likely to be chilled, and he cannot do his work so thorough- ly and effectively if there is a feeling of uncer- tainty always present. Where the term of office is indefinite- the librarian may go on, knowing that so long as he has the confidence and support of his trustees his position is as- sured, and there is no outside pressure of some- body else to get in. A call for opinions showed that the sentiment of the Association was all in favor of tenure of office during good behavior. Sec. HILL read an abstract of his paper on SERVICE : LIBRARIAN AND ASSISTANTS, HOURS, VACATIONS, TITLES, DUTIES, SALARIES, AND RULES FOR STAFF. (Seep. 228.) Salaries. Continuing Mr. HILL said : Answers to cir- culars sent out indicate that salaries of librari- ans and assistants are very much lower than those of teachers in public schools of the towns and cities represented. That is, a teacher in the high school of a large city receives a larger salary than the librarian of the public library. The assistants in the library receive a lower salary than the teachers in the lower grades of the public school. The salaries of these assist- ants should be placed on the footing of at least the lower grades of the public schools in the large cities. Pres. DEWEY. I do not believe that this is a point of agreement. I object to the librarian being put on the plane of the ordinary teacher. The head of the library should be put on a plane with the head of the school. Training- class graduates teach in the public schools for $350 a year. We should not agree in the American Library Association that the librarian should be on the same plane, for that means $350 salary for the librarian. We should soon have more cases like Mary Lyon, who worked for $200 a year. G. M. JONES. The salaries of librarians are very much lower than those of teachers in pub- lic schools. The first thing to do is to get them up to that scale. We must not ask too much. Pres. DEWEY. We are stating a point of agreement. It was not said that we agree that the first step is to get an increase, but that we agree on an equality as the proper standard. To this I object. Miss T, L. KELSO. I have thought of this question for several years. If we are to make comparisons, the librarian, as the head of the library system, must be compared with the head of the school system. The officer at the head of the public schools is universally recognized in the city as a city official, while the librarian is classed with the primary teachers. This is wrong. The salaries of school-teachers in most of our cities are discussed publicly, the names are given in the school reports, and it is a mat- ter of newspaper talk when they get an ad- vance of $5. Librarians as a general thing are opposed to saying how much money they get. If a librarian writes to a fellow-librarian what salary he gets he marks his letter " Confiden- tial." The more we talk about our salaries the more money we shall get. S: S. GREEN. Whenever anybody has in- quired of me about the salaries in Worcester I have answered the question and have not asked to have the answer kept from other people. The policy that I have 'pursued from the first was that the librarian be placed on a plane with the principal of the high school, and I have en- deavored to have my assistants be as capable and receive as much as assistants in the high school. After I had done that my services came to be more and more valued, and now I have, I think, the highest salary paid any city official in Worcester. It is $500 higher than either of the principals of the high schools, and it is larger than that of the superintendent of schools. That is to say, I have $3,500 and the superintendent of schools has $3,500, but he has to provide and keep a horse out of that. My first assistant, a woman, has $1,000. Sec. HILL. There is one thing that li- brarians of large libraries should keep in mind in this discussion. A majority of those here represent small libraries, and there are many assistants here, and this^question applies to the assistants as well as to the head of the library. Pres. DEWEY. Your statement that the sal- aries should be placed on the same plane as that of teachers in the lower grades of public schools conveys a wrong impression to ordinary minds. Treas. CARR. In making a general statement we are aiming at something that will cover all sections of the country. It has been my lot to have knowledge of matters in more than one State. I think the president is mistaken and that Mr. Hill, so far as it is possible in a gener- al statement, has put the thing correctly. FIFTH SESSION. 35 Sec. HILL. The point which has been brought out here is gathered from the statistics as sent in by 128 libraries, and that it is not the biassed opinion of any one individual. If the balance of the 210 happen to be here and give in their verdict then we shall get a fair average of the whole. Pres. DEWEY. It is our duty to magnify our offices and to claim the dignity which belongs to them, and then to do the work for whatever salary we can get. To do the work and belittle our own positions is disloyalty to our pro- fession. In the larger towns there are thou- sands of teachers in the public schools. When we say teachers we do not mean superintendents and principals, but the rank and file of teachers in the public schools. You have thousands of those to a few scores employed in the libraries. This proposed statement belittles our calling. Librarians should be put on a plane with the heads of the schools. Assistants should of course begin at the bottom. We start them on the same plane as young teachers, and then as they grow older promote to the rank of teachers in the high school, or of grammar school prin- cipals. The heads of departments in the city library should rank with the principals of that city's schools. G: W. COLE. The librarian, figuratively speaking, may be said to be the dean of the people's university, and his salary should be at least commensurate with the salary of the heads of schools in the place where he lives. Miss ESTHER CRAWFORD. There is a large percentage of libraries not* represented in this Association, particularly in the Western states, which do not engage their assistants solely on a basis of qualification for the place. It seems to me that if this Association puts on its record the recommendation that salaries in public libraries ought to be on the same level as salaries in public schools, then there certainly ought to go with that the recommendation that the assistants to whom this salary is given should have at least the same qualifications as teachers in the public schools. Teachers before they begin their work must go through at least a high school course, and in a number of cases take a normal training succeeding that, whereas a large number of assistants in our Western li- braries get positions without the necessary high school education. I know many libraries where assistants are engaged without anything more than a grammar school training. It seems to me the most important thing is to get the quali- cation, and the salary will come as a natural result. Sec. HILL. That is not a fact, as borne out by the answers to my inquiries. There are librarians and assistants all over this coun- try who are not getting salaries commensurate with their qualifications. I suggest that we find out how many present would be improved financially if they were placed on the basis of teachers. On a show of hands it was found that two to one thought that educational work was paid better than library work. Miss SULA WAGNER. The hours which we work are very much longer than those of school- teachers, who, in St. Louis, work six hours and a half per day and never longer. In the library we work eight hours and never shorter. We work 12 months in a year, with a short vacation. School teachers work less than 10 months in a year. They are not paid during the summer, but we work during the summer and ought to be paid. I speak from personal experience. We have a great deal of work to do outside our office. Pres. DEWEY. On the other side we have any number of so-called librarians who get more than they earn. There are scattered all through the country people who hold the title of libra- rian, and, I do not care how little money they are getting, even if not more than f 100, are not earning their salaries. The remedy that is needed is a new man first and then a new salary. We must raise the service to the grade of the proper salary, not rest satisfied with a salary of the grade of the inefficient service now ren- dered. If Mr. Hill had said that the salaries of assktants should be placed on the same basis of teachers in the public schools I would be satis- fied. We agree that library work is not as well paid, but our present discussion is not on what is but what ought to be not whether John Smith the incompetent librarian is getting all he is worth, but whether better service and salary are not needed in his library. Miss T. L. KELSO. I suggest that we say that the salaries paid for library work should be commensurate with those paid for educational work in the various grades ; that the salaries of library assistants should be the same as public school teachers. Miss ESTHER CRAWFORD. Then add that the qualifications should be the same. Miss EMILY I. WADE. Each locality has its own question to settle in regard to salaries. It CHICAGO CONFERENCE. is very hard to say what the scale of salaries is in the various cities. Each city has its own scale, and so if we should take one city as a standard, where the librarian is paid less, the librarian in another city, where perhaps the teachers are not paid so well, would be placed at a disadvantage. In San Francisco the teach- ers are paid by the year, so that, although they have two months' vacation, the salary goes on. Their salaries are better, I think, than in any other city in the Union, so that it would be pretty hard for us who work in San Francisco to be gauged by the salaries which they pay in some of the Eastern cities. Pres. DEWEY. We all agree that educational salaries are too low and that library salaries are still lower. Library work should command as good compensation as other educational work. The trouble is that some of us want to begin the comparison with educational work at the top and others at the bottom. We ought to say that those charged with the library inter- ests of the community should be paid as well as those charged with the school interests. Edu- cational work in the last three or four years has been recognized as in two great parts. The first, the old type of school, an established institution where students spend their time in residence. Now the whole world is recognizing another education, equally important, of which the library is the corner-stone, which is some- times called university extension. It is an edu- cation that is for all life, for people at home, for people whose time is chiefly given to other business, for adults as well as youth. The li- brary is at the head of this new education, and those who are developing that interest deserve as much recognition, as much dignity, and as much salary as they receive who are carrying on the old schools. It is a great deal easier to run a machine than to create one. The old machine is already built. The problem before us librarians is to perfect the library organiza- tion and broaden this work. We see every year a broader sphere for the library. We were discussing a phase of this on the question of branches yesterday. Since we started out libraries have been steadily devel- oping and the conception of our work is broad- ening all the while. The original library was simply for storage. Then comes the notion of reference, then the notion of limited lending of some books to some people, then the lending to all where it is paid for, and then comes the free Jending library. To the ordinary mind that is the climax. We have carried the library to the point where it is free to all the world. But that is only the beginning. Then come the branches; then the delivery stations. And the end is not yet, because the live librarians are going still farther and are using the telephone and sending out books by messenger. The next step is when we shall send books by mail. The government will make a cheap rate of postage so that the libraries of the country shall at least be put on a plane with ordinary country newspapers. Some day every citizen of this country may not only have the privilege but the right to draw books from the great national library at Washington and from the various State libraries and wherever he may be if he wishes to read a good book may send a postal card and have the book sent to him for the expense of the mailing. We are now in the midst of this great development, and the end is not yet. We are sending out in various places not only a single book for the individual but a collection for the community in the travelling library. In New York we send a choice loc- volume library to any community where 25 tax- payers request it. We are also sending out, as they are doing in other places, the hcme library, where 20 books are put in a little case and sent into a home for those who cannot afford to buy books. With these books goes once a week some sympathetic woman, who will meet with the children for an hour and guide the reading. The old idea, when it was like storming a fort- ress to get into a library, has been entirely re- versed, and the librarian at the present time is aggressive. He is just as anxious to send out a book as a merchant is to sell his wares. We shall not reach this end to which we aspire if we belittle our own work. Let us say clearly that we are doing a great work and that we want proper recognition, but that we are not going to turn our backs on the work if we are at first denied our requests and are offered more salary to go into business. Shall we alter this statement and say that the librarian should be paid as much as those in charge of other educa- tional interests ? G. M. JONES. I should like to have the statement as worded in the paper read. Sec. HILL. Salaries should be placed on the same basis with teachers in the public schools. F: M. CRUNDEN. Immediately on graduat- ing from college I was appointed principal of a large grammar school in St. Louis. I did FIFTH SESSION. 37 that work with one hand so to speak. I had plenty of time for social enjoyment and for other work. Since I have been in the library I have had both hands fully occupied. I may say, for the first five years at least, I had abso- lutely no time for social enjoyment or anything else. My life was wholly given to the organiz- ing and building up of the library, which was in a bad condition. Of course it is not such a tax on me now. Nevertheless, having filled the position of a teacher, both principal of a gram- mar school and professor in a college, I know that there is no comparison in the amount of work to be done. I am not satisfied, therefore, that this Association should go on record as say- ing that the salaries in libraries should be only the same as those in the departments of pub- lic school work. I say that they should be a great deal more, because the librarian of a pub- lic library should be on a higher plane than the principal of a high school. He is, as it were, the chancellor of a great university with, in cities like Chicago and Boston, 75,000 students. He has great business interests under his control, the management of which depends on his good judgment and business ability, and his pay should be commensurate with that, and the same principle applies to all subordinate posi- tions. I hope, therefore, that the Association will amend the statement contained in the paper. Then, the hours are longer. There is certain- ly much less time for work of a literary or other kind in accordance with the tastes of the libra- rian or assistant. R. B. POOLE. It is a dangerous ground for us to take to place ourselves on the basis of the public school. We ought to place ourselves on a higher plane. I should make this even stronger than Mr. Crunden makes it. I move that the matter be referred to the committee on resolutions. Sec. HILL. Answers have been received from about ico libraries, and there are proba- bly 50 or 60 libraries represented here to-day that have not answered the question. It seems to me unwise to refer it to the committee on resolutions. A vote should be taken here and now. F: M. CRUNDEN. I would suggest, follow- ing out Mr. Hill's idea, that a vote be taken of those present, voicing the sentiment of the As- sociation in a general way as to whether sala- ries should be on a higher, lower, or an equal scale with those of teachers, leaving the exact wording of it to the resolutions committee. E: J. NOLAN. We should have definite in- formation what we are to vote upon. I do not think there can be any doubt whatever that the unanimous sentiment will be that the sala- ries of librarians ought to be very liberal, that they ought to be compared with the salaries of other public officials, and that they should be adequate for the work performed; but when we are called upon to compare those salaries we have no basis for comparison. If this matter be referred to the committee on resolutions to report to us farther they ought" to give us a very distinct statement as to what the average salary of the teacher is as compared with the salary of the librarian. The principal of a school would have one salary, the principal of the library would have another, and perhaps they would and perhaps they would not be ade- quate. So it is with the assistants in libraries and the assistants in schools. All these things ought to be explained to us before we are called upon to vote. It may be that in some sections of the country the public librarian is paid very liberally indeed as compared with the teacher. H: M. UTLEY. I should vote in view of my own locality and our experience there. Pres. DEWEY. If we refer this to the com- mittee on resolutions they will be able^to report a resolution as a basis so that we shall get along more quickly. The motion to refer was passed. What proportion of income should be expended in salaries? F: M. CRUNDEN. I should say, in general, whatever part is necessary to do the work thor- oughly. Closing a library for stock-taking. F: M. CRUNDEN. We have a shelf-list on cards. We are this summer trying the experi- ment of the shelf-list of sheets. A drawer of these cards is taken to the stack where a certain class of books is. One assistant handles the books while the other manipulates the cards. The assistant at the shelves calls off the book and its number and puts the stamp of '93 on the label inside the book. The other assistant who is manipulating the cards puts that same stamp on them. We s.hall know hereafter by looking at the book that it was present during the stock-taking of the summer of '93. We know also by the card in the shelf-list. That accounts for all the books on the shelves. The books are going and coming all the time. If the first day we get through the first five CHICAGO CONFERENCE. classes, all the books that come in during that day belonging in them are set aside and marked. At the close of the stock-taking whenever a book is found that has not the stamp of '93 it is fair to assume that it is not accounted for. We go to the drawer and stamp the books and the cards. Sooner or later we stamp every book and every card. We usually spread stock-taking over about three months. The finishing up, looking in the corners and cracks, takes a cou- ple of months more before we can finally say that we have made every effort and accounted for every book. Formerly we did this once a year, but now we do it once in three years. Is it preferable to make appointments from the locality or from the Library School ? S: S. GREEN. It depends on circumstances. My library is a great training-school for assist- ants all the time. C: A. NELSON. I like to take all my assist- ants from local applicants. Those whom I have had the liberty to select myself have proved to be competent assistants. I was compelled to take one by outside pressure. I would not say that she was incompetent, but she was not so inter- ested as the others. Pres. DEWEY. I think that we ought to ap- point from the locality just so far as we can get competent service. The question really is on positions where technical training is important or where we want a person with special experi- ence and no local applicant meets the require- ments. The alternative in such cases is between competent service and local influence. F: M. CRUNDEN. I think it is very unfortu- nate if any local pressure is brought to bear to prevent the selection of the most qualified as- sistants, wherever they can be found. If they can be found just as well at home, I should prefer to take them. There are certain advan- tages in taking a person acquainted with the personnel of the library, but I should select the person most competent, whether he lived in St. Louis or elsewhere. C: A. NELSON. I favor taking the people who are able to do the work. Something should be done to prevent this crowding in of favorites or friends of trustees, and that is a point that I make in the paper assigned to me as advice from a librarian to trustees. If it is decided that a civil service examination is the best thing to keep out that most disturbing element on the library staff, it will be the best thing that can be done for library work throughout the country. We must in some way bring pressure to bear upon trustees so that they will under- stand that the work in the library must be done by competent assistants. They do not appoint an incompetent man as their book-keeper, to look after their stock, or even as floorwalkers, and we do not want any incompetent service in the library. Pres. DEWEY. After establishing civil ser- vice examinations will you admit candidates from outside the locality ? Most State rules re- quire that no person who is a resident of an- other State shall be admitted to the examina- tion. Miss J. P. CLEVELAND. The librarian shou'd be taken into consideration by the trustees and his or her approval received before the appoint- ment of assistants. Should a time record or register be kept ? Miss M. E. AHERN. I have tried it and have given it up, simply because there was no way to make the matter effective. I would rather not try to do a thing at all than do it half way. The time record did not^amount to anything. The salary is fixed by statute and I could not affect them that way. I am trying to work on their business principles rather than by keeping a time record. I found that it engendered bad feeling. W: C. LANE. How many librarians pay their assistants by the hour and how many by the week or month ? Sec. HILL. The answers received show conclusively that there is a mixed system throughout. Miss T. L. KELSO. We pay substitute work by the hour and regular assistants by the month. S: S. GREEN. My plan is to pay regular salaries to heads of departments and to pay others by the hour. We have several persons whom we are hiring by the hour who are with us every day. It is a great deal cheaper. Miss M. I. CRANDALL. If they are working by the hour they are inclined to work more hours than they ought to for good service to the library. Miss T. L. KELSO. As long as we pay by the hour salaries will not be on the same plane with those of teachers. H: M. UTLEY. If a library is open 12 hours a day and a certain number of assistants must be always in attendance, some ambitious per- sons might want to work 12 hours a day and others only five. There might be constant trouble to arrange a satisfactory schedule. FIFTH SESSION. 39 S: S. GREEN. My first assistant has charge of the matter of regulating the hours and it is well known just how many hours a day each person who works by the hour is to work. -The assistant is just as careful to see that those per- sons who work by the hour do not overwork as she is to see that she gets good work from them. We have not the slightest difficulty in this matter of working by the hour, and the matter of expense must be considered even in libraries which have larger resources. Some of our assistants work every hour in the day, but the majority work only just such hours as we choose to have them, at busy times only, so that the saving is in the partial time they work. Where you hire persons by the hour they are not generally paid as much as persons on salary. Persons on salary get their regular four weeks' vacation and no reduction made for sickness. Those working by the hour work at a less ptice in hope that when there is a vacancy in the regular force they may be ap- pointed to it. H. H. COOKE. Mr. Green's idea is that if on certain hours of the day he needs 10 people he can have them, and then there are other hours when he does not need more than five people. F: M. CRUNDEN. Payment by the hour is not an essential feature of part-time service. We have part time service from young men from the high school and university. They come to the library on certain hours on school- days and all day Saturday, We pay them by the month, rating their payment by the pro- portion of the full time served by the other as- sistants, and also by the grade of work they do. Some substitutes get more than others. One young man has been paid at the rate of $50 a month. If he served half time he got $25, and if occasionally he was absent for an hour he was not docked that hour. Therefore he was not really paid by the hour, but proportionately by the amount of work done in the month. E. C. RICHARDSON. I have organized a sys- tem by which we pay so much a month for a month of 182 hours. Then all partial payment is made on that basis in proportion to the amount of time employed. The whole library system has fallen into that method. C. C. PICKETT. Do any of the librarians have a system by which they pay for Sunday work or any work on extra hours ? If so, do they pay for single time or double time ? In many cases I require the services of our assist- ants more than the usual time. S: S. GREEN. We never should ask any one to work overtime without paying for it. With regard to Sunday work, we give preference to our assistants if they would like to do it. We never compel anybody to work on Sunday. If our assistants do not care to do the work then we let outsiders do it. Generally we have some of the persons working by the hour. Miss C. M. HEWINS. We do not pay our staff extra for Sunday work but we give them the amount of time off during the week. There are six of us who take the Sunday work in turn, and it is understood that whoever is on service Sunday will have the next Saturday afternoon or evening off. G. M. JONES. I adopted the scheme of reck- oning holiday time as double. Holiday work is mostly confined to people working by the hour. F: M. CRUNDEN. Sunday work with us is counted as a part of the week's work. The time served on Sunday goes to make up the regular eight and a half hours' daily service. Therefore those serving on Sunday shorten their hours on week-days. Holidays are put on a different basis. One who serves on a holiday, and it is generally voluntary service, receives either a day and a half or a pay and a half at some other time. R. B. POOLE. Those who serve on holidays in my library have an extra day at any time when they choose. H : M. UTLEY. My practice is double pay for holidays and on Sundays. Sec. HILL. It is the same in my library. C: A. CUTTER. My assistants, being paid by the hour, received pay on holidays accord- ing to their average daily service during the quarter. If they worked on the holiday they were also paid for that time. C: A. NELSON. The Newberry doubles the pay for extra hours. Pres. DEWEY. I want to file my protest against the hour system because it is cheaper and the employee is cheated out of his annual vaca- tion. It smacks of the sweating system. There is no community where people will not come in at $5 a month if you offer it. I believe in getting full value for our money, but we ought never to let creep into library work the methods or spir- it that profits from the helplessness or necessi- ties of employees. If we pay by the hour let us pay all the work is worth considering all circum- stances of training, chance of promotion, etc. S : S. GREEN. In many libraries persons who work by the hour do not do as good work as the CHICAGO CONFERENCE. regular assistants. Although they work all day by the hour they do not get as much as the regu- lar assistants, and they do not deserve to get as much. C: A. NELSON. Library service is a profes- sion, and we have got to keep the profession up. Assistants should be paid for their services. Do not grind them down so that they cannot get salary enough on which to live. If they choose to work by the hour make it according to the partial payment system. F: M. CRUNDEN. A man who is capable of managing a large library in a large city like that of Chicago has got to have a combination of qualities equal to those of a man who manages a university like Washington University. If not, then he is not filling the bill and his library is not properly managed. It is simply a question of the channel in which one puts his energies. The compensation given to persons in education, al work should be on a par with that of persons engaged in other intellectual employment. The young men with whom I went to the high school and to college and who have gone into the pro- fessions are making from three to five times the amount of my salary. They are men with whom as boys and youths I have had a chance to com- pare myself, and I know that I could have made as good a lawyer as most of them. Lawyers who are friends of mine are making from $5,000 to $25,000 a year. Those engaged in librarianship should put themselves on a par with those en- gaged in other intellectual professions. S: S. GREEN. I give six hours a day to library work and about four hours to hard study outside the library, and have plenty of time for any recreation I want. I can -do all that the city of Worcester is willing to let me do in carry- ing forward the Institution and carrying it on as rapidly as is prudent in six hours. I throw the whole thought of the library off my mind outside of those six hours. I know that Mr. Crunden says he keeps his library on his mind all the time ; but I do not think his position or mine requires the great abilities of Pres. Eliot, of Harvard, or of^the head of Washington University or of Clark University. Whether I present any reasons that are satisfactory or not, I still am sure that we are putting ourselves in a ridiculous attitude to claim that librarians of large cities should as things stand be put on a par with heads of the greatest universities of the land. My opinion is that really good librarians should generally be put on the level of superin- tendents of schools in large places. Miss M. E. AHERN. Is it not true that part of the salaries which the presidents of these uni- versities get is not for the work which they give but for their name ? The fact remains that the teachers in their meetings claim just exactly what librarians are claiming here to-day, that they are not paid in the same ratio as in other professions and in business. It seems to me that we shall always have this difficulty till we begin to value ourselves at business rates. The fact is we ought not to cry for a large salary, but to make ourselves of that quality of a librarian that will command a higher salary. C: A. NELSON. Young men go into library work on very small salaries, expecting to be gradually promoted as they become efficient. They are lovers of the work and they are not lovers of any other kind of work. Trustees say, a young man that will come into a library and work for $700 is not worth any more. Why doesn't he go outside and get double that ? A young man may have library qualifications, but may not have any aptitude whatever for business life. Librarians require special qualifications for their work; the librarian is born, not made. I say that we should grade ourselves up. If there are some of us who get better salaries than they did a few years ago it is because they have earned a right to it. Pres. DEWEY. If there is a man who knows anything about library work and who watched Justin Winsor during his 10 years at the Boston Public Library and for a moment proposes to put him below any college president in the United States, that man is a poor judge of men, and is shockingly ignorant of the average work done by college professors. We have in more than one great city of this country a library system that requires a man of more administrative ability, of more breadth, and of more force than is required to run the traditional university. I am ready to defend that thesis at all times and against all comers. S: S. GREEN. I am perfectly willing to have the librarian paid as much as his services are worth, but I do not think, taking the services now being rendered by the librarians of the country, that we ought to compare the salaries of the chief librarians with those of presidents of universities. Pres. DEWEY. Nor I. Some of us are talk- ing of what we are and others of what we ought to be. S: S. GREEN. I hope that at some time there may be a good many librarians in this FIFTH SESSION. country whose services will have as much m(5ney value and ought to be paid for with as large salaries as those of the presidents of the best universities in the country. But I do not think that we have reached that time yet. Why should librarians hesitate to reveal the amount of salaries? Sec. HILL. On several occasions I have en- deavored to prepare a comparative table of sal- aries paid to librarians and assistants throughout the country. This year I hope to be more suc- cessful than usual. I have noticed that the num- ber who wish their answers to be confidential has decreased. From almost all sections of the country I have received good answers. In a few cases the reply was marked confidential, and of course will not be in the list. I should like to know what objections there can be to giving the salaries. One New York man said that it was not the business of the A. L. A. to know his salary or the amount paid to his assist- ants, but if we would tell him what reasons we had for asking the question he would be glad to tell us what salaries his library paid. I re- plied that if in his library he were giving fair salaries it would result in other libraries obtain- ing the same, and that if he were not giving fair salaries it would enable his assistants to get something nearer the standard themselves. J. K. HOSMER. I do not approve of people giving confidential answers to these questions. I can see that great use may come from giving the complete list of salaries. Treas. CARR. I do not believe in concealing them. Miss T. L. KELSO. I think this goes back to the same principle again, of lack of respect for the librarian's profession. Wherever there is a recognized profession the salary list is pub- lished. Pres. DEWEY. 'I have been in a position to learn of a great many salaries not generally known, and have discovered many men of first- class ability whom we supposed to be getting $3,000 or $4,000, but whose salaries were really only $1,500 to $1,800. For such a man the trustees should be forced either to put up his salary or lose him. I believe it would be a thoroughly good thing to publish a list of re- spectable library salaries. It might have a bad effect on some few trustees to show them a list of insufficient salaries. F: M. CRUNDEN. At the basis of this whole question lies this one principle, that society in general forgets the end and aim of human effort. We take ourselves to task because we spend so much time and effort in considering the techni- calities of our profession, sometimes losing sight of the end towards which we are aiming. Just so men forget that the object of all the digging and delving, of all the varied industry in which humanity is engaged, is the establishment of happy homes and the elevation of society. Ma- terial work that the business man does all the way from the factory hand up to the manager or head salesman is visible and tangible. The salesman sells so many goods; the net profits are so much. The house can well afford to pay that man $5,000 a year and yet have $20,000 a year profit beyond that. The work of the teacher is not thus measurable in money. When society realizes that accumulation of wealth, which is a necessary forerunner of all advancement, is but a means to an end, it will pay better salaries to educational workers, both teachers and librarians. S: S. GREEN. I pray that the time may come when intellectual and moral qualifications will be properly appreciated, but just now I think men are a little more anxious to make money, and think more about such things than they do about these higher qualifications. But to get back to the details of the matter un- der discussion. I must say that when asked questions about salaries I felt that there was some danger that when trustees looking at a table of salaries in a library saw that other towns of the same size were paying less than they were paying they would feel a dissatisfac- tion which might result in lowering salaries. But after an officer has become firm in his posi- tion and his services have come to be valued he ought to give the information needed to help his less fortunate colaborers. We take risks in giving certain kinds of information, but we often ought to take such risks. H. H. COOKE. No business house finds it ad- visable publicly to announce the salaries paid to the assistants in the house or to compare with any other houses the salaries that they may pay. We find that if the various young men and young worn, en in one department know what the others are getting they become dissatisfied. They have an idea that they are all equally valuable. If one man gets $900 a year and another man gets $100 a month, the man getting $900 thinks he is work- ing just as hard and earning just as much money for the house as the other, and you cannot con- vince him to the contrary. The result is dissat- isfaction on his part, and poorer service. In a CHICAGO CONFERENCE. library the $40 assistant imagines she is earning as much as the $50 assistant. The minute you begin to advertise the salaries of the various assistants you will find that the dissatisfied ones are giving you poorer service and those getting increased pay will be tempted to show it in their manner towards others. That is human nature. Pres. DEWEY. As library work is largely missionary work, if we recognize that we are not getting the returns that we could get in busi- ness, it seems to me a double reason why we should protect those who are willing to do that work from getting insufficient salaries. J. N. WING. I am sure I do not know what one man in our house is getting beside myself and my own assistants. That is the policy of the house. Till recently I have been running a book-store and tobacco plantation. At home in Virginia we can get very good men indeed for $8 a month and their rations. We can hire very good men for 40 cents a day and women for 25 cents. They are the best paid people in the coun- try because they live economically. I know li- brarians in the West who if they had $500 a year would be wll paid. I do not see how you can regulate these things at all. Each library must guide itself by its own income and local cir- cumstances. C : A. NELSON. Mr. Wing is right as far as he goes. I do not think that because in some towns people can live on a certain salary the salaries in other towns in other parts of the coun- try should be the same. People are not able to judge as to the comparative expenses in those different places. What we want to do is to grade the salary of the librarian, and unless we ask the trustees to grade the salaries up by our ac- tion here by saying that we are worth more, and that our assistants are worth more, it will not be done. As to the comparison between the people em- ployed in business houses and others, if one gets $40 a month and another gets $50 because one is worth $10 more than another, it is no reason that the one should get $50 a month because the other, who is worth $50 a month, gets it. If an assistant is worth more, she can get more. I think that this matter should be brought before trustees as well as before librarians. Trustees constantly say : " We want to know what the custom is." J: F. DAVIES. So far no one has raised any protest against printing a selected list, which would do much good in making towns and cities which pay lower salaries ashamed of their rec- ords. In my town they take a certain pride in doing things differently from what is done elsewhere. An ordinance was passed by the city council to the effect that nobody in the employ of the city shall receive less than % 3 a day. The question first came up when I needed somebody beside myself that had had library experience. The trustees said, " You can get just as good material in Butte City as anywhere, but you will have to pay for it." They chose three assistants that surprised me. I have known libraries where selected lists of salaries were presented to the trustees, and then some of the trustees have written to other cities and found that the list was a selected one, and it has produced a bad effect. I am in favor of the fullest, fairest, and squarest list. A. N. BROWN. I should like to inquire whether there are any libraries where the assist- ants do not know what the salaries of other assist- ants are. So far as I know, the assistants know the salaries of others, and no bad effect has come from it. Sec. HILL. I think it is a fact that assist- ants do know what others are getting, and that it is also a fact that those receiving low salaries are dissatisfied. J. N. WING. When I was connected with the Mercantile Library in New York the assistants who knew other salaries caused a great deal of dissatisfaction. I am sure that had the salaries been kept secret it would have been much better for the morale of the institution. Pres. DEWEY. I have a thorough dislike for keeping anything secret in any educational insti- tution. The institutions that hold their meet- ings publicly and tell the world what they are doing are the institutions that get the gifts, legacies, and moral support. The American public do not like to have things kept away from them. I believe that it is a wiser policy for us to come out squarely and say that we are paying no more for anything than it is worth; tell people where we buy our books and supplies and what we pay for them and to every assistant in the library. I have insisted in my staff in letting each one know what the salaries of the others are. And if they are dissatisfied I say to them, " If you do better work you will get the better salary. If dissatisfied with our judgment of your value, you are at liberty to go wherever you can get more." I believe assistants respect having the whole truth before them, and that it is safer than to have them guessing as to facts. A show of hands of the meeting was taken, FIFTH SESSION. 43 and it was found that the feeling was unanimous that a full list should be published in preference to a selected one. Should a separate room be provided for catalogers ? Sec. HILL. The answers were evenly divided. A good many omitted altogether to answer the question, but less than half of those who did reply stated that they used a separate room or that they favored a separate room. I want to get from the members an expression of opinion as to whether they have any difficulty in having the work of cataloging done in the delivery- room, or whether, having had the space there, they have been obliged to change and go into another room. Miss C. M. HEWINS. Our cataloging work is done in the reference-room. The cataloger might have had a separate room if she had chosen, but she prefers the reference-room. C : A. CUTTER. In general I have not favored having a separate room for catalogers and classi- fiers, and I have lately heard of an experience which confirms that view. A classifier (classifier's work, by the way, is much harder than cata- loging) had been accustomed to sit in a public room. Going to a new library, she was put in a room by herself. She finds that she is much more tired at the day's end. Change of occupa- tion is rest. Pres. DEWEY. How many recommend that the cataloging should be done in a separate room? One only voted against a separate room. Should catalogers work longer than other assistants ? Sec. HILL. Two reported longer hours for catalogers than other members of the staff. More than half report the same hours for the catalog- ers. Only about one-third made any distinction between catalogers and other members of the staff. The sense of the meeting was found to be four to one that the hours for the catalogers ought not to be so long as those for the other assistants. C: A. CUTTER. The work of delivery in a busy library, if properly done, is fully as exact- ing as the work of cataloging. Classifying is, however, much more try ing than cataloging ; and in settling the question of hours of service, one should ascertain whether the cataloger is also the classifier. J. K. HOSMER. In my library it is thought that the wear and tear upon the nerves is greater at the delivery-desk than in the cataloging de- partment. W:T. PEOPLES. I think the wear and tear of the delivery-desk is much greater than in the catalog department, and I do not think there is any necessity for discrimination. Miss M.. S. CUTLER. I suggest having the catalogers work certain hours during the day at cataloging and then putting'them at the loan- desk for a change. Catalogers are in a corner and do not meet the public. It would be better for the library to have the catalogers meet the public in some way directly an hour or two a day. J: F. DAVIES. I do not like to vote that cat- alogers should have shorter hours. All of these questions on which we are voting are general questions. There are many considerations al- ways to be taken into the account. You may run along a week or two smoothly and then you will get three hours' work that will tire you as much as two weeks' ordinary work. Granted that cataloging is fully as hard, or harder, than other work, it is always considered a more desira- ble position. Sec. HILL. There is one objection among catalogers to putting into operation the sugges- tion of Miss Cutler. Those who work in the cataloging department of our library get a little more wages, and if they are asked to do work in the delivery department they feel that their dignity is disturbed, and they say, "You are ask- ing me to do something of the work of a mes- senger, and I do not care to do it." That is the real difficulty in the way. C: A. NELSON. I think that all persons inter- ested in library work, whether special catalogers or not, if they feel that way, should do some reference work. They cannot get a better ac- quaintance with books than by going into the reference department. The'cataloger who knows how to handle the books in the reference de- partment is a better worker for the library. I believe every one here will agree that the cata- loger must not make a specialist of himself. Nor should the reference librarian be a special- ist. When we train assistants, let them under- stand all departments of the library. Should the librarian be secretary of the board? Sec. HILL. Six answered that the librarian was the secretary of the board ; about 20 an- swered that the librarian ought to be ; 10 or 15 answered that he ought not to have anything to do with that part of it. Others made no reply whatever. 44 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. G: W. COLE. I found upon inquiry that the practice of having the librarian secretary of the board prevails in New Jersey more commonly than elsewhere. I think the plan is a good one, as it brings the librarian Into closer relations with the trustees and gives both an opportunity to study the library's needs more carefully than in any other way. W: T. PEOPLES. I believe that the librarian should be present at all meetings of the board, but it is a question whether he should be secre- tary or not. That requires extra labor. Sec. HILI. It is done at Milwaukee and in all libraries of New Jersey established under the law of 1884. The librarian, as secretary of the board, keeps the minutes, looks after the bills and their proper auditing and everything that pertains to the office. He does all the ex- ecutive work, and the point is that he is brought into closer business relations with the trustees and with the business world, and becomes in fact what a librarian ought to be a business man in an executive position. F: M. CRUNDEN. I have returns from 37 li- braries on this same question. My recollection is that eight or nine reported that the librarian acted as secretary. Miss T. L. KELSO gave an abstract of her pa- per on CIVIL SERVICE RULES IN A PUBLIC LIBRARY. H : M. UTLEV. You say that when there is a vacancy in any grade a substitute in that grade is promoted to it? Miss T. L. KELSO. A substitute is promoted into the next class and next on the regular staff. Pres. DEWEY. I would ask what Miss Kelso does with her product. She spoke of five out of six going off in the matrimonial market. If she advises all libraries to start a training class of this kind where are they going to find work to do? Miss T. L. KELSO. In the first place the li- brary takes on more assistants on that account. We do not pretend that after six months' train- ing a young woman is capable of managing a library. I have made an arrangement with two second-hand book-stores, and several of the young ladies are going to put them into order, so that the owner can find out what books he has. We endeavor to find positions as far as possible. From the first we promise absolutely nothing in the way of employment, but we do say in six months you will have a better business training than you ever had before. We do not anticipate that they will fail to get positions. F: M. CRUNDEN. It is evident that this course of training is a good preparation for any work of life. You will observe that while Miss Kelso objects to cheap Chinese labor there is no inconsistency in requiring novitiates to work for nothing for a while. Her system is to re- quire them to be trained first, and once trained to give them the best salaries. Miss M.. S. CUTLER delivered an abstract of her paper on HOURS OF OPENING : EVENING, SUNDAY, HOLIDAY, AND VACATION OPENING. Miss CUTLER. A summing up of the whole question as to whether a library should be open Sundays and holidays was made by Mr. Winsor in 1887, when at the meeting of the Library As- sociation of the United Kingdom he said: " The hours that a library are open must correspond to the hours when any considerable number of people will come to it." I interpret that to mean the hours to which the public will respond after a fair and intelligent effort to open for perhaps longer hours than they have been ac- customed to. I understand that the object of these abstracts at this meeting is to gather up the points of agreement on various subjects, and I submit that the Association has come up to this high standard on this particular subject, and this statement of Mr. Winsor's will meet with agreement. In 1887 I had the honor to present a paper on Sunday opening which was followed by discussion. It was argued that a free public library ought to be open on Sunday because it was for the public, and should be open on the day when the greatest number of people would be free to use it, and because opening had been successfully followed in a large number of libraries, and because the most active and influential librarians in our profes- sion heartily support it. There was, I believe, only one dissenting voice to that proposition in St. Louis. The question of holiday opening stands very close to that, although we have not discussed it as fully. I have examined a book of statis- tics made up for the comparative exhibit which throws a little light on this subject. Of 182 li- braries answering this series of questions 68 now open on Sunday and 113 are closed. Of these same libraries 53 are open on holidays and 129 are closed. I have never been more interested than in the FIFTH SESSION. 45 results of the statistics of the same volume on the question of daily hours of opening. Of these 182 libraries, including libraries of all sizes and types and in all parts of the country, the average daily opening is nine to eight hours. I submit to the Association that this is a good average, and that I was justified in stating that we had reached the high ground of Mr. Win- sor's principle. In practice as well as theory we agree that the library should be open as many hours as the people will come to it. That being the case, if people will come to these li- braries for nine to eight hours per day, it will hardly be safe for a conservative or stingy board of trustees or lazy librarian to stand out against this principle. There are two things which I should like to have discussed, on which perhaps there is no general agreement. The first is the question of holiday opening, whether there are reasons why the library should open on Sundays and not on holidays and -v ice versa. The other question is whether a free public library should be open on Sunday for circulation of books as well as for the use of books in the building. The first question holiday opening has not been dis- cussed. Miss C. M. HEWINS. We have tried both Sunday and holiday opening since we opened our free library. We open our reading room and reference-room every Sunday from i to 7:30 P.M. On holidays we open the circulating de- partment from 9 to ii A.M., and keep the read- ing and reference rooms open as usual. We find the opening of the reading-room eminently successful. Our Sunday average in the read- ing-room has been 60 readers. On holidays we give out on an average between 40 and 50 books, enough to justify opening the library. We do not find the Sunday and holiday reading and reference room opening successful. We have not perhaps educated our people up to the ref- erence room. The largest number of persons I have ever known to come into that room on Sunday was 17. Of those 17, 12 came from curiosity and the other five came to read. Of those five, three asked for fairy tales. So it has gone on Sunday after Sunday. We have had one and two readers there and sometimes we have had none. On holidays frequently we have had one or two. The evening that I left Hart- ford our board of directors had a meeting, and the last thing they said to me was to have the reference-room closed for the present on Sundays, and possibly between 8 and 10 o'clock in the evening, for lack of use. I should like very much to hear from some of the librarians who have been more successful in making their reference-room used. Our reference library has between 2,000 and 3,000 volumes. I should like to know why it has failed to be popular. W: H. BRETT. I have addressed inquiries to librarians throughout the country on this same question in preparing my paper on rules. The replies that I received were about the same that she reports. It seems to me that it is en- tirely a local matter, and that each library should conform to the needs of its community. In large places on holidays, for the sake of the many homeless men and of the young men living in boarding-houses, the reading-room should be open. G: W. COLE. In Jersey City we have taken an advanced stand. Our library was opened July 6, 1891, and it has not been closed since, excepting for one day, when no business was done and our interest was centred in the Columbian celebration (October 12). We open our circulating department, reading-room, and reference-room every day in the year, the cir- culating department from 2 to 6 P.M., and reading- room from 2 to 9. Our quarters are such that the reference-room is not adequate, and we are not doing the work there which we should like to do. Aside from that the opening of the library in all its branches seems to have been very successful. During the period which the last annual report covers we circulated some- thing over 6,700 volumes on Sundays, and there were about the same number of people who used the reading-room. There was no record kept of the reference room, but my impression is that it was well used. We do not feel disposed to make any change in our methods. R. B. POOLE. Our library is kept open Sunday afternoons and evenings and on every holiday. The average reading does not differ largely from other days. I believe in the library being open on holidays. Oftentimes there are readers there who do not come ordinarily on other days. It is a day on which they are glad to look up subjects they are interested in. S: S. GREEN. The library in Worcester was the first large public library in New England to open on Sunday. For the last two or three years it has been open on holidays also. In the warmest weather attendance is comparatively small. Even, then, however, it is considerable in the reading-room where newspapers are pro- vided. CHICAGO CONFERENCE. F: M. CRUNDEN. In St. Louis, where Sun- day opening has been tried for 20 years, it is no longer a question at all. I have counted in a reading-rcom at one time on Sunday 125 people or more. Many of the faces are those of people who ordinarily do not come week-days. So far as holiday opening is concerned there is no question about that either. On Washington's Birthday we have issued in books and periodi- cals more than 1,000, and I suppose the library has had 1,000 people come to it. On other holi- days, of course, there are not so many peo- ple. Miss C. M. HEWINS. Is it better to close a reference-room on Sundays and holidays and in the evenings when it has been used as little as ours has, or to go on keeping it open, with the hope that it will be more used ? I wish to report a vote of the American Library Association on this to my directors. G. M. JONES. When did Miss Hewins begin this opening ? Miss C. M. HEWINS. Last February. G. M. JONES. My experience is that the use of the room drops off very much in summer. While in winter we have 100 to 125 in our read- ing-room, in summer we run down to 20 or 30. I think if she would try it through another winter she would find a much larger use. H: M. UTLEY. I think Miss Hewins' ex- periment has not been tried long enough to furnish satisfactory results. When a library is first opened on Sunday there may be some local prejudices which would affect the attendance upon it. It might be unpopular possibly to some extent with people who do not appreciate it. Our library was first opened on Sunday afternoon and evening for reading and ref- erence in 1886. The average attendance for the first year was only 100. Since then the average Sunday attendance has multiplied thrice and the public would, not now consent to a proposi- tion to close on Sunday. Miss M.. S. CUTLER. Will some one who has tried it and believes in it give one short, crisp reason for opening a library for circulation on Sunday? No one answered. W: H. BRETT read an abstract of his paper on REGULATIONS FOR READERS. (Seep. 230.) The discussion of it was deferred. Recess until Thursday morning. SIXTH SESSION. (THURSDAY, JULY 20.) Held in the New York State Building, Co- lumbian Exposition grounds, by invitation of the New York State Library Association. The meeting was called to order at 9:20 A. M. by Pres. DEWEY. Sec. HILL. Moved that the election of of- ficers be taken up as a matter of special business at 11:30. Voted. G. M. JONES read extracts from his paper on ACCESSION DEPARTMENT (see p. 234), which were taken up point by point for discus- sion. Selections for public libraries. Miss C. M. HEWINS. Is the general opinion of the meeting in favor of buying Chautauqua text books ? G. M. JONES. I buy them. Treas. CARR. Buy to a limited extent, just enough to say that you have them. J: F. DAVIES. We had a little experience with Chautauqua text-books. At St. Louis we went on the plan, which I think is always a good one, of buying one set. The Chautauqua stu- dents wanted enough to supply all. I noticed that certain persons would take cut a copy and pass it on to their friends, and so it was kept in one clique. We got one duplicate set and the demand was so slight that I concluded they did not care very much for the books. If funds are limited do not buy expensive works when there are good cheaper ones. W. S. BISCOE. I understand Mr. Jones to speak of small libraries. When larger libraries have sufficient funds, I do not see why they should not have the best if they are willing to pay for them. G. M. JONES. My opinion is that it is not wise for small libraries to do it unless special- izing in that particular line. Should we buy new books from one firm? G. M. JONES. A bookseller said to me on the way out that he thought all the new books should be bought of one firm. The objection to that is that in books as in other kinds of trade different stores keep different goods. ARTHUR CUNNINGHAM. I have found it bet- ter to separate foreign from American orders. We get better satisfaction in that way. If you undertake to give one house the whole order SIXTH SESSION. 47 there is a tendency to neglect promptness in delivery of foreign publications. Miss ESTHER CRAWFORD. What does Mr. Jones consider a large buyer? G. M. JONES. I should consider one who buys $4,000 or $5,000 a year a large buyer. Miss ESTHER CRAWFORD. You advise that library to buy from different sources ? G. M. JONES. That must depend on local conditions. Ladies say that different dry-goods stores carry different kinds of goods. It is the same with the book trade. I believe in patron- izing the local dealer where possible. For its first $io,oco worth, Salem sent out for bids, and the local dealer got the order. He filled the first order and continued for some time to fill orders at a large discount. After a while he decided that he could not afford to sell at that discount. Since then I have been buying in Boston. Miss ESTHER CRAWFORD. Would you advise bu}ing in large lots at lengthy intervals, or small lots at closer intervals ? G. M. JONES. I believe in buying frequently. Miss E. M. COE. Our committee and I have struck on a plan which would facilitate getting a list of books. We have a simple slip very much like that given out by the Library Bureau. The librarian in charge of each branch has lit- tle call-slips on which any title is written. Those are brought to me once a month. There are three members of the book committee. I make out the list, and if any one of the commit- tee comes in I catch him and make him sign such slips as he is willing to sign. One signa- ture is sufficient. It does not have to go before the committee. By the end of the month I am ready with the lists. When the order is large we send to the publishers direct. If it does not exceed two or three volumes we put these slips in the hands of an agent. It is not uncommon to send an order for 12 or 15 books to the Scribners and receive them the next day. J. N. WING. When I first went to the New York Mercantile Library they bought books everywhere and I induced Mr. Peoples' prede- cessor to make the change. The librarian was buying from one person and another, and was not getting satisfaction. The library then ex- pended something like $10,000 a year in books. We arranged with publishers to give us one- third off. You speak of delays. These come sometimes in making up the order. It may be that we do not have all the books in stock, and must send to Philadelphia, Boston, or Chicago for them. In New York booksellers supply Chicago books from the New York jobbing houses. A dealer who supplies you has some- times to wait a few days to look up his order. The discount to the trade regularly is a third off, unless they buy in quantities, when they get somewhat better terms. I every day put in books at a third off rather than keep the orders waiting. When a bookseller gives you a third off it is every cent he can possibly allow you, except on special books. You had better give your foreign orders to some one house, and your American orders to one house. In making up an order it is best to include the publisher's name when you can. G. M. JONES. I believe in buying of one firm except under special conditions. H. H. COOKE. Any bookseller can make a better rate to a library who gives him all its orders. Western houses are obliged to keep a complete stock of not only current American fiction but scientific books as well, and will make a very much better rate to a library giving them all its orders than they will to a library that they know divides orders. We are obliged to order books in large quantities, 106 or 200 copies in some cases, or of a book like Lew Wallace's we may have to buy 1,000 copies. If the book houses were doing only library business they could not afford to give a third off. We get a discount of 40$ only on large orders, and I do not believe that any house is able to do busi- ness on less than \Q% margin. I think the libraries get the better end of it when they get a third. G. M. JONES. A good many special lines of books are held at special prices. There are publishers who, when a large purchase is made, make a larger discount. The result is that the firm carrying that sort of books makes the libra- ry as much discount as the bookseller receiver, perhaps even a larger discount. I believe in the general principle of buying of one firm, but there are exceptions. H. H. COOKE. There are scientific books that, of course, are sold at much smaller dis- counts than the regular publications. There are also other books that are sold at a better re- duction than the ordinary books of travel or belles-lettres. The extra discount on juvenile books will make up for whatever is deducted on scientific publications, so that the house getting all the orders from a library can afford to do better by it than a house getting only scientific orders. 4 8 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. Pres. DEWEY. Few librarians have been trained enough in business to learn to cut oil trifles. In a great many manufacturing estab- lishments the difference of a hundredth part of a mill perhaps on each article makes the differ- ence between success or failure. In buying books the man who wants to patronize a great many different firms often forgets how much it costs for the different letters written, the differ- ent accounts kept, the separate express parcels received opened, recorded, etc. At the end of the year these make costs a serious total. Many librarians are prone to forget what a business man would recognize, that he is paying out a considerable percentage in incidentals and in time which costs money. When you take these things into consideration it seems to me that our wise policy is to pick out a good house and give all our orders to it as long as it gives us the best service and proper prices. If we find that a publisher is overcharging when he gets a good chance, change at once and try an- other more honest. I have a friend who lives in a town of about 10,000 inhabitants and who sets a very good table. I asked him how he managed about his marketing. He said, " I go into a market and say, ' I will send all my orders here without exception as long as you give me the best service. Just as soon as you send me poor supplies I shall not complain or return them, but shall without warning change to another dealer.' " That is the way to deal with book firms. As custodians of public money we have no right to buy of a local deal- er at a higher rate, counting express, prompt- ness, etc., any more than we have to employ a local carpenter to build our furniture instead of buying it of a good factory that has facilities for doing such work in the most economical way and can give us a much better article for less money. This patronage of local interests often accounts for the miserable binding in country libraries. S: S. GREEN. Do I understand Mr. Gooke to say that he gives one third off on everything, scientific books and all, if he has large orders ? H, H. COOKE. We have done that when they were of considerable size. There is a great difference between scientific books and net books. Net books are books published at small discounts. We do not sell those at a third off but if we get 20% we give the library io#. G: W. COLE. If at the end of the year you look over your orders to those firms that offer large discounts you will find a great many of them not filled. They quote a large discount to you when they expect to furnish books that come in their way, but make no special effort to go outside and obtain the books that you want, so that at the end of a few months you find a vast accumulation of outstanding orders with no prospect of getting them. Many li- brarians are drawn into this by being offered a lower discount than reputable houses can af- ford to give, when the bookseller intends per- haps to supply only such books as are at hand. We have found it a safer and better policy to deal with some reputable house, even though on paper we do not get the very lowest discount. In sending out for competitive bids this should be borne in mind. F. P. HILL. In such a case as Mr. Cole has mentioned it seems to me that it is the duty of the librarian to see that those orders are filled. If the attention of a reputable house is called to the fact it will see that the order is filled sooner or later. The librarian must simply look after the bookseller. H: J. CARR. If we confine our orders to one house let those orders go in with steady frequency. Let your bookbuying continue right along steadily, weekly, bi-monthly, or monthly as the case may be, and your dealer will have his books on hand, yur orders will be filled promptly, and you will have very few shorts. Imported books. H. H. COOKE. If a library orders a foreign book of us we do not ask if they want to import it. We import it ourselves free of duty for them, Encourage the retail dealer. Pres. DEWEY. Would you buy of the retail dealer at a higher price ? Is it the business of the librarian to encourage the local book-store by paying a higher price if a jobber will fur- nish the books for less ? G. M. JONES. Any man who supplies books to a library I consider a retail dealer. H. H. COOKE. I venture to say that if Mr. Jones will buy his books of Clarke, of Boston, at 25 %, it will be cheaper than if he buys from the publishers at one-third off. J. N. WING. You cannot buy Scribners' books at a third off unless you give us the whole business. H. H. COOKE. McClurg will not give a dis- count on a portion of an order. G. M. JONES. Five or six years ago, when I was in a book-store in Boston, we were troubled SIXTH SESSION, 49 by the fact that certain publishers would sell to libraries as cheap as they would supply us. Subscription-books often better bought of agents, WESTON FLINT. There is not a subscription- book in the United States that you cannot buy direct just as cheaply and just as quickly as of agents. We have a rule in our departments in Washington that an agent is not allowed to come into the building. A. W. WHELPLEY. When Stanley's book was put on the market we could not get it of the bookseller, so I got it from the special agent. H. H. COOKE. We got a few copies of Stan- ley the first day it was published, though we could not fill all our orders. Our old customers got it at a slight discount. If you send to Chi- cago for your books you will get them promptly. J. N. WING. I cannot recall the name of a book that I cannot supply at once. W: T. PEOPLES. When I want Scribners' books I do not order of the house but of the agent who will divide the commission with me. H. H. COOKE. If an agent divides his com- mission it is his business. He may get 40 #. That 40 % means his salary. If he wishes to divide his commission with his customers he is at liberty to db it. We would not sell one of our subscription publications at a discount. We wish to protect the agents who are doing busi- ness with us. J: F. DAVIES. We find it a great advantage to have an agent come to us and let us examine the book. As a rule the average librarian knows very little about the art of buying books, and he will do much better to leave all that work to a responsible firm. We have been compelled to buy everything under city council rules and have to distribute our orders. I do not like that way of doing business. Miss THERESA WEST. I think that one ad- vantage of buying books of one house is in the fact that that house will supply you with books on approval. There are a great many books that you would buy from looking over reviews that you would not buy if you looked over the books themselves. WESTON FLINT. I found an astonishing con- dition of affairs when I went into the library of the Patent Office. We were paying about 50 cents per English shilling for English books coming through local dealers. I got this re- duced from 50 cents to 18 cents per English shilling. Then of course we paid our agent in London and in Germany about 10 % or some- times 5 %. If a library is a wholesale buyer it ought to be dealt with like any other wholesale buyer. I think the best way is to have agents in London, Leipzig, and Paris for the foreign books. The books are there bought at whole- sale prices, and cases, cartage, and insurance do not exceed 5 %. We get twice as many books by our change. Any agent in New York will import these books for you and will have the duty remitted and save that expense. H. H. COOKE. I cannot conceive of any bookseller doing anything else. We never think of sending a book from our tables on which we have paid duties unless the librarians say that they are particularly anxious for that book. We retail books over our counter at 35 cents a shilling. WESTON FLINT. I found in regard to local dealers that I could not do anything. I do not believe all librarians save all the duty yet. I should like to know how many librarians have the duty remitted on foreign books. On a show of hands it was found that only one librarian in the room bought foreign books without importing duty free. G. M. JONES. We pay the duty for the sake of having the book quicker. W: T. PEOPLES. In order to get books promptly we have a standing order with our agent, who understands that we take all the books of a certain class, and he sends them as soon as out without waiting a specific order. C: A. CUTTER. The Boston Athenaeum gives a similar order to its London agent. Pres. DEWEY. On recommendation of va- rious librarians I tried the experiment of having agents in London, Paris, and Leipzig or Berlin. My experience was, without a single exception, that I could get a large dealer in New York to do it for less than I could. He was doing the business on a large scale and I had to do it on a comparatively small scale. Many of these foreign buying agents do not carry stock. A large dealer will sometimes sell for the same price at which an agent will buy and make his commission. I believe it bad policy even for a large library to have agents over there. We forget that there is the consul fee to pay, and postage, express, insurance, cartage, boxing, freight, etc., and that when we get through with the whole thing the greatly reduced rate at which we bought abroad has swelled to more than the price for which a responsible agent in New York would undertake to lay the books 5 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. down. Then there are the exasperating delays and red-tape and petty expenses of the custom- house. Also the injuries in transit, while the New York agent is responsible for putting every book down in the library in proper condition and complete. We save money and we save time, which librarians are prone to forget is money. I know many a librarian who will waste two hours, for which he receives two dollars or more, in doing a piece of work for which he would not think of paying 50 cents in cold cash. He somehow fancies it costs nothing because he does not see the money pass. W: H. BRETT. I had occasion to order a considerable quantity of German books once and I divided the order. As I was buying for both a branch library and a main library the order was to a considerable extent for two copies. I sent one part of the order to Germany and the other part to a New York importer. It was interest- ing to compare the results. As far as prompt- ness was concerned the New York importer was ahead. There was hardly any choice be- tween the prices. I haven't any doubt from my experience that, excepting in large orders, the advantage is altogether with the New York im- porter. G. E. STECHERT. The New York importers very often have books at hand which can be delivered without sending to the other side. C. W. ANDREWS. I want to know if any- body here has had any experience in getting ad- vance orders of English scientific books supplied promptly, and if so how. It is my experience that the English book trade ignore advance orders in a very trying way. WESTON FLINT. We used to order through Stevens in London. He was directed to send books on certain subjects at once. Old books. J: F. DAVIES. I wish one of these book- sellers would tell us whether it pays a librarian to hunt up his own shorts or send to the book- seller and have him hunt them up. Do they charge a special price or a commission ? J. N. WING. Books entirely out of print we advertise for and charge a commission above the cost. Some librarians in large cities hunt them up themselves. H. H. COOKE. It depends a great deal on how much the librarian has to do and how valuable a librarian he is. It stands to reason that a bookseller can pick up 1,000 as well as he can two or three. He can undoubtedly do it very much cheaper than the librarian. We place the price on out-of-print books by what they cost us. G. M. JONES. I should like to know what the booksellers do in this case. A library orders a certain book ; the bookseller tries through the ordinary sources and also orders from the other side and the report comes back " out of print." Does the bookseller in that case watch the second-hand catalogs to see when that book may turn up? J. N. WING. I do not think they do. It would not pay. Private sale of duplicates, best method. W: C. LANE. There is a great deal of ex- pense attending a private sale. Pres. DEWEY. In many cases it would be economy to sell the whole lot to a paper-mill. I believe in a clearing-house for duplicates. The best thing is to box up the whole collection and send it on, and have an expert appraise them at a fair value. You have heard of the New York plan. The shelving is almost finished now. The big room, larger than this, is being filled with iron shelving, and we invite every library in the state to send all books for which it has no use to the State Library. One of our staff appraises each book as it comes in. Many of them of course will be utterly useless. The appraiser puts a fair value on the books, and then the library can draw out books of an equal value in exchange. The libraries have to pay only transportation of books both ways. W: C. LANE. Do librarians come to Albany to look over these books or do you send to them? Pres. DEWEY. They may do either. We send slips on which is indicated the edition, bind- ing, and condition very clearly. We also say to the small libraries, " If you will send us your list of books on hand, we will select from this entire collection books to the amount due you which we think will best supplement your pres- ent stock." J. K. HOSMER. I have a number of very valuable duplicates which I should like to ex- change. Can I in Minneapolis take advantage of this New York plan ? Pres. DEWEY. This plan is for the State of New York. If Mr. Peoples, for instance, sends us 1,000 volumes and we give him credit for $900, then he draws out of the entire collection $900, we doing the work for nothing. If you, SIXTH SESSION. out of our state, have anything in your library that we would like in ours we would exchange, but if you wish to send to the department we should charge you cost, about io#, so that no New York taxpayer could complain that his money was spent for other states. Gifts. F: M. CRUNDEN. I know one library that lost a gift (which came to our library) because the other library would not shelve it separately. As a choice of having it under certain condi- tions or not having it at all, I much preferred to give it separate shelving, specially as I thought that collection in an alcove with a heading over it might lead other people to give collections of books. Pres. DEWEY. I have always advocated that we be willing to put up a brass plate or anything furnished by the giver, and make a separate catalog, but that it ought to be a rare case where we undertook for them to break up the classification of the library. Collation. G. M. JONES. I think it better to collate all purchases. S: S. GREEN. I collate everything except novels. F: M. CRUNDEN. I think it is not worth while to collate anything except valuable books. You spend a great deal of time collating all your books for the sake of finding one in 1,000 that is important, or one in 100. F. P. HILL. I agree with Mr. Crunden most decidedly, in view of the fact that the pub- lishers are always ready to replace the books that have wrong paging, even if it is discov- ered two or three or five years after the book is bought. W: C. LANE. Is it true that an agent will take books back after they have been in circu- lation and been accepted ? VOICES. Yes, sir. Pres. DEWEY. I have never known a repu- table publisher to refuse to take back a book that bore evidence of being imperfect when it came out of his house. J. N. WING. We make good any defect in any book we supply, whether we publish it or not. On a show of hands it was found that the Association were almost unanimous in the opinion that it did not pay to collate all new books. Accession book. G. M. JONES. Mr. Winsor is in favor of abolishing the accession book. He has a shelf- list and also keeps a daily record of books re- ceived. ' W: C. LANE. It seems to be entirely satis- factory at Harvard. There are no items that we are not able easily to get hold of, except one, and that is if a large number of books are given by an individual we cannot tell what books those were. We have simply a record of how many books were given on such a day on such a topic. The only accession book that is used is a small book in which the number of volumes and pamphlets received day by day from each source is noted, simply as a means of showing at the end of the year how many volumes have been added. On the shelf-list the date and source are entered, not the price. The order-card which has been used in ordering the book is filled out and used with other cards as an official catalog. That card shows when the book was received and refers by number to the original order and by date to the invoice on which it was received, so that the price can be looked up if it is necessary. It also shows any correspondence that there has been in regard to the book. It gives a more complete record than any acces- sion book can. A card is also made for each gift. Pres. DEWEY. Is it not a fair statement to say that you transfer to your shelf-list the items that the rest of us keep in our accession book ? The point at issue is whether the permanent ac- cession book is the best place to keep that record. W: C. LANE. I think we save a great deal of time in this way. ARTHUR CUNNINGHAM. We have our acces- sion and shelf lists on cards. I have found the advantage in this, that you do not have to dupli- cate the title. G. M. JONES. All the invoices at Harvard College are kept at the library. W: C. LANE. It is essential to keep the in- voice at the library. A. N. BROWN. Some libraries are not al- lowed to keep the invoice, and therefore they have to keep an accession book. Pres. DEWEY. If a library is to be robbed the thief can remove the card from the official shelf-list. I never would accept an inventory made from loose cards. An inventory should be made on sheets in a bound book, so that no entry can be removed without showing the fact of removal. 5 2 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. W: C. LANK. The Harvard shelf-list is a bound volume. ARTHUR CUNNINGHAM. I concluded that the saving in combining the two more than counter- balanced any probable loss. That is to say, an occasional misplacement of cards is nothing compared with the cost of making two catalogs. Withdrawal book. F: M. CRUNDEN. When was this introduced ? G. M. JONES. Mr. Houghton has been using it for a number of years. F: M. CRUNDEN. All persons use some sort of a withdrawal book. How many keep a dis- tinct book ? 6. S: S. GREEN. What is the advantage if you keep a history of your book on the accession catalog ? What good do you get from it ? G. M. JONES. There is not room in the or- dinary accession books for keeping all the par- ticulars. At the end of the year we can count up so many volumes of each class withdrawn. It was found that of the librarians present 20 kept continuation books. REPORT OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS COMMITTEE. E. C. HOVEY. In a very delightful call which I received from Senator Manderson, of Nebraska, I had the pleasure of talking with him on this subject. I will simply quote what he said : " We were beaten, but we will try it again next session." That is the only report I have to make. In the absence of J. P. DUNN, Jr., chairman of the public documents committee, his report was read by Recorder Utley. " Mr. President, as chairman of the com- mittee on public documents, I beg leave to re- port that no meeting of the committee has been held since my appointment, and no committee action has been taken. It will be remembered that at the time the appointment of the commit- tee was announced the Association adopted a resolution to memorialize Congress in direct op- position to the policy which I have been ad- vocating for several years. I have not felt it proper that the committee should act contrary to the expressed wishes of the Association, and I could not conscientiously, when considering the interests of the library I represented, take action in accordance with the expressed wishes of the Association. Hence I have not called the committee together. Individually, and in con- junction with a large number of representatives of the libraries known as ' designated deposi- tories of government documents,' I have done what I could to prevent the passage of the bill endorsed by the Association until it is amended so as to correct the abuses of the present system of distribution of documents to these libraries. "Inasmuch as I shall continue to pursue the same course in regard to this matter, I would respectfully request that I be relieved of work on this committee, and that some person who can act in harmony with the wishes of the As- sociation be appointed in my place. I regret the situation, but it seems clearly best that it should be fully understood, and that we agree to disagree forthwith. There is no room for question, in my mind, that this subject is by far the most important one before the librarians of the country, but there appears to be no hope of securing any unanimity of action, and I am satisfied that the general effect of the work here- tofore done has been merely to lessen the influ- ence of the librarians with Congress on account of the conflict of opinions expressed. However, I neither desire to cast a gloom over the Associa- tion, nor to enter into any further argument of the question. I therefore return my talent, wrapped in a napkin, and desist. "Very respectfully, " J. P. DUNN, " CARRIE W. WHITNEY." WESTON FLINT. I think Mr. Dunn is a little out of the way in that report. The action of Congress last session was controlled by the dis- position of a few offices. The Senate and the chairman of the committee of the whole in the House were all right, but there were a few men who wanted to distribute offices and they did not want the change. We need not feel un- easy. I think what has been done by the Asso- ciation has had a tremendous effect on Congress. Miss M.. E. AHERN. Will Col. Flint point out some of the results? WESTON FLINT. I think one of the results is that the measure has gone almost unanimously through the Senate and been very nearly carried in the House. It was only delayed there till they could make some arrangements to divide the offices. Miss M.. E. AHERN. I am in a position to know the opinion of a great many members of Congress who have written to Mr. Dunn on this subject, and they all think that the librari- ans themselves do not know what they want, and till they do there is no use of Congress tak- ing action on the matter. SIXTH SESSION. S3 G. M. JONES. I wrote to Mr. Holman and he answered that he was opposed to the bill be- cause it created new offices and therefore new expense. E. C. HOVEY. I claim that no association can get a bill through Congress when the com- mittee representing that association does not go before Congress as a unit. I wish that Mr. Dunn was here that he might hear what I am going to say now. I believe that I was in Wash- ington attending to the duties of the committee more than any other member. I say here, and I say it freely, as I have said it to Mr. Dunn, that if Mr. Dunn had consulted with his associ- ates and had permitted the committee to go there as a unit, by withdrawing from the com- mittee if he could not agree with it, in my opinion the bill would now be a law. On motion of Mr. Peoples the report was re- ceived and the resignation of Mr. Dunn was accepted. ENDOWMENT FUND. E. C. HOVEY, treasurer of the endowment fund, read his report, which was accepted. Brought forward .... By amount paid accrued interest on mortgage notes . " " " for use of vault " " balance in bank . . . $5,185.10 46.22 IO.OO 199-63 $5,440.95 E. & O. E. CHICAGO, July 19, 1893. E. C. HOVEY, Treasurer. FINANCIAL CONDITION. Assets. Mortgage of C. Conelly, et al. . " " D. Messinger, et al. " " Lottie San den, et al. " " H. Phyce, et al. . Note of Publishing Section . . Cash on deposit $1,300.00 1,300.00 1,000.00 800.00 650.00 199.63 $5,249.63 No liabilities. E. C. HOVEY, Treas. Endowment Fund Trustees. E. C. ffovty, Treasurer, in account with Endow- ment Fund, American Library Association. Pres. DEWEY. It is due to the Association to state that Mr. Sexton, the member of the committee from New York, has been seriously J-. ill since our meeting at Fabyan's. He has been too ill to attend any of our meetings. I can as- To subscriptions received : sure you that ag S(xm as Mf Sexton ful , y re _ Massachusetts $2,378.00 COV ers from his illness the New York pledge will Illinois i.ooo.oo be more than redeemed. New York 3I7-5O In the absence of the finance committee Pres. Missouri 210.00 Dewey appointed A. W. Whelpley, G. W. Cole, hi 185.00 and Miss M.. E. Ahern a committee to audit Rhode Island 100.00 the financial accounts. New Jersey 100.00 E. C. Hovey presented to the members present Michigan . . 100.00 copies of a map prepared for the educational Pennsylvania 100.00 section of the Massachusetts exhibit, showing Kansas 25.00 the progress of the State in library and other New Hampshire 10.00 educational movements. Maryland . 10.00 District of Columbia 5.00 CONSTITUTION. To cash received from Treasurer G. M. JONES. Two sections remain to be Carr 447-47 disposed of. Section 8 establishes the fee for " interest received 277.98 permanent members. You will remember that " cash received (life memberships) 175.00 at Lakewood we found ourselves in financial difficulties, and the question was how to get f 5>44-95 out> Q ae proposition was to raise the annual membership fee to $3 a year. Some thought By amount invested : that wouM shut Qut ceruin peop , e whom we (mortgages) $4,400.00 should like to have in the Association. A com- ' amount paid Publishing Section 650.00 mittee was appointed, of which I was a member, for printing . . . 135.10 and we reso i ved on certain action which I think Carried forward .... $5,185.10 this matter as printed in the year-book does 54 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. not exactly represent. We decided that in ad- dition to the regular membership of $2 there should be a fellowship of $5 a year, and that corresponding with the life membership there should be a life fellowship of fioo. We also thought that institutions, if they became members, could easily pay the $5 a year the same as fellows. Therefore, as provided in sec- tion 4, the annual fee for institutions is $5 a year. As I remember, the intention was simply to make the provision of section 8 one for perma- nent membership of institutions and not of in- dividuals. I would strike out in section 8 " mem- ber or" and " which may be transferred to any person or institution duly approved by the board," leaving the section to read as follows : " On payment of $ 100 any institution may re- ceive a certificate of permanent membership which shall forever entitle the holder's accredit- ed delegate to all the rights and privileges of membership without payment of annual fees." Pres. DEWEY. The reason for putting this in the present form is that any one who chooses to give $100 may have the right to name any suitable delegate permanently. G. M. JONES. I move the amendment. Pres. DEWEY. If any one can point out anything to be gained by the change I should like to hear it. E. C. HOVEY. What is to be done with the $100? Pres. DEWEY. All these fees go to the en- dowment fund. F: M. CRUNDEN. Would not a person give $100 just as well for the life of the institution, which is practically permanent? Very few in- stitutions die. W: C. LANE. The library may be. already a permanent member. F: M. CRUNDEN took the chair. Chairman CRUNDEN. A man would not be very much interested in sending a delegate after his life had terminated, and I should think he would be just as likely to give $ico to send a delegate during his lifetime. Pres. DEWEY. He may give the $100 and let the librarian nominate the delegate. E. C. HOVEY. I move as an amendment to Mr. Jones' motion that article 8 be stricken from the constitution. A. N. BROWN. I think the section as it now stands entails an obligation upon the Associa- tion, and there is no possibility of that obliga- tion ever being relinquished. If you accept $100 you are accepting a permanent member- ship, and if it should in any way lapse for a number of years it might be revived at any time and give trouble. G. M. JONES. I accept Mr. Hovey's amend- ment. MEMBER. Suppose a man sends in $100 for this permanent membership. It is an unwise thing to relinquish the plan without trial and before it is fairly adopted. WESTON FLINT. If the Association adopts the constitution with this article in it, it be- comes permanent and cannot be changed. You cannot change the constitution to take away vested rights if this is a legal corpora- tion. B: PICKMAN MANN. It would be unwise to make permanent members of individuals or their successors, but it would be a wise thing to have permanent membership for institutions. As I understand it Harvard College has no right now to send a delegate without paying the fee, but if a person should give $1000 to the endowment fund Harvard College might send ten delegates. I object to Mr. Jones ac- cepting this amendment and ask for a vote on the proposition, to allow institutions to have a permanent membership at a cost of $100 and not to allow members to have one that can be transferred. Chairman CRUNDEN. An amendment can be accepted by the mover and the seconder. Therefore -Mr. Hovey's motion now stands as the original motion before the .house. B: PICKMAN MANN. I move as an amend- ment to Mr. Hovey's motion the section as pro- posed by Mr. Jones, . Pres. DEWEY. I second Mr. Mann's motion. We have felt the need of libraries sending dele- gates. It seems to me an unwise thing to undo th's just as we have been urging libraries to come in and become members of this body. You will remember the vote passed at Lake- wood that all .the provisions of this constitution which did not conflict with the old constitution should be put in force at once. As this item does not conflict it is now in force. The item is in itself trifling. Were it out I should not ask for its insertion. But this was thoroughly dis- cussed at Lakewood. The memory of Mr. Jones is quite at fault. I have the original notes, and this is exactly as voted, without the altera- tion of a syllable. It seems childish, after set- tling a thing carefully, to tear it to pieces with- out the slightest reason not considered when it was adopted. I am opposed to changes unless SIXTH SESSION. 55 something is to be gained. If in doubt, let us let things remain as they are. S: S. GREEN. If we make a library a per- petual member is that library acquiring a vest- ed right of which we cannot deprive it ? Is not that a very important consideration ? Chairman CRUNDEN. The institution now pays $5 a year for its delegate. That entitles it to representation in the Association. Accord- ing to section 8. the institution instead of pay- ing $5 a year for all time to come would pay f loo once for all. That $100 invested at 5 % would bring to the Association $5 a year. If the $100 is paid by the institution at once it goes into the hands of the trustees of the en- dowment fund. If it is paid by the institution year by year it goes toward the current ex- penses of the Association . E. C. HOVEY. We shall never add to the endowment fund by article 8. If you wish to accomplish what I understand you do, and that is that an institution may become a member of this Association, why not expunge article 8 and in article 7 put in the two words after the word "member," " or institution " ? That will give to every institution in the land an opportunity of becoming a life member at $25 or a life fel- low at f 100. F: M. CRUNDEN. An institution cannot be- come a life member or a life fellow. E. C. HOVEY. lam distinctly opposed to article 8 for the reason that I think we are sell- ing our birthright for a mess of pottage. We are not quite so much in need of $5 per year as to give to an institution, or to a man or woman either, all that this carries with it. Do not let us fill up our constitution with a lot of verbiage which means absolutely nothing and will meet with no results. If we want to raise money we can, if we will put our shoulders to the wheel. At the dinner held last year at Lakewood there were a number of people who became life members or life fellows. If some of those gen- tlemen who joined and became life fellows would only put into practice what they are preaching on this floor the treasury of the en- dowment fund would be larger than it is now. Pres. DEWEY. I fail to see where we are selling our birthright by accepting an institu- tion as a permanent member. On the contrary it seems to me that it would dignify the A. L. A. very much if the Chicago Public Library, the Newberry Library, and other like institu- tions were permanent members. E. C. HOVEY. When this Association sells for $100 any permanent privilege it is making a very great mistake, and I say again we are selling our birthright for a mess of pottage. S: S. GREEN. Do we wish to give any insti- tution the power to object if we wish to change our constitution, and to say that they have a vested right which prevents it ? Pres. DEWEY. How does accepting mem- bership of that sort give any more vested right than any man has who ccmes in and pays his $2 ? We have full power to make and alter our constitution. There is nothing whatever in this question of vested rights. This body is essen- tially missionary in its character and I believe we want to get in just as many annual, life, or permanent members as are willing to come. It is a mistake not to take permanent members if we can get them. We are in the infancy of the thing, and before we have had a chance to try it we are told that we are never to get any such memberships. WESTON FLINT. This vested right would only apply to those permanent institutions. You could not change the constitution and say that the permanent members should be deprived of their membership. F: M. CRUNDEN. The only question to consider is whether we shall ever be likely to increase our dues. These institutions that had vested right in 1893 would then in the year 1903 be paying only part of the fee. S: S. GREEN. We should also consider the possibility of $100 not producing $5 a year 25 or 50 years from now. Mr. Mann's amendment was lost by a vote of 35 to 22. Mr. Hovey's motion to strike out the whole of section 8 was carried. On motion of Mr. Mann it was voted that anything that conflicted with the action just taken should be stricken from the constitution, the sections following to be renumbered. Section 10, Officers. S: S. GREEN. At Lakewood there was a very close vote on this section. As passed there and printed in the year-book it provides for the election by the Association of an execu- tive committee of five this committee to choose all the officers. The alternative proposition is that the officers shall be elected by direct vote of this body. E. C. HOVEY. I am distinctly in favor of this Association electing its officers by ballot. I am also distinctly in favor of having nomina- CHICAGO CONFERENCE. tions for all the offices made openly. Let every one who wishes nominate a man for president; if we have one, two, or 50 I don't care. It seems to me that that is the proper way, and until I have received some better reasons than those given last year at Lakewood I shall with all my power oppose the system which has been in use in this Association of electing the executive committee and giving over to them the duties which really belong to the membership, and which I certainly consider one of my rights, voting for whom I please for president and other officers. W: C. LANE. I very much hope the section will remain as it is and as it has been for many years. If we are to ballot for the different officers it will take up a great deal of our time. We have plenty of work to do without that. It is a great deal better to select five members in whom the Association has confidence and let them look over the whole field and see who are most available for officers. That can be done very much more easily than we can do it in open meeting. ARTHUR CUNNINGHAM. It is altogether un- democratic for any educational body to be self- perpetuating, and our officers should be elected in open meeting. Pres. DEWEY. Last year I was on the fence on this question. At Fabyan's the year before I was in favor of electing the president by gen- eral ballot and letting the other officers be elected by the executive committee. But when we came to discuss the matter at Lakewood I came back to the old view held from the begin- ning in 1876. The constitution provides for the election by ballot of the executive board of five, therefore we do elect directly the body that has control of the work of the Association. That board sits down and goes over the question of where we are going to meet, etc., very carefully, spending hours in discussion. Meeting at a certain place often determines that a certain man ought to preside or hold some other office, and so on. Those who have been on the board know how many considerations are in- volved. Sometimes a good man will do the work well this year, but cannot next year, or vice versa. If we go into town meeting on this thing we are in great danger of electing now and then the wrong men, and the Association will suffer very severely for a matter of mere sentiment. We have already provided for elect- ing by ballot five members of the executive board, four councillors, and the trustees of the endowment fund. If you add a half dozen more we shall spoil a whole half day for this whole body on these wearisome and profitless elections. If we are going to make any change we might better stop at the election of the pres- ident by popular vote. WESTON FLINT. I belong to a great many associations, and this is the only one that does not elect the officers by popular vote. I feel a good deal as Mr. Hovey does. E: J. NOLAN. I am in favor of the plan suggested by Mr. Hovey and our Washington friend. The advantages of the other course have been ably presented, but personally I would rather have for president the wrong man selected by myself than the right man se- lected by some one else. A motion to recommit was lost. E. C. HOVEY. I submit the following, as proposed by Mr. Soule last year, to stand as sections 10 and n, as substitutes for the two sections now so numbered : " Sec. 10. Officers. The officers of the Associa- tion shall be a president, three vice presidents, a secretary, and a treasurer, to be elected by ballot at the annual meeting and to hold office until the adjournment of the meeting at which their successors are elected. "Sec. II. Executive board. These officers, to- gether with the president for the preceding year, shall constitute an executive board, with power to act for the Association in intervals between meetings on all matters on which they reach unanimous agreement. They shall elect from members of the Association a finance com- mittee consisting of three members, a co-opera- tion committee of five members, and such other committees or officers as shall be required to transact the business of the Association." Mr. Hovey's motion was carried. Pres. DEWEY. I move the adoption of the constitution, substituting the word expense for expenses in section 15. Voted. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. For the office of president there were placed in nomination J. N. Larned, of Buffalo ; James K. Hosmer, of Minneapolis ; F: H. Hild, of Chicago ; W:C. Lane, of Boston ; H: M. Utley, of Detroit ; Horace Kephart, of St. Louis. H. H. COOK. Mr. Hild has said very strongly that he could not accept the presidency if offered him. Mr. UTLEY declined to have his name among the nominees, as did also Mr. HOSMER. SIXTH SESSION. 57 The result of the ballot for president as sub- sequently announced by the tellers was as follows : Total vote no. J. N. Larned, of Buf- falo, 77 votes ; W: C. Lane, of Boston, 24 ; Horace Kephart, of St. Louis, 6 ; scattering, 3. J. N. Larned, of Buffalo, was declared elected. E. C. HOVKY. I move that the chairman be instructed to deposit one ballot for Frank P. Hill for secretary. Carried. The chair announced the election of Mr. Hill as secretary, W: C. LANE. I am glad to see Mr. Hill secretary of the Association, but I think it is a decidedly bad plan to elect in this way and en- tirely contrary to the principles Mr. Hovey so recently advocated. Pres. DEWEY. I hope a by-law will be passed forbidding any election by ballot to be dodged in this way. This seems to me a plain slap in the face at the very thing we have been trying to secure by our amendment just passed, that each member shall have full opportunity to ex- press his preferences by a private ballot. If any strong man gets up here and nominates any man in this way, who will have courage to op- pose it and risk the interpretation of personal antagonism ? In other words, it puts the selec- tion of officers of the Association not in the hands of five men chosen by written ballots as the trusted representatives of this body, and who will discuss it perhaps for five or six hours, but puts it into the hands of any aggressive or po- litically inclined man who gets the floor first and glibly moves that the secretary cast the ballot for his individual candidate. I move that a by-law be passed that no vote required to be taken by ballot shall be cast by one person, but that it shall be by genuine individual ballots. E. C. HOVEY. It was not done to expedite business. It was done as a tribute of respect to one of our faithful officers. Pres. DEWEY. We are all agreed on Mr. Hill and luckily we can therefore talk plainly without misinterpretation in this test case. There is not a man in this Association who has not some one to whom he would like to pay a tribute of respect. Unless we stop right here this hasty tampering with our well-tried, conservative, and successful method of elec- tions we may plunge the A. L. A. into a ward politics era which will be well nigh fatal. Weston FLINT raised the point that Mr. Dew- ey's motion was out of order, as we were en- gaged in a special order. The chair ruled the point of order well taken. For treasurer the names of H: J. Carr, of Scranton ; A. W. Whelpley, of Cincinnati ; S. H. Berry, of Brooklyn ; T. L. Montgomery, of Philadelphia ; G. M. Jones, of Salem, and G: W. Cole, of Jersey City, were proposed. Mr. Carr declined to be a candidate, as did also Mr. Whelpley, and Mr. Jones. The ballot was reported by the tellers as fol- lows: G: W. Cole, 54 votes; T. L. Montgomery, 39 ; S. H. Berry, n. Mr. Cole was declared elected. For vice-presidents the names presented were: F: H. Hild, of Chicago ; H: M. Utley, of De- troit ; W: T. Peoples, of New York ; A. W. Whelpley, of Cincinnati ; J. N. Wing, of New York; C: A. Nelson, of New York; W: C. Lane, of Boston ; Mrs. M. A. Sanders, of Pawtucket; and Miss C. M. Hewins, of Hartford. Mr. Peoples declined to be a candidate. An informal ballot was ordered with the fol- lowing result: F: H. Hild, 85; H: M. Utley, 47; Miss C. M. Hewins, 44; H: J. Carr, 43; W. C. Lane, 38; A. W. Whelpley, 24; C: A. Nelson, ii ; Mrs. M. A. Sanders, 7; scattering, 5. F. P. HILL moved that the informal ballot be made formal, and that the highest three names on the list be declared elected. B: PICKMAN MANN. I object to that. Not that I have any personal feeling, but I think it is a little unfair. I object on constitutional grounds. You cannot make an informal ballot formal. The chair sustained the point of order. A. N. BROWN moved that the secretary be in- structed to cast the vote of the Association for the first three names on the list. S: S. GREEN. I move as an amendment that we proceed to vote by ballot for three vice-presi- dents from the first six on the list. Voted. The tellers subsequently announced the re- sult of this ballot as follows : F: H. Hild, 65 ; Miss C. M. Hewins, 39 ; H: M. Utley, 37 ; W: C. Lane, 37. Mr. Lane withdrew his name, and Mr. Hild, Miss Hewins, and Mr. Utley were declared elected. F. P. HILL. I move the election of Mr. E. C. Hovey to succeed himself as trustee of the endowment fund. Voted. Pres. DEWEY, in the chair. The constitution provides that the trustees of the endowment fund shall be elected by ballot. The vote just taken is void. A ballot was taken, resulting in the unani- CHICAGO CONFERENCE. mous election of E. C. Hovey, who received 74 votes. C: A. CUTTER. The constitution provides that election for the successors of those who go out of the council in each year shall be by ballot of the Association at the annual meeting from eight nominees selected by the council by ballot. The council have met, have balloted, and have selected the eight following persons : The four present incumbents of the office, Miss M.. S. Cutler, Miss Hannah P. James, J. N. Larned, and Justin Winsor, and the following additional ones : F. P. Hill, Miss T. L. Kelso, Miss Theresa West, Mrs. M. A. Sanders. F. P. HILL and Miss T. L. KELSO requested that no votes be cast for them. The tellers reported as the result of the ballot for councillors : Miss M.. S. Cutler, 61 ; Miss Hannah P. James, 55; J. N. Larned, 49; Justin Winsor, 45 ; Miss Theresa West, 35 ; Mrs. M. A. Sanders, 12. The first four were declared elected. Pres. DEWEY introduced Hon. DONALD Mc- NAUGHTON, executive officer of the New York State World's Columbian Exposition Commis- sion, who welcomed the Association, adding : " It was, I think, in 1731 that the first library was established, and it seems to me that it would be a most, excellent thing for you to get the exact date, which I think was in Novem- ber, and have that for Library Day in all the libraries of our land. Celebrate it as the foun- dation, as the laying of the corner-stone of an institution that wields public opinion and sets the people of the whole world on the right lines." Pres. DEWEY moved that the papers omitted this morning because the time had been spent in balloting be, as far as possible, combined with the program of Friday and Saturday. Voted. Pres. DEWEY again introduced the new by-law ruled out of order during the election, and it was adopted as follows : " No action required to be taken by ballot shall be taken except by in- dividual written ballot." Recess till Friday morning. SEVENTH SESSION, (FRIDAY MORNING, JULY 21.) Held in the Woman's Building, World's Columbian Exposition, by invitation of the Board of Lady Managers. The meeting was called to order at 9:30 A.M: by Pres. DEWEY. Miss E. M. Cos read an abstract of her paper on FICTION. (Seep. 250.) F: M. CRUNDEN. I am very much pleased with the suggestion of sending out a list of questionable novels for use of librarians. Miss E. M. COE. Perhaps there is some danger in that. We know very well as libra- rians that when a novel is questionable there is a certain class of our readers that is immediately anxious to get that novel. F: M. CRUNDEN. I move that the printing of this be referred to the publishing section with the recommendation of the Association to print a list for private circulation. Voted. Miss C. M. HEWINS read an abstract of her paper on READING OF TH'E YOUNG. (See p. 251.) Miss E. M. COE. Is it easier for a librarian to find a book for a child if the books adapted to his intelligence are kept by themselves ? The grades run into each other. With me it is im- possible to take out from my books on any scientific subject those useful for a child, be- cause there may be children in the grade I should have in my mind capable of reading a higher-class book. While some mark may be put on the back, a star or something of that kind, it is better to keep the book with the regu- lar class, for the same reason that it is better, in scientific subjects particularly, not to print separate children's lists, but to star or indicate in some way the books recommended for the young. Miss THERESA WEST. I agree with Miss Coe on that point. S: S. GREEN. I am surprised that so few libraries have different colored cards for chil- dren. G: W. COLE. One objection to this is that many use their parents' cards, so that there would be no telling by the card who the reader was. MEMBER. In my library we do not separate children's from other books, because we often find that a bright boy can use a higher book than a much older student. Pres. DEWEY. The Library School on one of its visits found a library classified into " boy books" and " girl books." The librarian de- cided on adding a book whether it was best for boys or girls, and put it in that case. No girl was allowed a book from the " boy books, "and SEVENTH SESSION. 59 vice versa. There are some very queer things to be found in libraries. W. S. BISCOE.- I know one library that ob- jects to marking juvenile books, because many such books are adapted to much older people who would not like to take out a book with a juvenile mark. By such division you also tend to shut out many children from taking older books which are adapted to them. F: M. CRUNDEN. In arranging a library or a house you cannot have everything. All one can do is to judge from his own experience which is the most convenient. I see the point that is raised about denying children the use of older books, but on the whole I think it is prefer- able to have a juvenile classification. When you find a young person who is a person of ma- ture taste, you can give him a book from other departments. Sometimes I reverse the thing and go to the juvenile collection when an older person applies. Miss C. M. HEWINS. We very soon find out if a boy or girl reads older books than the aver- age child, and then we are always ready to recommend something more advanced. We have put the " Story of the Nations Series" with our children's books, but there are a great many older people who wish a simple history of some country. Then we go to our children's department and get it. Miss L. E. STEARNS. I want to enter a pro- test against the age limit of some libraries. In Milwaukee we find 118 children entering the primary school. Eight years after that you find but 18 of that class graduating. Of course the public library must provide for the loo at all the different stages of the eight years, and if you put an age limit of 12 or 15 years you are going to take off just so much from their edu- cation. They should be started at the earliest possible moment. We often have children come to our library who can scarcely reach over the counter. S: S. GREEN. It is largely to meet that want that I believe in having a colored card. I would rather that a person, until he has reached a certain age, should not take books without supervision. If you have a colored card the attendant will see at once that the book called for is for a quite young person, and will look after the reading particularly. A. W. TYLER. I do not see how you have a right to dishonor a card, no matter by whom presented, unless you think it is stolen. To any person who is able to sign his or her name we give a card, and we find it works well. I am glad to know that Miss Hewins puts the " Story of the Nations Series " in her juvenile depart- ment. I did not do that, but I am going to do it next time. Pres. DEWEY. I understand that the mark j does not imply that the books bearing it are not suitable for older people, but that they are specially adapted. to the young. The library list is an intellectual bill of fare. If, in a hotel menu, beefsteak, lamb, milk, bread and butter, and a list of food suitable for children were so marked, an older person ordering those articles need not feel that he is getting his meals from the nursery. W. S. BISCOE. Is it true that there is a feel- ing among older people that they dislike to take books marked j ? Miss L. E. STEARNS. It depends on the class of people wanting juvenile works. Foreigners just beginning to learn English xvant something easy, and I never have found any difficulty in getting them to read juveniles. Often people inquire for them. We had a case last winter of a civil engineer of Milwaukee who took juve- niles all winter. He said that when he was young he did not have them, and he was working up the side of his education that had been neglected. J. K. HOSMER. Why is not the best solution of the matter to duplicate? I propose at Min- neapolis to have in a lower corridor of the library a children's department where the chil- dren's books shall be arranged in racks; to this children will have free access. I shall collect my juveniles there. If it is doubtful whether certain books belong to children or grown people I shall duplicate them. I should put the " Story of the Nations " among the juveniles and up-stairs too. W: H. BRETT. There are many people who have the good judgment to know that a first- rate boy's story is good reading for others than boys. In Cleveland we have found it a practical convenience to have a juvenile department. But while there are included in that department only those books which we know by the name juvenile we continually place on the shelves and on the show- tables books from all depart- ments of the library. H: M. UTLEY. Do you give out on the col- ored cards only your j books. If so, some child might desire a book more advanced than the juvenile. Again, to what age do you limit the issuing of a colored card ? The child might 6o CHICAGO CONFERENCE. advance beyond this age and still have the col- ored card. Would he therefore be limited to the use of juvenile books? Why make a dis- tinction between one class of persons and another as to the kind of books that may be drawn. Miss C. M. HEWINS. It is not a question of the kind of books. If a child under 14 wishes an older book, he may have it unless it is mani- festly unfit for him to read. W: H. BRETT. We do not permit boys and girls to draw stories more than once a week. If a boy draws a story-book and returns it in a couple of days he must take something from some other department of the library. The wise direction of a competent assistant is worth all the system in the world. Miss E. M. COE. We do not use a colored card, but we do put on the cards any notes which we may have received from the parent or teacher in regard to the child's reading. If we get a request from a parent that a child should not read many novels, we put that on the card, and then every assistant knows exactly what is to be done. We try to discourage children from taking more than one book through the five days of school session, but on Saturday or Sun- day they may change their books. They may change it on any other day if they wish, but we discourage that as much as possible. G. M. JONES. I have made up my mind that it is very much better to make the juvenile library a separate library. While Miss James was at Newton she did not have a separate juvenile department. She believed in having the juveniles scattered through the library, but at Wilkes-Barr6 she established a separate ju- venile section. It is a great saving in serving children, because they ask mainly for the books in j. The assistants will not be compelled to run all over the library to pick out the books. If you have all the juveniles together they will more easily find something to suit the reader. Miss E. M. COE. Every librarian certainly sees the necessity for marking books. Do not call them juveniles; in every department mark the books that are recommended to the young, and if you have a large collection make them into a separate department for children, but you must duplicate largely the other depart- ment. I must have the " Story of the Nations" marked with a star, but I cannot take them from their proper place on the shelves. In this way you will help the public more than in any other way. My mark is a red star on the back of the book, on the card, and in the catalog. Then we have all along in front of our delivery counter shelf after shelf of books recommended to the young and bulletins of the same all over the library. We keep those shelves full of the most entertaining books we can find on every subject, and we put very good stories there. F. P. HILL. Many of us use a star to indi- cate a reference book and cannot use a red star in a printed catalog. What objection is there to using the letter j to indicate the books rec- ommended for the young ? Miss E. M. COE. I do not object to the use of the j. Use any character, but I like the phrase "Books recommended to the young" rather than " Juvenile books." Miss L. E. STEARNS. We have in Milwaukee a large foreign population, and it would be an obstacle in the way of their education if they were limited to one book a week. If you were to see some of the readers there you would understand why we are willing they should read stories. Most of the words these children use are of one syllable. Here is a sample of the words that the children are required to read in school : " Men of all ages and characters, dressed in the motley and peculiar garb of the institution, and displaying the wild and demo- niac appearance commonly attributed to prison wretches, were seen huddled together in the corridor." That is a literal quotation from the beginning of a story in a school reader. C: A. CUTTER. How many persons in the room having kept their juvenile books together prefer that arrangement ? 12. How many persons having dispersed their juvenile books in the rest of the library prefer that arrangement? 24. Miss E. M. COE. As Mr. Montgomery just said to me, this does not mean anything, be- cause it is largely a matter of convenience. If you have many books you can disperse them. If you have not many you must collect them. In my library I collect the juvenile stories, but not the children's books of any other class. G: W. COLE. There is one objection to hav- ing the juvenile library kept by itself. It is discounting the intelligence of the younger readers of the library. The intelligence of children of different ages varies ; some are more precocious than others. For this reason it would be better to keep the juvenile books with the others and to keep the printed lists of the books together, because that throws the child in connection with the titles of other SEVENTH SESSION. 61 books, which he is likely to draw. On the whole it is better not to print separate lists nor to separate books in the library. J. K. HOSMER. If a little fellow wants a book which ordinarily interests only grown people there is no bar at all in my library to his getting it. G. M. JONES. I would keep j books by themselves, including juvenile books in all classes. I plan some day to print a list of books for the young, and certainly shall include many books written for the older people. Pres. DEWEY. Some of us know that 40 years before the organization of the American Library Association in 1876 there was in this country a kind of Moses who has been leading the library and educational children of Israel all through his life. Sixty years ago they had at Linonia in Yale a librarian whom I see in the room to-day. In 1838 in New England he was framing new library laws and sowing seed, was planting acorns from which the oaks we see to-day have grown. If we should look over the whole world for a man whom it would be pre-eminently fitting to have as the American Library Association's honorary member we would doubtless select Dr. Henry Barnard, of Hartford, Conn., the first United States Com- missioner of Education the life-long and effi- cient friend of libraries and librarians. The executive committee have nominated Dr. Bar- nard as an honorary member of this Association. In accordance with constitutional provision those in favor of his election will manifest it by a rising vote. The vote being unanimous, the president es- corted Dr. Barnard to the platform. Dr. HENRY BARNARD. Mr. President, you have actually taken away my breath. It does not seem that I have words at this moment to express what I feel. The first book I ever owned by purchase was a gift to the library of the academy of which I was a student. That was in 1824. I felt that every man owes something to the institution or profession by which he has profited. In 1828 it was my privilege to be a member of the Lino- nian Society of Yale. I was not born into a family in which books lay about, as they do now, and when I found myself a member of that college I went early to the library, but I was permitted to stand at the bar and only look in. As a member of the Linonian Society the farther privilege was given me of going up to the railing and looking around on the books and selecting from a catalog such books as I might wish to read. I offered my services as an assistant librarian if I could have the privi- lege of going behind the railing. There was unfortunately another candidate, and I soon learned that the small pittance that was allowed for the service was with him an inducement to to hold the office. I was about to retire from the candidacy when a friend suggested that I should take the position for the sake of the work. Upon this suggestion I acted. I said to the other candidate, " If you will take the money and let me do the work I will become assistant librarian." On the strength of that arrangement in 1828 for the first time I had a key and free access to a library. I have learned a great deal since I came here of the immense benefit of libraries to the pub- lic, but in my humble judgment the first and most interested practically in the management of the library and the one most profited by it is the librarian. If he does not come away from his work more familiar with the grand literatures of the ages it seems to me that his work has not been fully done. I served the first year as assistant for noth- ing. I served the second year at full pay and had the pleasure of giving the results of that as a contribution, some 250 books, to the li- brary. While I would not for a moment think that everybody should be so foolish either as to serve for nothing or give away his books, to me under the conditions there was a great pleasure in doing so. Some 50 years afterward I was in an old book-store, and as I looked around the shelves I thought I saw a book that once was in my possession. I found that it had a label, " Linonian Library. Presented by Henry Barnard." The dealer said he had bought it from the library. It does seem to me that when any one gives a book to a library, unless there is so/ne special reason, it ought not to be treated so. I do not mean that you should load up your shelves with old and use- less books, but it does not take much room to keep such books as are given to the library, and they ought not to go out of that library without equivalent in exchange. I became active in education in the year 1837. In the first year I was a member of the legisla- ture of Connecticut and had the laws passed creating the first common-school library in the state. Under that law it was a very poor law you would think now the districts were author- 62 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. ized to establish libraries, and a small appro- priation was made for the purpose, on condition that a like sum should be raised from other sources. I wanted to secure good school- houses, and I would say to the district, "If you will erect a school-house I will give you a dis- trict library," and in that way the first 14 school libraries started in Connecticut were established in connection with the improvement of the school-houses. In the year 1845 we put for the first time into the legislation of Rhode Island the authority to establish libraries in towns and in districts, and before I left that state there was a library of at least 500 volumes in every town. I think we can do still more, and that is by getting men of wealth to connect themselves with the town where they were born by establishing a library. I was called upon one day by the chairman of the committee on education who had a communi- cation from a man of great influence in the state asking them to recommend to the legis- lature the purchase of the library of Dr. Thom- as Robbins, and make it a state library. I was asked what I knew about it and what I thought of the proposition. I recommended them by all means to buy it; they would get more books in regard to the history of New England in that library than they would get in any other two libraries in New England. I said to them, " Gentlemen, I wish you to understand that if you do not secure that library at this session you never will have another chance." They laughed at the idea. The legislature adjourned, and in 24 hours I was on my way over to see Dr. Robbins. I found that possibly he might part with his library. He was then very far advanced in years. He felt that it was time for him to retire from the pulpit. I then made this proposition to him : "Will you come to Connecticut and bring with you your library and act as the librarian of the Historical Soci- ety if they will give to you a salary equal to what you are now receiving as clergyman?" The next morning he told me he would. It ended in his going to Hartford, and in less than 24 hours I found among my friends in Hartford a willingness to raise not only the sum which he was then receiving as clergyman for five years but $ 100 more. I give this incident to let librarians know that by acting promptly they can sometimes secure large contributions. Fre- quently rich men who give their money in very good ways will assign some of it to the libraries, if their attention is only called to the subject. E. C. RICHARDSON read an abstract of his paper on REFERENCE-BOOKS. (Seep. 254.) W: T. PEOPLES. In our reference depart- ment, used in the building, we put what people are most accustomed to use, cyclopaedias, dic- tionaries, and other books for which we do not want to give them the trouble of asking. In the places where those books belong on the regular shelves we have boards marked to show where these books are. On the catalog card we paste a label so that the people can see that that book is in the reference-room and not in its reg- ular order on the shelves. A. W. TYLER. In my printed catalog one star meant " to be circulated only by permission of the librarian," two stars " to be found only in the reference-room," and three stars " to be consulted only in the presence of an officer of the library before 5:30." If books were not in the reference-room they were in their proper places on the shelves. This presupposes a special reference-room, with sliding shelves for large books and covered with canton flannel for hand- some books. The three-star books are always kept under lock and key. Miss E. M. CHANDLER. In the Buffalo Library the books kept in the reference-room, about 1,000 volumes, are classified with the rest of the library and are represented on the shelves by wooden dummies. Books withdrawn for any other purpose are represented by paste- board dummies containing in the front corner a square of silicate slate on which we write an ex- planation of the cause for which they were withdrawn and a statement where they may be found. Dummies with a black front show that a book has been drawn by special permission for an indefinite period and can be obtained by sending for it. Dummies with red front show that the book is on the children's shelves at the desk in a collection changed from time to time for the children to rummage among and make selections. Books selected by a lecturer giving a course of lectures and placed for reference at the desk are also represented by these dummies with an explanation. Pres. DEWEY. How many have tried dum- mies and have given them up ? 2. How many have used them and liked them ? 15. W. S. BISCOE. If you have a large num- ber of books, dummies are objectionable. If you have but a few, dummies will do well enough. SEVENTH SESSION. Miss E. M. COE. I have to use in the ref- erence-room a great many books from the circulating department. I withdraw the card and put the R upon it, which shows that it is being used for the reference library, and keep that in a separate place. That is looked for first in the reference department. S: S. GREEN. What is Mr. Biscoe's objec- tion to pasteboard dummies ? W. S. BISCOE. We object to their coming together. They are very liable to get disar- ranged so that you cannot find a particular book without taking all the books down and looking them over. A. W. TYLER. No objection has been men- tioned to the letter R. Many libraries use it. It is easy to teach the readers that a single star means " Ask at the desk." Then they find out what one, two, or three stars mean. B: PICKMAN MANN. When there are many dummies together it would be a good plan to put the label at different heights on the back of the dummy and arrange 20 tiers of numbers. By having the book number and perhaps hav- ing five colors you could have 100 distinct book labels, and then it would not be possible to mis- place a dummy. S: S. GREEN. It is very vexatious to go to a library for a book and not find it on the shelves, There ought to be something on the shelf to show that the book has been withdrawn or has been put in another room. Is there a better way than using dummies ? I use wooden dum- mies. Miss E. M. CHANDLER. The objection as to the disarrangement of the dummies is quite un- founded. If one book is taken from the shelf one dummy will replace it, if the whole shelf is removed one dummy with an explanation on it is all that is necessary. S. H. BERRY. You can have your dummies of different heights in front. If you wish to use only one you can use the tallest one, and so on, having perhaps a series of eight different heights as we do in cards. In that way they would not become confused. Pres. DEWEY. Is there anybody in the room who puts a dummy on the shelf for a book when it is in circulation, i.e., who uses the British Museum system ? None. W. S. BISCOE. The system of keeping the dummies in order by different heights is not adapted to our wants. In drawing off the books and bringing them back the heights would vary so that you could not tell what the order is at all. You would be continually bothered with the heights of those labels on the back. Miss THERESA WEST. The Buffalo system does away with that. You can change your record on the dummy at any time. You can use it for one book or for 100 books. Miss T. L. KELSO. Do any circulating libraries use dummies ? Mr. Peoples and Mr. Green responded in the affirmative. W: F. POOLE. We use wood dummies seven-eighths of an inch thick and change the label when we change the book. We like the system. Dr. W: F. POOLE, vice-president and ex-presi- dent, took the chair. WESTON FLINT read an abstract of his paper on the GROWTH OF LIBRARIES. F: M. CRUNDEN read extracts from his paper on EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT : GENERAL SUPERVIS- ION, INCLUDING BUILDINGS, FINANCES, ETC. (Seep. 232.) Where should the management be ? Who should keep the books ? W: F. POOLE. I would not have librarians in charge of the money matters. It is a great trouble. The trustees should have something to do, and that is the thing for them. The librarian should approve the bills and the trus- tees should pay them. Fortunately, I have nothing to do with the funds of the Newberry Library and did not at the Chicago Public Library, the Cincinnati Library, or the Boston Athenaeum. I have never seen a librarian yet who was a good financier. He should select and buy the books and attend to the general business. F: M. CRUNDEN. I did not say that I thought it best to have the librarian handle the cash. I favor a small contingent fund out of which he can pay petty bills. Pres. DEWEY. Many librarians seem ashamed to attend to trifles. Some criticise as petty a rule that printed note-heads shall not be used for mere scrap-paper. Should a librarian be secretary of the board? S: S. GREEN. When I became librarian at Worcester I made it a stipulation that I should be present at the meetings of the board. Of course if the board should at any time wish to hold a private meeting it could do it. My reason was that I believe that the librarian and board of trustees should understand each other CHICAGO CONFERENCE. perfectly. I am inclined to think it is better not to be secretary, however. If one of the members of the board is president, another secretary, and another treasurer there is a cer- tain amount of interest obtained from at least three members. If a librarian can be present at every meeting it is just as well that one of the trustees should take the labor of being sec- retary. W: T. PEOPLES. Our rule is that the librari- an should be present at all meetings of the board and at all committee meetings. I do not act as secretary. We have a secretary who is an elective officer. I am required to be present at all meetings, and am thus enabled to know just exactly what is going on. F: M. CRUNDEN. Does the secretary of Mr. Green's board write out the minutes of the meetings at the library and have the record- books kept there, or does he take them to his office ? S: S. GREEN. The secretary generally writes out his minutes after the meeting before withdrawing. When a book is filled up it is left in the safe at the library. The book in use the secretary sometimes takes to his own office. F: M. CRUNDEN. There is a practical incon- venience about that arrangement. We are constantly going to our record-books to find out about some point. S: S. GREEN. The records of the library committee are kept at the library. The general records of the board which the librarian wouM not be likely to want are kept by the secretary of the board. But they could as well be kept in the safe at the library, and for a large por- tion of the time are there. Pres. DEWEY. If the librarian is going to be the executive officer of the department it is of the utmost importance that he should be present at all meetings of the board. I have known repeated cases where boards of trustees have passed resolutions that have been simply de- moralizing to the library, and had they under- stood the case there was not a man on the board that would not have voted the other way. A resolution is perhaps worded by a trustee not knowing enough about the details to do so safely, and afterwards he is sorry for the mis- chief caused by his ignorance. If I were a trus- tee I should insist on the executive officer be- ing present. He should also hear the discussion on which every vote is passed. If the trustees cannot trust the librarian they might better get a man whom they can trust. No man can run a library satisfactorily unless he knows the wishes of his trustees. The library needs a man who knows all about it, and you ought to get such a man and pay him a proper salary. Miss T. L. KELSO. Sometimes the librarian may do too much. Even if he is clerk of the board and has to lead in everything, he may find it necessary frequently to telephone or send post-haste for one of his trustees for one thing or another. I do so, and in this way I keep the library constantly in their minds, and I find that is the way to get them to work. G. M. JONES. I think the board of trustees should have an organization of their own, inde- pendent of the librarian. I also think that, as at Worcester, the librarian should be present at meetings. At Salem the librarian is present at the meetings of the board of trustees as the expert to give information about the library. He has, of course, no vote, but knows every- thing that is going on. B: P. MANN. I think any one who has had experience as secretary of a board of which he is also a member has found that the attention he has to pay to keeping the records prevents him from thinking or taking part in the discus- sion. W: F. POOLE. The trustees have a right to have meetings by themselves if they wish to. Librarians must confess at the outset that the trustees are running the library ; that the libra- rian is the servant of the trustees, and if they want to hold sessions by themselves librarians have no right to demand that they should be present at the meetings. As librarian I have never claimed the right to attend meetings of the board of trustees, and yet I generally attended. They usually expected me to be present and give them information and suggestions. I give them no more advice than they ask for; and I think I have had a good deal more influence over them for that reason. The librarian who is always advising his trustees generally does not gain his point. H: M. UTLEY. When the rules of our li- brary were under consideration one member of the board of trustees raised the very pertinent question that sometimes the trustees might wish to discuss the librarian, and it would not be very pleasant, perhaps, for him to be present under those circumstances. Therefore the rule was put in this form : " The librarian shall at- tend meetings of the board when requested to do so." That put the power of the presence or exclusion of the librarian into the hands of the SEVENTH SESSION. trustees. Ordinarily he is present. He is understood to be invited to be present, but in case they wish to meet without his presence, it is in order under the rules to do so. F: M. CRUNDEN. Our rules provide for that in another way. They make it the duty of the librarian to be present. They say distinctly that he shall be present at all meetings, unless excused. He is ex-officio secretary of the board itself and of all its committees. Pres. DEWEY. It is a very unusual thing that the trustees are required to discuss the librarian. Of course, it will occur, but only in special cases. The trustees ought not to have any hesitancy in asking the librarian to retire if, e.g. , the question of salary or any other per- sonal matter comes up. If the question of effi- ciency comes up it is a great deal better for some of the trustees to pass the word around and let them get together and discuss that mat- ter without an official meeting, and then when the time comes and a man arises and says, " Mr. Chairman, I want to bring up a matter in re- gard to the librarianship," the librarian will re- tire. The thing I fear most is not when the trustees do a thing that injures the library with their eyes open, it is when they do it not know- ing any better. If the librarian is present and they say, " How is this?" he can immediately give them information, sometimes in 30 seconds, which will change the vote. Upon a show of hands it appeared that with one exception all agreed that it is undesirable that the librarian should be a trustee ; 12 thought he should be ex-officio secretary of the board, while a majority thought otherwise. The opinion was unanimous that he should be present as a rule at meetings of trustees. Miss M.. S. CUTLER, chairman, read her re- port of the WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION COMMITTEE. Your committee, appointed by the executive board, May, 1890, have reported progress in the Library journal. Since the latest report the library exhibit has been installed in the United States Government building and the printing of the catalog of the A. L. A. Library has been partially accomplished. 3.735 books have been received from 260 pub- lishers, most of them American publishers, or English firms having houses in this country. English publishers declined on the ground that whatever they sent would be pounced upon by piratical American publishers, and that the re- sult would be injury instead of advantage. The entire selection of 5,000 volumes will be represented in the catalog, the books exhibited being distinguished from those not exhibited by different type. Parts I and 2 of the catalog are in type, and it is hoped that copies may be ready for distribution before the close of this meeting. Part 3, the dictionary catalog, is ready for the printer and will be printed within a few weeks. Owing to unexpected reductions in the ap- propriations of the Bureau of Education, the committee were involved in February last in financial difficulties which threatened the suc- cess of the exhibit. At this point an emergency fund was raised to complete the work of cat- aloging the A. L. A. Library. Mr. E. C. Hovey pledged $1,000 from the Massachusetts World's Fair Committee or personally, R: R. Bowker deposited with the chairman $100 as a partial gift and partial loan as it should be needed, and the following direct contributions were made: Hannah P. James $50 Osterhout Free Library 50 John M. Glenn . 25 Received from E. C. Hovey .... 665 " " R: R. Bowker . . 100 Paid out in salaries : Louisa S. Cutler, March, April, May . $300 W. S; Burns, April and May .... 120 Bessie Baker, March I -April 15 . . 75 Henrietta Church, March, April, May . 150 John G. Moulton, 100 hours .... 20 $665 . . 225 On hand The library exhibit has justified its forma- tion by a strong, intelligent, and constantly in- creasing interest. It has been impossible to keep statistics, but as a conservative estimate 30 persons a day during June and 50 persons a day during July have made a definite study of some part of the exhibit. This does not include casual observers who may ask a few questions, nor A. L. A. members. Of these visitors the larger proportion have been trustees or librarians of small libraries (some of them so small as to be below the salary limit). School superintendents, interested in school libraries, teachers, college students, young architects, etc., have made up the number. Most of them had heard of the ex- hibit beforehand and came with definite points to investigate. There have been few curios- ity-seekers like the woman who said : " Every- body knows how to run a library, and any- 66 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. body can buy books. I don't see any sense in this exhibit," and who came back in half an hour to hear a second explanation of its pur- pose, which was likewise a vain one. It is not unusual for a visitor to spend a half day or to make several risks. A greater proportion of the visitors are investigat : ng methods, charging systems, classification, shelv- ing, cataloging, etc.; a considerable number examine books carefully ; this has been mostly in special subjects. Some one said : "I have seen notices of these books but have never had the chance to examine them. I am taking notes with a view to purchase." A young man who had been re- cently appointed professor of history, with Adam's Manual in hand, spent several half days in going over the history collection. There is a reference use of the library which is encouraging. Visitors stop to answer ques- tions that have been raised during the day's sight-seeing. Soon after the opening of the exhibit the chair-boys sent a delegate to know if they could use the library for looking up knotty points asked by their patrons, and if they could come early in the morning before the librarian was on duty. The most astonish- ing statement remains to be made. People visit the library to read books. One boy comes regularly to read Darwin. Four readers at one time were observed one day last week. That people should step aside from the wonders of the fair and the distractions of the Midway Plaisance for deliberate reading of books is to say the least quite beyond the hopes or plans of the committee. While appreciating the work of each member of sub-committees, we desire to make special recognition to the following: To E.G. Hovey, member of the advisory board, for the prompt and efficient way in which he relieved us of financial embarrassment, and to J.- N. Lamed, W: T. Peoples, and Melvil Dewey, for large con- tributions of time and careful personal attention to the work of their respective committees. We recommend that the committee be con- tinued till the next conference, when a final re- port be made. Respectfully submitted. MARY S. CUTLER, FRANK P. HILL, C: ALEX. NELSON, WESTON FLINT, CHARLES A. CUTTER, FRED. H. HILD, HANNAH P. JAMES. F. P. HILL. I move that the report be ac- cepted and the recommendation adopted. Voted. W. S. BISCOE read an abstract of his paper on PAMPHLETS. (Seep. 236.) Some discussion ensued on the proper defini- tion of a pamphlet. About half are in the habit of limiting the term pamphlet by the number of pages, 100 pages or more constituting a book, less than that number a pamphlet. About half call all paper-bound matter pamphlets, regardless of size. W: F. POOLE. It is impossible, I think, to settle this question. It has come down to us from the Middle Ages, and every answer that can be made to it is unsatisfactory. I have treated the subject practically rather than theoretically. The treatment of our bound matter turns upon its intrinsic value, and not on the number of pages. Here is a brochure of 10 pages. It is a family pedigree in which an immense amount of research and information is condensed. I lay it aside to be bound separately. When it is bound it is a book, and is cataloged, classified, and treated in all respects as a book. Other pam- phlets of 200 pages are not worth binding sepa- rately. They are bound with others, are treated in masses, and retain the name of pamphlets, although they are bound. F: M. CRUNDEN. It is the binding that does it. Mr. Dewey said it was impossible to tell when a kitten became a cat. I would take a young lady as an illustration. When is the exact period when a girl becomes a young lady ? We might say it is when she puts on a long dress. C: A. CUTTER. Another distinction might be made. Whatever is put on the shelf-list may be considered a volume, and whatever is not put on the shelf-list and is kept in pamphlet boxes may be considered a pamphlet. C: A. NELSON. When a library receives a collection of pamphlets bound together would you call them one volume or so many pamphlets ? W. S. BISCOE. We have a collection of per- haps 20,000 pamphlets bound in groups. We call them 2,000 bound volumes. W: F. POOLE. I should count these as so many pamphlets. Where you bind together a number of pamphlets on different subjects they are pamphlets notwithstanding they are bound. Catalog ing pamphlets. B: P. MANN. I would rather have a catalog of pamphlets than of books. Pamphlets are on the whole three times as valuable in proportion to their size as books. SEVENTH SESSION. W: F. POOLK. My pamphlets are the most valuable. I might do without the books, but I cannot do without the pamphlets. The very best ideas of the present day are given in the form of pamphlets. Libraries should keep their pam- phlets and arrange and classify them. They will give you really the best information if you want to keep up with the times. Pres. DEWEY. We are more and more in want of condensed books and the pamphlet is nothing more than a condensed book. Miss E. M. COE. In a small library where you cannot have many books you may get a pamphlet of the greatest value. I am afraid many small libraries carelessly throw them aside. R. B. POOLE. Is it desirable to make a sep- arate catalog for pamphlets ? F: M. CRUNDEN. The general argument in favor of the card catalog is that you bring every- thing together. If you have to look in two places you do away with one of the arguments in favor of the card catalog. A MEMBER. If pamphlets are worth preserv- ing they are worth cataloging. W : C. LANE. I have no doubt that it is de- sirable to catalog pamphlets as fully as books, but often one is pressed for time and money. There are some cases where a good deal can be saved on the subject catalog side if your pamph- lets are bound up in volumes pretty closely clas- sified by subject, as has been done in some cases in the Harvard College Library. We could not catalog them. I had some cards printed and put into the subject catalog which said something like this: "A number of pamphlets still uncata- loged on this subject will be found in volume No. so-and-so." By writing the name of the subject on each of those cards and distributing them in the catalog I had them refer to catalog by subject. C: A. NELSON. That is the custom which I think prevails at Columbia. We have written under the subject heading " For various pam- phlets see box so-and-so." Pres. DEWEY. Sometimes young librarians get off on a tangent by taking advice from wise sources without qualifying it to fit local condi- tions. If we have money enough to catalog these pamphlets we should do it, but the library that is limited in its means must have the good judgment to select the most important things to do as far as money and time last. In most li- braries it would be a misfortune to have 20,000 pamphlets given if more important work must be neglected to catalog them. If they are in the predicament that it is simply impossible to cata- log them, the next best thing, rather than throw them away, is to classify them closely on the shelves, and when a person is looking for mat- ter on this subject send him to the shelves and let him look over the resources. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NEXT MEETING. C: A. CUTTER, chairman. The committee wish to remind the Association that it has been the unwritten law to meet alternately at cities and watering-places in the East and West. Chi- cago, I suppose, mast be considered a Western city, though it appears very far east to the mem- bers from California, and it must be considered a city although it includes a great deal of coun- try. Therefore we must next meet in an Eastern watering-place if we follow precedent. The committee strongly and unanimously urge upon the meeting not to settle by a vote at the present time either the place or the time of the next meeting. Leave it to be determined by the ex- ecutive board after more information in regard to the various places. Four places have been recommended to us: Asheville, in the North Car- olina mountains ; Muskoka Lake, twenty miles from Toronto ; Bar Harbor, Mt. Desert, Me.; White Sulphur Springs, Virginia. It would be necessary if the meeting were held at Muskoka Lake to go there in the last two weeks of August in order to obtain cheap and sufficient accommo- dation, and Bar Harbor would require us to go either the first two weeks in July or at any time in September. In behalf of the Indiana librarians, State Li- brarian Miss M.. E. Ahern invited the Associa- tion to hold its meeting in 1894 at Indianapolis, and gave her reasons for urging the claim. Pres. DEWEY introduced Mrs. Ralph Traut- man, of New York, ist vice-president of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Colum- bian Exposition, who welcomed the Association and said of the library in the Woman's Building : " Every member of the board is proud of it, and I am particularly so, being a New York woman, because the decoration of the room was a gift from the New York State board of women to the Woman's Building, and also because of the large collection of books which were written by wom- en who were natives of the State of New York." Mrs. ISABELLA BEECHER HOOKER. You have with you our Connecticut librarian, Miss C. M. Hewins, and I hope you all honor her as we do. She is a tip-top woman and a tip-top librarian. 68 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. I congratulate the Association that they have elected her vice-president. Pres. DEWEY. I came out here on official business before the fair opened and found the woman's building by far the most advanced. After the opening I came in here and found all moving as smoothly as if these women, and not their brothers, had received the business training of centuries. A score of people, who ought to know, have all told me that the woman's restau- rant up-stairs was the best managed on the grounds. I am sure that the men of the A. L. A., which has always given to woman full recog- nition as co-workers, will share my pride in the splendid showing she has made at the world's greatest exposition. Possibly not first in war, but first in peace and first in the hearts of her countrymen. I am glad to see that the president of the National Board of Lady Managers has just en- tered the room. A lady who is as graceful and gracious and efficient at the head of this great administrative work as at the head of one of the most beautiful, hospitable, and palatial homes for which this wonderful city is becoming fa- mous Mrs. Bertha Honore Palmer. Mrs. BERTHA HONORE PALMER. I am most gratified to have reached this room before the ad- journment of this able body. We have been cog- nizant of what the Library Association has been doing from its inauguration, and as soon as our board commenced its work we put ourselves in communication with Mr. Dewey, who has been our good adviser and friend throughout. Through his kindly influence and mediation we have been able to show in this building the work of expert librarians in this country, and we feel very much gratified that in this work women bear so distin- guished a part. We feel that it is one of the new avocations that are being fitted to the intelligence, refinement, and system, and order, and many oth- er qualities that are shown pre-eminently by wom- en, and while we are glad to work under the lead- ership of men we are pleased that our own sex has shown such unusual qualifications and attained such distinction in that line. We hope that this work may spread all over the world and that this avocation may become as popular in other coun- tries as it has in this, for I understand that women librarians in other countries are comparatively unknown. We hope that your influence may spread and radiate, and I am sure that all foreign- ers who are here will have an opportunity of learning from you. Recess till Saturday morning. EIGHTH SESSION. (SATURDAY MORNING, JULY 22.) Held by invitation of Chicago University in Cobb Hall, university grounds. The meeting was called to order at 9:15 A.M., C: A. CUTTER, vice-president and ex-president, presiding. W: H. BRETT read the REPORT OF THE CO-OPERATION COMMITTEE, 1893. In the constitution of the American Library Association, adopted at its formation in Phila- delphia in 1876, the only standing committees mentioned are those of finance and co-opera- tion. The duties of the co-operation committee are defined as follows : " Sec. 6. The co-operation committee shall consider and report upon plans designed to se- cure uniformity and economy in methods of ad- ministration ; and the Association, board, or com- mittee shall have power to refer subjects to special committees." Sec. 16 of the revised constitution framed at Lakewood in 1892 says : " The committee shall consider and report upon plans for securing im- provement, economy, uniformity, and harmony in any department of library work," thus stating more fully the duties of the committee, and de- scribing the lines upon which it has been work- ing during the intervening years. The' Library journal of March, 1877, in com- menting on the organization of the Association, says : " Of the standing committees, that on co- operation will probably prove the most important organ of the Association, as most of the practical work will fall to its share or to that of its sub- committees." It is the purpose of this paper to review briefly the work of this committee during the 17 years intervening between the first and the present meeting of the American Library Association, meetings which are memorable as being coinci- dent in time and place with great expositions, and as being enriched by the presence of mem- bers of our profession from across the sea. Only from the files of the Library journal and the Proceedings of the Association during 1876 and the years immediately following can we who have since taken up this work realize how vast was the field which the Association and its committees had to cover, how important and various the problems which it must solve. Hitherto there had been no organized attempt EIGHTH SESSION. 69 at mutual helpfulness. Each librarian did that which seemed best in his own eyes, devised his own methods and solved his own problems, often struggling painfully over questions which had already been answered satisfactorily in other libraries. To remedy this condition, to place the knowledge and methods of each at the service of all, was the first care of the Association, and to accomplish this, one chosen instrument was tne co-operation committee. It was C9nsidered important that the members of the co-operation committee should be lo- cated near each other, in order that they might meet frequently. The first committee, whose valuable service covered a period of five years, consisted of Mr. Cutter, librarian of the Boston Athenaeum ; Mr. Perkins, of the Boston Public Library, and Mr. Jackson, of the Newton Free Library. After five years, Mr. Jackson was suc- ceeded by Mr. Tillinghast, of the Massachusetts State Library, and Mr. Perkins by Mr. Scudder, of the Harvard College Library. Thus for the first seven years of its work the co-operation com- mittee was entirely from Boston, Newton be- ing practically a part of Boston, and it con- tinued under the efficient leadership of its first chairman, Mr. Cutter. At the first meeting of the committee, the secretary of the American Library Association, Mr. Dewey, was chosen secretary of the committee, and continued to act in that capacity until the organization of the " Readers and Writers Economy Company," in 1879- During its first year the committee met nearly every month, and made no less than five formal reports, which are published in the first volume of the Library journal. The variety of sub- jects included in these and the subsequent re- ports is great. No branch of library economy, no subject directly connected with it or remotely bearing upon it, but appears at some time to have been considered and reported upon. A review of its first year's work will enable us bet- ter to understand the disadvantages under which the libraries of the country were laboring be- fore the organization of the American Library Association, and to realize the advancement made since its establishment. From the beginning of its work, the commit- tee spared no pains to inform itself of every improved method or appliance in use in any library, and to place the information at the service of all. To this end it corresponded ex- tensively, examined and reported upon a great variety of plans and devices, and undertook the collection, at the office of the Library journal, of a bibliothecal museum. It discussed and reported upon the various styles and materials for binding, upon temporary binders and the use of paper for covers. It prepared an abridged form of rules for lend- ing libraries, for use upon members' cards and on book-plates. It formulated tables for the presentation of library statistics, in order that by uniformity of statement comparisons might be made. It reported a table of standard ab- breviations for catalogers. Of great importance was its recommendation that uniform sizes for library blanks be adopted. Using the measure- ment in centimeters as reported by the special committee on sizes of printed books, it recom- mended that all accession, shelf, bindery, and other blanks, and all catalog cards, should be made in regular sizes, each dimension of which should be a multiple of two and one-half cen- timeters, and that necessarily all binders, en- velopes, boxes, trays, and cases be made of cor- responding sizes. The committee also under- took to establish a supply department for the purpose of furnishing these articles. The in- tention was to sell to all libraries at cost, and to all others at a moderate profit. The advantages hoped for were : first, uniformly good quality ; second, economy through the purchase of large quantities ; third, uniformity of style and size in order that libraries might have the advantage of co-operative work, especially in cataloging. It will thus be seen that within its first year the committee reported and the Association adopted many of those methods which are still in opera- tion, and have been approved by the experience of years. Much praise as is due to the commit- tee, however, it would be unfair to attribute all this achievement to its sole effort. It is evident from the papers and discussions at the first and second meetings of the American Library Asso- ciation, and from articles contributed to the Library journal, that there was an earnest in- terest in these practical subjects throughout the Association, and a desire to help along the good work, without which the efforts of the committee would not have availed. The supply department already mentioned was operated for about three years under the im- mediate direction of the secretary of the Associa- tion, Mr. Dewey. It was undertaken solely for the improvement of library methods and the supply of the best appliances and materials. The business to June 30, 1879, according to the report of the secretary bearing that date, amount- CHICAGO CONFERENCE. ed to more than $6,000, and the net loss thereon had been $180. The report of the committee of the same date speaks of the work of the supply department about as follows : " As the committee had been authorized by the American Library Association to establish a supply department, but had not been authorized to spend any money, they very reluctantly, that is, reluctantly as to his interests, had permitted the secretary to undertake the business with the understanding that the profit, if any, should accrue to the Association, and the loss, if any, should fall to the secretary," an uniquely unselfish arrangement. The work of the department had stimulated an extraordinary ftuitfulness of invention and many important im- provements had been suggested. As the utility of the work had been demonstrated, they recom- mended that the stock and good-will be turned over to the newly organized " Readers and Writers Economy Company." This was after a time succeeded by the Library Bureau, which, though conducted strictly as a business enter- prise, has rendered invaluable service to libraries, and has in the extension of its business made available and widely introduced for commercial purposes methods and devices which had their origin in libraries. Although this branch of its work was thus to an extent otherwise provided for, the co-operation committee has continued to look out for and report at the successive meetings of the American Library Association such improvements in apparatus as appeared worthy of mention. One of the important matters which interested the committee from the beginning was that of co- operative cataloging. The desirability and pos- sibility of an American Library Association in- dex of general literature and of various special indexes was discussed with growing hopefulness at successive meetings of the committee and the Association. In 1883 was begun the co operative continuation of Poole's index of 1882. This has been developed into the indispensable annual in- dex and the supplements, edited by Mr. Fletcher. An index of current obituaries for 1882 was also published. In 1882 the committee sent out circulars of in- quiry in regard to the use of objectionable fiction in libraries, but were apparently unable to obtain a consensus of opinion on the subject satisfactory for publication, and the results were filed in the Bibliothecal Museum, in ms. In 1886, after the centre of gravity of the com- mittee had shifted to New York, two meetings were held at Columbia College, at which three plans for co-operative cataloging were dis- cussed. They were as follows : 1. Indexes of general and monographic liter- ature, including scientific transactions, essays, etc. 2. Printing cards of new books for a card cata- log. 3. An American Library Association catalog of a popular library of 10,000 volumes. The result of these discussions was given to the Milwaukee meeting in the report of the com- mittee, W: I. Fletcher, chairman. This report recommended that an index of essays and scien- tific periodicals should be made by the Associa- tion. This recommendation was referred to a special committee which reported at a subse- quent session, advising the organization of a sec- tion of the American Library Association for the purpose of " procuring the publication of co- operative indexes, catalogs, and bibliographies." In accordance with this recommendation the publishing section was organized. This section made progress in one of the plans discussed in the Columbia College meetings in 1886 by the publication of the A. L. A. index. Another is admirably carried out by the publica- tion of the catalog of the model library of the library exhibit. The third, that of printed cata- log cards of new books, we are informed is un- dertaken in earnest by the Library Bureau, and in the near future will be carried out energetically. Thus we rejoice that the Association and com- mittee see at least the beginning of the accom- plishment of the most important plans projected from its first meetings. The report of 1890 at " Fabyan's," W. S. Bis- coe, chairman, clearly stated the two directions in which the committee had been working; name- ly, practical library economy and bibliography; noted the changed conditions, and suggested the need of a more precise definition of the duties of the committee. The report of 1891, C: A. Cutter, chairman, and of 1892, G. M. Jones, chairman, described a variety of practical devices, and the latter pro- jected a plan for a subject index, which was promptly placed for execution in the hands of a special committee. A review of the work of the committee shows that during the first years of its existence it was a compact working body. It met frequently, and by its wisely directed labors systematized American library economy in about the form which it still retains. EIGHTH SESSION. After these early years the method of its use- fulness changes. As the skirmish line scattered in advance locates the enemy and leaves him to be dealt with by the advancing column, so the co-operation committee during these later years has rather indicated the problems to be solved than attempted their solution, has rather sug- gested the work to be done than undertaken its accomplishment. We have already mentioned that the Library Bureau was the direct outgrowth of the supply department organized by the co-operation com- mittee. By its energetic business methods and its alertness in discovering and placing improved apparatus at the service of libraries, it has les- sened the necessity of the action of the commit- tee in this field. In the field of bibliography its place has been filled by the publishing section. There still remains to it, however, the important function of improving library methods, and it may also, as heretofore, be on the alert for oppor- tunities of advance in any department, even though the suggestions it makes be referred for consideration and execution to other com- mittees. As has already been noted, in the early days of the co-operation committee it prepared a form of tables for library statistics, the adoption of which it recommended for the sake of securing uniformity. This recommendation has not been generally adopted for the obvious reason that it is more important to each library that its sta- tistics should be in such form as to be readily compared with its own work of previous years than with that of other libraries. Your commit- tee recommend that the Association take action to have a table or tables drawn up, which shall compactly contain those points upon which it is interesting to compare the work of different li- braries, and recommend that all libraries add this table or tables to those already published. They will thus, while securing the continuity of their own records, give also a basis for the cal- culation of the statistics of all libraries. 2. Your committee respectfully suggests that in the line of indexes one to translations buried, as often happens, in collections of original works and unrelated subjects be had in view. This work, the suggestion of which comes from our English brethren, might engage co-operation from them also. 3. Hoping to enrich our report with sug- gestions and ideas from the libraries of the coun- try, nearly three hundred circulars of inquiry were sent out. This led to our receiving in reply two suggestions. One of these urged as specially worthy of consideration some plan which would render the publications of the United States government more available. This is a matter the importance of which we all rec- ognize. Mr. Ames' list of publications of dif- ferent departments has shed light upon a dark subject. Can we not have a complete index to the publications of our own government to sup- ply the place in the past that Poore's index does not fill ? This would assist the librarians and give the legislators themselves an idea of what they are paying out the people's money to pub- lish. How this can be accomplished we leave in the hands of our Association to decide. An- other suggestion which was made to the con- gress by a member of the American Library Association seems worthy of consideration ; should we not have in this country collections of the valuable government publications of other nations? Certain libraries might be named as repositories, and by a system of exchange re- ceive the more important publications of Canada, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, etc. As regards library appliances, the ample op- portunities which the World's Fair Library ex- hibit gives to examine and compare all, both new and old, good, comparatively good, and superseded appliances, relieves the co-opera- tion committee from the necessity of present- ing samples and descriptions of new devices. We simply recommend our members to study carefully the material library exhibit at the World's Fair. A handsome steel shelving which will be put into the new library of the Chicago Historical Society can be seen in the Monadnock Building opposite the post-office, in the office of the Fen- ton Metallic Manufacturing Company. A catalog case in which the drawers run both ways, which has been made to order, can be seen in the order-room of the Newberry Li- brary, and another, a model of one made for the St. Louis Public Library, at the Library Bureau. The Rudolph Indexer, which may be discussed in comparison with other forms of cataloging at the session on cataloging on Saturday morn- ing, is worthy the careful examination of each member of the Association. Respectfully submitted. WM. H. BRETT, EDITH E. CLARKE, HORACE KEPHART, Committee. CHICAGO CONFERENCE. Library statistics. G. M. JONES. I adopted for my library the co-operation committee's form of report as far as applicable, but I did find that their finan- cial schedule was not exactly what was wanted. It seemed to be too much divided. I think it should be remade in the light of our experience. W: H. BRETT. All of us who have attempted to make a comparison of the work of a number of libraries for any purpose have found a diffi- culty in the variety of forms used by different libraries. Of course no library wishes to change radically its method of giving statistics because that would make comparison with its own pre- vious work difficult. Our idea is to have an additional table which would give a few points that we want to compare ; for instance, the size of the town, amount of income, expenditure, size of the library, volumes in circulation, and so on. We do not care for the mass of detail that so many library reports contain. F: M. CRUNDEN. In examining library re- ports I have found that some of the most im- portant statistics are omitted. There are certain fundamental things that everybody wants to know in regard to the library. Those should be brought out clearly 'and distinctly, and I special- ly deprecate the practice of making very elab- orate tables showing what the library did in every year of its history and what it did in every month, all in one table. What we want to know most of all is what the library did that particular year. As a rule I find those reports most interesting which are compiled and pre- pared by the librarian and those least interesting which are made up by the trustees. Pres. DEWEY. We have all had this experi- ence in regard to statistics, and I am sure we are agreed as to the desirability of having some form from which we can work. I therefore move that the co-operation committee submit to the council for their approval a scheme of statistics to be recommended by the Association both for full and condensed reports. Let us have a short form, all of which every library shall be urged to use, and a very full form, from which each library can take as much as it sees fit. Whatever is taken will then be in form for comparison. The difficulty is that each man takes a little different standpoint. C: A. CUTTER. From my experience as edi- tor of the Library journal in compiling the monthly abstracts of statistics I can confirm all that Mr. Crunden has said against the present method of giving statistics. Mr. Dewey's motion was carried, Index for translations, etc. W: C. LANE having called attention to a cir- cular from Mr. W. E. A. Axon, of England, in which he announced that he was preparing just this thing, Pres. DEWEY moved that it be read by title so as to be incorporated in the published proceedings, and that after being read by title it be referred to the publishing section for action. Voted. Index to public documents. Pres. DEWEY read three letters from Mr. Ames. " The subject of public documents will of course receive some attention at your meeting. I regret exceedingly that the committee will not be able to make a more satisfactory report as to the action of Congress regarding this matter. We have all been very grievously disappointed in the failure of the printing bill. It seemed at one time that there was very little doubt of its passing in a form that would in most respects have met the wishes of the librarians and of all others who are specially interested in the subject, but through complications and delays which are apt to arise in such bodies as the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, it finally failed. It is now perhaps useless to discuss the chief causes of this failure. I cannot, however, but think that if there had been no opposition to the bill on the part of those who are pecuniarily interested in keeping matters as they are, it would have readily passed. Those who have not given special attention to the difficulties in the way of such a measure can have little idea of the opposition to it that comes from various sources based on nothing whatever but some selfish interest. Legitimate opposition can readily be met, and a bill of this nature be easily modified when there are good and satis- factory reasons for such modification, but it is not so easy to meet and overcome opposition which comes from the sources suggested. "It seemed to me that there was abundant time after the bill went to conference for action to be taken by the two committees, so modifying it as to meet the reasonable wishes of the House. I think myself it would have been better to have sacrificed that portion of the bill which provides for the establishment of the new office of super- intendent of documents and for the conference committee to have reported the bill with that section left out, imposing the duty of indexing and cataloging public documents upon the present superintendent of documents, and I so advised and urged the committees to act. They, however, seemed to prefer that the bill should fail rather than these modifications should be made. EIGHTH SESSION. 73 " Now I do not believe there is good ground for being over-much discouraged, for I think that if the members of the A. L. A. will still continue their efforts toward securing the legislation de- sired and bring their influence to bear upon the 53d Congress, as they did upon the 52d, all or nearly all that is desired can be accomplished. The last conversation I had with Mr. Richardson, chairman of the House committee, was to the effect that he had not at all relinquished his pur- pose of passing the bill and carrying it to a suc- cessful conclusion. He will probably be the chairman of the House committee in the next Congress and I think will reintroduce the bill, with some modifications, early in the session. I have not learned whether he has had any con- ference with the Senate committee on the sub- ject, but after the discussion which took place during the last Congress and with the light that was then thrown upon the subject, I believe it will be perfectly practicable to secure favorable action of the two houses upon a new bill that shall be formulated in the main upon the lines of the old bill, with such changes as will meet cer- tain legitimate objections that were made to it. So I hope the conference will resolve to prose- cute their efforts with vigor and will appoint a committee to take charge of the matter who shall, if necessary, come in a body to this city at the proper time to enforce their wishes by per- sonal interviews upon senators and representa- tives. "As you know, at the last session Congress authorized the publication of a comprehensive index of the documents of the last two Congresses upon which I have been at odd hours engaged for some time past. This is a work that I can do only when the ordinary current work of the office allows, and so the preparation of the index has not made very rapid progress. I hope, how- ever, should I be retained in office, to have it ready for publication early in the winter. This will be a tentative effort, rather a suggestion of what an index of public documents should be than one that will cover satisfactorily the entire subject. However, I hope that I may be able to finish the work and have it published for the sake of eliciting suggestions and criticisms that will enable me, or my successor, to prepare an index that will be in all respects satisfactory to our librarians and to others who have occasion to use our government publications." Letter No. 2. " I wish to add a postscript to the letter sent you a few days since. I think I made no reference in that to the work of my office in the matter of exchange of public docu- ments, which work I am prosecuting to the ex- tent of my ability. Of course the regular cur- rent work of the office must receive constant and immediate [attention, leaving what is in a meas- ure our voluntary work to be taken up whenever this can be done. I have been able to respond to nearly all the libraries that have so far filed check-lists with me, and I think in most cases the work has been very much to the advantage of these libraries. So far only about 200 have entered into co-operation with me in this enter- prise, so that there are still a large number of important public and college libraries that have failed to show any interest in this work of ex- change and of supplying deficiencies. I would be glad, therefore, to have you call the attention of the librarians assembled in the approaching conference to this matter and to request those who have not yet submitted their check-lists showing deficiencies in their respective libraries to do so at the earliest opportunity. Very many of the scarcer publications of the government are rapidly becoming exhausted, so that the soon- er any library which desires to receive benefit from this system of exchange submits its list the more likely it is to secure the volumes de- sired. Of course the larger the number of libra- ries entering into co-operation in this matter the greater the advantage that will accrue on the average to them all. I have sent out my check- list to nearly all our public libraries, but if any of the librarians have failed to receive it, or have mislaid it, other ^copies will be supplied on ap- plication." Letter No. 3. "I take it for granted that the members of the A. L. A. will continue to urge upon Congress their wishes for some larger provision in the matter of the distribution of public documents to libraries. I think it, how- ever, important that they should come to some as nearly as possible unanimous conclusion as to precisely what they will demand or request of Congress. Nearly all of our librarians are fa- miliar with what is called the printing bill, intro- duced by Manderson and Richardson in the two houses at the last session. If the provisions of that bill so far as they relate to libraries are sat- isfactory, then all that would be important would be for the conference so to declare ; but if there are modifications of the bill which are deemed desirable, such modifications should be definitely agreed upon so that there should be no divided counsels when the matter comes to be pressed upon the attention of Congress. 74 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. " Two things I have been most urgently en- deavoring to secure, viz., provision that would secure for what are known as depositories of public documents a copy of each and every pub- lication issued by the government, to be regu- larly supplied in virtue of permanent laws, and also provision for an additional number of libra- ries to be supplied with the more valuable pub- lications of the government, but not necessarily with all. "Secondly. Provision for the preparation on the part of the government itself of a compre- hensive index of public documents that should be issued annually and should cover the whole ground. From my standpoint nothing less than this will be satisfactory, and I judge that all our librarians will be a unit in their desire for these two provisions. " Of course, personally, I should be more than glad to have some radical reforms introduced in the matter of the printing and distribution of documents, and also more adequate provision for the sale of documents than now exists, but rather than jeopardize the accomplishment of what is specially important in the interests of libraries these last two items can be left out of any bill to be introduced at the next session, provided the chairmen of the two committees are willing to eliminate from the old bill such provisions. I do not think myself that it will be practicable to secure the establishment of a new office of su- perintendent of documents who shall have charge of the distribution of all the publications of the government, at least until a new printing office is erected and storage-rooms for documents pro- vided in immediate conjunction with said office. There is no question in my mind as to the practi- cal wisdom of such an office, but the opposition to its establishment with authority to introduce business principles into this part of the govern- ment administration is so great from various quarters that it will probably have to be relin- quished for the present. " I do not think, however, that there ought to be the least abandonment of our effort to secure the indexing of our public documents by the government itself, and all private parties who may have been heretofore interested in such work should, in view of the great advantages to all concerned, withdraw their opposition. The character of said opposition was very clearly in- dicated in the letter that was sent to Mr. Holman at the last session as a confidential communica- tion, but which was inadvertently read by the clerk of the House and so made public. This was a part of the effort made to defeat the publi- cation of the index upon which I have been at work, but which I do not think will be found to interfere in any material respect with any private enterprise in this direction, the character of the index upon which I am at work differing so widely from any other that it would not be likely to interfere with other interests ; but even if it should, I do not think it reasonable that private interests should be allowed to interfere seriously with a public enterprise which would very great- ly inure to the advantage of all libraries and of all others who have an interest in public docu- ments. "I desire, however, to emphasize the importance of being thoroughly agreed upon what we are to ask of Congress, so that we can all pull together and thus make this a last and a successful effort." On motion of Mr. Dewey the communications were referred to the resolutions committee. FOURTH RECOMMENDATION OF CO-OPERATION COMMITTEE. W. S. BISCOE. Belgium and France have entered into an agreement for the exchange of documents, and I think there should be certain places in this country where we could obtain French, German, and other foreign documents. I move that a committee be appointed by the executive committee to take this matter in charge. G. M. JONES. The Massachusetts State Libra- ry already has a large collection of such docu- ments. My impression is that it is the only large collection in the country, with the exception, perhaps, of that in the Library of Congress. Pres. DEWEY. It would be well to have a committee of three librarians specially interested in this to follow it up. W: H. BRETT. In a visit to Ottawa as a member of the committee I took some pains to look up the public documents. I received the utmost courtesy, and made arrangements, and am receiving now at the Cleveland Library all documents of the most important departments of the Dominion government. There is a great deal that is very valuable in them. W. S. BISCOE. We are receiving the Canadian documents at Albany. We are also getting some from other foreign countries. Miss E. M. CHANDLER. The Buffalo Library receives the Canadian documents gratis. Miss E. E. CLARKE. The Newberry Library is very much interested in foreign documents and receives them by purchase. It would be greatly EIGHTH SESSION. 75 to our advantage if this foreign document com- mittee should be organized. Mr. ANDREWS. If any librarian wants to consult Italian documents, they may be found in the Boston Institute of Technology. Mr. Biscoe's motion that a committee be ap- pointed by the executive committee to take charge of the matter of foreign documents was passed. REPORT OF LIBRARY SCHOOL COMMITTEE. G: W. COLE read a report prepared by himself and W: C. Lane, stating that it had been held back in the hope that W. A. Bard well, chairman of the committee, who was to prepare a historical sketch of the school, would be present to add his report. The committee appointed to visit the Library School would respectfully report that the visits of its members were made at different times, when each one found it convenient. The work of the school during the past year has largely been given to the preparation and cat- aloging of its own exhibit and that of this Asso- ciation, which are now on exhibition in the Government Building of the World's Columbian Exhibition. These had been shipped to Chicago prior to the visit of some of the members of the committee. A thorough inspection of these ex- hibits shows the excellence and thoroughness of the work done, and will well repay the time spent upon it by all who are interested in the details of library administration. The interest shown by the public in the Mod- el Library was made known to you in the report read by Miss Cutler at the session yesterday morning. The high grade of work done by the students, as reflected in this exhibit, and of instruction imparted by the faculty of the school proves, as nothing else can, the wisdom shown by the Asso- ciation in recommending and establishing this, the first school in the world devoted to the in- struction and training of young men and women for the library profession. If further evidence is needed of the success of the undertaking it is to be found in the high standing taken by the graduates of the school in their chosen profession and in the important positions which they have been called upon to fill. No greater compliment can be paid to the suc- cess of any enterprise than its imitation by others. Although the school has been in operation only about six and one-half years, there are now no less than five other schools, which have been es- tablished since its success was assured, that are doing good work in the same lines. These schools are located respectively at the Pratt In- stitute, in Brooklyn, N. Y. ; the Drexel Institute, in Philadelphia ; the Armour Institute, in Chi- cago, 111. ; the Free Public Library of Los An- geles, Cal., and the Summer School, conducted by Mr. Fletcher, at Amherst, Mass. ' One feature of the instruction in the Library School which has been introduced within the past year struck us as being eminently practical. I refer to the instruction in printing and proof- reading which has been given by Miss Seymour, of the regents' office. Every librarian, sooner or later, must come in contact with the printer, and some previous knowledge of the printer's art is quite essential in order to have the results of their combined labors satisfactory. . Catalog printing is very technical in its character, and it frequently takes the printer some time to learn the style (as it is called) in which the librarian wishes his work done, and during this critical period he needs the most careful watching arid instruction, which cannot be given unless the librarian really knows what he wants. The instruction given at the school embraces the preparation of copy, the styles of type and composition, estimates of cost, and proof-reading, with all of which a librarian should be con- versant. No work requires more exacting atten- tion to details and constant vigilance than to conduct a catalog or finding-list through the press. The wisdom of adding this course to the cur- riculum of the school we therefore consider to be one of the most important steps taken during the past year. The constant tendency to raise the standard of the instruction given and of the work required of the students shows the desire on the part of the faculty to increase the efficiency of the school, of which we may all feel justly proud, and which is covering a field of usefulness which cannot be too highly appreciated. All of which is respectfully submitted. WM. C. LANE, GEO. WATSON COLE. The report was accepted and placed on file. W: C. LANE introduced his paper on CATALOGING. (Seep. 238.) W: C. LANE. There are three points at the end of my paper which I should like to have dis- cussed this morning. 7 6 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. First, full name of authors. Most librarians try to get the fullest possible name. The diffi- culty comes principally in the case of French and German names, where authors have a good many additional names which they do not use. I have come to feel very strongly that we make a very great mistake in trying to hunt up these unused names. You do find them in books of reference, but the longer you look the more you find, and the more difficulty you get into. The practice should be to put the author's name on your cards as nearly as possible in the form in which he uses it on the title-page, with initial letters filled out when you can find what they stand for. Of course once in a while the difficulty comes up that an author has sometimes used a name and sometimes has not. That is to be provided for by a note. Those cases are few in comparison with the'others. One objection to this which is likely to be made is that two authors of the same name can be distinguished frequently by these additional names, but I reply that that is the very poorest way in the world of distinguishing au- thors. It is better to use something by which the author is known, not something by which the author is not known. Second, a possible modification of the diction- ary catalog from its earlier and stricter form in which everything is put as far as possible under the name of the place, not only historical and descriptive material, but scientific and art sub- jects. I think there is a tendency to place at least the art subjects and scientific subjects under their class headings with country divisions instead of class divisions under country (or place) headings, with class divisions. Lastly, are the days of the subject catalog ended ? Subject catalog. B: P. MANN. It is a great waste of time for separate libraries to get up subject catalogs. If any one wishes to illustrate subjects fully he has to go by bibliography, and it is an easy matter for each library to possess such works and put its book-mark in the margin. A. N. BROWN. Could Mr. Lane give us Mr. Fletcher's reasons for supposing that the subject catalog is going out ? W: C. LANE. His main idea is that the sub- ject catalog is never satisfactory, and that a bibli- ography is made by a specialist and is always more complete in a certain way. I cannot admit that it is in every way. W: H. BRETT. There is no question that the subject catalog of any particular library is not satisfactory nor sufficient for the student who wants to study a subject thoroughly ; but such student is only one among very many inquirers at a public library. Generally the person sim- ply wants to get at something on a subject in that library, and as long as that is the case the brief- est subject catalog in the library will continue to have a place. Chairman' CUTTER. Mr. Brett has hit one important nail on the head. If any one supposes that the ordinary user of a public library is going to consult bibliographies on the history of Eng- land, for example, where he will find hundreds of works mentioned, then to select among these what he wants to read, and finally go to the cata- log to see which of these works the library pos- sesses, he does not know human nature. Of what service is it to the man who wants to use his town library to show him a list of fifty books which are not in that library. The subject cata- log, if there is one, does not in the least prevent the use of bibliographies as guides to more com- plete study elsewhere after the resources of the library are exhausted ; but the absence of a sub- ject catalog and the exclusive reliance on bibliog- raphies does very effectually impede the use of the library. B: P. MANN. When the question of reading for the young was up it was said that juvenile work should not be cataloged or classed sepa- rately, because a person looking over the sub- ject wants to know what else there is on the sub- ject besides what was written for children. It is the same way here. If a person wants something on a subject he can find that something just as quickly by looking in the bibliography, and at the same time he is told that there is something else on the subject, and no matter how seriously or minutely he may be going through the subject he would probably like to know that there is something even better than what the library has. F: M. CRUNDEN. The idea that Mr. Brett has advanced should settle this question. The greatest good to the greatest number is the main consideration. We have not a very extensive li- brary, and yet there is not more than one person in 100 who is willing to exhaust the resources of our library in looking up a subject, or who cares to go into the subject deeper. A MEMBER. One thing which investigators want a subject catalog for is to know what books we have got in since they last looked at the caU- log. The bulletin of accession will not help them very much. A subject catalog would be of great EIGHTH SESSION. 77 use to the investigators, because the bibliogra- phies cannot be kept up to date. Mrs. Z. A. DIXSON. In our college library I am sure we could not do much good work with- out the subject catalog. We use it more than twice as much as we do the title or author cata- log. And instead of finding very few who want to exhaust the subject, most of the men and women want to see absolutely everything we have on the subject. We can only give them that through a good subject catalog. G: W. COLE. We have heard that the li- brarian should magnify his office. It seems to me that he should also magnify his library. In turning page after page of a bibliography you may not find a single check-mark. In order to have a sufficient number of bibliographies most of the libraries would have to spend their entire income on that department. R. B. POOLE. I think I could dispense better with the author catalog than I could with the subject catalog. S. H. BERRY. When Bowker and lies' bibli- ography came out I found that I had to put it out of sight, because I did not want it known that there is so much on political science that we do not have. F: M. CRUNDEN. Our experience with the Bowker and lies bibliography illustrates the op- posite difficulty. We have most of the works it names ; but upon the first important use of it by a club studying political economy we had to get out a long typewritten supplement. S: S. GREEN. Last winter one gentleman wanted at one time everything by Plato and about Plato and everything by Aristotle and about Aristotle in the library. How in the world could I have answered him without a subject catalog in my library ? Now a boy comes in and wants a book on an elephant. To what bibliog- raphy should I refer him ? He wants to know how to make a phonograph, or something of that kind. I should be entirely at a loss unless I had a good subject catalog. J: F. DAVIES. I believe in bibliographies, but I believe that the most mischievous thing you can do is to refer a person to anything he does not want to know. Nine people out of ten want what they want at once, and if you refer them to a book that is not in your library they go away dissatisfied with the library and dissat- isfied with themselves. I believe in the subject catalog. That will show every person just what the library has on every subject. But above all things I think it unwise for a library to spread out lists of books that it does not have, and par- ticularly books that it cannot get. Mrs. M. A. SANDERS. In a small library the subject catalog is absolutely necessary. I do not know how I should get along without one, but I think that we also need a finding-list for those who send for books rather than come to the li- brary for them. Chairman CUTTER. How many here present believe that the days of the subject catalog are ended ? None. B: P. MANN. I believe that they are coming to an end. Chairman CUTTER. How many believe that within a generation the subject catalog will prove to be useless, bibliographies taking its place ? No one professed that belief. Full titles on author or on subject card? F: M. CRUNDEN. I should like to ask a question relative to point 5, which Mr. Lane puts down as settled. That is the statement that the entire bibliographic detail should be given on the author card rather than the subject card. I use the classified subject catalog very much more than I do the alphabetic. Full bibliographic detail should be given in the subject catalog rather than in the alphabetic catalog. If a man does not know the author there is no use in his going to the alphabetic catalog. W: C. LANE. I should not think myself of leaving off the imprint on the subject catalog. On the author catalog a person should be enabled to distinguish, first, between one man and anoth- er, then between one book and another by the same man, then between one edition or one copy and another of the same book. On the subject catalog the object is to distinguish between one book and another on the same subject not by the same man. The descriptive parts of the title should be given more fully on the subject catalog and bibliographic details in regard to the edition on the author catalog. S: S. GREEN. I think there ought 10 be a full entry on both the subject and author card. Miss M. I. CRANDALL. Many libraries have the subject and author cards duplicates of each other. There is very little saving of lime and money in this. In the Newberry Library we condense the subject card, and give the most complete information on the author card. W: C. LANE. The point that I wanted to make was that the titles might be made very brief on the author catalog, while they should be fuller on the subject. The old idea of a good CHICAGO CONFERENCE. many years ago was, I think, quite the reverse, that the subject catalog should be barely more than an index, but the other opinion I think has been growing. W. S. BISCOE. I should want the paging and illustrations on the subject card as well as in the author entry. I need them on both. F: M. CRUNDEN. We give full details in the classified as well as the alphabetic catalog. It is nearly always essential in the classified but only occasionally so in the other. G. M.JONES. The actual date at which a particular book is published is not so important in many classes of books as certain other dates. In science and useful arts, for example, the date of original publication of an edition is most im- portant. In this country it is a very common thing to reprint the book year after year un- changed but with the latest date on the title-page. In books of travel the date at which the travels were made is much more important than the date of publication. A. W. TYLER. I want to quote one sentence from Mr. Spofford in 1877: " The date is the one great cardinal fact about every book." In my little two-line finding-list at Quincy, 111., I put the real date of publication, but in travel and his- tory, even if I had to bracket it, I gave also the period covered by the book. If the date were a part of the sentence it meant the period covered ; if it was separated by a space after a period it was the date of publication. A. N. BROWN. While it is a very good plan to put as much information as possible on the subject card, it should never be left off from the author card, because that is the one place where you will be sure to find information about the book. It may be cataloged under two or three heads, if you have two or three subjects in one book; on which are you going to put your im- print if you are to use it but once ? W: C. LANE. May I read point 5 slightly modified to see if the Association agrees to it as a good statement? On author cards titles should be brief and the author's name and the bibliographic details should be given in full. On subject cards the title should be fuller and descriptive, but the author's name may be given with initials only and some of the more technical or minute biblio- graphic details may be omitted. No objection was made to this form. Full name, F: M. CRUNDEN. Mr. Lane summed that up accurately. Pres. DEWEY. There are many libraries in which they spend a shocking amount of time looking up full names. If we are agreed that it would be wiser to save some of that time, why not have at least a show of hands ? B: P. MANN. I have had a good deal of ex- perience with printing card catalogs, and think it an immense waste of print to enter the full name separately on every card. In this case as in the case of the subject index as compared with the bibliography you can refer to a biographical dic- tionary for the full name of the author. W: C. LANE. I wanted to bring up the point for the reason that a good many smaller libraries are spending time In looking up the names. They think _that otherwise they are not doing good work. I think they are doing good work when they omit it. In the Library journal two or three months ago there were two or three pages of corrections to the Peabody catalog from the Newberry Library. A good many of those corrections were simply additions of names which the Peabody cataloger had not discovered, and which had better be left in oblivion. Miss M. I. CRANDALL. The article in the Li- brary journal was misunderstood. It was the practice of the Peabody catalog to give these full names, and the article from the Newberry Libra- ry was intended to give suggestions rather than criticisms. Dr. NORRENBERG (Germany). One of our rules is to give only the name used by the au- thor himself and not to give full name. It is also good to give date of birth and other dates. A. W. TYLER. What do you do with authors who sometimes use one name and sometimes another? Dr. NORRENBERG. We put down the full name. Chairman CUTTER. How many believe in finding out at whatever cost of time the full name of authors in a large library ? 2. How many believe in putting in the full name if it can be found with a moderate amount of research in a large library? 17. How many believe in giving full names in a small library if one can find them without much research ? 4. Miss THERESA WEST. Does not the informa- tion card which many libraries now use settle the whole question ? Arrange under the name com- monly used, and give on the information card all the names that you can ascertain easily. Miss M. I. CRANDALL. Do not the advocates of short-name entries admit that it is necessary to make exceptions in the case of authors of the EIGHTH SESSION. 79 same name who have to be identified carefully ? I find that exceptions are difficult things to man- age. If you have a hard and fast rule, it is much easier to apply it than to leave things to the judgment of the cataloger. Chairman CUTTER. The date of birth or death distinguishes authors of the same name. Pres. DEWEY. Birth or death or residence would identify an author. G. M.JONES. Occupation would still better solve the difficulty. B: P. MANN. The place of residence is bet- ter. I happen to know three William Sanders. One of them lives in London, England, another in London, Ontario, and another in Washington. William Sanders, of Washington, would be very definite. If you say William Sanders, of London, you have to specify London, Ontario, or London, England, or it would be necessary to put in his time of birth. I think that one would generally know more about where a man lived than he would about when he was born. Pres. DEWEY. Put both facts on your in- formation card. Your Ontario man may move to London or Washington. Chairman CUTTER. How many believe in using the information card to give the fact about author's name if they are to be given ? 47. How many believe it is desirable to give it in all cases? 12. G. M. JONES read his REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON AN INDEX TO SUBJECT HEADINGS. This committee, like its predecessor in 1881, can make only a report of progress. Our prin- cipal excuse is the limited time that can be spared from regular library work, complicated by the fact that during the year two of the com- mittee have made changes in their places of employment, one of them moving to the Pacific coast. In making a list of subject headings it is first necessary to ascertain the actual usage of lead- ing libraries. This has been partially done. The Harvard subject index was used as a basis and the additional or different forms of head- ings, also the " see " and " see also " references, in the Boston Atheneum, Peabody Institute, Cleveland and American catalogs were drawn off on slips. About one-half of the alphabet has been covered. The majority of the committee do not con- sider it advisable to continue this work, holding that what we want is not so much a list of the special words for subject headings, which are always coming up new, so to speak, as a de- cision upon matters about which there is some question, such as synonymous headings, schemes for subjects which have sub-headings, etc. The chairman still thinks, however, that the list in question would be very helpful to the smaller libraries and less experienced librarians and catalogers, and hopes that it may be com- pleted. The Harvard subject index does not entirely answer the purpose, as it is prepared for a classed catalog and lacks references from general to special topics. To keep the work within bounds the follow- ing classes of headings should be omitted : names of persons, places, and languages, the scientific names (and frequently the common names) of animals and plants, and the technical names of chemical and medical substances. A few points on which the committee have agreed are submitted to the Association for ap- proval. 1. Enter under England all books on Great Britain and the British Empire as well as those on England proper. Although not logically correct this seems the best method of settling the use of these three headings. 2. Incline to singular rather than plural. Some subjects, however, are only thought of under the plural, as insects, fireworks; and in other cases there are two subjects, as gas and gases, game and games. 3. Use common names instead of technical. But not when the common name is ambigu- ous, or of ill-defined extent. An example is lepidoptera, which includes both butterflies and moths. 4. Place or subject. The strict following of Cutter's rule No. 97 has led to a confusing ac- cumulation of sub-heads under the principal countries. The present tendency is to reduce these by entering works on an art or science in a particular place under the subject rather than the place, making place sub-heads, if necessary, under the subject. The committee recommend the following rule: Enter under the name of the place : history, general political discussion (but not history or discussion of special questions), and descriptive works of all kinds relating to the place or peo- ple, or general economic and social conditions. This would cause books on nullification, re- construction, secession, state rights, etc., to be placed under these headings, with a reference 8o CHICAGO CONFERENCE. from U. S. Politics; works on the Painting, Geology, Zoology, etc., of France would be en- tered under these respective headings, with refer- ence from France. The following is a provisional list of sub-heads under countries and cities: Sub-heads under countries and states. Antiquities. Army. Bibliography. Biography. Boundaries. Church history. Colonies. Commerce. Constitution. Description [incl. Travels]. Finance. Foreign relations. History [subdivided by periods when neces- sary]. Industries. Laboring classes. Law [incl. Courts]. Manners and Customs [incl. National char- acter and social life]. Navy. Politics and Government. Population. (See Statistics.) Registers. Religion. [Generally under name of religion, but sometimes desirable, as Religion of India.] Statistics. Surveys. Treaties. In the States of the U. S., Militia would take the place of Army and Navy, Sub-heads under cities and towns. Antiquities. Bibliography. Biography. Charities and Benevolent institutions. Church history. Churches. Commerce and Industries. Description. Directories. Finance. History. Law. Manners and Customs. Militia. Politics. Public Works. Statistics. 5. Country and language divisions of the forms of literature. For these the adjective form of the country or language name should be used. For instance, French literature and French poet- ry, not France, Literature, and France, Poetry. The following list contains the principal forms of literature which should be placed under the adjective prefix : Ballads (Popular). Newspapers. Drama, Orations. Essays. Parodies. Fiction. Periodicals. Humor. Poetry. Language. Satire. Letters. Songs. Literature. Sonnets. Other forms of literature should be kept to- gether under the form heading instead of being scattered through the alphabet under the country or adjective. Such are : Allegories. Hymns. Ana. Inscriptions. Anecdotes. Legends. Dialogues. Maxims. Emblems. Mottoes. Epigrams. Proverbs. Epitaphs. Quotations. Fables. Riddles. Fairy-tales. Romances. Folklore. Sermons. In a small library, in which the books are mostly in English, it may be better to enter under Poetry, Drama, etc., all works relating to English poetry, drama, etc., as well as the gen- eral works ; but those on a foreign literature should be entered, as recommended above, under the adjective, as Italian poetry, Italian drama, etc. The committee requests the Association to ex- press its opinion upon these special points, as well as on the general question of the desirability of continuing work upon the Index to Subject Headings. GARDNER M. JONES. WM. C. LANE. HARRIET E. GREEN. G. M. JONES. This report was written in May and is signed by Miss Green, and is probably her last official work in connection with the American Library Association. She had dif- fered somewhat from the chairman on some points, and he was surprised when he received this report from her merely with her signature. There was not a word of comment, which indi- cates very clearly that she was not able to give EIGHTH SESSION. 81 any farther thought to it. I have not seen fit to alter the wording of the report in any way. F: M. CRUNDEN. I move that the report be accepted and that the committee be requested to continue its work. G. M. JONES. The recommendations of the committee ought to be referred to the council. The question of continuing our work is another matter to be decided by the Association itself. A lively discussion followed. Mr. GREEN and Miss E. E. CLARKE desired a thorough discus- sion of the report. Mr. DEWEY desired reference to the publishing section with power to organize the machinery, look up the editors, and issue the list. Mr. CUTTER wanted the matter left in the hands of the present committtee to prepare a list and report it at the next meeting. Mr. DEWEY objected to the delay of a year and wanted a list issued sooner by the publishing section with the approval of the council. Mr. JONES, Mr. CUTTER, and Mr. LANE insisted that it could not be done within a year, and that it would be better to delay several years than issue an unsatisfactory list. Mr. LANE said : " It is a very large undertaking on which we are entering. It seems to me quite an impossible one. I have had some experience in this line in getting up the index of the Harvard College Li- brary. That took me five or six years, and the general opinion, so far as I have heard it ex- pressed, is that if we have a thing of this kind it ought to be a good deal more complete than that. The headings in Miss Cutler's s.ooo-volume catalog would, I imagine, be a mere drop in the bucket. I do not think it is worth doing because of the labor involved. All that any committee which has it in charge can profitably do is to recommend certain principles on which headings can be selected. In this line the committee might do much more in addition to what it has already done." Pres. DEWEY. I wish to get the sentiment of the Association whether such a list is desirable, even if imperfect. If it is only a drop in a bucket, sometimes that one drop goes a good way if you have a parched throat. The old catalogers like Mr. Cutter and Mr. Lane could get along without it, but some of the younger librarians would be exceedingly grateful for anything. W: H. BRETT. I have taken it for granted that it was a good thing, but I fail to see the use of it. Young catalogers preparing a catalog of any sort will get all they want by taking, e.g. , the Bos- ton Athenaeum catalog. They will there have in alphabetic order all the subjects they want, and they will have further guidance in the fact that they see what books are classed under those headings by the eatalogers who made that cata- log. W: C. LANE. The catalog of the Boston Athenaeum was published 20 years ago. It is a very useful guide in this thing, but it is far from being complete. I found in my work in regard to subject headings that perhaps 200 new subject headings come up every year which have to be included in a supplement to the Harvard College Library subject index. I suppose that this will go on, and that at the Harvard Library there will be added annually from 200 to 300 new sub- ject headings which had not been thought of before. Chairman CUTTER. We could simplify this question by dividing it. Let us call for a report of principles to be published and discussed in the Library journal, and considered by the coun- cil, and if necessary brought before our next meeting, but put off the publication of any such list as would correspond to Mr. Lane's views till it can be prepared properly. G: W. COLE. Does the list include the names of persons or places? G. M. JONES. No. We must make some limit. If we included the persons and places we should have to include biographical dictionary and gazetteer. If we put in names of species of ani- mals we should have to print another list. I think our best method is to print the recom- mendations of the committee in the Library journal and invhe free discussion. Then, after a certain length of time, let the council decide as to those principles. I should like very much to have the members present decide whether a full list of subject headings is desirable. It certainly cannot be published during the coming year with- out taking up my entire time. Furthermore, when it comes to the point of actually deciding on the headings there will be a great many more points to be settled. Chairman CUTTER. [In order to help us in the final decision, I ask for a show of hands. How many think it important that some such list should be prepared ? 41. Those of contrary mind. 9. F: M. CRUNDEN. My motion as amended by Mr. Dewey would read : " That the report of the committee be accepted and that the committee be continued and requested to report to the publishing section with the instructions to the section to proceed with the publication of the list as soon as practicable. Voted. 82 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. W: C. LANK. I should like to withdraw my name from the committee, because I am the secretary of the publishing section and that is all I can attend to well. I shall have my hand in helping this along when it comes to that stage. Pres. DEWEY explained briefly the scope of the paper of Mme. Giulia Sacconi-Ricci, sub-librarian of the Marucellian library, Florence, Italy, " Ob- servations on the various forms of catalogs used in the modern libraries, with special reference to a system of mechanical binding," and showed the illustrative model card volume, and moved that it be read by title. Voted. REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE. The committee appointed to audit the reports of the treasurer and the endowment trustees rec- ommend that in the absence of means to properly verify these accounts the matter be placed in the hands of the finance committee for examination, and report. Respectfully, A. W. WHELPLEY, GEO. WATSON COLE, Miss M.. E. AHERN. Adopted. D. V. R. JOHNSTON read an abstract of his paper on BINDING AND REPAIR. (Seep. 249.) D. V. R. JOHNSTON. This report gives what is considered the best quality of work by the best authorities that I can find. The binding recom- mended here is the best for preservation. I have striven to incorporate such recommendations and give such figures as to cost of material and work that any librarian wishing to vary his method can derive figures which will enable him to tell what the cost of work will be. I should like discussion as to advisability of binding in covers and advertising leaves in periodicals, and try to find out to what extent it shall be carried and what libraries usually do it ; also to get the opinion of librarians in dif- ferent parts of the country as to the advisability of raised band sewing, parchment strips, or plain raised bands, and the cost ; also to find out why it is that all the best authorities on bookbinding insist that the tight-back book is without question the most durable, and yet except in perhaps a dozen libraries of the country the loose back is used. Binding in advertising pages, G: E. WIRE. I bind in both advertisements and covers of some periodicals, notably some dental journals in which the reading-matter is not so valuable as the advertisements. Among the latter appear cuts of all new dental instru- ments and appliances which are not even men- tioned in the letter-press. Some medical jour- nals have advertisements and letter-press alter- nated and paged consecutively. These are of course bound complete as they stand. While this is proper for a few large libraries, and par- ticularly reference libraries, I do not think that smaller and circulating libraries are justified in binding in so much matter, the covers and adver- tisements of one number in their reference copy being all they should keep. B: P. MANN. No library, however small, can afford to leave out the covers. Putting in advertising pages is another question. R. B. POOLE. The French method is to bind all covers in the back of the book instead of with each number. B: P. MANN. Covers laid in where they be- long are a great convenience in indicating sep- arate numbers. I see no advantage in putting them in the back instead of where they belong. F: M. CRUNDEN. If you bind the covers in at all bind them in their proper places. Pres. DEWEY. When librarians who take sev- eral hundred serials assume in a moment or two that such and such parts are valueless and throw others away, we are going into the " weeding " process in a way to seriously embarrass us later. Some medical journals and others will print 10 pages of reading-matter and 30 or 40 pages of advertisements. I tell the Library School that it is the business of the library to have a complete set of the serial as it is published. I do not be- lieve that there is a librarian in the room that would not pay more for a complete set that showed just exactly what had been issued than for a set weeded out by any librarian. C: A. CUTTER. I found in one library some years ago that the librarian had bound periodicals without the advertising pages. He saved them, however, and when he had enough to make a volume he bound them by themselves as a con- tribution to the antiquities of the country. F: M. CRUNDEN. If you bind five or six copies of Harper's you need not bind the adver- tisements in every copy. H: M. UTLEY. I think Mr. Dewey's point may be covered by a compromise. Where there are few pages of reading^and a large number of advertisements we put a single complete copy in each volume. When they are reproduced month after month they may properly be omitted. G: E. WIRE. Some scientific periodicals EIGHTH SESSION. have more advertising than reading matter, e.g. the Architect and Lancet. In this case I bind the first number of every quarter complete, in the fall of the year substituting the educational number with its advertisements of medical institu- tions and medical schools for the regular quar- terly number. With these exceptions the adver- tising pages of the rest of the year are taken out and only the text preserved. Tight-back binding, S. H. BERRY. Mr. Cole's experiment at Jersey City gives the advantages of the tight- back and the loose. The binder has pasted flesher on the book after it is seasoned and ready to go into the cover, which gives you the strength and security of the tight-back. Then he puts the covers on and lays it in in the ordinary way. You have the advantage of the loose- back, which protects the gilding from being broken. G: W. COLE. A full description of this bind- ing is in the June Library journal. It works very well and has the advantage of both a tight- back and loose-back. The first signatures are run through the sewing-machine and sewed to a piece of muslin about two inches wide, an inch and a half of it being on the outside which comes in contact with the cover, the other half being pasted between the first and second and last and next to the last signatures. This makes a very substantial hinge. I have found in look- ing over some of our books, that they are more likely to give out in the centre than at the hinge. D. V. R. JOHNSTON. That kind of binding does not combine the tight and loose back at all. It is simply a loose-back with a flesher lining. There is no poorer material to use in binding than flesher. It is the fleshy side of the leather. It has no strength whatever. You get a loose-back book with a lining of very poor material. If any one thinks he is getting a combination of both methods he will find in a short time that he is very much mistaken. This resolution has been handed me. I should like to have it referred to the committee on reso- lutions: "Resolved, That the A. L. A. memorial- ize the entire book-publishing trade of North America, requesting them to abstain from intro- ducing maps, illustrations, or any printed matter on the end-papers or linings of book-covers, such as maps, etc., these having always to be sac- rificed when the book is rebound." Referred. Miss NINA E. BROWNE read an abstract of her paper on SHELF DEPARTMENT. Miss NINA E. BROWNE. I know of one libra- ry that takes stock daily. C: A. CUTTER. The British Museum takes it daily in the reference-room. On a show of hands it was found that 12 take stock annually; 4 once in two years ; 2 once in three years ; 3 less frequently; 2 do not take at all ; and i takes oftener than once a year. F: M. CRUNDEN. How do those who do not take stock know how many volumes they have ? I would not venture on any accurate statement till I took stock. Three librarians give their count by taking the last number in the accession book ; 14 take last number in accession book and deduct with- drawals ; 12 actually count volumes on shelves ; three count shelf-list ; one counts duplicates not in active use in giving the number of volumes in library; two take no account of unused duplicates. F:M. CRUNDEN. I always put down a distinct statement. Duplicates bought for circulation are of course entered before they are circulated. Form of entry : Book, sheets, or movable cards. F: M. CRUNDEN. I distinctly condemn the book. The first inventory that was taken after I entered the library service was taken in a book. It had before been done in a very crude way. The library had been closed for two or three weeks. The accession numbers were written down on slips, the papers were cut apart and strung on a string. The missing numbers amounted to i,2co or 1,300 volumes. The first year I thought it would be a very good thing and add to the ac- curacy of the inventory and give me a written classified catalog or shelf-list if I wrote it down on sheets and had the sheets bound. I think the question is between sheets and cards. We have used cards and are now experimenting with the sheets. I am inclined to think that the better way, for the reason that Mr. Dewey gave the other day, that the cards are so easily abstracted, either purposely or accidentally. W: C. LANE. The same thing applies to some extent to sheets, unless they are kept in some kind of a binder. The separate strips as they are left in a drawer would make a very handy shelf-list. Miss M. I. CRANDALL. In the library exhibit there is a sample shelf-list sent by the Adelphi Academy, of Brooklyn. The index-size cards are in one little box. They are portable, can be held in one hand, and I think there is sufficient protec- tion against loss. 8 4 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. Chairman CUTTER. I noticed in the German section yesterday a shelf-list kept on P sized cards (square, however) in a little basket-case or box with a cover. The Rudolph books combine all the advantages of cards, sheets, and books. Miss E. M. CHANDLER. Our subject catalog in Buffalo is our shelf-list for everything except novels. Our shelf-list is kept on cards in the office. Our books are classified by the decimal classification, but they are numbered numerically in each class, and we keep a book of shelf statis- tics, showing in each class the last number of book in that class, and assign the new number from that book. In inventorying we make a series of check-books, entering opposite the class number the total numbers of books in the class. We take down only numbers of missing books, and do it in a short time. W: C. LANE. When a book is found to be missing, how do you find out what book it is? Miss CHANDLER. By comparison with our catalog. After we have finished the inventory we compare the numbers entered in our check- book as missing with the corresponding cards, and in this way make a list of those missing. F: M. CRUNDEN. Our inventory is the classi- fied part of our official catalog. We have it in the catalog-room and use it as a subject catalog all through the year. G. M. JONES. How many librarians present, in taking stock, simply verify the fact that a certain number is on the shelf, and do not see whether that number represents the proper book, i.e., do they read the titles or only the numbers ? Seven read titles ; five do not. A. W. TYLER. The Peabody Library has a column in the accession book ruled for check- marks. They carry their accession book into the alcoves and check each book by number. They take a little blank-book and check every volume by its accession number. Then they look up the accession numbers of the missing. In a library under 50,000 it strikes me that is the quickest way. R. B. POOLS. My catalog is on the Dewey system and Cutter numbers. In checking off we have just to call the letter, book number, and size. Miss ADELAIDE UNDERBILL. How many pre- fer cards and how many sheets ? 32 prefer sheets, 16 cards, and two the book, one the Rudolph indexer, one the combination of book, sheets, and cards for different subjects. F: M. CRUNDEN. I cannot vote on this till I try it, I am trying it this summer. I fear J put it too strongly in favor of sheets, being much impressed at the moment with Mr. Dewey's idea of the danger of theft. I think, after all, that that is not so large, and that on the whole I prefer the cards. J. N. WING. A good idea is to provide small slips of paper and have your clerks go around and put a slip in each book with the accession number on it. This can be done at pleasure. At a certain day collect all these slips. You can do this in a few hours. Then you can take your time to count or tabulate the slips. As they go round the clerks must see that the accession number corresponds with the one in the book. We tried this some time ago in Scribner's in our American department. Some two or three weeks before we wrote down the title and publish- er on each slip. One afternoon we all com- menced at 5 o'clock, and before 10 o'clock had every slip out of that whole stock. Each boy had a box, and the slips were put in the boxes and locked up. In the course of a month the record was made. Next year we had a complete record of the past year's account, and could com- pare it title for title. Indicating duplicates. A MEMBER. In examining the shelf-list of the Columbia College Library I found that du- plicates were rewritten and a second copy of the book had to have a second entry on the shelf- sheet. By my method the accession number of every duplicate is written alongside the original entry. The letter indicating which copy it is is written in red after the classified number, so that in checking in inventorying we check from the shelf-list and are able to tell the accession number if a copy is missing. G. M. JONES. If we have five copies of a book they are lettered A, B, C, and so on. We write the accession number ordinarily, following with these letters. In fiction once in a while it gets so clogged that we need to rewrite the sheet. In one case we found it necessary to make a reference: " See sheet at beginning." - Miss E. M. COE. Was that not the practice some years ago at Columbia, to re-enter each duplicate ? W. S. BISCOE. It used to be the practice in Columbia. As a rule we now seldom take a second line for a second copy of the book. A. L. A. BADGE. Pres. DEWEY. The badge as voted last year was made up and shown to 30 or 40 members. It was thought too large to be satisfactory, and EIGHTH SESSION. no supply was made as the committee had no authority to reduce. I now move that the badge question be referred to the executive commit- tee with power to make any needed changes. Voted. PRINTING PROCEEDINGS. B: P. MANN. In our previous proceedings unnecessary prominence is given to the individ- uality of the person who spoke. I move that the executive committee be in- structed to condense discussions as far as possi- ble and eliminate all such individual matter as is not really necessary to a clear report. J. K. HOSMER. I believe in compressing, but it ought to be done with discretion. Pres. DEWEY. The vote passed at Round Isl- and giving to Mr. Cutter, as editor of the Journal, power to cut down wherever necessary, has not been rescinded, so we have already in office a most skilful Cutter and need not take further action. I suggest that the publication be left to the Library journal and that we refer to the finance committee with power to decide the amount the Association will contribute. We all have a disposition to help support the Library journal, which has been carried on as a labor of love from the beginning. Mr. MANN withdrew his motion. S:S. GREEN. I move that the matter of publication of the proceedings be referred to the executive board with power. Voted. NEXT MEETING. After some discussion it was voted to refer to the executive board with power of all matters re- lating to the time and place of next meeting. For the information of the board the preferences of those present were taken as to place of meet- ing, and it appeared that 37 preferred some point on the sea-coast and 18 Asheville, N. C. R. B. POOLE read his report on LIFE INSURANCE. Your committee appointed at the Lakewood Conference to take into consideration the matter of an organization for mutual insurance would respectfully report that they regard it advisable to form such an association, if a sufficient num- ber of librarians are ready to become members. The constitutions of two or three different or- ganizations, having for their object the rendering of pecuniary assistance to the friends of deceased members, have been examined by your commit- tee, and two forms of organization suggest them- selves. First. One on a thoroughly business basis, in which membership would involve a medical ex- amination, and in which the assessments would be graded according to age, as for instance, $2 for persons under thirty; $3 under forty; $4 under fifty, etc. Second. An association similar to the General Secretaries Insurance Alliance of the Young Men's Christian Associations, which allows any employee of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion to become a member without a medical ex- ination, on the payment of $2.10. There is no scale as to age. The only officer is a secretary- treasurer, who attends to all the business. The basis of organization is the simplest pos- sible ; its motto is " Bear ye one another's bur- dens." Your committee think that a mutual help as- sociation among librarians, on the basis of the Young Men's Christian Associations, from the simplicity of its organization and its limited re- quirements, would commend itself to a much larger number than the first named. On behalf of the committee, R. B. POOLE, Chairman. J. N. WING. In the Publishers' Association, of which I am a member, we have averaged to pay about $12 a year. That will cover the whole ground. We have about 1,300 members in the association and it is one of the best organiza- tions. I should think it better to support this rather than start a weak one among the librari- ans. If any one wishes to know more about it and will address me I will put the letter in the hands of the secretary. H. H. COOK. I can say from some knowl- edge of the subject that the Publishers' Associa- tion has a very desirable surplus now and is pay- ing all assessments very promptly. It has cost me for the last 10 or 12 years not more than $8 or $10 a year. J. N.WiNG. The constitution limits assess- ment to $13.20 per year. Beyond that losses are paid out of the surplus already accumulated. F: M. CRUNDEN. If librarians are eligible they would do better to join a strong association than to form a weak one of their own. B: P. MANN. The Library Association ought to take action on this matter only after mature consideration. The report was laid on the table. STATE AND LAW SECTIONS. Pres. DEWEY. The Association of State Li- brarians requested the council to approve a mod- 86 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. ification by which it should be replaced by two new sections : a State Library Association as a section of the A. L. A. to bring together those interested in any relations of the State to libraries, and the other a law section. The council has approved the change. Will the Association ap- prove the modification, that the Association of State Librarians be divided Into a State Library Association and a law section? Voted. F: M. CRUNDEN, chairman, offered the follow- ing as the REPORT OF THE RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE. Resolved, That the A. L. A. memorialize the entire book publishing trade of North America, requesting them to abstain from introducing maps, illustrations, or any printed matter on the end-papers or linings of book covers, such maps, etc., having always to be sacrificed when the book is rebound. Accepted and referred to council. Resolved, That in the . opinion of the A. L. A. the qualifications and salaries of library assistants in important positions should be on a par with high school teachers; that applicants for positions in libraries should have at least a high school education ; and that the heads of large libraries should have salaries not less than those of public school superintendents in the same cities. Referred to the council. Resolved, That the members of the American Library Association have been profoundly im- pressed by the energy, devotion, judgment, skill, and rare executive ability which have been dis- played by Miss Mary Salome Cutler, chairman of the committee which has prepared the exceed- ingly successful library -exhibit which forms so valuable a portion of the display of the United States Bureau of Education in the government building, and desire to express to Miss Cutler their heartiest thanks for the zealous interest which she has shown and the well-directed en- thusiasm which has marked all her efforts to do faithfully the work which the Association en- trusted to her. Adopted. Resolved, That the thanks of the Association are due to the Hon. William T. Harris, United States Commissioner of Education, for his read- iness in advancing library interests and for the kindness, generosity, and wisdom which have characterized his efforts to make the library ex- hibit creditable and satisfactory. Resolved, That the members of the Association appreciate very highly the valuable and unre- quited services which have been rendered by Messrs. J. N. Lamed, W: T. Peoples, and C: C. Soule, as chairmen respectively of the committees on the Selection of books for the A. L. A. Library, on the Collection of books, and on Architectural plans and representations. Resolved, That the thanks of the A. L. A. are due and are hereby tendered to the World's Con- gress Auxiliary, to Pres. Harper, and the trus- tees of Chicago University; to the city author- ities of Chicago, to the trustees of the Newberry Library, to the New York State Board of Man- agers, and the National Board of Lady Managers of the Woman's Building, for kindly furnishing the Association with rooms for its meetings; to Chairman Hild and the local committee for its efforts to provide for the comfort and enjoyment of the Association; and to the Chicago Library Club for its unique and delightful entertainment. That the Association also return thanks to the Woman's Club and the Fortnightly Club for their courteous hospitality; to the French and the German publishers for their polite attention; and to the local committee of the Folk Lore Congress for invitations to their novel and in- structive concert. Adopted. Resolved, That this Association has heard with deep regret of the death sudden and far from her home of Miss Harriet E. Green, whose warm interest in our work, good judgment, frank and friendly expression of opinion, skill and accomplishment as a cataloger and indexer, had won for her the respect and regard of all who knew her. Adopted by a rising vote. Resolved, That the A. L. A. hears with deep regret of the illness of Mrs. Ada North and hopes for her speedy recovery; that we regard Mrs. North as one of our most earnest workers, and rejoice in the recognition which her dis- tinguished services to the library cause in Iowa have received from her associates in that State ; that these resolutions be entered on the records of the Association and a copy sent to Mrs. North. Adopted. Resolved, That special recognition is due to our retiring treasurer, Mr. H: J. Carr, for years of efficient service in that peculiarly arduous and thankless position, for which his conscientious- ness and business methods particularly fitted him. Adopted by a rising vote. Resolved, That the American Library Associa- tion requests from Congress the passage of a law which shall contain the following pro- visions : ist, A provision that there shall be supplied to every depository of public documents desig- nated by law a copy of the Congressional Rec- ord (bound), one of the Statutes-at-Large, and a copy of every other government publication, not already supplied to such depository, printed at the Government Printing Office, including the publications of all bureaus and offices of the government, excepting bills, resolutions, docu- ments printed for the special use of committees of Congress, and circulars designed, not for communicating information to the public, but for use within the several executive depart- ments and offices of the government. Also a provision for supplying a number of libraries additional to depositories now desig- nated by law a selection at least of the more valuable publications of the government. EIGHTH SESSION. Secondly, Provision for the preparation by the government itself of a comprehensive index of public documents covering the whole ground up to date, followed by annual supplements. It was moved that M. Hartwig's paper referred by the World's Congress of Librarians to the American Library Association be referred to the council. Voted. Dr. NORRENBERG. Mr. President, ladies, and gentlemen: Before you adjourn the World's Fair Conference of the A. L. A. may it be permitted to a foreign librarian to say a few words to you? When in Germany I always had a peculiar in- terest in American libraries and American li- brary administration. I liked to read the Library journal and other American publications on library matters, and I was happy to have a chance to come to America and see with my own eyes the work you are doing. You Americans are so kind as to say Germany is ahead in higher education and universities, but I will say that America is ahead of the whole world in the education of the people by public libraries. The admirable progress your public libraries have made, the unsurpassed position they take among public libraries of all the world, is almost wholly due to your work, the work of the A. L. A. I am delighted that I had a chance to meet with you all these days, to make the per- sonal acquaintance of so many librarians well known on both sides of the ocean, to see your esprit de corps, the earnest zeal you spend in your life-work with so great success. 1 shall write in praise of your Association to my fellow- librarians in Germany, and I hope the proceed- ings will promote the international relations of librarians and libraries. Let me express to you the best and most hearty wishes for the future of your admirable Association. Pres. DEWEY. As I omitted the president's address in order to make time for others, you will pardon my plain word as I lay down the gavel at the close of my 17 years' active offi- cial work for the A. L. A. A great work has been accomplished, but it is only the beginning. My question is personal to each : Have you done, are you doing, will you do your part ? Some will join the A. L. A. and pay the paltry annual fee toward its support and the subscrip- tion to the Library journal which never repie- sented its real cost. Some will come to our meet- ings to learn how to do their own work better or at less cost. Some are always ready to attend any reception, dinner, or coaching party. Per- adventure some for a great occasion would for the A. L. A. attend the Wild West show. But did you, in response to my urgent request this past year, write even one article calling atten- tion directly or indirectly to the work of this As- sociation ? Did you write one letter ? Did you make a single call on any of the many men and women whom you know you could interest if you took the time and cared to make the effort ? Did you do anything that proved your active in- terest ? If you answer "no," as some of you must (and I do not forget how much we owe to those of you who can answer " yes "), may I ask, Have you thought whether you are holding a place that ought to be filled by some one more vitally interested in this great work ? For such men to retain their positions when there are others who would accomplish in them so much more good, is like a blind man retaining the best seat at a parade. This is a hard saying but it is true, that there are in the libraries of America to day too large a percentage of officials who have never done anything for the profession that would grace it like their leaving it. Those for whom this is meant are seldom in our meet- ings to hear, but the words may reach them at second hand and perhaps bear fruit. I have said to more than one, " You ought to change your personal relation to your work or else re- sign it to one with the modern library spirit." If the old library was a splendid mausoleum or reservoir, the modern library is a quickening spirit. For ten days we have held meetings which for attendance and interest have won the ad- miration of all observers. More than one offi- cial who has seen scores of similar gatherings during this exposition has said that for success- ful work the A. L. A. has easily won the first place. I am proud that in the heart of the greatest collection of attractions which the world has ever seen we have proved our vital interest in our chosen library work by such a splendid series of sessions as stand to our credit. With justifiable pride in our past, unfaltering courage for the present, and unshaken confi- dence in our future, I declare this i6th general meeting adjourned. 88 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. SUMMARY OF VOTES TAKEN ON VARIOUS QUESTIONS DISCUSSED DURING THE CONFERENCE. OF those who have used both systems, 4 favor making book-stacks more than one story high; 4 oppose. Very few chief librarians are required to give an official bond. Unanimous, with one exception, that the libra- rian should not be a member of the board of trustees; 12 thought he should be secretary of the board; but a majority thought not. Two to one believe teaching pays better than library work. Unanimous that a list of library salaries should be published. Unanimous, with one exception, that catalog- ers should have a separate room. Four to one that catalogers should have short- er hours than other library workers. All libraries, with one exception, import Eng- lish books duty free. Almost unanimous that it does not pay to col- late all new books. Comparatively few keep a book in which they record withdrawals from the library. Twenty keep a continuation book. Twelve keep juvenile books together on the shelves ; 24 prefer to disperse them throughout the library. Fifteen use dummies to represent books out of place and like them; 2 have tried them and given them up ; no one uses dummies to show books temporarily out in circulation. About half define pamphlets as unbound publi- cations of 100 pages or less ; about half consider unbound publications pamphlets regardless of number of pages. No one believes that the days of the subject catalog are numbered or that bibliographies will supersede it within a generation. Only 2 believe in finding full name of author at whatever cost of time ; 17 use full name, if it can be found with moderate research ; 4 would give full name in a small library, if it is at hand ; 47 favor giving details about authors on infor- mation cards, if it is given at all ; 12 believe it is desirable to give it in all cases. Should a list of subject headings for a cat- alog be prepared for printing? aye, 41; no, 9- Two take stock more frequently than once a year ; 12 annually ; 4 once in two years ; 2 once in three years; 3 less frequently; 2 not at all. In taking stock 7 identify each book; 5 simply account for the proper number of books; 32 pre- fer sheets for a check-list ; 16 cards; I a book ; I the Rudolph book; and I a combination of all for different subjects. In giving statistics of number of volumes in li- brary, 3 take last number in accession book; 14 do this and deduct withdrawals ; 3 count shelf-list, and 12 count the books; i counts duplicates not in actual use; 2 do not. NEW YORK LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. THE pressure of business having extended the general meeting of the A. L. A. so that the ses- sion of the New York Library Association could not be held as planned at the close of the meeting in the New York State building on Thursday, an evening session was called for Friday. Twenty-seven members sat down to a dinner on the roof of the beautful New York State building, overlooking the lake and the dream city, Venice in America. After dinner the remaining members joined the party, and from 7:30 to 10 P.M. was held one of the most profit- able meetings since organization in 1890. The chairs were grouped among the plants and shrubs that transformed the south front under the Belvidere into a garden, and in the perfect stillness of the summer night the important li- brary interests of the Empire State were earnest- ly discussed by nearly of 40 their best cham- pions. A report of the results will be found as usual in the state library report. Mr. Dewey, who has been president from the first, insisted that election of new officers would increase the influence of the Association, which he wished to be the adviser and strong ally of the library and university in their official library work. W. T. Peoples, of the New York Mercantile, was chosen president ; Miss E. M. Coe, of the New York Free Circulating, and W. S. Biscoe, of the New York State, vice presidents ; Inspector W. R. Eastman, of the state public libraries department, secretary, and J. N. Wing, of the library depart- ment of Charles Scribner'sSons, formerly of the New York Mercantile, treasurer. ASSOCIATION OF STATE LIBRARIANS. 89 ASSOCIATION OF STATE LIBRARIANS. Two meetings were held, beside numerous conferences among the few specially interested. J. P. Dunn, ex-state librarian of Indiai a, pre- sided at the first, Melvil Dewey at the second. The time was almost wholly given up to dis- cussing informally and fully the reasons that prevented larger attendance and greater inter- est. A unanimous agreement was reached as follows : This Association was organized at St. Louis in 1889, and accepted as a section of the A. L. A. It issued a carefully prepared platform of prin- ciples, which has been of material service In many cases in preventing bad and securing good legislation and administration. Several of its commiltees did excellent work. The next meet- ing at Fabyan's failed to bring out the larger number of state librarians hoped for. The few earnest ones, however, held several profitable sessions, and agreed to make a strong effort to secure a fuller attendance at succeeding meet- ings, especially at Chicago. At the California meeting in 1891 so few were present that nothing was done, as in most of the other sections. At Lakewood in 1892 the experience of Fabyan's was repeated with small- er attendance and fewer sessions. It was then determined to make a last effort to secure a general conference of state librarians at the Chicago meeting, which it was thought would offer greater inducements than any other. After this experience those who have been faithful in the work through all five years agreed that it was useless to make further effort in the present form, for the name " Association of State Li- brarians " seemed to limit it to officials, and it was reluctantly confessed that most of the pres- ent officials lacked interest enough in their work to make further efforts worth the labor they would cost. Here and there some good work was being done, but as a rule the condition of the state libraries was most deplorable when compared with what they ought to do. There was interest manifested in two quite different directions. The law librarians and several of the state librarians who had large law collections felt anxious to give some atten- tion to this specialty distinct from general state library matters. It was determined, therefore, to try a law section of the A. L. A. for this pur- pose, and on request of the Association of State Librarians, approved by the council of the A. L. A., the new section was authorized. The other and chief interest came from those who realized that the most important library problem now before the country was the relation of the states to libraries. This includes legisla- tion, subsidies, state aid, exemption from taxa- tion, public documents and their distribution, or- ganization of the library interests of each state, library commissions, travelling libraries, public libraries departments, annotated lists of best books prepared and distributed by the state authorities, and indeed every question concern- ing the state's relation to library interest. Though the organization, administration, and work of state libraries is one of the most impor- tant questions under this general head, it is one in which very few of the present state librarians take any interest. It was therefore decided to change the name and broaden the scope of the section by making it the " State Library Asso- ciation " instead of the " Association of State Librarians." While state librarians are still specially invited to join in the work, it is felt that one earnest man or woman really concerned to promote library interests is worth a dozen who hold official titles as state librarians, but lack any vital interest in the work and serious responsibilities confided to their keeping. A number of the most earnest and active workers of the A. L. A. immediately identified them- selves with the new section at a meeting called at the close of the Thursday morning session of the A. L. A. in the New York State building. Melvil Dewey was elected president, and D. A. Campbell, state librarian of Nebraska, secretary. After an encouraging discussion of the work before the new section it was voted that a hand- book, explaining its proposed work, be issued for general distribution as a means of securing new members and extending its work. The substance of this handbook will be fur- nished for an early number of the Journal. Meantime, every reader willing to work with the new section is asked to send his name to the president, Melvil Dewey, State Library, Albany, N. Y. CHICAGO CONFERENCE. PUBLISHING SECTION. THE meeting of the Publishing Section was held in the Liberal Arts Building, in the rooms of the University of the State of New York, at 7 P.M., Tuesday, July 18. The secretary made an informal report in re- gard to the publication of the A. L. A. Index, no formal written report having been prepared by the executive board. The section proceeded to elect officers, and, Mr. Fletcher having declined to serve another year as president, Mr. Melvil Dewey was elect- ed president, Mr. W. C. Lane was re-elected secretary and treasurer, and Messrs. Fletcher, Bowker and lies were elected to serve with the two officers above named as the executive board. Discussion followed in regard to the future plans of the section, especially on a possible index of portraits, and on Mr. lies' plan to issue annotated card-titles or annotated lists of books on special subjects. An amendment to article 3 of the constitution was offered, changing the annual fee from $10 to $5, this to be acted upon at another meeting to be held later in the week. The intention is in future to call for the payment of this sum annually. Adjourned, to meet again on Saturday, July 22. July 22. The second meeting of the Pub- lishing Section was held at the University of Chicago at the close of the final meeting of the Association. The amendment to article 3 of the constitu- tion substituting $5 for $10 as the annual mem- bership fee was adopted. It was voted that each member should receive one copy of each publication issued, the balance of the subscrip- tion or subscriptions, if any, to be applied to payment for additional copies of any publica- tion at the pleasure of the member. The exec- utive board was instructed to draw up suitable rules to carry out this provision, and to prepare a handbook for distribution containing a state- ment of the plans and work of the section. Voted that the Publishing Section retain the control of publications that are likely to pay a profit, to counterbalance those which must be issued at a loss. Adjourned. W. C. LANE, Secretary. COLLEGE LIBRARY SECTION. THE meeting of the College Library Section was held at Chicago Public Library, at n A.M., Wednesday, July 19. The following institutions were represented : Adelphi Academy, Amherst, Armour Institute, Bowdoin, Buchtel College, University of Chi- cago, Columbia, Cornell, Drexel Institute, Glov- ersville, N. Y. , Library, Hampton Institute, Har- vard, Illinois State Normal University, Indiana State Normal School, the University at Kiel, the Library School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Michigan State Normal School, University of Michigan, University of Nebraska, Newberry Library, Northfield Seminary, North- western University, Princeton, Teachers' Col- lege, New York City, Tulane University, Vassar, Victoria University, and Woman's College, Baltimore. Mr. G: T. Little read an abstract of his paper on School and College Libraries. Discussion arose on the advisability of limiting the size of school libraries by removing the less-used books. Mr. A. Cunningham showed how the accumulation of books often brings better ac- commodation and increased importance for the library. Mr. E. C. Richardson spoke of the great injury done by injudicious weeding. Messrs. Baker, Fletcher, and Harris defended the removal of superseded books, when carried out cautiously, as being essential to successful administration in the same manner as is a wise selection of volumes at the start, and as consist- ent with the generally approved practice of specialization on the part of large libraries. Several expressed their belief in the practica- bility of extending the custom of loaning books between libraries. Mr. W: C. Lane reported that the number of such loans at Harvard was so great as to render desirable the preparation of special blanks to be used for this purpose. Mr. C. W. Andrews spoke of the need of co- operation in preparing a check-list of scientific ATTENDANCE REGISTER, periodicals, and after discussion the following resolve was adopted on the motion of Mr. Rich- ardson : Resolved, That all efforts towards check-lists of the less common periodicals in our American libraries should have the heartiest co-operation of the college librarians. Brief statements were then made as to the methods of instruction in bibliography followed at the Indiana State Normal School, Amherst, Princeton, Cornell, and Columbia, at the Uni- versity of Michigan, and at the Michigan State Normal School. Dr. C. Norrenberg, of the Uni- versity Library at Kiel, spoke of the facilities enjoyed by American as compared with Ger- man students in the use of university libraries. Mr. G: W. Harris, of Cornell University, was chosen chairman for the ensuing year, and Mr. C. W. Andrews, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, secretary. ATTENDANCE REGISTER. ABBREVIATIONS : F, Free ; L, Library ; Ln, Librarian ; P, Public ; As, Assistant ; R R, Reading-room. Figures before a name show last year as a student in Library School. Ahern, M.. E., Ln Indiana State L, Indianap- olis, Ind. Allan, Blanche A., As P L, Omaha, Neb. Allan, Jessie, P Ln, Omaha, Neb. Allen, Chilion B, Author, Chicago, 111. Ambrose, Lodilla, As Ln, Northwestern Uni- versity, Evanston, 111. '91, Anderson, Edwin H., Ln Carnegie L, Braddock, Pa. Andrews, Clement W., Ln Mass. Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass. Angell, M.. M., 1st As Ln Providence Athense- um, Providence, R. I. Avery, Julia O., Ln Bill Memorial L, Groton, Ct. Bain, James, jr., P Ln, Toronto, Ont. '92, Baker, Bessie, Cataloger Armour Institute, Chicago, 111. Baker, G: H., Ln Columbia College, New York City. Baker, C:, Page, Columbia College L., New York City. '91, Ball, Lucy, Ln Public School L, Grand Rapids, Mich. Barnard, H:, ex-U. S. Com'r of Education, Hartford, Ct. Barringer, W. N., Trustee FPL, Newark, N. J. Barton, Edmund M., Ln Amer. Antiquarian Soc., Worcester, Mass. Beard, L. Marion, As Ln Scoville Institute, Oak Park, 111. Bedell, Mrs. Dell B., R R As F P L, Newark, N. J. Bedell, Master G. E., Newark, N. J. Beer, W:, Ln Howard Memorial L, New Orleans, La. Benedict, Laura E. W., Cataloger Newberry L, Chicago, 111, Bennett, May L., As Ln Armour Institute, Chi- cago, 111. Berry, Silas H., Ln Y. M. C. A., Brooklyn, N.Y. Berry, Mrs. Silas H., Brooklyn, N. Y. Besant, Walter, Author, London, England. Bell, Mrs. M.. E., P Ln, Waltham, Mass. Biscoe, Walter S., Catalog Ln N. Y. State L, Albany, N. Y. Blatchford, E. W. , Trustee Newberry L, Chi- cago, 111. Boland, Frank T. , Stenographer N. Y. State L,- Albany, N. Y. Bowker, R: R., Trustee Brooklyn L, Brooklyn, N. Y. Bowne, J. T., Ln Amer. Y. M. C. A.'s Hist L, Springfield, Mass. Bradley, I: S., Ln State Hist. Soc., Madison, Wis. Brett, W: H., P Ln, Cleveland, O. Brett, Mrs. W: H., Cleveland, O. Brooks, Florence, R R As Newberry L, Chi- cago, 111. Brown, Arthur N., Ln U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. Brown, James D., P Ln, Clerkenwell, London. '89, Browne, Nina E., Ln Library Bureau, Boston, Mass. Browning, Eliza G., PL, Indianapolis, Ind. Buhre, Martha E., As Ln Scoville Institute Oak Park, 111. Buisson, B:, Dept of Education, Paris, France. '94, Bullock, Edna D., Lincoln, Neb., class '94, N. Y. State Library School. '91, Bunnell, Ada, Classifier N. Y. State L, Albany, N. Y. '91, Burns, W: S., Cataloger N. Y. State L, Albany, N. Y. Campbell, D. A., State Ln, Lincoln, Neb. Carr, H: J., P Ln, Scranton, Pa. Carr, Mrs. H: J., Scranton, Pa. Carr, Spencer E., Manager Rudolph Indexer 0,, Chicago, 111, 9 2 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. Chandler, Ellen M., Cataloger Buffalo L, Buf- falo, N. Y. Chase, F: A., City Ln, Lowell, Mass. Chivers, Cedric, Council of L. A. U. K., Bath, Eng. '89, Clarke, Edith E., Head Cataloger New- berry L, Chicago, 111. Cleveland, Josephine P., Ln Illinois State Hist. Soc., Springfield, 111. Coddington, Hester, Cataloger Univ. of Chi- cago L, Chicago, 111. Coe, Ellen M., Ln N. Y. Free Circulating L, New York City. '88, Cole, G: W., Ln F P L, Jersey City, N. J. Coleman, Agnes, As P L, Chicago, 111. Colville, Jean E., Cataloger Univ. of Chicago L, Chicago, 111. Cooke, H. H., Manager L dept. A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 111. Covvell, Peter, Principal Ln F P Libraries, Liverpool, Eng. Crandall, M.. L, Chief Reviser Newberry L, Chicago, 111. '91, Crawford, Esther, P Ln, Sioux City, la. Crunden, F: M., P Ln, St. Louis, Mo. Cunningham, Arthur, Ln Indiana State Normal School, Terre Haute, Ind. '89, Cutler, L: S., Florence, Mass., Ln A. L. A. Exhibit. Cutler, M.. S., Vice-Director Library School ; Library Examiner University of State of N. Y. ; Ln of Diocesan Lending L, Albany, N. Y. Cutter, C: A., Winchester, Mass., Ln. Daniels, Joseph L. , Ln Olivet College, Olivet, Mich. Davies, J: F., Ln F P L, Butte City, Mont. Davies, Mrs. J: F., Butte City, Mont. Davis, Raymond C., Ln Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Davis, Mrs. Raymond C., Ann Arbor, Mich. '88, Denio, Lilian, Ln Teacher's College, New York City. Dewey, Agnes, Oneida, N. Y. Dewey, Charlotte A., Oneida, N. Y. Dewey, George A., Oneida, N. Y. Dewey, Harry M., Oneida, N. Y. Dewey, Manford J., Oneida, N. Y. Dewey, Melvil, Director N. Y. State L and Library School, Albany, N. Y. '91, Dexter, LydiaA., Cataloger Newberry L, Chicago, 111. Dick, Mrs. Wallace P., Ln State Normal School, Westchester, Pa. Dixon, Mrs. Zella A., Ln Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, 111. Dunn, J. P., ex-State Ln, Indianapolis, Ind. Dunn, Mrs. J. P., Indianapolis, Ind. Eakins, W. G., Ln Law Soc. Upper Canada, Toronto, Ont. Eakins, Linda A., As P L, Cleveland, O. Eddy, M.. A., P Ln, Coldwater, Mich. Elliot, Carrie L., Reference dept. P L, Chicago, 111. '94, Ellis, E.. T., Peoria, 111., class '94, N. Y. State Library School. Elmendorf, H. L., Ln F P L, St. Joseph, Mo. Enright, Etta, As P L, Chicago, 111. Farquhar, E:, As Ln Patent Office, Washing- ton, D. C. Faxon, Mrs. C. C., Cataloger Sage P L, West Bay City, Mich. Faxon, F: W., Library dept. Boston Book Co., Boston, Mass. '92, Feary, C.. S., Cataloger N. Y. State L, Albany, N. Y. Fenton, Jennie M., As Armour Institute, Chi- cago, 111. Fernald, F: C., Pop. Science Monthly, New York. Finney, Byron A., As Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Finney, Mrs. Ida C., Ln Tappan Presbyterian Assoc., Ann Arbor, Mich. Firkins, Ina, As Ln Univ. of Minnesota, Minne- apolis, Minn. Fletcher, W: I:, Ln Amherst College, Amherst, Mass. Flint, Weston, Statistician U. S. Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. '92, Foote, Elizabeth L., As P L dept. N. Y. State L, Albany, N. Y. '90, Fowler, M.. , Cataloger Cornell Univ. L, Ithaca, N. Y. Francis, M.., Hartford, Ct. Freeman, Marilla W., Cataloger Newberry L, Chicago, 111. Gale, Ellen, P Ln, Rock Island, 111. Galliner, Mrs. H. R., Ln Library Assoc., Bloom- ington, 111. Garland, Caroline H., P Ln, Dover, N. H. Gauss, E. F. L., First As Ln P L, Chicago, 111. '94, Gibson, Irene, Detroit, Mich., class '94, N. Y. State Library School. Gill, C: G., Ln Tulane Univ., New Orleans, La. Goddard, E: N., Ln and Trustee Windsor L Assoc., Windsor, Vt. Goldberger, Ottilie, As P L, Chicago, 111. Gould, C. H., Ln M'Gill College, Montreal, Can. '88, Green, K. Laura, Cataloger P L, St. Louis, Mo. ATTENDANCE REGISTER. 93 Green, S: S., Ln F P L, Worcester, Mass. Hagar, S.. C., Ln Fletcher F L, Burlington, Vt. Hagar, M.., Burlington, Vt., Smith College, class of 1893. Haines, Estelle, Reference Clerk P L, Los Angeles, Cal. Hanson, James C. M., Cataloger Newberry L, Chicago, 111. Harper, W: R., Pres. Univ. of Chicago. Harris, Emma G., Trustee Harris Institute, Woonsocket, R. I. Harris, G: W., Ln Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. '93, Harrison, Joseph L. , North Adams, Mass., As N. Y. State L, Albany, N. Y. Hartt, C.. E., Ln F P L, Passaic, N. J. Harvey, Miss C. C., Ln Gail Borden L, Elgin, 111. '94, Hawes, Clara S., Freeport, 111., class '94, N. Y. State Library School. Hawley, Emma A., As Ln Wisconsin State Hist. L, Madison, Wis. '93, Hawley, M.. E., Syracuse, N. Y., class '93, N. Y. State Library School. Haynes, Joseph E., Trustee FPL, Newark, N. J. Hennibery, Kate M., As Ln P L, Chicago, 111. Herron, Leonora E., Ln Hampton Institute, Hampton, Va. Hewins, Caroline M., P Ln, Hartford, Ct. Hild, Fred H., P Ln, Chicago, 111. Hill, Frank P., Ln F P L, Newark, N. J. ' . Hill, Mrs. Frank P., Newark, N. J. Hill, Master N. W., Newark, N. J. Hills, H. J., Supt. P L, Bridgeport, Ct. Hinsdale, Leonora J., As Ln Cathedral Library, New York City. Hopkins, Anderson H., As Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Hosmer, James K., P Ln, Minneapolis, Minn. Hough, Georgia R., P Ln, Madison, Wis. Hovey, E. C., ex-Trustee P L, Brookline, Mass. Hull, Fanny, Ln Union for Christian Work, Brooklyn, N. Y. Hull, Mrs. Frances D., Brooklyn, N. Y. Hunnicutt, Gertrude, Cataloger Newberry L, Chicago, 111. Hutchins, F. A., Ln Dept. of Education, Madi- son, Wis. lies, G: , Journalist, New York City. Ives, Mrs. E. T., ex-2d As P L, Los Angeles, Cal. Ives, Mrs. Florence C., Sec. N. Y. Women's Board, World's Fair, New York. '88, Jackson, Annie B., Book Committee P L, North Adams, Mass. James, M.. S. R., Ln People's Palace L, East London, Eng. Jaquith, Mrs. O. B., Ln Norman Williams P L, Woodstock, Vt. Johnston, D. V. R., Reference Ln N. Y. State L, Albany, N. Y. Johnston, R. H., Ln Victoria Univ., Toronto, Ont. '88, Jones, Ada Alice, Head Cataloger N. Y. State L, Albany, N. Y. '89, Jones, Gardner M., P Ln, Salem, Mass. '92, Jones, M.. L., As Ln Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. Jones, Minnie, Loan desk Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, 111. Kelso, Tessa L., P Ln, Los Angeles, Cal. Kephart, Horace, Ln Mercantile L, St. Louis, Mo. Kletzing, H. F., Ln Northwestern College, Naperville, 111. '91, Kroeger, Alice B., Ln Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. Lane, W: C., Ln Boston Athenaeum, Boston, Mass. Lamed, M. C., Woonsocket, R. L, class '93, Wellesley College. Lemcke, Ernest, with B. Westermann, New York City. '92, Lindsay, M.. B., Cataloger P L, Peoria, 111. Little, G: T., Ln Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. Little, Mrs. G: T., Brunswick, Me. Macdonald, S: J., Trustee FPL, Newark, N. J. McDonnell, Anna H., Ln P L, Green Bay, Wis. '92, Macky, Bessie R. , As Ln Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. McLoney, Ella M., Ln F P L, Des Moines, la. MacNaughton, Donald, chief exec, officer N. Y. State Board, Rochester, N. Y. Mann, B: Pickman, Bibliographer, Washington, D. C. Mann, Mrs. Louisa, Washington, D. C. Meleney, G: B., Chicago Manager Library Bu- reau, Chicago, 111. Merrill, W: S., Supt. Newberry L, Chicago, 111. '89, Metcalf, Anna, Ln Harris Institute, Woon- socket, R. I. Miller, Mrs. M.. H., State Ln, Des Moines, la. Mills, J:, Ln Morgan Park Academy, Morgan Park, 111. Mills, S.. E., Ln Village L, Morgan Park, 111. Milner, A. O., Ln Illinois State Normal Uni- versity, Bloomington, 111. 94 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. Miner, Mrs. S.. H., Cataloger Wisconsin State Normal Schools, Muskegon, Mich. Montgomery, T: L., Ln Wagner Free Institute of Science and Philadelphia P L, Philadelphia, Pa. Morey, Prof. W: C., Trustee Reynolds L, Roch- ester, N. Y. Moulton, J: G., Jamaica Plain, Mass., class '94, N. Y. State Library School. Mounius, Magnus, As Newberry L, Chicago, 111. Myers, Bess M., As Newberry L, Chicago, 111. Myers, Mrs. M., As Ln P L, St. Louis, Mo. * Neisser, Emma R., As Ln P L, Branch 2, Phila- delphia, Pa. Nelson, C: A., As Ln Columbia College, New York City. '88, Nelson, Martha F., Ln Union L, Trenton, N.J. Niles, Nathaniel, N. J. Free School Libraries, Madison, N. J. Niles, Mrs. Nathaniel, Madison, N. J. Nolan, E: J., Ln and Sec'y Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Norrenberg, Constantin, Custodian University L, Kiel, Germany. In charge of German L exhibit. Oakley, Minnie M., Cataloger State Hist. Soc., Madison, Wis. O'Brien, Maggie A., As Ln P L, Omaha, Neb. Olin, C: R., Ln Buchtel College, Akron, O. O'Meara, Ellen, Ln Aguilar F L, New York City. '89, Palmer, Henrietta R., Associate Ln Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa. Paoli, Minnie B., As P L, Cleveland, O. Parmenter, James P., Trustee Robbins L, Ar- lington, Mass. Parsons, Mrs. Annie F., P Ln, Bay City, Mich. Parvin, T. S., Pres. Literary Soc. and Ln Iowa Masonic L Grand Lodge of Iowa, Cedar Rap- ids, la. '88, Patten, Frank C., P Ln, Helena, Mont. Peabody, James, Trustee FPL, Newark, N. J. Peck, A. L., F Ln, Gloversville, N. Y. Peoples, W. T., Ln Mercantile L, New York City. Perrine, Cora B., Accession dept. University of Chicago, Chicago, 111. Peterson, H. F., Ln P L, Oakland, Cal. Pickett, C: C., As Ln Law Institute, Chicago, 111. Pierce, Bertha E., Cataloger P L, Los Angeles, Cal. Platt, Amelia M., As P L, Chicago, 111, '88, Plummer, M.. W., Ln Pratt Institute, Brook- lyn, N. Y. Poole, R. B., Ln Y. M. C. A., New. York City. Poole, W: F:, Ln Newberry L, Chicago, 111. Powell, Mrs. L. L., P Ln, Cairo, 111. Presnell, H., Ln U. S. Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. Preston, W. T. R., Ln Legislative Assembly Parliamentary L, Toronto, Ont. '93, Rathbone, Josephine A., Ann Arbor, Mich., As Pratt Institute L, Brooklyn, N. Y. '92, Reynolds, Rose E., As P L, Peoria, 111. '93, Rice, Helen W., Worcester, Mass., class '93, N. Y. State Library School. Rich, J. W., Ln State University, Iowa City, la. Richardson, Alice M., Ln Northfield Seminary, East Northfield, Mass. Richardson, E. C., Ln Princeton College, Prince- ton, N. J. '88, Richardson, M.. A., P Ln, New London, Ct. '92, Robbins, M.. E., Ln New Britain Institute, New Britain, Conn. Rogers, Howard J., As Director N. Y. Educ. exhibit, Albany, N. Y. Rommeiss, Emma, As Ln P L, Chicago, 111. Rood, Osna, Cataloger Newberry L, Chicago, 111. Rowse, E: C., Trustee P L, St. Louis, Mo. Rudolph, A. J., ist As Ln F P L, San Francisco, .Cal. Rudolph, Mrs. A. J., San Francisco, Cal. Salmon, Lucy, Prof. History, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Sanborn, Kate E., Cataloger Mercantile L, St. Louis, Mo. Sande, M.. F. van de, Washington, D. C. Sanders, Mrs. M. A., Ln F P L, Pawtucket, R. I. Scantlin, L.., Ln Willard L, Evansville, Ind. " Scott, C. P. G., Etymologist Century Dictionary, Yonkers, N. Y. See, Cornelia A., Ln F P L, New Brunswick, N.J. Selby, Emily, ex-As State L, Springfield, 111. '88, Seymour, May, Sub.-Ln N. Y. State L, Al- bany, N. Y. '92, Sharp, Katharine L., Ln Armour Institute, Chicago, 111. '93, Sheldon, Helen G., N. Y. State Library School. Simon, Hermine A., Cleveland, O. Smith, Mrs, C: B., P Ln, Pullman, 111. Smith, C: E,, Ln Y. M. C. A., Concord, N. H. ATTENDANCE REGISTER. 95 Smith, Walter M., Ln University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Spencer, M.. C., State Ln, Lansing, Mich. Stearns, Lutie E., Supt. Circulating dept. P L, Milwaukee, Wis. Stechert, G. E., Bookseller, New York City. Steiner, Bernard C., Ln Enoch Pratt F L, Balti- more, Md. Stetson, Willis K., Ln F P L, New Haven, Ct. Stevenson, W: M., Ln Carnegie F L, Allegheny, Pa. Stockin, A. C., with Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, Mass. Stonelake, Isola P., Bureau of Information, F P L, Newark, N. J. Storer, Montana, As Ln P L, Chicago, 111. Taafe, James, Trustee FPL, Newark, N. J. Tatum, S.. M., As P L Branch i, Philadelphia, Pa. Terquem, Emile, Bookseller, Paris, France. Thwaites, Reuben G., Sec. Wisconsin Hist. Soc., Madison, Wis. Tobitt, Edith, As P L, Omaha, Neb. Torrey, C. A., Shelf dept. University of Chica- go, Chicago, 111. Trautman, Mrs. Ralph, Vice-President Nation- al Board of Women Managers, New York City. Tyler, Arthur W., New York City, Ln. '89, Underhill, Adelaide, As Ln Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Utley, H: M., P Ln, Detroit, Mich. Vanderzee, Minnie L., Stenographer, N. Y. State Library, Albany, N. Y. Van Ness, A. J., P Ln, Hilton, N. J. Van Valkenburgh, Agnes, Cataloger, P L, Mil- waukee, Wis. Vernon, Zilpha M., As P Ln, Madison, Wis. Wade, Emily I., Cataloger, FPL, San Fran- cisco, Cal. Wagner, Sula, As Cataloger, P L, St. Louis, Mo. Wall, P. J., N._Y. Exhibit, Albany, N. Y. Wallace, Agnes, Ln Cathedral L of New York. Wallace, Fannie, As Ln Cathedral L of New York. Walling, E. L., Woonsocket, R. I., class '96, Brown University. Walton, Genevieve M., Ln Michigan State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Mich. '92, Watkins, Evelyn M., As Ln Woman's L, Chicago, 111. Watson, Jessie McL., Cataloger Newberry L, Chicago, 111. Weitenkampf, Frank, Cataloger Astor L, New York City. West, Theresa, P Ln, Milwaukee, Wis. '91, Wheeler, Martha T., Indexer N. Y. State L, Albany, N. Y. Whelpley, A. W., P Ln, Cincinnati, O. Whelpley, Mrs. A. W., Cincinnati, O. Whitney, Mrs. Carrie W., P Ln, Kansas City, Kan. Wickersham, W: B., Sec. P L, Chicago, 111. Wilson, J. M., R R As Newberry L, Chicago, 111. Wing, G. S., Richmond, Va. Wing, J. N.,with C:Scribner's Sons, New York City. '89, Wire, G: E., M.D., Supt. Medical dept. Newberry L, Chicago, 111. Wonner, Mrs. Lucy C., P Ln, Terre Haute, Ind. Wonner, Miss Lucy C., As P Ln, Terre Haute, Ind. Wood, Mildred C., As P L, Cleveland, O. Woodruff, E. H., Ln Leland Stanford jr. Uni- versity, Palo Alto, Cal. Woodruff, T:T., Boston, Mass., Trustee Young Folks' L, La Junta, Col. Woodward, Robert C., P Ln, Springfield, O. Woodward, Mrs. Robert C., Springfield, O. '88, Woodworth, Florence, Director's As N. Y. State L, Albany, N. Y. Young, Elizabeth A., As L P L, Chicago, 111. 9 6 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. ATTENDANCE SUMMARIES. BY ASSISTANT SECRETARY NINA E. BROWNE, LIBRARIAN OF LIBRARY BUREAU, BOSTON. As the peculiar conditions made it unusually difficult to secure a full registration, a supple- mentary list will be made. For this each reader is requested to send the entry for any person not here recorded whom he knows to have been in attendance. BY POSITION AND SEX. Men. Women Total. Trustees and other officers 14 72 3 55 I? 127 Sub-librarians and assist- 19 75 94 I i 5 I 6 Library School, present and former students . . . Library Bureau, publish- 12 13 41 53 13 Others 14 25 39 Deduct those counted in 150 II 200 34 350 45 139 166 305 BY GEOGRAPHICAL SECTIONS. 9 of the 9 North Atlantic States sent 136 3 " 9 South Atlantic States " 10 I " 8 Gulf States sent 2 8 " 8 Lake States " 125 3 of the 8 Mountain States sent 10 I " 8 Pacific States " 9 Canada sent 5 England " 5 France " 2 Germany" I Total 305 BY STATES. A cataloger living in one state and engaged for a year in another is recorded as from the state in which the library represented is located. Library School students, residing in New York during their two years' course, are registered from New York State. Me 2 Mich N. H 2 Wis Vt 4 Mass R. I , Conn 8 Neb N. Y 64 Montana Penn 12 Col N. J 19 Cal. 15 12 Minn 2 19 la 5 6 Mo 9 6 3 i 9 Md D. C. Va... La... Ohio. Ind.. Ill . Canada 5 6 Eng 5 2 France 2 8 63 Germany i Total 3*J5 MEMBERS OF THE A. L. A, 97 LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE A. L. A. OCTOBER, 1893. [The year named (in parentheses) in each entry is the date of original enrolment as member, while the number following is the registration number in order of joining. Life members are indicated by *, fellows by t, following registration number.] Abbot, G: Maurice, Tr Library Co of Phila, Philadelphia, Pa. (1887). 6ll. Adams, Miss Emma L., Ln FPL, Plainfield, N. J. (1889). 731- Adams, Miss Katharine S., Ln Adams Mem'l L, Wheaton, 111. (1893). 1141. Adler, Dr. Cyrus, Ln Smithsonian Inst, Wash- ington, D. C. (1893). 1122. Allan, Miss Blanche A., Asst Ln P L, Omaha, Neb. (1893). 1152. Allan, Miss Jessie, Ln P L, Omaha, Neb. (1886). 534-t Allen, E: G., 28 Henrietta St., Covent Garden, London, England (1887). 627. Ambrose, Miss Lodilla, Ln Northwestern Univ, Evanston, 111. (1891). 895. Ames, Miss Harriet H., Ln Hoyt L, East Sag- inaw, Mich. (1879). 267. Anderson, Edwin H., Ln Carnegie L, Brad- dock, Pa. (1893). 1083. Andrews, Clement W., Ln Mass Inst of Tech- nology, Boston, Mass. (1890). 796. Angell, Miss M.. M., Asst Ln Prov Athenaeum, Providence, R. I. (1879). 220. Arnold, G: F., 25 Waverly St., Brookline, Mass. (1879). 204. Arnold, G: V., Ln Rogers Free L, Bristol, R. I. (1890). 803. Austin, Willard H., Ref Ln Cornell Univ, Ithaca, N. Y. (1893). 1120. Avery, Miss Jane, Groton, Conn. (1893). i no. Avery, Miss Julia O., Ln Bill Mem'l L, Gro- ton, Conn. (1890). 88 1. Ayres, S: G. , Ln Drew Theol Seminary, Madi- son, N. J. (1892). 976. Bacon, C: A., Ln Beloit College L, Beloit, Wis. (1893). 1090. Bain, James, Jr., Chief Ln P L, Toronto, On- tario (1883). 462. Baker, Miss Bessie, Asst Ln Armour Inst, Chicago, 111. (1892). 1040. Baker, G: H., Ln Columbia College, New York, N. Y. (1885). 478. Ball, Miss Lucy, Ln Grand Rapids P L, Grand Rapids, Mich. (1891). 890. Baltimore (Md.) Peabody Inst. (P. R. Uhler, Provost) (1878). 164. Banks, Mrs. Martha H. G., Cataloger River- side Ave., Newark, N. J. (1888). 713.1 Bardwell, W. A., Ln Brooklyn L, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1890). 772. Barnum, T: R., 144 Humphrey St., New Haven, Conn. (1890). 792. Barnwell, James G., Ln Lib'y Co of Phil, Phila- delphia, Pa. (1876). 24.* Bartlett, Miss L.. L., Ln St Johnsbury Athenae- um, St. Johnsbury, Vt. (1892). 1076. Barton, Edmund M., Ln Am Antiquarian So- ciety, Worcester, Mass. (1876).. 33.* Batchellor, Hon. A. S., Trustee N H State L, Littleton, N. H. (1890). 817. Bay City Public Library, Bay City, Mich. (Mrs. Annie F. Parsons, Ln.) (1877). 103. Beach, Hon. Daniel, LL.D., Regent Univ of N Y, Watkins, N. Y. (1893). 1126. Bean, Miss Emma J. , Cataloger Theol Semi- nary, Andover, Mass. (1879). 288. Beckwith, Daniel, Ln Prov Athenaeum, Provi- dence, R. I. (1878). 139.* Bedell, Mrs. Dell D., Asst Ln F P L, Newark, N. J. (1893). 1202. Beer, W:, Ln Howard Mem'l L, New Orleans, La. (1889). 747- 1 Bell, Miss H. M., Ln Roxbury Branch B P L, Boston, Mass. (1892). 1009. Benedict, Miss Laura E. W., Lib'y Asst New- berry L, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1121. Bennett, Cleaves, Asst Ln Univ of 111, Cham- paign, 111. (1891). 893. Bennett, Miss M.. L. , Asst Ln Armour Inst, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1197. Berry, Silas H., Ln Y M C A Lib'y, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1886). 5 87.f Bill, Mrs. M.. E., Ln P L, Waltham, Mass. (1893). 1106. Bird, Miss M.. R., Trustee Walpole P L, East Walpole, Mass. (1893). 1112. Birtwell, W: C., 43 Charity Bldg., Chardon St., Boston, Mass. (1891). 887. Biscoe, Walter S., Ln State L, Albany, N. Y. (1877). 8o.f Blake, Miss Clara S., Ln Westborough L, Westborough, Mass. (1890). 857. Blatchford, Eliphalet W., 375 La Salle Ave., Chicago, 111. (1878). 162. CHICAGO CONFERENCE. Bliss, R:, Ln Redwood L, Newport, R. I. (1888). 702. Bond, Mrs. S.. A. C. , Cataloger Lib'y Bureau, Boston, Mass. (1892). 955. f Bonse, Miss Bessie, Groton, Conn. (1893). mi. Borden, W. A., Ln Y M Inst, New Haven, Conn. (1885). 488. Bowker, R: R., Pub'r LIBRARY JOURNAL, P.O. Box 943, New York, N. Y. (1876). 52. Bowne, Jacob T., Ln Y M C A Hist L, Spring- field, Mass. (1893). 1203. Bradley, I: S., Ln Wis Hist Soc'y, Madison, Wis. (1890). 790. Brett, W: H., Ln P L, Cleveland, Ohio (1885). 477- Brooklyn Lib'y, Brooklyn, N. Y. (W. A. Bard- well, Ln) (1892). 1060. Brown, Arthur N., Ln U S Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. (1879). 206.* Browne, Miss Nina E., Clerk in Lib'y Bureau, Boston, Mass. (1888). 716. Brownne, J: S., Resident Ln N Y Academy of Medicine, New York, N. Y. (1886). 588. Browning, Miss Eliza G., Ln P L, Indianapolis, Ind. (1892). io3i. Buffalo Library, Buffalo, N. Y. (J. N. Larned, Supt) (1892). 1065. Bullard, Miss Martha, Ln Seymour L, Auburn, N. Y. (1876). 56. Bullock, Miss Edna D., Lib'y School, Albany, N. Y. (1893). 1170. Bunnell, Miss Ada, Lib Asst N Y State L, Al- bany, N. Y. (1890). 799. Burdick, Miss Esther E., Head Cataloger FPL, Jersey City, N, J. (1892). 1051. Burns, W: S., Cataloger N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1893). 1206. Burr, Prof. G: L., Ln White Hist L, Cornell Univ, Ithaca, N. Y. (1887). 606. Bursch, Daniel F. W., Ln L Assoc, Portland, Oregon (1892). 978. Butte Free Pub. Lib'y, Butte City, Mont. (J: F. Davies, Ln) (1893). 1091. Campbell, D: A., Ln Neb State L, Lincoln, Neb. (1893). 1150. Capen, E:, Ln P L, Haverhill, Mass. (1876). 5-* Carr, H: J., Ln Public L, Scrantpn, Pa. (1879). 2I5-t Carr, Mrs. H: J., 919 Vine St., Scranton, Pa. (1882). 448. f Carr, Spencer E., 1507 Masonic Temple, Chi- cago, 111. (1893). 1142. Carver, L. D., Ln Maine State L, Augusta, Me. (1892). 1008. Cattell, Miss S.. W., 7 E. isth St., New York, N. Y. (1892). 997. Chadwick, James R., M.D., Ln Medical L Assoc, Boston, Mass. (1877). 108.* Chamberlain, Hon. Mellen, Ex-Ln, Boston, Mass. (1879). 335.* Chandler, Miss Alice G., Advisory Ln, Lan- caster, Mass. (1876). 47. Chandler, Miss Ellen M., Cataloger Buffalo L, Buffalo, N. Y. (1893). 1099. Chase, Miss Florence A., Asst Ln P L, Grand Rapids, Mich. (1889). 751. Chase, F: A., Ln City L, Lowell, Mass. (1892). io68.f Chase, Hon. G: B., 234 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. (1879). 373* Cheney, J: Vance, Ln F P L, San Francisco, Cal. (1891). 908. Chicago (111.), Newberry Library (Dr. W: F: Poole, Ln) (1892). 1075. Christman, Miss Jennie L., Lib'y School, N. Y. State L, Albany, N. Y. (1892). 1039. Clarke, Miss A. B., Groton, Conn. (1893). 1109. Clarke, Miss Edith E., Asst Ln Newberry L, Chicago, 111. (1888). 711. Clarke, Robert, Bookseller, 61-65 W. 4th St., Cincinnati, O. (1881). 400. Cleveland, Miss Josephine P., Ln State Hist L, Springfield, 111. (1893). 1167. Cochrane, Miss S.. A., Catalog Dept P L, De- troit, Mich. (1890). 810. Coddington, Miss Hester, Asst Ln Univ of Chicago, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1156. Coe, Miss Ellen M., Ln N Y F C L, 49 Bond St., New York, N. Y. (1885). so6.f Cole, G: Watson, Ln F P L, Jersey City, N. J. (1885). 500.* Cole, Joseph E., Library Trustee, Woonsocket, R. I. (1892). 9 8 5 .t Cole, Theo. L., Law Bookseller, Corcoran Bldg., Washington, D. C. (1889). 737. Colville, Miss Jean E., Cataloger Univ of Chicago, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1153. Conant, Luther, Asst Ln Scoville Inst., Oak Park, Chicago, 111. (1892). 969. Cook. Mrs. Annah H. R., 164 High St., Hart- ford, Conn. (1893). 1129. Cooke, H. H., Bookseller with A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 111. (1886). 535.1 Coop, Mrs. B. A., Groton, Conn. (1893). 1108. Corning, Hon. C: R., Trustee N H State L, Concord, N. H. (1891). 896. Coues, Prof. Elliott, 1726 N St., Washington, D. C. (1891). 939. MEMBERS OF THE A. L. A. 99 Coxe, Hon. Eckley B., Drifton, Luzerne Co., Pa. (1878). 167.* Crandall, Miss M.. Imogen, Cataloger Cornell Univ L, Ithaca, N. Y. (1889). 739. Crane, Miss Hattie H., Asst Ln F P L, Newark, N. J. (1892). 965. Crawford, Miss Esther, Ln P L, Sioux City, Iowa (1893). 1149. Crunden, F: M., Ln P L, St. Louis, Mo. (1878). 129.* Crunden, Mrs. F: M., St. Louis, Mo. (1889). 727. Cunningham, Arthur, Ln Ind. State Normal School, Terre Haute, Ind. (1893). 1169. Curran, Mrs. M.. H., Ln P L, Bangor, Me. (1887). 637- Curtis, G: F., Law Ln of Congress, Washington, D. C. (1892). 1056. Curtis, W: S. , Director P L, Omaha, Neb. (1891). 886. Cutler, Miss L.. S., Cataloger Utica, N. Y. (1886). 557. Cutler, MissM.. S., Vice- Director Library School Univ State of N Y, Albany, N. Y. (1885). 480. f Cutter, C: A., Ex-Ln, Boston, Mass. (1876). 20.* Cutter, W: R., Ln Woburn P L, Woburn, Mass. (1890). 858. Dana, J: C., Ln Denver P L, Denver, Col. (1890). 773- Daniels, Prof. Joseph L., Ln Olivet College, Olivet, Mich. (1886). 555. Davidson, H. E., Sec'y Library Bureau, Bos- ton, Mass. (1883). 470. Davies, J: F., Ln F P L, Butte City, Mont. (1883). 455- Davies, Mrs. J: F., Butte City, Mont. (1893). 1116. Davis, C: H., 43 Cedar St., Worcester, Mass. (1891). 928. Davis, Mrs. C: H., 43 Cedar St., Worcester, Mass. (1891). 929. Davis, Miss M.. L , Ln Lawson McGhee L, Knoxville, Tenn. (1892). 1037. Davis, Olin S., Lakeport, N. H. (1885). 493. Davis, Prof. R. C., Ln Univ of Mich, Gen'l L, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1878). 170. Dawley, Frank F. , Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1893). 1215. Decatur Free Public Library, Decatur, 111. (Mrs. Alice G. Evans, Ln)(i88g). 753. Dennis, Miss Carrie C., Ln P L, Lincoln, Neb. (1893). 1216. Denver Public Library, Denver, Col. (J: C. Dana, Ln) (1892). 1073. Dewey, Melvil, Director N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1876). i.* Dewey, Mrs. Melvil, 315 Madison Ave., Al- bany, N. Y. (1876). 29.* Dexter, Miss Lydia A., L Asst Newberry L, Chicago, 111. (1890). 782. Dimmock, Mrs. Anna K., Cancbie Lake, N. H. (1879). 348. Dimmock, George. Scientific Bibliographer, Ca- nobie Lake, N. H. (1878). 163. Dixson, Mrs. Zella A., Ass't Ln Chicago Univ L, Chicago, 111. (1885). 508. Doane, Rt. Rev. W: Croswell, Vice-Chancellor Univ of N Y f Albany, N. Y. (1893). 1125. Dunton, Miss C. Augusta, Ln P L, North Adams, Mass. (1887). 610. Durham, Miss Josephine E., Ln P L, Danville, 111. (1893). 1103. Eakins, W. G:, Ln Law Soc'y of Upper Canada, Toronto, Ontario (1893). 1082. Eastman, Miss Linda A., Asst P L, Cleveland, O. (1893). 1188. Eastman, Rev. W. R., Lib'y School, N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1892). 958. Eddy, Miss M.. A., Ln F P L, Coldwater, Mich. (1887). 597- Edgerton, Miss M. Pauline, Ln P L, Akron, O. (1890). 774. Edmands, J:, Ln Mercantile L, Philadelphia, Pa. (1876). i 3 .f Elliott, Miss Carrie L. , Asst Ln P L, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1175- Ellis, Miss E.. T., Asst Ln P L, Peoiia, 111. (1893). 1196. Ellis, Miss M.., Lib'y School, N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1892). 960. Elmendorf, H. L., Ln F P L, St. Joseph, Mo. (1893). 1119. Evans, C:, Asst Newberry L, Chicago, 111. ("1876). 2. Ewing, Robert, Ex-Trustee Mech Inst, San Francisco, Cal. (1891). 917. Fairbanks, Miss M. B., Lib'y School, N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1892). 1024. Farnham, Rev. Luther, Ln Gen'l Theol L, 6 Mt. Vernon St., Boston, Mass. (1879). 214. Farquhar, E:, Asst Ln Sci L, U. S. Patent Office, Washington, D. C. (1892). 1052. Fassig, Oliver L., Ln U S Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. (1890). 806. Faxon, Fred. W., Bookseller with Boston Book Co., Boston, Mass. (1893). 1139. Feary, Miss C.. S., N X State L, Albany, N. Y, (1890). 793. 100 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. Finney, Prof. Byron A., Asst Ln Univ of Mich, Gen'l L, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1893). 1192. Finney, Mrs. Ida C., Ln Tappan Presb Assoc, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1893). 1200. Fletcher, W: I., Ln Amherst College, Amherst, Mass. (1878). 184. Flint, Col. Weston, Statistician Bureau of Ed, Washington, D. C. (1878). 156. Foote, Miss E.. L., Asst N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1892). 957. Forsyth, Walter ,G., Lib'y School, N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1892). 1005. Foster, Miss Ada, L Asst FPL, Butte City, Mont. (1893). 1092. Foster, W: E., Ln P L, Providence, R. I. (1876). 22.f Fowler, Miss M.., Cataloger Cornell Univ L, Ithaca, N. Y. (1892). 1027. Francis, Miss M.., 101 Elm St., Hartford, Conn. (1893). 1148. Freeman, Miss Marilla Waite, L Asst New berry L, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1135. Gale, Miss Ellen, Ln P L, Rock Island, 111. (1879). 211. Galliner.Mrs. H. R., Ln Lib Assoc, Blooming- ton, 111. (1878). 158. Ganley, Miss M.., Catalog Dept P L.Detroit, Mich. (1890). 811. Garland, Miss Caro'ine H., Ln P L, Dover, N. H. (1887). 619. Gauss, E. F. L., Asst Ln P L, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1165. Gay, Frank B., Ln Watkinson L, Hartford, Conn. (1890). 789. Gibson, Miss Irene, Asst P L, Detroit, Mich. (1893). 1114. Gill, C: G., Ln Tulane Univ, New Orleans, La. (1890). 823. Gilmore, Hon. G: C., Trustee N H State L, Manchester, N. H. (1890). 825. Glenn, J: M., 12 St. Paul St., Baltimore, Md. (1890). 800. Glenn, W: L., 831 N. EutawSt., Baltimore, Md. (1893). 1214. Goddard, Rev. E. N., Ln L Assoc, Windsor, Vt. (1884). 474- Godfrey, Miss Lydia B., care of 315 Madison Ave., Albany, N. Y. (1885). 511. Gould, C: H:, Ln McGill College L, Montreal, Canada (1893). 1182. Gould, J: M., 46 Bennington St., Newton, Mass, (1889). 758. Green, Miss K. Laura, Catalqger, P L f St, L.OUJS, MQ. (1890), 877, Green, S: Swett, Ln F P L, Worcester, Mass. (1876). 30. ** (L ife Ft llo w. ) Griswold, Stephen B., Ln N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1892). 943- Griswold, W: M., 25 Craigie St., Cambridge, Mass. (1881). 406. f Guild, Dr. Reuben A., Ex Ln, Providence, R. I. (1878). 138. Hagar, S.. C., Ln Fletcher F L, Burlington, Vt. (1885). 503- Haines, Miss Estelle, Asst Ln P L, Los Angeles, Cal. (1891). 927. Haines, Miss Martha B., Asst Ln F P L, New- ark, 111. (1892). 966. Hall, Prof. E. W., Ln Colby Univ, Waterville, Me. (1877). 76. Hammond, Miss Kate T., L Asst FPL, Butte City, Mont. (1893). 1093. Hansen, J. C., L Asst Newberry L, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1136. Harbaugh, Miss M.. C., Asst Ln F L, Alamcda, Cal. (1876). 49. Harden, W:, Ln Ga Hist Soc'y, 59 Gordon St., Savannah, Ga. (1876). 55. Harnett, Mrs. L. K., Ln P L, Seattle, Wash. (1893). noi. Harris, Miss Emma G. , Lib'y Trustee, Harris Inst, Woonsocket, R. I. (1891). 898. Harris, G: W:, Ln Cornell Univ L, Ithaca, N. Y. (1881). 399- Harrison, Joseph L., N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1892). ion. Hartt, Miss C.. E., Ln F P L, Passaic, N. J. (1892). 982. Harvey, Miss Cecel C., Ln Gail Borden P L, Elgin, 111. (1893). 1186. Hasse, Miss Adelaide R., Asst Ln P L, Los Angeles. Cal. (1890). 779. Hawley, Miss M.. E., Lib'y Asst State L, Albany, N. Y. (1892). 1000. Hawse, Miss Clara S., Lib'y School, N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1893). 1171. Hedge, F: H., Ln PL, Lawrence, Mass. (1879). 261. Henneberry, Miss Kate M., Asst Ln P L, Chicago, 111. (1893. 1164. Herron, Miss Leonora E. , Ln Hampton Inst, Va. (1893). 1194. Hewins, Miss Caroline M., Ln Hartford L Assoc, Hartford, Conn. (1879). 263. Hewitt, Luther E., Ln Law Assoc of Phila, 219 So. 6th St., Philadelphia, Pa. (1892). 1079. Hild, F: H., Ln P L, Chicago, 111. (1886). 520. Hill, Frank P., Lq F P k, Newark, N. J. (1883). 459- MEMBERS OF THE A. L. A. Hill, Mrs. Fiank P., Newark, N. J. (1892). 1058. Hills, Mrs. Agnes, Ln P L and Reading-Room, Bridgeport, Conn. (1883). 463. Hills, W. J.. Supt P L and Reading-Room, Bridgeport, Conn. (1883). 460. Hitchcock, Miss Anna C., 1456 West nth St., Riverside, Cal. (1885). 512. Hopkins, Anderson H., Asst Ln Univ of Mich, Gen'l L, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1893.) 1187. Hosmer, Prof. James K., Ln P L, Minneap- olis, Minn. (1892). 947. Hough, Miss Geogia R., Ln FPL, Madison, Wis. (1893). 1174. Houghton, J: C., Ln F P L, Lynn, Mass. (1878). i6i.f Hovey, E. C., Ex L Trustee, 309 Sears Bldg., Boston, Mass. (1890). 832.* Howell, G: R., Sub-Ln N Y State L Albany, N. Y. (1892). 870. Hulbert, Miss Nellie M., Lib'y School, N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1892). 1041. Hull, Miss Fannie, Ln FCirc L Union for Chris- tian Work, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1889). 759. Hull, Mrs. Frances D., 173 Hicks St, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1893). 1184. Hunnicutt, Miss Gertrude, Asst Ln Newberry L, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1179. Hutcheson, David, Asst Ln L of Congress, Washington, D. C. (1876). 48. Hutchins, Miss Annie E., L Asst Yale Univ L, New Haven, Conn. (1879). 376. Hutchins, Frank A., Office Supt Pub Instruc- tion, Madison, Wis. (1893). 1173. lies, G:, Journalist, Park Ave. Hotel, New York, N. Y. (1892). 946.1 Indiana State Library, Indianapolis, Ind. (Miss M. E- Ahern, Ln) (1893). 1086. Ingraham, R. C., Ln F P L, New Bedford, Mass, (1879). 265. Ives, W:, Ln Buffalo L, Buffalo, N. Y. (1878). 189. Jackson, Miss Annie B., 26 Quincy St, North . Adams, Mass. (1890). 787. Jickson, Huntington, Lib'y Trustee, 100 Wash- ington St., Chicago, 111. (1890). 884. James, Miss Hannah P., Ln Osterhout F L, Wilkes Barre, Pa. (1879). 2 *o.t James, W. J., Ln Wesleyan Univ, 239 College St., Middletown, Conn. (1891). 892. Jameson, Prof. J. F., Brown Univ., Providence, R. I. (1890). 863. Jaquith, Mrs. O. B., Ln Norman Williams L, Woodstock. Vt. (1886). 594. Jenks, Rev. H:F,, Lib'y Trustee, Canton, Ms e s, (1879). 259.* Jennings, Judson T., Ln Y M C A.Albany, N. Y. (1892). 1012. Jersey City (N. J.) Free Pub Lib'y (G: Watson Cole, Ln), (1892). 1061. Johnston, Dunkin V. R., Ln N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1890). 778. Johnston, R: H., Ln Victoria College, Toronto, . Ontario (1893). 1191. Jones, Miss Ada Alice, Inst at L School, N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1890). 770. Jones, Miss Clara A., Ln F L, Warwick, Mass. (1890). 805. Jones, Gardner M., Ln P L, Salem, Mass. (1887). 605. \ Jones, Miss M.. L , Asst Ln Univ of Neb, Lincoln, Neb. (1892). 962. Jones, Miss Minnie, Asst Ln Univ of Chicago, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1154. Jones, Miss Olive B., Ln of State Univ, Co- lumbus, O. (1893). 1104. Jordan, F: P., Asst Ln Univ of Mich, Gen'l L, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1886). 593. Kansas City (Mo.) Public Library (Mrs. Carrie W. Whitney, Ln) (1893). 1087. Keen, Gregory B., Ln of the Univ of Pa, Philadelphia, Pa. (1887). 622. Kelso, Miss Tessa L., Ln P L, Los Angeles, Cal. (1886). 562. Kephart, Horace, Ln Mercantile L, St. Louis, . Mo. (1886). 516. Kiernan, T: J., Asst Ln Harvard Univ, Cam- bridge, Mass. (1879). 3 01 - Kimball, Arthur R., Ln N H State L, Con- cord, N. H. (1890). 862. Kite, Rev. W:, Ln Friends' F L, Germantown, Pa. (1878). 1 86. Kittredge, J. C., Lib'y Trustee, Brookline.Mass. (1889). 743. Knowles, Mrs. E. F., Asst Ln Boston Athenae- um, Boston, Mass. (1892). 1048. Koopman, Harry L., Ln Brown Univ, Prov- idence, R. I. (1885). 482. Kroeger, Miss Alice B., Ln Drexel Inst L, Philadelphia, Pa. (1889). 728. Lane, Miss C.. G., Asst Ln Bowdoin College L, Brunswick, Me. (1890). 791. Lane, W: C., Ln Boston Athenaeum, Boston, Mass. (1884). 472.f Langton, Joseph F., Asst Ln P L, St. Louis, Mo. (1889). 729. Lanning, Miss Bessie, Asst Ln F P L, Paterson, N. J. (1892). 1069. Lapham, Miss Alice M., Lib'y School, N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1892). 1004. Lamed, J. N., Supt Buffalo L, Buffalo, N. Y. (1876). 51. 102 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. Lazell, Miss Annie W., L'b'y School, Pratt In- stitute, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1892). 974. Leavitt, Miss C.. D., Ln P L, Elyria, O. (1889). 754- Lemcke, Ernst, Booksel'er withB. Westermann & Co., 812 Broadway, New York, N.Y. (1893). Lindsay, Mrs. M.. B., Asst Ln P L, Peoria, 111. (1893). 1207. Litt'e, Miss Agnes E., Cataloger Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1892). 971. Little, Prof. G: T., Ln Bowdoin College, Bruns- wick, Me. (1883). 467.* Little, Mrs. G: T., Brunswick, Me. (1893). 1198. Little, Robbins, Supt Astor L, New York, N. Y. (1880). 389.* Lockwood, Col. J:S., Lib'y Agent, 146 Franklin St., Boston, Mass. (1879). 351. Loomis, Mrs. M.. W., L Asst N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1890). 804. Lord, Miss Lucy S., Ipswich, Mass. (1892), 1034. Lounsbury, Miss -Henrietta, Lib'y School, N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1892). 1025. Lowdermilk, Col. W. II., Bookseller, etc., Cor- coran Bldg. , Washington, D. C. (1891). 938. Lowell (Mass.) City Library (F: A. Chase, Ln) (1885). 491- Lowrey, C: E. , Ln Univ of Colorado, Boulder, Col. (1891). 904. Lynn (Mass.) Free Public Library (J: C. Houghton, Ln) (1878). 160. Mabery, Miss Jessamine M., Asst Newberry L, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1208. McCaine, Mrs. Helen J., Ln P L, St. Paul, Minn. (1890). 812. McDonnell, Miss Anna H., Ln PL, Green Bay, Wis. (1892). 981. McGuffey, Miss Margaret D., Southern Av., Mt. Auburn, Cincinnati, O. (1893). 1084. McKelway, Hon. St. Clair, Regent Univ of N Y, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1893). 1127. Macky, Miss Bessie R. , Asst Ln Drexel Inst, Philadelphia, Pa. (1892). 959. McLoney, Miss Ella M., Ln P L, Des Moines, Iowa (1893). 1181. McManus, Miss E. T., 3333 Walnut St., Phila- delphia, Pa. (i8g2\ 951. McVey, J: Joseph, Bookseller and Importer, 39 N I3th St., Philadelphia, Pa. (1892). 1067. Maltbie, Miss C. Belle, Ln David Hunt L, Falls Village, Conn. (1892). 983. Mann, B. Pickman, 1918 Sutherland Place, Washington, D. C. (1879). 200.* Mann, Mrs. Louisa C. F., 1918 Sutherland Place, Washington, D. C. (1879). 300.* Mann, Miss Frances M., Ln P L, Dedham, Mass. (1890), 819. Marblebead, Mass., Abbot Public Library (Miss Mary G. Brown, Ln) (1877). IO 9- Martins, Miss C.., Asst Ln L of College of N J, Princeton, N. J. (1893). 1146. Mason, E: G., Pres't Chicago Hist Society, 94 Washington St., Chicago, 111. (1886). 528. Maxwell, Mrs. S. B., Cataloger, Des Moines, Iowa (1879). 202. Mead, Miss L.. C., Greenwich (Round Hill P. O.), Conn. (1893). 1138. Mead, W: S., Trustee Lawson McGhee L, Knoxville, Tenn. (1893). .1117. Medlicctt, Miss M.., A?st Ln City L, Spring- field, Mass. (1890). 780. Merrill, W: Stetson, AsstNewberry L.Chicago, 111. (1893). 1166. Metcalf, Miss A.., Ln Harris Inst., Woonsocket, R. I. (1891). 897. Middleton, Miss Jennie Y., Asst Ln F P L, Newark, N. J. (1892). 941. Miller, Mi>s Dorras C., Ln P L, East Hampton, Mass. (1879). 377. Miller, Miss Eleanor S., Ln Adirondack L, Saranac Lake, N. Y. (1893). 1214. Miller, Mrs. M.. H., Ln Iowa State L, Des Moines, Iowa (1889). 763. Milner, Miss Angie V., Ln 111 State Normal Univ, Bloomington, 111. (1893). 1185. Mills, J:, Ln Morgan Park Academy, Chicago, 111. (1893). II57- Miner, Mrs. A. B., Cataloger Wis Normal School Libraries (Muskegon, Mich.) (1886). 564. Minor, Miss Georgie.Middletown, Conn. (1893). "37- Montgomery, T: L., Ln Wagner Free Inst, Philadelphia, Pa. (1890). 853. Morningstern, W. B., Asst Ln F P L, Newark, N. J. (1892). 967. Moses, Hon. J:, Sec and Ln Chicago Historical Society, 142 Dearborn Ave., Chicago, III. (1889). 746. Mosman, Miss M.. C., Ref Ln Pratt Inst, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1890). 860. Mosman, Miss Susan G., Auburndale, Mass. (1892). 1053. Moulton, Miss Frances E., Ln P L, Exeter, N. H. (1892). 1014. Moulton, J: G., Lib'y School, N Y Sta'e L, Albany, N. Y., (1893). 1172. Murray, N., Ln Johns Hopkins Univ, Balti- more, Md. (1891). 937. MEMBERS OF THE A. L. A. 103 Myers, Miss BessM., Asst Newberry L, Chica- go, 111. (1893). 1158. Myers, Mrs. Marietta, Asst Ln P L, St. Louis, Mo. (1889). 752. Neff, P:, Ln Western Reserve Hist Soc'y, Cleveland, O. (1893). 1130. Neisser, Miss Emma R.,Asst Ln P L, Phila- delphia, Pa. (1892). 952, Nelson, C: Alex., Asst Ln Columbia College, New York, N. Y. (1877). 83. Nelson, Miss Martha F.,Ln Union L, Trenton, N. J.(i888). 725-t Neumann, C. G., Bookbinder, 76 E. gth St., New York, N. Y. (1885). 507. Newark (N. J.) Free Public Library (Frank P. Hill, Ln) (1892). 1078. New York (N. Y.), The Cathedral Library, 123 E. soth St. (Rev. Joseph H. McMahon, Direc- tor) (1893). 1105. New York (N. Y.) Teachers' College Library, 9 University Place (Miss Lilian Denio, Ln) (1893). 1095. New York (N. Y.) Y M C A, Lib'y (Reuben B. Poole, Ln) (1892). 1066. Niles, Hon. Nathaniel, Madison, N. J. (1879). 279. Niles, Mrs. Nathaniel, Madison, N. J. (1893). 1204. Noble, Mrs. Lizabeth H., Lib'y Trustee, 3043 Pine St., St. Louis, Mo. (1893). 1134. Nolan, Dr. E: J., Ln Academy Nat Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. (1876). 6. North, Mrs. Ada, Ex-Ln, Iowa City, Iowa (1878). 131. Nutting, Miss M.. O.,Ln Mt Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass. (1878). 143. O'Brien, Miss Maggie A., Asst Ln P L, Omaha, Neb. (1887). 634. Olin, C: R., Ln Buchtel College, Akron, O. (1893). 1201'. O'Reilly, Dr. T:, L Trustee, 1643 Washington Ave., St. Louis, Mo. (1893). 1133. Paine, Nathaniel, Treas Am Antiq'n Soc'y, Worcester, Mass. (1879). 297. Pannepacker, D. E. , 2550 North I2th St., Phila- delphia, Pa. (1893). 1097. Parker, W: E. , Treas Library Bureau, Boston, Mass. (1889). 757. Parks, Prof. C. Wellman, Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Troy, N. Y.(r892). 940. f Parmenter, James P., Trustee Robbins L, Ar- lington, Mass. (1890). 859. Parsons, Francis H., Chief of L and Archives U S Coast and Geod. Survey, Washington, D. C. (1891). 903. Parvin, Dr. Theo. S., Ln Iowa Masonic L, Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1893). 1159. Paterson (N. J.) Free Public Library (G: F. Winchester, Ln) (1886). 514. Patten, Frank C., Ln P L, Helena, Mont. (1886). 543. Paul, Prof. H. M., Ln U S Naval Obs'y, Wash- ington, D. C. (1890). 854. Pawtucket (R. I.) Free Public Library (Mrs. Minerva A. Sanders, Ln) (1881). 403.* Peck. Prof. A. L., Ln F L, Gloversville, N. Y. (1883). 466. Peekskill(N. Y.), The Field Library (D. C. Hasbrouck, Sec'y) (1888). 714. Peoples, W: T., Ln Mercantile L, New York, N. Y. (1876). 3 .f Perkins, Miss S.. H., Cataloger FPL, San Francisco, Cal. (1891). 914. Perrine, Miss Cora B., Asst Ln Univ of Chi- cago, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1155. Perry, Alfred T., Ln Hartford Theol Sem, Hartford, Conn. (1891). 888. Peterson, H: F., Ln F PL, Oakland, Cal. (1891). 902. Phinney, H. K., Asst Ln Univ of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y. (1887). 607. Pickett, C: C., Asst Ln Law Inst, Chicago, 111. (1889). 762. Pierce, Miss Bertha E., Asst Ln P L, Los An- geles, Cal. (1893). 1161. Plumb, C: Lacey, Rudolph Indexer Co., Ma- sonic Temple, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1143. Plummer, Miss M.. W., Ln Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1887). 6o2.f Pcmeroy, Miss Edith M., Lib'y School, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1892). 973. Poole, Reuben B., Ln Y M C A Lib'y, New York, N. Y. (1876). 36.* Poole, Dr. W: F:, Ln Newberry L, Chicago, 111. (1876). 45-t Poole, Mrs. W: F:, Evanston, 111. (1887). 640. Prescott, Miss Hatriet B., Cataloger Columbia College L, New York, N. Y. (1889). 733. Presnell, Henderson, Ln U S Bureau of Edu- cation, Washington, D. C. (1887). 617. Preston, W. T. R., Ln Legislative L, Toronto, Ontario (1893). 1205. Prince, Howard L., Ln Spi L, U S Patent Of- fice, Washington, D. C. (1890). 824. Princeton (N. J.) College of New Jersey Library (Rev. E. C. Richardson, Ln)(i892). 1077. Pughe, Rees P., Ln Utica State Hospital, Utica, N. Y. (1893). 1212. Ranck, S: H., Asst Ln Enoch Pratt F L, Balti- more, Md. (1892). 949. CHICAGO CONFERENCE. Rathbone, Miss Josephine A. , Ann Arbor, Mich. (1892). 961. Read, Miss A. M., Ln County of York Law Assoc, Toronto, Ontario (1891). 889. Rice, Miss Helen W., Lib'y School, N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1893). 1115. Rice, Rev. W:, Ln 'City L Assoc, Springfield, Mass. (1879). 208. Rich, Joseph W., Ln Iowa State Univ L, Iowa City, Iowa (1893). 1160. Richardson, Miss Alice M. , Ln Northfield Sem, E. Northfield, Mass. (1892). 984. Richardson, Prof. E. C., Ln College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J. (1880). 395. Richardson, Miss M.. A. , Ln P L, New London, Conn. (1891). 891. Rigling, Alfred, Ln Franklin Inst, Philadelphia, Pa. (1889). 77i-t Robbins, Miss M.. E., Ln N B Institute, New Britain, Cdnn. (1892). 963. Rood, Miss Osna, Asst Newberry L, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1178. Root, Azariah S., Ln Oberlin College L, Ober- lin, O. (1889). 736. Ropes, Rev. W: L., Ln Theol Seminary, An- dover, Mass. (1877). 106. Rose, Miss Nellie M., Asst Ln P L, Rockford, 111. (1893). 1183. Rounds, Prof. C. C., Principal N H State Normal School, Plymouth, N. H. (1876). 65- Rowell, Joseph C., Ln State Univ, Berkeley, Cal. (1891). 923. Rowse, E. C., Lib'y Trustee, Turner Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. (1893). 1123. Rudolph, Alex. J., ist Asst Ln F P L, San Francisco, Cal. (1891). 909. Rust, Mrs. M. C., Ln F P L, Santa Barbara, Cal. (1891). 919. St. Louis (Mo.) Public Library (F: M. Crunden, Ln) (1878).- 128. Salem (Mass.) Public Library (Gardner M. Jones, Ln) (1892). 1063. Scranton (Pa.) Public Library (Albright Mem'l Bldg.) (Henry J. Carr, Ln) (1893). 1144. Sanborn, Miss Kate E., Cataloger Mercantile L, St. Louis, Mo. (1890). 781. Sargent, Miss Abby L., Ln Middlesex Mechs. L, Lowell, Mass. (1887). 614. Sargent, Miss M.. E., Ln P L, Medford, Mass. (1879). 260. Scantlin, Miss L.., Ln Willard L, Evansville, Ind. (1882). 447. Schaffer, Dr. C:. 1309 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. (1887). 621. Schleicher, Adolphe, 15 Rue des Saints Peres, Paris, France (1892). 1036. Scudder, Newton P., Asst Ln Smithsonian Inst, Washington, D. C. (1892). 1055. See, Miss Cornelia A., Ln F P L, New Bruns- wick, N. J. (1889). 742.f Senter, J. Herbert, Ln Century Ass'n, 7 W. 43d St., N. Y. City (1885). 492. Sexton, Hon. Pliny T., Regent Univ of N Y, Palmyra, N. Y. (1890). 816. Sexton, Mrs. Harriot H., Palmyra, N. Y. (1890). 843. Seymour, Miss May, Sub-Ln N Y State L, Al- bany, N. Y. (1890). 777-f Sharp, Miss Katherine L., Ln Armour Insti- tute, Chicago, 111. (1892). 1023. Shaw, W. B., Sub-Ln N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1890). 801. Sheldon, Miss Helen G., care of Barker Griswold & Co., Auburn, N. Y. (1892). 1038. Sherman, Miss Deborah K., Yonkers, N. Y. (1890). 852. Sherman, Miss Emma W. , Indexer Library Bureau, Boston, Mass. (1892). 954. Sherwood, Miss Clara, Ln Young Folks' Lib, La Junta, Col. (1893). 1210. Sherwood, Miss Kate W., Asst Ln P L, Cin- cinnati, O. (1882). 424. Sickley, J: C., Ln City L, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (1883). 468. Simpson, Miss Medora J., Ln Fitz P L, Chelsea, Mass. (1880). 396. Skinner, Miss Ethel K., Lib'y School, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1892). 972. Smith, C: E., Ln Y M C A Lib'y, Concord, N. H. (1893). 1140. Smith, Mrs. G. L., Ln P L, Riverside, Cal. (1891). 922. Smith, Rev. H: Preserved, Melrose Ave., Cin- cinnati, O. (1889). 738. Smith, Miss Mabelle M., Lib'y School, Pratt Inst., Brooklyn, N. Y. (1892). 975. Smith, Hon. T. Guilford, Regent Univ of N Y, Buffalo, N. Y. (1893). 1 1 93. Smith, Walter M., Ln Univ of Wis, Madison, Wis. (1893). 1189. Solberg, Thorvald, with Boston Book Co., Bos- ton, Mass. (1886). 519. f Soule, C: C., Prest. Boston Book Co., Boston, Mass. (1879). 216. Southbridge(Mass.) Public Library (Miss A. J. Comines, Ln) (1879). 212. Southworth, Mrs. May E., Cataloger Cal State L, Sacramento, Cal. (1891). 907. MEMBERS OF THE A. L. A. Southworth, Miss Myra F., Ln P L, Brockton, Mass. (1878). 179. Spencer, Mrs. M.. C., Ln Mich State L, Lan- sing, Mich. (1893). 1177. Sperry, Miss Helen, Asst Ln Bronson L, Water- bury, Conn. (1885). 495. Spinning, J: H., Lib'y Trustee, 3724 Finney Ave., St. Louis, Mo. (1893). 1145. Spofford, A. R., Ln L of Congress, Washington, D. C. (1876). 19. Springfield (Mass.) City Library Assoc. (Rev. William Rice, Ln) (1892). 1072. Sunton, Irving G., 198 Grinnell St., New Bed- ford, Mass. (i8S8). 708. Stechert, Gustav E., Bookseller, 810 Broadway, New York, N. Y. (1877). 90. Steiger, Ernest, Pub'r and Bookseller, New York, N. Y. (1877). 113.* Steiner, Prof. Bernard C., Ln Enoch Pratt F L, Baltimore, Md. (1893). 1107. Stetson, W. K., Ln F P L, New Haven, Conn. (1883). 461. Stevens, Miss Lucy, Ex-Ln, P. O. Box 590, Chicago, 111. (1876). 16. Stevenson, W: M., Ln Carnegie L, Allegheny, Pa. (1893). 1151. Stockin, A. C., Pub'r (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.), Boston, Mass. (1893). 1199. Stone, W: C., Asst Ln City L Ass'n, Springfield, Mass. (1890). 802. Strout, James C., Asst Ln L of Congress, Washington, D. C. (1876). 53. Sutliff, Miss M.. L., Lib'y School, N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1892). 1002. Syracuse (N. Y.), Central Library (Rev. Ezekiel W. Mundy, Ln) (1876). 69. Talcott, Miss E. S., AsstLn Hartford L Assoc, Hartford, Conn. (1892). 1049. Tatum, Miss S.. M., Asst Ln Phila P L, Branch No. i, Philadelphia, Pa. (1892). 950. Taylor, W: Curtis, Ln P L, Tacoma, Wash. (1893). 1213. Temple, Miss Mabel, Cataloger Brown Univ, Providence, R. I. (1892). 1001. Terre Haute (Ind.) Public Library (Mrs. L. C. Wonner, Ln) (1893). 1088. Terrill, C: C., Trustee F P L, San Francisco, Cal. (1891). 915. Thomson, J:, Ln The Free L (163 City Hall), Philadelphia, Pa. (1893). 1113. Thurston, Miss E.. P., Ln Newton F L, New- ton, Mass. (1889). 732.f Thwaites, Reuben G., Sec'y State Hist Soc'y of Wis, Madison, Wis. (1889). 756. Tillinghast, W: H., Asst Ln Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. (1892). 948. Titcomb, Miss M.. L., Ln Rutland F L, Rut- land, Vt. (1893). 1096. Tobitt, Miss Edith, Asst Ln P L, Omaha, Neb. (1893). 1168. Toomy, Miss Lily A., Library Student, 41 Clin- ton St., Newark, N. J. (1892). 942. Topeka (Kan.) Free Public Library (1878). 148. Truax, Mrs. Ella S., Asst Ln St. Johnsbury Athenaeum, St. Johnsbury, Vt. (1890). 815. Tuttle, Miss E.., Asst Ln Long Isl Hist Society, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1886). 563. Tyler, Arthur W., Ln- Elect Wilmington Inst, Wilmington, Del. (1876). 8. Uhler, Philip R., Provost Peabody Institute, Baltimore, Md. (1879). 2 6- Underbill, Miss Adelaide, Asst Ln Vassar College L, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (1892). 1017. Underbill, Miss C. M., Ln Apprentices' L, 500 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. (1888). 712. Upham, W: P., Ex-Ln, P. O. Box 66, Newtown- ville, Mass. (1877). 107. Upson, Hon. Anson J., Chancellor Univ of N Y, Glen Falls, N. Y. (1893). 1124. Upson, Irving S., Ln Rutgers College L, New Brunswick, N. J. (1887). 623. Utley, H: M., LnPL, Detroit, Mich. (1885). 502.* Vail, Prof. C: D., Ln Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y. (1890). 785. Van Benschoten, Miss May, Ln F P L, Evanston, 111. (1893). 1132. Van de Sande, Miss M.. F., 1918 Sunderland Place, Washington, D. C. (1893). 1180. Van Hoevenberg, Miss Alma R., Ln F P L, South Orange, N. J. (1892). 1003. Van Hoevenberg, Miss L., 13 Central Ave., New Brighton, N. Y. (1893). 1147. Van Name, Prof. Addison, Ln Yale Univ L, New Haven, Conn. (1876). sg.f Van Ness, Andrew J., Ln P L, Hilton, Essex Co., N. J. (1893). 1195. Van Valkenburgh, Miss Agnes, Cataloger P L, Milwaukee, Wis. (1893). 1098. Van Vleet, Miss Jessie, Asst Ln Armour Inst, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1162. Van Zandt, Miss Margaret, Cataloger Columbia College L, New York, N. Y. (1885). 487. Vaughan, Francis W., Ln Social Law L, Boston, Mass. (1877). 94. Wade. Miss Emily I., Cataloger FPL, San Francisco, Cal. (1891). 913. Wadley, Mrs. Moses, " Sand Hills," Augusta, Ga. (1888). 703.* Wagner, Miss Sula, Cataloger P L, St. Louis, Mo. (1893). 1118. Wallace W:, Director Omaha P L, Omaha. Neb. (1890). 882. io6 CHICAGO CONFERENCE. Walton, Miss Genevieve M., Ln Mich State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Mich. (1893). 1190. Ward, James W., Ln Grosvenor L, Buffalo, N. .,(1876). 14. Watson, Miss Jessie McL., Asst Newberry L, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1176. Watson, Hon. W: H., Regent Univ of N Y, Utica, N. Y. (1893). 1128. Weeks, W: R., Sec'y N J State Hist Soc'y, Newark, N. J. (1892). 1044. Weitenkampf, Frank, Asst Ln Astor L, New York, N. Y. (1890). 797. Weller, Miss E. G., Asst L F P L, Paterson, N. J. (1892). 1070. Wells, Miss Carolyn, Ln Rahway L Assoc, Rah way, N. J. (1892). 979. Werder, E: J. F., Lib'y Asst Yale Univ L, New Haven, Conn. (1889). 745. West, Miss Theresa H., Ln P L, Milwaukee, Wis. (1882). 417. Wetzell, Miss M.. J., Ln Thomas Beaver F L, Danville, Pa. (1893). 1102. Weymouth, (Mass.) Tufts Library. (Miss C. A. Blanchard, Ln) (1880). 387. Wheeler, Miss Martha T., Asst N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1892). 1018. Wheelock, C. A., Uxbridge, Mass. (1880). 392. Whelpley.A.W., Ln P L, Cincinnati, O. (1887). 616. White, Andrew C., Asst Ln Cornell Univ, Ithaca, N. Y. (1892). 945. White, Mrs. May E., Lib'y Asst FPL, Butte City, Mont. (1893). 1093. White, W: Aug., Lib'y Trustee, 158 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1885). 509. Whitelaw, O. L., Lib'y Trustee, 409 N. 2d St., St. Louis, Mo. (1889). 764. Whitney, Mrs. Carrie W., Ln Kansas City P L, Kansas City, Mo. (1889). 750.! Whitney James L., Chief Cataloger Boston P L, Boston, Mass. (1876). 59.* Whitney, Solon F., Ln P L, Watertown, Mass. (i877)- 73- Wickersham, W. B., Sec'y P L, Chicago, 111. (1878). 154- Willcox, E. S., Ln Peoria P L, Peoria, 111. (1892). 944. Willetts, Jos. C., Sec'y L Assoc, Skaneateles, N. Y. (1888). 704. Williams, J. Fletcher, Ln Minn Hist Soc'y, St. Paul, Minn. (1892). 977. Williams, Norman, Lib'y Trustee, The Tacoma 1007, Chicago, 111. (1890). 883. Wilson, Horace, Ln Mechanics' Inst, San Fran- cisco, Cal. (1878). 178. Wing, J. N., Bookseller with C: Scribner's Sons, New York, N. Y, (1886). 585. Winser, Miss Beatrice, Asst Ln F P L, Newark, N. J. (1892). 1019. Winsor, Justin, Ln Harvard Univ L, Cam- bridge, Mass. (1876). 46.* Winsor, T: Ln F P L, Trinidad, Col. (1893). I2II. Wire, Dr. G: E., Supt Medical Dep't Newberry L, Chicago, 111. (1887). 608. Wonner, Miss Lucy C., Asst Ln P L, Terre Haute, Ind. (1893). 1089. Wood, Miss Frances A., Ln Vassar College L, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (1893). noo. Woodruff, Prof. Edwin H., LnLeland Stanford, Jr., Univ, Palo Alto, Cal. (1886). 517. Woodruff, T: T., Lib'y Trustee, 605 Sears Bldg., Boston, Mass. (1893). 1209. Woodward, Anthony, Ph.D., Ln Am Museum Nat Hist, New York, N. Y. (1892). 968. Woodward, R. C.,Ln Warder P L, Springfield, Ohio (1882). 414. Woodworth, Miss Florence, Cataloger N Y State L, Albany, N. Y. (1890). . 783. Woonsocket (R. I.), Harris Inst L, (Miss Anna Metcalf, Ln) (1892). 1064. Yates, Chief Ln P F L, Leeds, England (1878). 187. Yerkes, Miss Susan H., Ln Arthur Winter Mem'l L, Stapleton, S. I., New York (1890). 855. Young, Miss E.. A., Asst Ln P L, Chicago, 111. (1893). 1163. Younkin, Miss Lu, Ln P L, San Diego, Cal. (1891). 918. ' >j^7 vv'-^:^ r -A > -^.;. r . - J\ ''-V--r- '' Jl igasfrjffcS . ftv ' -^ . IZKIK:} : : -.s^, {* -P ^* IP i^A ^i?v.4^ : ' (02$ ;xf ^-r<>o? ^^^ F-^^V^ ^^^^iS^^ ^$^*:?& O^l ^^x^W ^?*^3jH 2^.Oii8fc>SL ^Sb^tt ^^^^, .y <^?r ' ' UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 30112051214606